全国2012年1月自考《综合英语（二）》试题和参考答案
课程代码：00795
I．语法、词汇。从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填在答题纸相应的位置上。错选、多选或未选均无分。（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，共15分）
Complete each of the following sentences with the most likely answer. (15 points)
1. Much ______been said about the problem but nothing _______ been done so far.
A. has, had
B. had, has
C. had, had
D. have, have
2. I’d like to have ______ with you sometime this week about your approaching exams.
A. a word
B. some word
C. some words
D. one word
3. My aunt was a dancer and she went on ______ stage at ______ age of eight.
A. the, an
B. /,the
C. the, the
D. a,/
4. Tomorrow will be cloudy, with a few sunny______.
A. intervals
B. periods
C. steps
D. instance
5. He’s been unemployed for a whole year and is craving ________ a chance to work.
A. to
B. for
C. at
D. in
6. The world’s supplies of petroleum ______.
A. have gradually exhausted
B. are being gradually exhausted
C. are gradually exhausting
D. are gradually exhausted
7. In many parts of the world the only ________ water supply lies below the ground.
A. continuous
B. permanent
C. instant
D. constant
8. Since life is short and the world is wide, ______ you start exploring it ________.
A. the early, the better
B. the quicklier, the better
C. the sooner, the better
D. the quick, the better
9. This is the computer _______ we have had so much trouble.
A. to which
B. at which
C. with which
D. of which
10. Without trees our world _______ a much drier place.
A. is
B. will be
C. would be
D. must be
11. I would appreciate ______ it a secret.
A. your keeping
B. you to keep
C. that you keep
D. that you will keep
12. I wish I ___________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept
B. slept
C. might have slept
D. have slept
13. This ticket ___________ you to a free meal in our new restaurant.
A. gives
B. grants
C. entitles
D. credits
14. Despite the wonderful acting and well-developed plot the ___________ movie could not hold our attention.
A. three-hours
B. three-hour
C. three-hours’
D. three-hour’s
15. Until then, his family ____________ from him for six months.
A. didn’t hear
B. hasn’t been hearing
C. hasn’t heard
D. hadn’t heard
Ⅱ．完形填空。从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填在答题纸相应的位置上。错选、多选或未选
均无分。（本大题共1 5小题，每小题1分，共15分）
Fill in each blank in the passage with the most likely answer. (15 points)
From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first 16 , they were like newborn children, unable to use this 17 tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future 18 and cultural growth increased.
Many linguists (语言学家) believe that evolution is 19 for our ability to produce and use language. They 20 that our highly evolved brain provides us 21 an innate language ability not found in lower 22 . Proponents (建议者) of this innateness theory say that our 23 for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, 24 a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical biological times for language development.
Current 25 of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. 26 , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in 27 grades. Young
children often can learn several languages by being 28 . to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the rules of their first language have become firmly fixed.
29 some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been 30 from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that interaction with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language acquisition than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. In other words, children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their child’s language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.
16.A. generated B. evolved C. born D. originated
17.A. valuable B. appropriate C. convenient D. favorite
18.A. attainments B. feasibility C. entertainments D. evolution
19.A. essential B. available C. reliable D. responsible
20.A. confirm B. inform C. claim D. convince
21.A. for B. from C. of D. with
22.A. organizations B. organisms C. humans D. children
23.A. potential B. performance C. preference D. passion
24.A. as B. just as C. like D. unlike
25. A reviews B. reference C. reaction D. recommendation
26.A. In a word B. In a sense C. Indeed D. In other words
2 7.A. various B. different C. the higher D. the lower
28.A. revealed B. exposed C. engaged D. involved
29.A. Although B. Whether C. Since D. When
30.A. distinguished B. different C. protected D. isolated
Ⅲ．难句释义。从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填在答题纸相应的位置上。错选、多选或未选均无分。（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
Choose the closest paraphrased version for each of the sentences or italicized parts.
(10 points)
31. The hero created himself; the celebrity is created by the media.
A. The hero was admired for what they had done for society; the celebrity burst onto the scene by the work of the media.
B. The hero made it through thcir own efforts; the celebrity achieves fame because of his good relations with the media.
C. The hero of the past was active; today’s celebrity is passive.
D. The hero publicized himself; the celebrity is publicized by the media.
32. There was a crash that made all the most violent crashes of his past life seem like the souncl of falling dust.
A. Compared with the most violent crashes in the past, this one seemed as gentle as dust falling.
B. Compared with this ear-splitting crash, all the other crashes in his past life seemed nothing.
C. In his past life he had never experienced a crash of such force as to make falling dust seem violent.
D. When this crash occurred, its deafening noise drowned all other noises; so no one could hear dust falling.
33. Every student should regularly experience the “Aha!”________when something you never understood, or something you never knew was a mystery, becomes clear.
