2011-2012第二学年第二学期
《英语语言学》学期论文
Second Language V ocabulary Acquisition Strategies
二语词汇习得策略
[摘要]词汇是构成语言的基本单位，词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。
英国著名语言学家D.A. Wilkins (1972) 说过：“没有语法，人们不能表达很多东西；而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇，从而提高学习效率和习得效果。
关键字：二语词汇习得词汇习得策略元认知策略认知策略
Abstract
Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect.
Key words:Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition；Vocabulary
Acquisition Strategies；Metacognitive strategy；Cognitive strategy
Introduction
With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language
learners. “V ocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects：Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation
The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced.
The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and
differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion.
Literature review
1. The importance of vocabulary
As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary.
Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987).
As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries.
A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first
stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985):
“V ocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.”
Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings.
In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language.
2. What does it mean to “know” a word?
Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know”it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words.
What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose.
Knowing a word also implies knowing how that word relates to other knowledge. Finally, knowing a word means being able to appreciate its connotations and subtleties. When we know a word at this level, we can use and recognize it in idioms, jokes, slang, and puns (Johnson, &Schlicting, 2004).
3. Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies
V ocabulary acquisition is the part of English learning. Since 1960s, more and more attentions and researches had been toward to vocabulary acquisition strategies. When it comes to 1980s or 1990s, the vocabulary acquisition strategies gain fruitful results. Cohen Aphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (1990), Cohen
(1990) made a basic discussion in vocabulary acquisition strategies.
O’Malley&Chamot (1990) classify language learning strategy into three methods: Meta cognitive strategy, Cognitive strategy, and Social or Affective strategy. Meta cognitive strategy refers to strategies of advance preparation, directed attention, selective attention, self-management, self monitoring and self-evaluation. And the results indicate that the metacognitive strategy teaching is significant in developing learner autonomy, which shows prominent pros-pectin foreign language teaching. A cognitive strategy serves to support the learner as he or she develops internal procedures that enable him/her to perform tasks that are complex (Rosen shine, 1997). The use of cognitive strategies can increase the efficiency with which the learner approaches a learning task. These academic tasks can include, but are not limited to, remembering and applying information from course content, constructing sentences and paragraphs, editing written work, paraphrasing, and classifying information to be learned.
The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy.
Oxford (1990) put forward a more comprehensive classification system of strategy, which includes six categories: memory strategy, cognitive strategy, compensatory strategy, metacognitive strategy, affective strategy, and social strategy. Nation (1990) put forward semantic manufacturing strategy of “what is it”. From different aspect, researchers have different classification of strategies. Stoffer (1995) made a factor analysis of 53vocabulary acquisition strategies and extract 9 factors: the strategy of practice and apply words in authentic situation; the strategy of creative learning vocabulary; the self-motivation strategy; the strategy of psychological connection; memory strategy; the strategy of audio/visual assisted learning; with the movement to the body of learning vocabulary strategy; the strategy of overcoming anxiety; the strategy of using to organize units.
Schmitt (1997) composite the related language acquisition strategies upon classification, and put forward two categories of vocabulary acquisition strategy,
namely discovery strategy and consolidation strategy.
In china, acquisition strategies researcher, Wen Qiufang(1996) thought：English learning strategy includes concept and method. What is concept? It means the acquaint learners to how to learn English well. And the method refers to the actions that learners take to learn English well. The method can be classifying two categories: manage method and learning method. Wuxia, Wangqiang(1998) draw lessons of classification of learning strategies from O’Malley&Chamot’s and thing that the majority of students can not depend on the mechanical memorizing to learn English vocabulary. Wenpeng (2000) utilize “the level of processing approach of memory” to do an empirical research on different words meaning.
Willians and Burden (2000) stress metacognition is central to effective learning. Wenden(1987) says that metacognitive is “the process that underlines the efficient use of strategies and the essence of intelligent activity” (p573). Quicke (1994) similarly views that metacognitive awareness is crucial in learning strategies. In addition, most of the studies (O’Malley and Chamot1990, Wenden and Rudin 1987; Oxford andCrookall1989) founder the learners who were particularly taught metacognitive knowledge to help them assess the needs, evaluate process and give directions to their learning.
