建筑环境与设备工程专业英语翻译
A thermodynamic system is a region in space or a quantity of matter bounded by a closed surface. The surroundings include everything external to the system, and the system is separated from the surroundings by the system boundaries. These boundaries can be movable or fixed, real or imaginary.
一个热力学系统是一个在空间或有事项的数量由一个封闭的表面范围内的区域。周围环境包括一切外部系统，系统是从周围环境隔开的系统边界。这些边界可以是动产或固定的，真实的或想象。
The concepts that operate in any thermodynamic system are entropy and energy. Entropy measures the molecular disorder of a system. The more mixed a system, the greater its entropy; conversely, an orderly or unmixed configuration is one of low entropy. Energy has the capacity for producing an effect and can be categorized into either stored or transient forms as described in the following sections.
熵和能量的概念，在任何热力学系统操作。熵措施分子系统紊乱。更为复杂的系统，其熵值越大，反之，有序或纯配置是低熵之一。能源已经产生效果的能力，并在下面的章节中所述，可以存储或短暂形式分类。
Heat Q is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing temperatures, always toward the lower temperature. Heat is positive when energy is added to the system.
Work is the mechanism that transfers energy across the boundaries of systems with differing pressures (or force of any kind), always toward the lower pressure. If the total effect produced in the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight, then nothing but work has crossed the boundary. Work is positive when energy is removed from the system. 热量Q与不同的温度，跨系统的边界传输能量总是向温度较低的机制。热是积极的，当能量被添加到系统中。
功是指通过存在压差（任一种力）的系统边界传递能量的作用过程，总是指向低压，如果系统中产生的总效果能被简化为一个重物的提升，那么只有功通过了边界，当能量从系统中一出时，功是正的。
A property of a system is any observable characteristic of the system. The state of a system is defined by listing its properties. The most common thermodynamic properties are temperature T, pressure p, and specific volume v or density ρ. Additional thermodynamic properties include entropy, stored forms of energy, and enthalpy.
Frequently, thermodynamic properties combine to form other properties.
Enthalpy h, a result of combining properties, is defined as: h=u+pv where
u is the internal energy per unit mass
系统属性是系统的任何观察到的特征。系统状态的定义是通过列出其属性。最常
见的热力学性质的温度T，压力P，和特定的体积V或密度ρ。其他热力学性质
包括熵，能量储存形式，和焓。
通常情况下，热力学性质相结合，形成其他属性。焓H，一个属性相结合的结果，
被定义为：H = U + PV
其中u是每单位质量的内部能量
Each property in a given state has only one definite value, and any
property always has the same value for a given state, regardless of how
the substance arrived at that state.
A process is a change in state that can be defined as any change in the properties of a system. A process is described by specifying the initial
and final equilibrium states, the path (if identifiable), and the
interactions that take place across system boundaries during the process.
一个给定的状态的属性只有一个定值，和任何财产总是有相同的值给定的状态，
不管物质如何达到那种状态。
一个进程是一个状态的改变，在系统属性的任何改变，可作为定义。一个过程是
指定的初始和最终的平衡状态，路径（如果识别），并采取跨系统的边界，在这
个过程中发生的相互作用。
A pure substance has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition.
It can exist in more than one phase, but the chemical composition is the
same in all phases 一个周期进程的一个过程或一个系列，其中系统的初始和
最终状态是相同的的。因此，在一个周期结束时，所有属性具有相同的价值
纯物质具有均匀的和不变的化学成分。它可以存在于超过一个阶段，但在各个阶
段的化学成分是一样的
liquid. If the temperature of the liquid is lower than the saturation
temperature for the existing pressure, it is called either a subcooled
liquid (the temperature is lower than the saturation temperature for the
given pressure) or a compressed liquid (the pressure is 如果一种物质在
饱和温度和压力的液体，它被称为饱和液体。如果液体的温度低于现有的压力的
饱和温度，它被称为是过冷液体（温度低于给定压力的饱和温度）或压缩液体（压
力大于饱和为给定的温度压力）。
exists as a vapor at saturation temperature and pressure, it is called a saturated vapor. When the vapor is at a temperature greater than the saturation temperature, it is a superheated vapor. Pressure and temperature of a superheated vapor are independent properties, because the temperature can increase while pressure remains constant. Gases such as air at room temperature and pressure are highly 如果一种物质在饱和温度和压力的蒸气存在，它被称为饱和蒸气。当蒸汽温度大于饱和温度，它是一个热蒸气。过热蒸汽压力和温度是独立的属性，因为温度增加，而压力保持不变。如在常温常压下空气的气体是高度过热蒸汽。
and the irreversibility associated with the process. The concept of irreversibility provides added insight into the operation of cycles.