A. When students suddenly come to understand something new, or when they solve a mystery, they usually shout: “Aha!”
B. Students should keep learning new things so that they can feel the joy of di scovering what they didn’t understand before.
C. Students should often change subjects in their studies so that they can experience surprises, which makes learning more
enjoyable.
D. If learning is made more surprising and mysterious, students will never find it boring.
34. It was in her mind to share their refuge.
A. The thought that they should share the refuge was constantly troubling her.
B. She was wondering if they should share their shelter with the neighbors.
C. She didn’t mind that their shelter should be made a public place.
D. She thought they should share their shelter with the neighbors.
35. That did not answer; the sherry was a little too dry.
A. His efforts of selling sherry proved a failure; the sherry was not moist enough.
B. Nobody answered his hawking; people did not buy his sherry because it was too dry.
C. His trail of selling sherry did not provide a solution; he soon became tired of it again.
D. He did not get money in this business; the sherry dried out and he had nothing to sell.
36. Nothing was too good for that child (Laura).
A. Laura deserved whatever her parents did for her.
B. Laura was a spoilt child and she was hard to please.
C. Laura never took her parents’ love and care for granted.
D. Laura was untouched no matter what her parents did for her.
37. If I care about you, I’m concerned about your growth, and I hope you will become all that you can become.
A. ... you will become what you want to be.
B. ... you will eventually become a gifted person.
C. ... you will develop all your abilities to the full.
D. ... you will be capable of doing all sorts of jobs.
38. Romance is the privilege of the rich, not the profession of the unemployed.
A. The poor should not fall in love the way the rich do.
B. The rich can be romantic; the jobless should be practical.
C. The rich can afford to love; the jobless must seek a living.
D. The poor, without a job, should be wise enough not to fall in love.
39. Child is a believing creature. Cliff undoubtedly believed them.
A. A child always wants adults to believe him.
B. A child readily accepts what adults say.
C. A child never rejects what adults tell him to do.
D. A child never thinks that adults can be right.
40. I’ll have to lie again and say we came down with food poisoning, or something.
A. ...food poisoning kept us in bed.
B. ...a serious disease affected our health.
C. ...we suffered from an illness such as food poisoning.
D. ...we suffered from food poisoning or something like that.
IV.阅读理解。阅读短文，根据短文的内容从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择一个正确答案，并填在答题纸相应的位置上。错选、多选或未选均无分。（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）
Read the two passages and answer the questions. (20 points)
Passage 1
Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a
human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come cross his desk every day. “It’s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,” he says. “Resumes(简历) arrive with stains. While other candidates don’t bother to spell the company’s things at the cost of something larger they work toward. “To keep from losing the forest for the trees,” says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, “we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we’re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don’t fit well, we should drop them and move to something else.” We can’t always be perfectionists.
Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. “The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time,”says Garfield. “But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates(相配之物) of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.” Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.
Too often we believe what accounts for others’ success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.
41. According to the passage, some job applicants were rejected ___________.
A. because of their carelessness as shown in their failure to present a clean copy of a resume
B. because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing a resume
C. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their Applications
D. because they eliminated their names from the applicants list themselves
42. The word “perfectionists” refers to those who ___________.
A. demand others to get everything absolutely right
B. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances
C. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectives
D. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do
43. Which of the following is the author’s advice to the reader?
A. Although too much attention to details may be costly, they should not be overlooked.
B. Don’t forget details when drawing pictures.
C. Be aware of the importance of a task before undertaking it.
D. Careless applicants are not to be trusted.
44. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that ___________.
A. minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives
B. failure is the mother of success
C. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work
D. keeping one’s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked
45. The best title for this passage would be ___________ .
A. Don’t Be a Perfectionist
B. Importance of Adjustments
C. Details and Major Objectives
D. Hard Work Plus Good Luck
Passage 2
Taste is such a subjective matter that we don’t usually conduct preference tests for food. The most you can say about anyone’s preference, is that it’s one person’s opinion. But because the two big cola (可口饮料) companies—Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola are marketed so aggressively, we’ve wondered how big a role taste preference actually plays in brand loyalty. We set up a taste test that challenged people who identified themselves as either Coca-Cola or Pepsi fans: Find your brand in a blind tasting.
We invited staff volunteers who had a strong liking for either Coca-Cola Classic (传统型) or Pepsi, Diet (低糖的) Coke,
or Diet Pepsi. These were people who thought they’d have no trouble telling their brand from the other brand.
We eventually located 19 regular cola drinkers and 27 diet cola drinkers. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet versions for the other. We asked them to tell us whether each sample was Coke or Pepsi; then we analyzed the records statistically to compare the participants’choices with what mere guess-work could have accomplished.