After summarizing the theories of the vocabulary acquisition strategies, I express my opinions about vocabulary acquisition strategies. These theories or opinions have their merits and demerits. I am in favor of O’Malley& Chamot’s theory of the classification of vocabulary acquisition strategies: metacognitive strategies, cognitive strategies, affective strategies. The metacognition represents strategies of acquiring knowledge, namely the ability to understand pour method for learning and assimilating information. It concerns “the knowledge of your thoughts”. In addition to how various factors influence psychological thought processing.
As far as I am concerned, vocabulary really plays an essential role in language learning. For example, when we communicate with others, vocabulary is the basic component between your talking. Without words, without communication. In the school, every student should learn vocabulary, the more vocabulary you acquire, the
more knowledge you will get. In the process of our study, every skill needs vocabulary. (Listening, speaking, reading, and writing). Especially, in the extensive reading, the vast majority vocabulary can be learned gradually through repeated exposures in various discourse contexts. However, not all methods are appropriate for all levels of learners. Thus, I deem that different levels of learners should choose different strategies of vocabulary acquisition strategies.
When talking about second language vocabulary acquisition strategies, we may talk it from pro-school children. Chenhua, zhangyifang (2001) analysis the narrative approach of memory process of vocabulary. The study discovers the majority of Chinese children acquire vocabulary with repeat memory strategy. That is to say children memory Chinese meaning through the Chinese- English bilingual. When memorizing vocabulary, Chinese children seldom utilize the Keyword strategy and Semantic coding strategies. They do not use metacognitive strategy. In my opinion, children can be helped to acquire vocabulary in the form of games. Meanwhile, vocabulary acquisition of pro-children should be carried out in a real context. It has a long progress. According to different age, children acquire vocabulary in different strategies. For the lower class, children acquire the single word. For the middle class, the children begin to acquire the double or three words. When the children are nearly 6 six years old, they form a semantic system. The teacher can help children acquire vocabulary in the context or games.
4. Cognitive strategy
4.1 Using dictionary strategies
Check the dictionary is the most common strategy of acquires vocabulary. And it also an important manner to learn English. It has been shown that students who use a bilingual dictionary learn more vocabulary than students who read without a dictionary (1993:263-287). However, when students turn to a dictionary for every word they do not understand, they lose sight of the meaning within the text as a whole. Teachers and textbook designers have realized this, and they argued that learning strategies such as guessing from context should be employed in order to read the text fluently and smoothly for an overview of the whole text. Researchers have
commented that this movement may have gone too far, and today’s literature implies that good language learners rely on dictionaries less than poor language learners and are more successful at employing contextual guessing strategies.
These researchers found that dictionaries were used equally by both good and poor English achievers. There was, however, the notable difference in the way students used their dictionaries: Dictionary used by high achievers involved a series of questions: “Was it necessary to consult the dictionary? What information in the dictionary was relevant? Was the information worth copying down, and if so, in Chinese or in English?” Low achievers, on the other hand, followed” a relatively inflexible set of procedures for dictionary use rather than a decision0 making process”(wen, Q.,& Johnson, R. K., 1997:36 ).
4.2 Semantic guessing strategy
Huckin, Hnynes & Coady (1993) deeply study the context-based meaning. Guessing strategy plays an important role in acquiring vocabulary, cultivating their guessing words ability can improve their reading speed, and save time. So it can stir up their reading interests and enlarge their page views. Skills for guessing unfamiliar English words tell us how to guess words. Getting meaning from inference means that you infer, or guess, meaning from the clues provided by the context –the sentence or passage in which the word appears. There are four steps. First, decide what part of speech of speech the unfamiliar words. Next, make out what the sentence or passage is about. Then, find out the words or phrases that help you get the idea. Finally, use these clues to guess the meaning of the word. For an example:
The soldiers were ordered to fire at the enemy.
Questions:
1.What part of speech is “fire”? _________.
2.Does the sentence talk about war, business, or a bale? ___________.
3.What words in the sentence helped you answer Question 2?