热力学第二定律的区别和量化，只有在某一个方向，是可逆的（不可逆）进行的过程。第二定律可能在几个方面。一种方法是使用在一个开放的系统，并与进程关联的不可逆性的熵流的概念。不可逆转的概念到周期的运作提供额外的洞察力。
The Carnot cycle, which is completely reversible, is a perfect model for a refrigeration cycle operating between two fixed temperatures, or between two fluids at different temperatures and each with infinite heat capacity. Reversible cycles have two important properties: (1) no refrigerating cycle may have a coefficient of performance higher than that for a reversible cycle operated between the same temperature limits, and (2) all reversible cycles, when operated between the same temperature limits, have the same coefficient of performance 卡诺循环，这是完全可逆的，是一个完美的模型之间的两个固定的温度，或在不同温度和热容量无限每个的两种流体之间的制冷循环的运行。可逆循环有两个重要的属性：（1）无制冷循环的性能系数之间相同的温度限制经营的可逆循环高于，（2）之间相同的温度极限运行时，所有可逆循环，同样的性能系数
Flowing fluids in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems can transfer heat, mass, and momentum. This chapter introduces the basics of fluid mechanics related to HVAC processes, reviews pertinent flow processes, and presents a general discussion of single-phase fluid flow analysis.
流动的液体在加热，通风，空调和制冷系统，可以传递热量，质量和动量。本章介绍有关暖通空调过程的流体力学，评论相关的流程，基础知识，并提出了一种单相流体流动分析的一般性讨论。
Fluids differ from solids in their reaction to shearing. When placed under shear stress, a solid deforms only a finite amount, whereas a fluid deforms continuously for as long as the shear is applied. Both liquids and gases are fluids. Although liquids and gases differ strongly in the nature of
molecular actions, their primary mechanical differences are in the degree of compressibility and liquid formation of a free surface. In general, liquids are considered incompressible fluids; gases may range from compressible to nearly incompressible.
流体与固体区别在于他们对剪切力的反应作用。在施加剪切力时，固体只发生有限的变形，而只要有剪切力的作用流体就会连续变形。流体不同于固体剪切他们的反应。当剪切应力下了坚实的变形量只有有限的，而流体的剪切变形。液体和气体都是流体。虽然液体和气体的分子运动特性有着很大的区别，但是他们的主要的力学区别在于可压缩性的程度和液体自由表面（界面）的形成。在一般来说，液体被认为是不可压缩的流体，气体可能范围从可压缩到几乎不可。
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to shear. Viscous effects are taken into account by categorizing a fluid as either Newtonian or non-Newtonian. In Newtonian fluids, the rate of deformation is directly proportional to the shearing stress; most fluids in the HVAC industry (e.g., water, air, most refrigerants) can be treated as Newtonian. In non-Newtonian fluids, the relationship between the rate of deformation and shear stress is more complicated.
粘度是流体的抗剪切的措施。考虑采取分类流体为牛顿或非牛顿粘性的影响。在牛顿流体，变形率是成正比的剪应力;在暖通空调行业（如，水，空气，大部分制冷剂）牛顿流体可以作为治疗。在非牛顿流体，变形和剪切应力率之间的关系更为复杂。
Heat is energy in transit due to a temperature difference. The thermal energy is transferred from one region to another by three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat transfer is among a group of energy transport phenomena that includes mass transfer, momentum transfer or fluid friction and electrical conduction.
热是由于温差在传输过程中的能量。热能是从一个地区转移到另一个传热的三种模式：传导，对流和辐射。传热之间的能源运输的现象，其中包括传质，动量传递或流体摩擦和导电。
Thermal conduction is the mechanism of heat transfer whereby energy is transported between parts of continuum by the transfer of kinetic energy between particles or groups of particles at the atomic level. In gases, conduction is caused by elastic collision of molecules; in liquids and electrically nonconducting solids, it is believed to be caused by longitudinal oscillations of the lattice structure. Thermal conduction in metals occurs, like electrical conduction, through the motion of free electrons. Thermal energy transfer occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature. In solid opaque bodies, thermal conduction is the
significant heat transfer mechanism because no net material flows in the process and radiation is not a factor.