Getting all four samples right was a tough test, but not too tough, we thought, for people who believed they could recognize their brand. In the end, only 7 out of 19 regular cola drinkers correctly identified their brand of choice in all four trials. The diet-cola drinkers did a little worse-only 7 to 27 identified all four samples correctly.
While both groups did better than chance would predict, nearly half the participants in each group made the wrong choice two or more times. Two people got all four samples wrong. Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout was not a factor. Our preference test results suggest that only a few Pepsi participants and Coke fans may really be able to tell their favorite brand by taste and price.
46. According to the passage the preference test was conducted in order to___________.
A. find out the role taste preference plays in a person’s drinking
B. reveal which cola is more to the liking of the drinkers
C. show that a person’s opinion about taste is mere guess-work
D. compare the ability of the participants in choosing their drinks
47. The statistics recorded in the preference tests show ____________.
A. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are people’s two most favorite drinks
B. there is not much difference in taste between Coca-Cola and Pepsi
C. few people had trouble telling Coca-Cola from Pepsi
D. people’s tastes differ from one another
48. It is implied in the first paragraph that ___________.
A. the purpose of taste tests is to promote the sale of colas
B. the improvement of quality is the chief concern of the two cola companies
C. the competition between the two colas is very strong
D. blind tasting is necessary for identifying fans
49. The word “burnout” here refers to the state of___________.
A. being seriously burnt in the skin
B. being unable to bum for lack of fuel
C. being badly damaged by fire
D. being unable to function because of excessive use
50. The author’s purpose in writing this passage is to ___________.
A. show that taste preference is highly subjective
B. argue that taste testing is an important marketing strategy
C. emphasize that taste and price are closely related to each other
D. recommend that blind tasting be introduced in the quality control of colas
V.词形转换。将括号里提供的词转换成适当的词形填入答题纸上相应的位置。（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）
Complete each of the following sentences with a (compound) word derived from the one(s) given in brackets. (10 points)
51. If we don’t start out now, we must risk ___________ the train. (miss)
52. The government has worked out a ten-year program to ___________ the transport system of the country. (modern)
53. People who love peace staged a(n) _________ protest against NATO’s bombings of Yugoslavia. (war)
54. China pursues a strict policy of ___________ in the internal affairs of other countries. (interfere)
55. He only ate a few ___________ of food and then left home in a hurry. (mouth)
56.The power cut left the room in complete___________.(dark)
57. Being well taken care of in the hospital, the patient made a quick ___________ from his illness.(recover)
58. Unlike his quite brother, he is very ___________. (talk)
59. Never indulge in ___________ as it’s harmful to your health. (drink)
60. They are determined to fight racial ___________. (equal)
VI.句子翻译。将下列句子译成英语，译文写在答题纸上相应的位置。（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）Translate the following sentences into English. (15 points)
61．聪明人能从自己的错误中吸取教训。
62．那个委员会没能就这个问题达成一致意见。
63．为了躲开高峰期，苏珊只得每天早上8点赶公共汽车。
64．不同的民族对人权的定义有很大的不同。
65．你不能指望一两个星期内就能大大提高英语口语水平。
VII．作文。根据所学的一篇课文，写出150字左右的短文。（本大题共1小题，15分）
Write a short composition of about 150 words based on one of the texts you have learnt.
(15 points)