_________and_________.
4.Fire means__________
a)to let someone from a job
b)to shoot
c)red-hot flames
The sentence contains two clues to the meaning of “fire”. First, “fire”
is a verb. Second, he sentence talks about war; the word “soldiers” and “enemy”
help you understand this. You can immediately eliminate the choice “red-hot
flames”, since it is a noun answer that refers to blame. Although the choice “to let someone go from a job” is a verb answer, it refers to business and should be eliminated. The choice “to shoot” is a verb answer that talks about fighting; it is the correct answer.
4.3 Memory strategy of vocabulary acquisition
The so-called memory strategy refers to various memorizing methods or skills for students, its principles are: tide up, organize and relate to the content. In China, memory method is a traditional strategy to learn vocabulary. In order to deal with the examinations, the students adopt the memory strategy. The common memory strategies are: keyword strategy, word list, context strategy.
4.4 Keyword strategy
The key word strategy can benefit a wide variety of students with language needs in the areas of vocabulary, comprehension of academic language, sentence structure, organizing and explaining information, and transferring information across settings. When the strategy is routinely used, students can master its basic mechanics and key word review during direct language intervention sessions can be a foundation for increasingly complex and challenging practice and review of a variety of curriculum based language skills. Keyword strategy is put forward by Atkinson (1975). The method includes two steps: first, the learners find out the similar sounding word between the mother langue and the second language. Second, build up a metal image. Paivio (1991), Pressley (1982) think that keyword strategy is important. However, it has its limitation, which is difficulty to find the same pronunciation of each word. In China, Wangwenyu (1998) found that Chinese students seldom use the keyword strategy because of its complexity.
4.5 Word list
Nation (1982) makes a conclusion: word list is an efficient way to accumulate large number of vocabularies in a short time. O’ Malley &Chamot (1985) think that
mechanical memorizing is the efficient way to memory vocabulary. Decontextualized word list have been used extensively to teach vocabulary. Presenting vocabulary in list form is an efficient study method in which students can learn large numbers of words in a short time (Meara P.1995:8-10). Such list, however, having been stripped of context, are difficult to deal with. A majority of language learners prefer decontextualize word lists just because the application of such list seems to be more practical and much easier to deal with, saving more time.
In addition to facilitating memorization and learning, word list serve another purpose in the reading class: motivation. Upon adopting a corpus-based list of the 3,000 most frequently used words. List is much more effective to help students focus on less-frequently encountered words that require more intensive study and organized review.
4.6 Context strategy
The second language vocabulary acquisition can not be separate from context. Context is a main factor of vocabulary acquisition. It is an efficient method to acquire vocabulary in the context. From the semantics point of view, James Inhofe announce d the regularity of acquiring vocabulary in From Paragraph to Essay. The basic principle of acquiring vocabulary focus on the context, so that we can know the relation between the form and meaning. By Krashen’s Monitor Hypothesis Theory, many researchers tend to acquire vocabulary in the context.
5. Other strategies
Researchers study the other strategies to acquire vocabulary. Contact method, Semantic coding method, assimilation strategy, self-text strategy.
When I was in the third year in the college, I have a lexical class. From the class, we know many strategies to acquire vocabulary:
Repetition, suited for kids and primary school students. Spelling and pronunciation, suited for middle school students. Context, learning the new words in phrases, sentences, never learn it alone. Semantic: grouping words according to the meaning, sound, semantic field and so on. It is for all levels. Association: free association of antonyms, antonyms, homonyms, and homonyms. Emotion: learning
words with strong emotions, or emotional sentences. Different physical surroundings: learning in one place is low efficiency than more places. Over learning: word cards or flashes: use key words cards.
In a word, vocabulary acquisition plays an important role in English language learning. It is necessary for learners to command of vocabulary acquisition strategies. Because it can help us acquire vocabulary more efficient and communicate with people in life.
Conclusion
This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies.