热传导传热，使能量是连续部分之间的运输粒子在原子水平上的颗粒或团体之间的动能转移的机制。气体中，分子的弹性碰撞引起的传导;电导电液体和固体，它被认为是造成晶格结构的纵向振荡。金属的热传导时，如导电，通过自由电子的运动。热能量转移发生在温度降低的方向。在坚实的不透明机构，热传导是显著的传热机制，因为没有净物资流动的过程中，辐射是不是一个因素。
When fluid currents are produced by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. If the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.
When fluid currents are produced by external sources (for example, a blower or pump), the solid-to-fluid heat transfer is termed forced convection. If the fluid flow is generated internally by nonhomogeneous densities caused by temperature variation, the heat transfer is termed natural convection or free convection.
当流体的电流是由外部来源（例如，一个鼓风机或泵），固 - 液传热被称为强迫对流。如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动，传热称为自然对流或自然对流。
当流体的电流是由外部来源（例如，一个鼓风机或泵），固 - 液传热被称为强迫对流。如果是内部所产生的温度变化所造成的非均质密度的流体流动，传热称为自然对流或自然对流。
Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dx and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. The minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given in other units，but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 .
Equation 1 states that the heat flow rate q in the x direction is directly proportional to the temperature gradient dt/dx and the cross-sectional area A normal to the heat flow. The proportionality factor is the thermal conductivity k. The minus sign indicates that heat flow is positive the direction of decreasing temperature. Conductivity values are sometimes given in other units，but consistent units must be used in Equation 1 .
公式（1）在x方向的热流率q是成正比的温度梯度DT/ DX和横截面积一个正常的热流。比例系数，导热系数K。减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极。电导率值有时在其他单位，但一致的单位，必须在使用公式1。
公式（1）在x方向的热流率q是成正比的温度梯度DT/ DX和横截面积一个正常的热流。比例系数，导热系数K。减号表示热流温度降低的方向积极。电导率值有时在其他单位，但一致的单位，必须在使用公式1。
Basic Parameters
Humidity ratio W (alternatively, the moisture content or mixing ratio) of a given moist air sample is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air in the sample:ν W = Mw/Mda (7)
The humidity ratio W is equal to the mole fraction ratio xw/xda multiplied by the ratio of molecular masses:
W = 0.621 98 xw /xda (8)
Specific humidity γ is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total mass of the moist air sample:νγ = Mw/(Mw + Mda) (9a)
基本参数
湿度比W（另外，水分含量或比例混合），一个给定的潮湿空气样品是干燥的空气质量比样品中的水蒸汽的质量定义为：W = MW/ MDA（7）
湿度比W是相等的摩尔分数比XW/ XDA分子群众的比例乘以：
W =0.62198 XW/ XDA（8）
具体的湿度γ潮湿的空气样本的总质量之比是水汽质量：
γ= MW /（MW + MDA）（9A）
In terms of the humidity ratio,
γ = W/(1 + W) (9b)
Absolute humidity (alternatively, water vapor density) dv is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total volume of the sample:ν
dv = Mw/V (10)
Density ρ of a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass to total volume:ν
ρ = (Mda + Mw )/V = (1/v)(1 + W) (11)
where v is the moist air specific volume, m3/kgda, as defined by Equation (27). 湿度比例方面，
γ= W /（1+ W）（9B）
绝对湿度（另外，水蒸气密度）DV的水蒸气的质量样品总量的比例： DV = MW/ V（10）
潮湿的空气混合物的密度ρ总量的比例是总质量：
ρ=（MDA+ MW）/ V =（1 / V）（1+ W）（11）
其中V是潮湿的空气中特定卷，m3/kgda，由方程（27）定义。
Thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature t* is the temperature at which water (liquid or solid), by evaporating into moist air at a given dry-bulb temperature t and humidity ratio W, can bring air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature t* while the total pressure p is maintained constant. This parameter is considered separately in the section on Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature.