66. “Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.”
全国2012年1月自考《综合英语(二)
》答案
课程代码：00795
全国2012年10月自考《西方政治制度》试题和答案 课程代码：00316 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸” 的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1．近代史上第一个确立宪政制度的国家是（ A ）1-71 A．英国 B.美国 C.法国 D.荷兰 2．近代国家主权理论的创始人是（ A ）2-80 A．布丹 B.霍布斯 C.洛克 D.卢梭 3．在美国，标志着妇女选举权得到确认的是（ C ）3-112 A．第15条宪法修正案 B.第17条宪法修正案 C.第19条宪法修正案 D.第23条宪法修正案 4．最早通过立法规定实行秘密投票的国家是（ B ）3-117 A．奥地利 B.澳大利亚 C.新西兰 D.西班牙 5．选举产生德国总统的是（ C ）3-123 A．两院议员 B.全体选民 C.联邦大会 D.选举人团 6．政党由其代表的阶级中的一部分人所组成，他们是（ D ）4-141 A．最富有的分子 B.最有文化的分子
C.最底层的分子 D.最积极、活跃的分子 7．英国的托利党在19世纪30年代演变成为（ B ）4-142 A．自由党 B.保守党 C.工党 D.自由民主党 8．在英国，影子内阁的成员指（ C ）4-156 A．执政党的前座议员 B.执政党的后座议员 C.法定反对党的前座议员 D.法定反对党的后座议员 9．现代西方民主制度的核心和主要标志是（ D ）5-167 A．内阁制度 B.联邦制度 C.总统制度 D.议会制度 10．法国国民议会议员的任期是（ C ）5-175 A.3年 B.4年 C.5年 D.6年 11.下列国家中，议会两院地位和权力大致相等的是（ B ）5-179 A．英国 B.美国 C.法国 D.日本 12．日本转向“象征天皇制”及确立议会君主制的时间是在（ D ）6-199 A.20世纪初 B.明治维新之后 C.一战后 D.二战后 13．西方国家最为普遍的一种政府组织形式是（ A ）6-205 A．内阁制 B.总统制 C.半总统制 D.委员会制 14．法国的半总统制又被称为（ D ）6-208 A．“拿破仑体制” B.“密特朗体制” C.“希拉克体制” D.“戴高乐体制” 15.下列地方政府类型中占主导且数目最多的一种类型是（ A ）7-227
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. How many ______ are there in the word “monotonous”? A. o B. oes C. o’s D. os 2. Do you think there’s any possibility of arriving at the gym by ______ bus and still having the time to play ______ basketball together? A./; / B. a; the C. the; / D./; the 3. Today, Mary learned in ______ school how to behave well at ______ table. A. the; / B./; / C. the; the D./; the 4. Listen, Diana. I don’t care if you ______ the bus this morning. But you ______ late for too many times. You're fired. A. have missed; came B. would miss; have come C. missed; have come D. are missing; came 5. It so happened that Mary’s car ______when Jack went to borrow it. A. repaired B. was being repaired C. was repaired D. had repaired
绝密★考试结束前 全国2020年10月高等教育自学考试 英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 1.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 2.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 1%X20=20%) 1.The police arrived and were telling him to calm down and put the knife down. A.he B. she C. they D. it 2.Many thanks to Adams fbr all his good deeds and contributions to the company all the while. A. going B. go C. goes D. gone 3.Only a small part of the people in prison today were sent there by a jury of their peers. A. a B. the C. one D. / 4.By the end of last year, this charity group more than 4,000 jobs fbr the unemployed. A. created B. had created C. has created D. would have created 浙00831#英语语法试题第1页（共6页）
2019年10月自考《西方政治制度》真题及答案(网友版) 《西方政治制度》 2019年10月份主观题解析 三、名词解释： 【题干】行省制度： 【答案】行省制度是古罗马国家为统治政府地区而建立的一种管理制度。“行省”指意大利境外那些必须向罗马国家纳贡的属地。随着罗马国家的领土扩张，行省数目不断增长，遂形成相应的管理制度。每建一个行省，都由元老院制定治理该行省的法规，确定该行省的区域范围、城镇数目及行省居民的权利和义务，规定该行省应缴纳贡赋的品种与数量。【题干】古罗马国家的政治制度 【题干】悬浮议会： 【答案】所谓悬浮议会是指在英国式的两党制国家，任何政党都没有获得议会下院过半数议席，议会中没有任何政党能够单独组阁的情况。这种情况下，两大政党就会谋求其他小党的支持，联合执政。 【考点】西方国家的政党制度 【题干】审检合署：
【答案】审检合署制：检察机关与各级法院对应，层级相同，级别对等，不单独设立，而是将检察机关设在法院内部，但独立行使职权，并受到司法行政部门的领导。代表国家是法国。 【考点】西方国家的司法机关 【题干】相对多数代表制： 【答案】相对于多数代表制又称为简单多数制，即由获得一个选区内最多选票的候选人当选。在这种规则下，即使只有一票之差，也可以决定胜负，因此也被称为“谁领先谁当选”。英国、加拿大、印度、新西兰等国家的下议院议员选举，美国国会两院及总统选举人的选举都是采用相对多数的代表制。 【考点】选举的过程与程序 四、简答题： 【题干】简述西方候选人的资格条件： 【答案】①国籍资格;候选人必须是本国公民，外国人或无国籍的人不能被提名为候选人。②年龄资格;西方国家候选人的最低年龄资格一般高于选民的年龄资格。③居住资格;候选人特别是议员候选人必须在特定的选区内居住。④职业限制;从事某些职业者不得竞选议员或其他公职。⑤文化教育资格。⑥选举保证金;候选人必须交纳一定的选举保证金，如果选举时该候选所获选票达不到一定比例时，保证金予以没收。