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外国语学院A0924 班周莉33号
日语语言学实践作业日语的外来语 院系：外国语学院班级：日语二班 姓名：向博宇 学号：110402060 指导老师: 滕淼 完成时间: 2014.06.04
摘要: 随着日本社会的发展, 大量的外来语进入日本社会, 并渐渐发展成为日本语言中不可缺少的一部分。明治维新与二战后日本出现了两次外来语高潮。外来语的产生和发展是日本与国际交流的结果。过多的使用外来语给日本社会带来了消极影响, 但另一方面, 外来语的吸收和普及也促进了日本社会、经济的发展。随着日本国际交往的不断加深, 外来语将会继续增加。本文对从日语外来语的现状入手,分析了日语外来语的定义和分类方法。最后，还对特殊的日语外来语—和制外来语进行了简单说明。 关键词: 外来语; 日本社会; 影响; 发展 一、外来语的产生与发展及其现状 日本原本没有自己的文字, 随着与中国的交流,公元五世纪左右, 汉字传入日本, 并发展成为我们现在所使用的平假名与片假名。到了公元十六世纪,日本开始与欧美各国交往。随着交流的不断加深外来语不断被吸收到日本社会。关于外来语, 日本著名语言学家金田一春彦在《国语大辞典》中为外来语作如下定义: 外国的语言传入本国, 经同化, 被社会普遍接收, 作为本国日常使用的语言叫外来语。1据此定义, 日语中的汉字与汉语也应属于外来语, 但是由于汉字和汉语传入日本历史悠久, 是日本文字的来源, 在古代就已与日语融为一体, 成为日本固有的语言文字, 因此一般人们都不把汉语词汇看成外来语。所以, 日语中平时所说的外来语是指除了汉语与汉字以外从欧美各国传入日本社会的语言。日本吸收外来语的历史可追溯到三四百年前。从16 世纪起, 葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰等国先后派船来日
试论功能语言学及其在外语教学中的应用 试论功能语言学及其在外语教学中的应用 一、功能语言学概述 1.功能语言学 功能语言学是由Halliday在20世纪60年代从英国伦敦学派继承和发展而来的，它是从社会文化和人文的角度来研究语言的。功能语言学强调语言的符号性、普遍性、特殊性、系统性、层次性和功能性。功能语言学还涉及对语境和语类的研究，到上世纪80年代中期，功能语言学理论趋于成熟，其标志是韩礼德的《功能语法导论》（Halliday， 1985/94）的出版。在接下来的十多年中，它在如语域和语境、批评语言学、评价理论、语篇衔接等方面又有了长足的发展。 2.功能语言学的语法观 功能语言学把语言看作是一个交际系统，并认为对语法进行分析的目的在于发现语法是通过怎样的组织结构来使语言使用者进行意义的构建与交换的。功能语言学中的语法由系统语法和功能语法两部分组成，前者旨在说明语言系统表现为一种选择关系：选择是第一性的，结构是各种选择中的结构，语义是在一定语境下的选择；后者旨在阐明语言的三大纯理功能，即概念功能、人际功能和谋篇功能。功能语法主张诉诸意义来描写语法，原因在于语言形式是意义或功能的体现形式，是将意义现代化的机制（张德禄，2005）。 二、功能语言学在外语教学中的应用 1.传统语法与功能语法对词组的定义及其观点 汉语中，词组指两个或更多的词的一种组合，所以短语指的就是词组（《现代汉语词典》（修订本）1998）。这也就是说，在汉语中，词组与短语是一个意义相同的概念。但是，在功能语法中，词组（group）和短语（phrase）是两个不同的概念，即认为词组是词的扩展，而短语则是对小句的压缩（Halliday，1994；Thompson，1996）。在功能语法中，词组被分为四类，即名词词组（nominal group）、动词词组（verbal group）、副词词组（adverbial group）和形容词词组（adjective group），而短语只被用来指“介词短语”（prepositional phrase）。这种对词组和短语的定义是功能语法中的一个创新和独特之处。 根据功能语法的观点，人类认识世界首先是从认识自己周围的事物开始的，而语言则是通过语法系统中的名称或名词词组（Noun or Nominal Group）来表达事物的，名词词组可以被看作是扩展了的名词。名词词组中至少应有一个充当主词（Head）的名词或代名词构成，名词前后的成分分别为前置修饰语（Pre-modifier）和后置修饰语（Post-modifie r）。主词表示所涉及的事物（Thing），是名词词组语义的核心。前置修饰语分为指示语
英语语言学毕业论文(精选多篇) 第一篇：英语专业毕业论文：社会语言学the definition of sociolinguistics and its characteristic 外语系06接本6班尹珊珊24号 [abstract]sociolinguistics is a term including the aspects of linguistics applied toward the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. it ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to the analysis between the way men and women speak to one another. sociolinguistics often shows us the humorous realities of human speech and how a dialect of a given language can often describe the age, sex, and social class of the speaker; it codes the social function of a language. [key words] sociolinguisticssociolinguistics variationsocial function [content]sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used. it also studies how lects differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individual socio-economic classes. as the usage of a language varies from place to place, and language usage varies among social classes. it is socialists that sociolinguistics studies.