热力学湿球温度T *是在水（液体或固体），潮湿的空气中蒸发，在一个给定的干球温度t和湿度比W的温度，可以使空气饱和绝热在同一温度T*而总压力p 保持不变。此参数是在热力学湿球和露点温度的部分分开考虑。
A principal purpose of heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems is to provide
conditions for human thermal comfort. A widely accepted definition is, “Thermal Comfort is that condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environ ment”. This definition leaves open what is meant by condition of mind or satisfaction, but it correctly emphasizes that the judgment of comfort is a cognitive process involving many inputs influenced by physical, physiological, psychological, and other processes.
供暖，通风和空调系统的一个主要目的是提供人体热舒适的条件。一个被广泛接受的的定义是，“热舒适性，心理状况，与热环境表示满意”。这个定义叶开放的心态或满意的状况是什么意思，但它正确地强调，舒适的判断是一个认知的过程，涉及物理，生理，心理，和其他进程影响了许多投入。
The conscious mind appears to reach conclusions about thermal comfort and discomfort from direct temperature and moisture sensations from the skin,
deep body temperatures, and the efforts necessary to regulate body temperatures. In general, comfort occurs when body temperatures are held within narrow ranges, skin moisture is low, and the physiological effort of regulation is minimized.
意识的头脑似乎达到热舒适性和不适的结论，直接从皮肤，深部体温，以及必要的努力来调节体温的温度和水分的感觉。在一般情况下，舒适性发生时体温都在窄幅内举行，皮肤水分低，调节生理努力最小化。
Air contaminants are generally either particles or gases. The distinction between particles and gases is important when determining removal strategies and equipment. Although the motion of particles is described using the same equations used to describe gas movement, even the smallest of particles (approximately 1 nm) are much larger than individual gas molecules, have a much greater mass, and a much lower diffusion rate.
空气污染物一般是颗粒或气体。确定搬迁战略和设备时，粒子和气体之间的区别是重要的的。尽管粒子的运动是用相同的方程用来描述气体运动，甚至最小的粒子（约1纳米），远远高于单个气体分子较大，有更大的质量，扩散速率低得多。。
The particulate class covers a vast range of particle sizes, from dust large enough to be visible to the eye to submicroscopic particles that elude most filters. Particles may be liquid, solid, or have a solid core surrounded by liquid. They are present in the atmosphere at
颗粒类，涵盖了从粉尘颗粒大小广阔的范围，足够大的眼睛躲避大多数过滤器的微观粒子，可见。粒子可能是液体，固体或液体包围了坚实的核心。他们中的浓度每立方厘米在受污染的城市环境的范围在清洁的环境中从100 particles/cm3百万的气氛。
Also a central cooling and heating plant provides higher diversity and generally operates more efficiently with lower maintenance and labor costs than a decentralized plant. However it does require space at a central location and a potentially large distribution system.
This lesson address the design alternatives that should be considered when centralizing the cooling and heating sources in a facility.
此外，中央制冷和供热厂提供更高的多样性和一般的运作，更有效地与降低维护和劳动力成本比分散的工厂。然而，它需要在一个中央位置的空间和一个潜在的
大分配制度。
这节课的地址设计时应该考虑的替代品集中在设施的冷却和加热源。 Many electric utilities impose very high charges for peak power use or,
alternatively, offer incentives for off-peak use. This policy has renewed interest in both water and ice thermal storage. The storage capacity installed for summer load leveling may also be available for use in the winter, making heat reclaim a more viable option.
许多电力公司施加非常高的峰值功率使用收费，或者也可以提供非高峰期使用的激励机制。这一政策已重新在水和冰蓄冷的兴趣。存储容量为夏季负荷平衡安装，也可能是在冬季使用，高热不退更可行的选择。
With ice storage, the low-temperature ice water can provide colder air than that available from a conventional system that supplies air at 10 to 13℃. The use of a higher water temperature rise and a lower supply air temperature, lowers the required pumping and fan energy and, in some instances, offsets the energy penalty due to the lower temperature required to make ice.
冰蓄冷，低温冰水比，可提供从传统的系统提供在10至13℃的空气较冷的空气。使用较高的水温度上升和较低的送风温度，降低了所需的泵和风扇能源在某些情况下，抵消，由于冰所需温度较低的能量损失。
Water from condensers is usually cooled by the atmosphere. Either natural draft or mechanical draft cooling towers or spray ponds are used to reject the heat to the atmosphere.
Air-cooled condensers pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the refrigerant.
Evaporative condensers pass outdoor air over coils sprayed with water.
Water from condensers is usually cooled by the atmosphere. Either natural draft or mechanical draft cooling towers or spray ponds are used to reject the heat to the atmosphere.