2005年4月全国高等教育自学考试英语语法试题 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Chose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter in the blank. 1. The task force is supposed_____. A. to be getting reinforced B. that to be getting reinforced C. to being got reinforced D. that been got reinforced 2. He muffled his voice to avoid_____. A. having been identified B. to be identified C. identified D. being identified 3._____, I would call him in advance. A. Had I been you B. I were you C. Were I you D. I had been you 4. The company encourages _____ uniforms. A. to wear B. wears C. wearing D. have worn 5. What is _____ story you have ever heard? A. funnier B. a funniest C. the funnier D. the funniest 6. You may take an oral or written exam _____ you prefer. A. according as B. according to C. if D. whether 7. The Tower of London, _____ so many people lost their lives, is now a tourist attraction. A. which B. there C. where D. from it 8. Pride and prejudice _____ never failed to characterize the aristocracy. A. had B. has C. have D. are 9. Not only the players and the coach but also the referee _____ responsible for the defeat. A. were B. was C. is D. are 10. How often _____ your car _____? I think it ought _____ twice a week at least. A. is … washed, to be washed B. is … washed, to wash C. is … washed, to have washed D. has … been washed, to be washed 11. The noise of the desks _____ could be heard out in the street. A. having been opened and closed B. opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to be opened and closed 12. I had hoped that Jennifer _____ a doctor, but she was not good at medicine. A. will become B. become C. would become D. becomes 13. Most people enjoy _____. A. to flatter B. to be flattered C. flattering D. being flattered 14. Congratulations on _____ to the university. A. having admitted B. being admitted C. admitting D. have admitted 15. As we went _____ in our investigation of the case, we had more evidence of a political conspiracy. A. far B. farther C. further D. farthest 16. _____ his immense fortune, he died a most unhappy man. A. Although B. With all C. With D. Because of 17. He takes no interest in studies; _____, he plays tennis all day. A. in short B. instead C. anyhow D. still 18. The factory was burned down last night; _____ many workmen were thrown out of employment. A. for this sake B. on that account C. in that case D. unfortunately 19. The old _____ usually self-conceited as age sometimes does tell. A. is B. will be C. are to be D. are 20. There _____ a tall building, several tennis courts and lots of non-deciduous trees on the center of the area. A. is B. are C. stand D. appears 二、选择填空题(本大题共6小题，每小题2分，共12分)
2018年自考《西方政治制度》试题及答案 第一章（65题） 一、单项选择题 1、公元前594年的梭伦改革的主要内容不包括（） A在经济上，颁布“解除债负令” B 建立“陶片放逐法”制度 C在政治上，削弱贵族会议的权力，提升公民大会的作用 D在社会结构上，以财产而不是按照血亲划分社会等级 2、欧洲历史上第一部全面系统的法典是（） A十二铜表法B摩西法典C拿破仑法典D查士丁尼民法大全 3、随着社会经济的发展和阶级关系的变动，西欧封建君主制没出现过哪些形式（） A封建割据君主制B等级君主制C 共和君主制D专制君主制 4、对政治制度的研究最可行的方法是（） A比较分析B系统分析C阶级分析D心理分析 5. 中世纪欧洲自治城市的首要特征是（） A. 政治独立 B.司法独立 C.法律至上 D.居民自由 6、政治制度的核心内容是（） Ａ政权的组织形式B国家结构形式C政党制度D议会制度 7、亚里士多德认为，多数人执政是（） A 寡头制 B 君主制 C 民主制 D 贵族制 8、古希腊“大多数人统治”具有明确的内涵，它指的是拥有（）的特定群体。 A 贵族资格 B 公民资格 C 奴隶资格 D 佣工资格 9、古希腊城邦民主制的典范是（） A 雅典民主制 B 希腊民主制 C 斯巴达民主制 D 斯巴达寡头制 10、梭伦改革的推动者是（） A 工商业奴隶主 B 债务奴隶 C 工商业者 D 氏族贵族 11、结束雅典平民反对氏族贵族斗争，确立雅典奴隶制城邦民主制，完成由氏族社会向国家的历史过渡的是（） A 梭伦改革 B 伯里克利改革 C 克里斯梯尼改革 D 荷马改革 12、雅典奴隶制民主政治的高峰时期是（） A 梭伦时代 B 伯里克利时代 C 克里斯梯尼时代 D 荷马时代
自学考试 英语语法复习题 单项选择题 Choose the best answer from the choices given. 1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _______ when he _____ at the party. A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived 2. By the time he was twelve, Edison_____ to make a living by himself. A. wouldn?t begin B. has begun C. had begun D. was begun 3. He ____ his leg when he ______ in a football match against another school. A. broke; played B. was breaking; was playing C. broke; was playing D. was breaking; played 4. The students ____ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _____ in the office. A. had written; left B. were writing; has left C. had