《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
语言学专业毕业论文题目汇编 1、基于语料库的认知功能语言学理论指导下的语音研究 2、应用语言学中“语言能力”的多元性探究 3、聚类分析在外国语言学研究中的应用 4、浅谈社会语言学视角下性别差异的体现 5、普通语言学浅析 6、大数据时代语言学研究的新趋势 7、认知语言学之框架语义学探析 8、以《长恨歌》为例浅析现代语言学批评的特征 9、基于档案学视角对语档语言学的探讨 10、心理语言学在二语习得研究中的主要问题 11、简析认知语言学与批评话语分析的融合 12、语言学家时枝诚记的语言过程理论研究 13、认知语言学理论中交际话语原则研究 14、生态语言学的兴起与发展 15、刍议认知语言学三个基本假设与语言习得 16、认知语言学视角下的词汇多义观 17、应用语言学研究方法新探：复杂系统的视角 18、系统功能语言学及物性理论发展综述 19、论社会关系与角色关系的跨文化差异--基于社会语言学视角 20、从理性到沟通：哈贝马斯的“语言学转向” 21、国际应用语言学期刊效应值报告与解释现状研究 22、应用语言学的研究现状与展望 23、浅析语言相对论对当代认知语言学的影响 24、系统功能语言学中韩礼德语言理论概说 25、语言学中介词的语用功能作用研究 26、认知语言学视域下语言与思维的关系 27、心理语言学视阈下的二语词汇教学 28、认知语言学前沿动态--对话句法学初探 29、国外应用语言学早期发展综观
30、论政治语言学的根基与研究路向 31、认知语言学视角下的隐喻理论分析 32、认知语言学中的语篇连贯研究 33、评几种质疑共时和历时划分的语言学观点 34、西方语言学中的科学范式及其转换 35、应用语言学研究的多模态分析方法 36、认知社会语言学的界定、取向与外延 37、社会语言学视界中的语言变体 38、翻译主体性的范式转换--从语言学、文化学到生态学 39、卡西尔的符号哲学转向及其语言学意义 40、认知语言学理论视角下的一词多义现象实证研究 41、从社会语言学看网络火星文 42、索绪尔语言学革命与“文化主义范式”的奠基 43、系统功能语言学研究 44、普遍语言学下的语言模因研究 45、翻译教学的认知语言学观 46、网络称呼语“女汉子”的社会语言学分析 47、论系统功能语言学在计算语言学中的应用 48、法兰西社会心理学派的语言学贡献述要 49、认知语言学研究方法解析 50、形式与功能：西方语言学转向的二维统一 51、外国汽车商标词汉译新探--以认知语言学为切入点 52、现代语言学理论形成与发展研究 53、认知语言学视角下的语义和语用解读 54、语言学模因论指导下的多义词研究 55、论索绪尔语言学研究的跨学科视野 56、乡村社区的社会语言学价值阐释 57、认知语言学定量研究的几种新方法 58、社会语言学视角下的民俗语言研究方法--以陕北说书研究为例 59、生态语言学视阙下的“绿色语法”研究
语言学方向论文选题 1.浅谈英汉句子结构差异 2.诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 3.英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 4.英汉数字习语的对比研究 5.词义演变的原因与方式 6.名词化的语篇功能 7.诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 8.浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 9.隐喻与一词多义的关系 10.英汉被动句对比研究 11.英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因 12.英汉动词非谓语用法比较研究 13.英汉否定问句的答句对比研究 14.英汉合成词构词对比研究 15.英汉名词短语修饰模式比较 16.英汉拟声词异同探讨 17.英汉人称代词运用对比研究 18.英语复合词的语义分析及其类型 19.英语委婉语的使用原则与策略 20.语境对词义的制约作用 21.汉英色彩词汇的对比研究及其象征意义 22.中英恭维语对比研究 23.委婉语的礼貌原则研究及策略 24.汉英“山丘”对比研究 25.英汉颜色词跨域对比分析—以RED和红为例 26.英语道歉方式的策略及研究 27.英语拒绝言语行为研究 28.英语委婉语的寒暄功能 29.英语请求言语的策略研究
30.英语课堂教师提问的策略研究 31.会话得体：会话者的立场语境运用研究 32.英语课堂学生提问的策略研究 33.英语课堂的焦虑现象及策略研究 34.广告口号语的语言特点 35.从礼貌原则看短信语言 36.从合作原则看课堂师生互动 37.浅析中英言语行为中的礼貌原则 38.中英政治新闻报道中的模糊语言研究 39.言语错误分析理论在教学中的应用 40.英汉颜色词的引申义的文化差别 41.外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 42.浅谈英汉句子结构差异 43.副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 44.论文化差异与英语教学中的文化导入 45.学习者的动机因素对外语学习的影响 46.浅谈词汇搭配错误分析及其应对策略 47.浅析英语语言中的性别歧视现象 48.礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的应用 49.中英文性别歧视习语的对比研究 50.称谓语使用中的性别差异 51.从认知角度看隐喻在经济语篇中的应用 52.浅析广告语言的特点 53.浅谈英语新词的产生、构成及翻译 54.浅谈网络英语中的缩略语。 55.论中英文化对隐喻的影响 56.礼貌原则在商务谈判中的作用 57.浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源 58.英诗中的常用修辞研究 59.英语词汇中的外来语单词
华 中 师 范 大 学 本 科 生 课 程 论 文 论文题目 The Study of Speech Sound in Language 完成时间 2012.12 课程名称 现代语言学概论 专 业 辅修第二学位英语专业 年 级 2010英语第二学位辅修本科生 成 绩 评卷人 姓 名 学 号