written; had left D. were writing; had left 5. Hello, I ____ you ____ in London. How long have you been here? A. don?t know; were B. hadn?t known; are C. haven?t known; were D. didn?t know; are 6. She can?t help ___ of her son. A. thinking B. to think C. to be thought D. have thought 7. The room was empty ___ a few chairs. A. except B. except for C. besides D. besides for 8. Four plus three ___ seven. A. equals B. equaled C. equaling D. equal 9. I?d rather that he ___ it blue. A. painted B. paint C. paints D. painting 10. The Browns ___ moving away on Saturday. A. is B. are C. will be D. has been 11. She said that it ___ snow. A. may B. can C. should D. might 12. Amy and her cousin just bought two new ___ coats. A. winters B. winter?s C. winters? D. winter 13. Today was ___ beautiful day that I couldn?t just keep myself indoors. A. a such B. such a C. a so D. so a 14. There is no decision ___ on your application. A. still B. so far C. yet D. thus far 15. I would appreciate ___ it a secret. A. that you keep B. you to keep C. your keeping D. that you will keep 16. Invite them only on those occasions ____ their late arrival will not cause you inconvenience. A. when B. that C. where D. which
西方政治制度试题及 参考答案 一、单项选择题(本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分)在每小题列出的四个选项中只有一个选项是符合题目要 求的，请将正确选项前的字母填在题后的括号内。 1.下列制度中对现代西方政治制度产生重要影响的是( ) A.古雅典城邦民主制 B.斯巴达的寡头政体 C.罗马教皇制 D.古印度的种姓制 2.在西欧中世纪早期历史上唯一能与封建王权相匹敌的力量是( ) A.基督教会 B.市民 C.行会 D.大封建领主 3.西欧封建领主制实行的土地占有形式是( ) A.分封采邑制 B.封建地主土地所有制 C.土地公有制 D.土地村社所有制 4.美国革命中颁布的最著名的文件是( ) A.独立宣言 B.王位继承法 C.邦联条例 D.人权宣言 5.在西方民主制度中法治原则的基石是( ) A.自由问题 B.权利问题 C.财产问题 D.平等问题 6.系统、完备地阐述分权制衡理论的启蒙思想家是( ) A.孟德斯鸠(三权分立) B.杰斐逊 C.富兰克林 D.洛克（分权学说创始人） 7.在当今英国，真正的立法权属于( ) A.上院 B.下院 C.国王 D.国民 8.西方实行三权分立的典型国家是( ) A.日本 B.美国 C.德国 D.加拿大 9.普选制的演变历程具有典型意义的国家是( ) A.美国 B.英国 C.法国 D.瑞士 10.20世纪70年代以后，英国、法国、美国等先后将公民选举权的年龄降低到( ) A.21岁 B.20岁 C.19岁 D.18岁 11.美国对总统候选人的国籍资格规定了附加条件，即他必须是( ) A.取得国籍已有九年以上的美国公民 B.取得国籍已有十四年以上的美国公民 C.生来就是美国人的美国公民 D.已取得美国国籍的美国公民 12.资产阶级政党的政治纲领均属( ) A.最高纲领 B.最低纲领 C.竞选纲领 D.行动纲领 13.在英国，体制内政党有( ) A.保守党和社会民主党 B.保守党和社会党 C.保守党和工党 D.共和党和工党 14.在西方，政党政治沦为权力政治的制度表现是一开始就实行的( ) A.政党竞争 B.政党分赃制 C.政党选举 D.文官制度 15.现代政党区别于其他社会政治组织的最重要特征是( ) A.维护本党利益 B.影响议会立法 C.拥有组织系统 D.取得和掌握政权 16.西方国家利益集团维护本团体利益的主要方式是( ) A.影响政治选择 B.影响社会舆论 C.参加竞选 D.影响政府决策
全国2014年4月自学考试英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. How many ______ are there in the word “monotonous”? A. o B. oes C. o’s D. os 2. Do you think there’s any possibility of arriving at the gym by ______ bus and sti ll having the time to play ______ basketball together? A./; / B. a; the C. the; / D./; the 3. Today, Mary learned in ______ school how to behave well at ______ table. A. the; / B./; / C. the; the D./; the 4. Listen, Diana. I don’t care if you ______ the bus this morning. But you ______ late for too many times. You’re fired. A. have missed; came B. would miss; have come C. missed; have come D. are missing; came 5. It so happened that Mary’s car ______when Jack went to borrow it. A. repaired B. was being repaired C. was repaired D. had repaired 6. The president thought it essential that the university ______ general education as a foundation for students’ future development. A. stresses B. stress C. stressed D. would stress 7. ______ it not for water, this world would be a lifeless place. A. Were B. If C. Was D. Had 8. You ______ driven 70 miles an hour. Now tell me what we shall do with this speeding ticket? A. needn’t have B. couldn’t have C. mustn’t have D. shouldn’t have 9. He admitted ______ in love with the girl, but felt too shy to even meet her. A. to fall B. fell C. falling D. fallen 10. Did you see a middle-aged man with a scar on his face ______ the street just now? A. crossed B. cross C. crossing D. has crossed
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年10月高等教育自学考试 西方政治制度试题 课程代码：00316 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分） 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1.古希腊的各城邦中，实行贵族政体的典型是( A ) 1-52 A.斯巴达 B.雅典 C.克里特 D.叙拉古 2.在古罗马帝国时代，创立四帝共治体制的是( B) 1-61 A.屋大维 B.戴克里先 C.君士坦丁 D.马克米西 3.中世纪佛罗伦萨共和国的最高行政机关是( D) 1-67 A.小议会 B.大议会 C.100人会 D.长老会议 4美国宪法的前十条修正案被称为( A ) 2-74 A.《权利法案》 B.《权利请愿书》 C.人权宣言》 D.《人身保护法》 5.根据美国宪法，选举总统的是( D) 3-123 A.联邦大会 B.国会两院议员 C.各州议会 D.选举人团 6.采取集权型提名方式来进行党内预选的典型国家是( D) 3-124 A.英国 B.美国 C.加拿大D以色列 7.比例代表制最早出现于( C ) 3-129 A.法国 B.瑞典 C.丹麦 D.比利时 8.英国保守党的前身为( C ) 4-142 A.裴杨派 B.辉格党 C.托利党 D.反联邦派 9.20世纪80年代中期以来，曾数次出现“左右共治”局面的国家是( B ) 4-157 A.英国 B.法国 C.意大利 D.日本 10.在下列利益集团中，属于“结社性”利益集团的是( B) 4-161 A.教会 B.雇主组织
绝密★考试结束前 全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试 西方政治制度试题 课程代码:00316 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1.答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分) 在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的,请将其选出并将“答题纸”的相应代码涂黑。错涂、多涂或未涂均无分。 1.在古罗马共和国时期，对元老院决定有否决权的行政官员是 A.执政官 B.保民官 C.监察官 D.行政长官 2.在中世纪的佛罗伦萨共和国，最高行政机关是 A.市长 B.长老会议 C.“100人会” D.小议会 3.著有《代议制政府》一书、系统阐述代议制理论的政治思想家是 A.托马斯·阿奎那 B.埃德蒙·伯克 C.约翰·斯图尔特·密尔 D.卢梭 4.法国妇女首次获得选举权是在
A.七月王朝时期 B.法兰西第二帝国时期 C.法兰西第三共和国时期 D.第二次世界大战时期 5.下列议会的选举中采用小选区与大选区相结合方法的是 A.美国参议院 B.英国下议院 C.法国国民议会 D.日本众议院 6.德国总统由间接选举产生，其产生方式是 A.联邦议会议员选举产生 B.各州议会议员选举产生 C.选举人团选举产生 D.联邦大会选举产生 7.关于英国的两党制，下列说法不正确的是 A.两党活动主要围绕议会下院展开 B.在议会中议席居于第二位的党为“法定的反对党” C.反对党可以在上院建立“影子内阁” D.两大党都实行集中制 8.德国多党竞争的政党制度形成于 A.德意志帝国时期 B.魏玛共和国时期 C.第三帝国时期 D.联邦德国时期 9.下列利益集团中，属于公共利益集团的是 A.工会证明前刻造气测故高郑 B.商会 C.消费者利益协会 D.有色人种协会 10.英国光荣革命达成的最重要妥协是国王接受了议会提出的 A.《王位继承法》
答案 一.1--20 cdcab abccb dbdbc ddbaa 二. 21. was, was 22. are, is 23. has there, doesn’the 24.plural only: poultry, thanks, contents both singular and plural: species, headquarters, sheep 25.roll, board, grain, ray 26.no, little 27.is going to be, will be 28.hadn’t been, would have , hadn’t been, wouldn’t have to 三. 29.did they? 30.shall we? 31.would have passed 32.arguing 33.condemned 34.to understand 35.to ask 36.were 37.started 38.from/ against 39.for 40.at 41.which 42.whom 43.what 44.and 45.before 46.because/ for 47.that 48.that 四. 49.when 改为that 50.of 改为for 51.was改为were 52.is 改为are 53.annoyed改为annoying 54.seeing改为to see 55.every改为each 56.when去掉57.but改为and 58. met改为meet 五. 59.i have never in all my life seen such a swarm of ants. 60.they must all have taken the wrong road, didn’t they?/ mustn’t they? 61.What a really strange person he is! 62.don't try to expect to be rewarded with the money they promised. 63.the bulls may not have been well prepared for the … 64.on his way up the hill jack fell down and hurt his hands and knees, but jimmy got to the top all right. 65.as soon as he came out of the conference room, reporters surrounded him. 66.she was dancing with a student who had a slight limp. 67.i remember telling you to clean the room. 68. I still don’t think that she is a qualified leader. 69.what he said really made me very unhappy. 70.how long a meeting we had this afternoon. 六. 71. Morpheme is the minimal distinctive unit in grammatical analysis. 72. Affixation is a word formation approach that attaches a lesser morpheme/ an affix to a major element /a base. 七. 73. Questions can be assertive when a positive answer is expected or when the speaker is making an offer which he expects to be accepted. 74. A root is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed. A root is not further analyzable in morphological terms. A stem has to do with inflectional features and is the part that remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 75.Four types: declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives; Four functions :statements, .questions, commands, exclamations.