The Study of Speech Sounds in Language I. Introduction Knowledge of a language includes that of the different components of the language: the morphemes,words,phrases,and sentences. It also includes knowing what sounds are in the language and how these sounds are put together to form meaningful units. Different terms can be found in describing the sound system of language. Traditional terminology puts phonetics and phonology at a paralleled level. In this terminology, phonetics is the study of separate speech sounds, while phonology is concerned with the system of combination of sounds. According to the terminology in some books, however, the study of speech sounds in a general way is termed as phonology. It is concerned with all the aspects of the speech sounds and sound systems of a language. Its subdivisions are phonemics. Phonetics deals with speech sounds in isolation, and phonemics studies the systems of speech sounds. To avoid confusion, the traditional terminology is adopted in this book. II. Analysis on ---- 2.1. Analysis of speech sounds The study of phonic medium of language in isolation is the level of phonetics, attempting to describes all the sounds that occur in human language. It’s mainly concerned with the production, transmission, and perception of the speech sounds. Analysis of speech sounds can be approached from the following 4 levels Level 1: anatomy and physiology----refers to speech organs and their functions Level 2: articulatory phonetics----studies how to produce speech sounds. Level 3: auditory phonetics---studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Level4: acoustic phonetics----studies the way speech sounds are transmitted in the air(using spectrographs, analyze sound waves). 2. 2. Process of speech production and perception 2.2.1. Articulatory phonetics studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view,how a speaker manipulates his speech organs to produce speech sounds. This branch is the longest established and the most highly developed. 2.2.2. Auditory phonetics studies the way listeners perceive the speech
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction P13 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language？ 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages; (5) semantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language; (6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language use. 3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? 答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “t raditional gramma r.” Modern linguistics differs from traditional g rammar in several basic ways. Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly because of its permanence. Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. 4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why? 答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Because people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development. 5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language as the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any langu age is always “invented” by its users to record speech when the need arises. Even in today's world there are still many languages that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revised” record of spe ech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
母语负迁移对汉英翻译的影响及解决办法 廖银玲 （长沙理工大学外国语学院, 湖南长沙 11113021066） 摘要：母语迁移在第二语言习得研究领域占据重要位置。迁移有正负之分，正迁移是指母语与目标语结构相同或相似，对目标语的学习有促进作用；负迁移则是指母语与目标语结构不同，对目标语的学习产生干扰。翻译涉及双语信息转换的过程，尤其会受到母语负迁移的影响。本文首先分析母语负迁移在汉英翻译中的表现形式及其产生的原因，并就此探讨克服此现象的对策。 关键词：负迁移；翻译；表现形式；原因；对策 Abstract: Language transfer has been a central issue in second language acquisition．It is widely accepted that language transfer can be mainly classified as positive transfer and negative transfer．Positive transfer is the facilitation of the first language through its similarities with the target language；while negative transfer is the negative influence of the first language，resulting from the dissimilarities between the first language and the target language．As a process involving the shift of bilingual information，translation is particularly constrained by the negative transfer of the first language．This study is an effort to explore the manifestation and causes of negative transfer in Chinese-English translation, and then provide some solutions. Key words: negative transfer；translation； manifestation；causes ； solutions 随着我国社会、经济的发展．与世界的交流越来越频繁。而英语作为运用最广泛的语言。作为人类社会交际的重要工具，其重要性更是不言而喻。近些年来，越来越多的人开始学习英语．可是往往事倍功半。造成这种现象的有各方面的因素．母语负迁移便是其中一个重要因素。 1、定义及相关理论背景 迁移作为一个心理学术语,是指已有的知识被运用到新知识的环境中的过
英语论文题目大全_最新英语专业毕业论文题目 下面是学术堂整理的英语论文题目大全，供选题使用，如有更多需求可以联系本站客服。 英语论文题目大全导航： 英语毕业论文题目英语专业论文题目英语教学法论文题目英语语言论文题目商务英语论文题目旅游英语论文题目英语论文题目（英美文学）英语论文题目（文化研究）英语翻译论文题目英语语言学论文题目 英语教学论文题目 英文论文题目选择可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向。 英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文题目选择可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文题目选择可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它
一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”,“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。【扩展阅读】：完成英语毕业论文的撰写可以分两个步骤，即选择课题和研究课题。 首先是选择课题选题是英语论文撰写成败的关键。要选择有科学价值和现实意义的、切实可行的课题。可以说选好课题是毕业论文成功的一半。 第一、要坚持选择有科学价值和现实意义的课题。 科学研究的目的是为了更好地认识世界、改造世界，以推动社会的不断进步和发展。因此，毕业论文的选题，必须紧密结合社会主义物质文明和精神文明建设的需要，以促进科学事业发展和解决现实存在问题作为出发点和落脚点。选题要符合科学研究的正确方向，要具有新颖性，有创新、有理论价值和现实的指导意义或推动
英语语言学论文题目 13论国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 33成人世界的童话——从文体学角度解析现今童话再度流行的现象49论文化差异与英汉商标互译 55浅谈英汉句子结构差异 59诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 62试论广告英语的语言特点 65统觉团对英语初学者词汇学习的影响 67外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 69新闻报道中的转述动词研究 73英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 74英汉数字习语的对比研究 76英译汉中词序的变动 78英语广告的语言特征 80英语双关语汉译的可译性限度 101词义演变的原因与方式 137从汉语中英语借词的翻译看文化交流 138从价值观转换看斯佳丽的角色特征 142从礼貌准则看中英文化的异同 146从习语看英汉民族的文化差异 149从英语人名中看性别歧视