1.国体：指的是由社会各阶级、阶层在国家中的地位所反映出来的国家的根本属性。就是国家的性质。 2.政体：指的是一个国家的统治阶级如何组织自己的政权，即政权组织形式。 3.政府：指的是国家政权的整体，不仅包括元首、立法、行政、司法部门，也包括作为国家统治机器的所有部分。 4.国家结构：国家的各个部分如何整合而成其为一个国家的，即国家的整合形式，制度安排上则具体表现为如何 规范和维护国家整体与部分之间的关系，中央政府与地方政府之间或全国政府与成员政府之间的权力分配关系。 5.政治体制：指的是国家机构的具体设置和具体形式、运作的具体方式、具体程序和具体环节。 6.政治制度：指的是一个国家的整个政治统治形式，不仅包括国体，也包含政体；不仅涉及政体、国家结构和政 府制度，而且涉及国家机关、政府机关之外的一切政治单位或政治角色活动的具体形式和具体环节。政体是政治制度中最重要、最基本的内容。 7.国情：不仅包括经济制度，而且包括历史特点、文化传统、民族构成和民族习惯、国际环境、阶级力量的对比， 甚至人口、地理位置、自然条件等，所有这些都可能对一个国家的政治制度的建立和选择产生影响。 8.《论法的精神》：孟德斯鸠运用比较分析的方法，研究了欧洲各国以及东方一些国家的政治和经济、文化、习 俗。宗教乃至气候、地理等，通过考察和比较，总结了在各种不同的环境下的政治特征，阐述了政治统治的一般原理和法的精神。 9.城邦：是人类进入文明社会后建立的一种小型的城市国家，即以一个单独的城市为中心和周围乡村组成的城市 国家。 10.轮番为治：是在一定范围内轮流担任某种官职，无论对任职者来说从政者是好事还是坏事，“必须按年或按其 他规定的时期，或按其他轮流的程序，交替执政”。 11.行省制度：是古罗马国家为统治征服地区而建立的一种管理制度。 12.罗马法：一般泛指罗马奴隶制国家法律的总称，存在于罗马奴隶制国家的整个历史时期。 13.司法审查：指的是司法部门裁决各级政府的法律是否符合宪法的权力。 14.地方自治：指的是国家主权允许的范围内，基于地区居民的意愿，由作为法人而独立于国家的地域性公共团体 的自治机关自主处理一定的地方性事务。 15.主权在民原则：又称人民主权原则，它源于资产阶级启蒙思想家率先倡导的“主权在民”学说。国家被看做是 由人民根据自由意志缔结契约的产物，国家的最高权力应属于人民，而不属于君主。无论是国王还是政府，其权力都是人民授予的。主权在民原则已成为西方各国宪法的一项基本的政治原则。 16.代议制原则：指人民并不直接行使管理国家的权力，而是通过选举代表组成代议机关来行使国家权力。 17.法治：以法律为国家和公民的活动的基本准则，任何国家机关、社会团体和公民个人包括国家的最高领导人在 内，都必须毫无例外地遵守法律，依照法律的规定活动，法律面前人人平等，无论谁违法都要受到法律的同样制裁。 18.成文宪法：指将国家基本组织、人民权利义务以一套法律文书形式表达的宪法。（美国）
全国2018年7月自考英语语法试题 课程代码：00831 一、单项选择题(本大题共20小题，每小题1分，共20分) Choose the best answer from the choices given and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. 1. Even when you are at _______ end, you should not lose your head and make wrong judgment. （）A. wit’s B. you wit’s C. your wit’s D. your wit 2. It’s reported that by the end of this year the output of steel in the factory _______ by 20% or so. （）A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 3. A lower birth rate can _______ if the government can promote more even income distribution. （）A. achieve B. achieved C. be achieving D. be achieved 4. It is recommended that the students _______ the oral interpretation test until they have had enough preparation. （） A. not take B. take C. don’t take D. will not take 5. If he _______ hard in the past ten years, he wouldn’t have achieved so much in the medical field.（） A. hadn’t been working B. had been working C. worked D. weren’t working 6. Every employee _______ do his best for the development of the company, if he wants to be promoted. （） A. can B. may C. need D. should 7. So many students _______, the test had to be put off. （） A. were absent B. have been absent C. being absent D. had been absent 8. I’ll never forget _______ my present boss for the first time. （） A. to meet B. meeting C. to have met D. having been meeting