157动词过程类型的选择和话语隐性态度的表达161对母语在英语写作中词汇负迁移现象的思考162对严复译作中“信”的质疑 167法律英语用词特征分析 168法律语言翻译与法律文体 177副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 180功能语法视角下的英语报纸新闻标题的功能183广告口号语的语言特点 189国际商务文化之对比研究 204汉语中双关语的翻译 213基于概念隐喻的诗歌解读 228论广告英语中的幽默 265论广告英语的语言特点 268论汉英谚语的语言特征 280论清教理念与美国西进运动 282论莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间 300论英语广告中几种常用修辞格及其汉译310论尤金?奥尼尔的表现主义手法 324名词化的语篇功能 330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能
340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点346浅析汉英动物谚语中的文化 348浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源349浅析英语禁忌语及其发展 352浅析英语无标志被动句 356浅议译者能力 359认知语言学角度下“within” 的空间隐喻意义365商标英语汉译的原则和方法 384体育新闻英语文体研究 375社会语言学视野中的网络语言 418新闻英语中的语法特点研究 423颜色词在英汉互译中的不对应性 425移就的审美价值和生成基础 426以认知为基础的颜色隐喻研究 428隐喻认知功能研究的新视角 429隐喻与一词多义的关系 438英汉被动句对比研究 439英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因 440英汉动词非谓语用法之比较研究 442英汉否定问句的答句对比研究
语言学论文参考题目 1 中国语言学的发展趋势 2 语言系统的结构 3 文字系统在语言系统中的地位 4 语言单位的区别特征 5 概括性语言单位（音位、义位、词位、句位等） 6 英语和汉语的书面语书写规则的比较研究 7 古代英国和古代中国的语言生活的比较研究 8 古代欧洲的拉丁文和古代中国的文言文的相似性 9 民族共同语的形成和普及的历史经验 10 中国语文现代化运动的历史启发 11 国语运动和中国语言共同化 12 白话文运动和中国的书面语改革 13 书面语发展中的保守性和书面语现代化 14 废除文言文与学习文言文的正确关系 15 文言文和普通话学习的相同和不同目的 16 中国共同语的类型和发展趋势 17 中国当代社会发展与中国语言的发展 18 社会观念的变化和语言观念的变化 19 行业语言环境和行业语言的使用 20 语言规范化和语言发展的关系 21 广告语言技巧的变化趋势 22 当前语言生活中的问题和对策 23 关于校园普通话应用情况的调查研究 24 关于营业员语码转换的调查研究 25 关于双语生活的调查研究 26 关于双语教学的调查研究 27 对儿童母语能力发展速度不一致的调查研究 28 一部文艺作品的比喻（比拟等）语言艺术 29 关于身体部位的方言名词的比较研究 30 关于身体部位的方言动词的比较研究 31 普通话和方言相互影响的考察 32 三峡移民和方言相互接触和相互影响的考察 33 一个“方言岛”的考察 34 家乡方言和周围方言基本词的比较研究 35 家乡方言和普通话的比较研究（参看县志方言部分） 36 家乡方言和普通话的语音比较研究（参看县志方言部分） 37 家乡方言和普通话的词汇比较研究（参看县志方言部分） 38 家乡方言和普通话的语法比较研究（参看县志方言部分） 39 方言保存的古代汉语成分的探讨 40 一个方言词的地理研究 41 方言词语的文化研究 42 《汉语拼音方案》中的音位学价值 43 报刊图书中的汉语拼音应用考察
英语语言文学专业毕业论文题目大全 1 The Instructive Meaning of Inter-language Pragmatics for foreign Language Teaching 2 Pedagogical Translation and Translation Teaching 3 Fuzzy Words and Their Uses in Human Communication 4 Ambiguity and Puns in English 5 Some basic consideration of style 6 English by Newspaper 7 English Personal Pronouns: a Preliminary Textual Analysis 8 Thematic Network and Text Types 9 An Inquiry into Speech Act Theory 10 On Lexical Cohesion in Expository Writing 11 The Inferences of Conversational Implications 12 Context and Meaning 13 The Construction and Interpretation of Cohesion in Texts 14 The Instructive Meaning of Inter-language Pragmatics for foreign Language Teaching
15 Pedagogical Translation and Translation Teaching 16 The Importance of Cultural Authenticity in Teaching Materials 17 Micro-teaching and Student Teacher Training 18 How to Evaluate the Teacher Performance - A Case Study 19 English Test Design 20 The Interference of Native Language in English Writing or Translation 21 Translation Methods and English Teaching 22 Importance of Meaning Group in Translation 23 Language and Culture 24 Sexism in English Language 25 Cultural Differences of English and Chinese 27 Loanwords in English 28 Brand Names and Their Characteristics 30 Vagueness of the English Language 31 Characteristics of Humor 32 An Analysis of Language Features
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…