Air-cooled condensers pass outdoor air over a dry coil to condense the refrigerant. Evaporative condensers pass outdoor air over coils sprayed with water.
通常是由大气冷却水从冷凝器。无论是自然通风或机械通风冷却塔或喷池塘用于拒绝到大气中的热量。
风冷冷凝器越过室外空气凝结的制冷剂的干燥线圈。
蒸发式冷凝器，通水喷洒线圈，室外空气。
通常是由大气冷却水从冷凝器。无论是自然通风或机械通风冷却塔或喷池塘用于拒绝到大气中的热量。
风冷冷凝器越过室外空气凝结的制冷剂的干燥线圈。
蒸发式冷凝器，通水喷洒线圈，室外空气。
refrigeration致冷ν HVAC-Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning暖通空调ν
psychrometrics焓湿学（湿空气动力学）ν
the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律ν
refrigerating efficiency制冷系数ν reversible cycle 可逆循环、Carnot cycle 卡诺循环ν the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律ν the law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律ν
intensive property强度参数ν coefficient of performance（COP）性能系数ν
condenser冷凝器、evaporator蒸发器ν
Laminar Flow 层流、Turbulence 湍流ν
Reynolds number雷诺数ν
refrigeration致冷ν HVAC-Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning暖通空调ν
psychrometrics焓湿学（湿空气动力学）ν
refrigerating efficiency制冷系数ν reversible cycle 可逆循环、Carnot cycle 卡诺循环ν the second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律ν the law of conservation of energy能量守恒定律ν the first law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律ν
intensive property强度参数ν coefficient of performance（COP）性能系数ν
condenser冷凝器、evaporator蒸发器ν
Laminar Flow 层流、Turbulence 湍流ν
Reynolds number雷诺数ν
momentum动量、Compressible可压缩的、Viscosity粘性、shear stress剪切力、dynamic viscosity动力粘度、kinematic viscosity 运动粘度、
ideal-fluid model理想流体模型、Newtonian fluid牛顿流体ν
Thermal Comfort热舒适、metabolic rate代谢率、respiratory tract呼吸道ν Heat transfer热传递、Mass transfer质量传递、Conduction导热、Radiation辐射、convection对流、forced convection强迫对流、natural convection自然对流、Blackbody 黑体、thermal conductivity导热系数、Fourier’s law傅立叶定律ν
reciprocating compressor活塞式压缩机、helical rotary compressor螺杆式压缩机、centrifugal compressor离心式压缩机、absorption chiller吸收式冷水机ν
enthalpy焓、entropy熵、Thermodynamics热力学、Heat 热、Work 功、saturated liquid饱和液ν
humidity、specific volume比容、kinetic energy动能、potential energy 势能、saturation 、Thermalν Quality 干度、pressure 、densityνenergy 热能process过程、cycle循环、phase、state 状态
Thermodynamic property热力学参数、equation of state状态方程ν
Cooling load、heating load、Sensible (heat) Load、 Latent (heat) Loadν
enthalpy焓、entropy熵、Thermodynamics热力学、Heat 热、Work 功、saturated liquid饱和液νReturn air、Supply air、Fresh air、Infiltration、Ventilation ν
humidity、specific volume比容、kinetic energy动能、potential energy 势能、saturation 、Thermalν Quality 干度、pressure 、densityνenergy 热能process过程、cycle循环、phase、state 状态
Thermodynamic property热力学参数、equation of state状态方程ν
Cooling load、heating load、Sensible (heat) Load、 Latent (heat) Loadν
Return air、Supply air、Fresh air、Infiltration、Ventilationν
Teaching material for scientific English 一、元素和单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。 1主族元素和单质： 2过渡元素和单质 Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold 二化合物的命名： 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀：mono-di -tri-tetra -penta-hexa-hepta-octa-，nona-, deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。 1．化合物正电荷部分的读法： 直呼其名，即读其元素名称。 如CO: carbon monoxide AlO: aluminium oxide 32NO ：Di nitrogen tetroxide 42对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous表示低价，-ic表示高价。 如FeO: iron(II) oxide 或ferrous oxide FeO: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide 32CuO: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide 2２．化合物负电荷部分的读法： ２．１二元化合物： 常见的二元化合物有卤化物，氧化物，硫化物，氮化物，磷化物，碳化物，金属氢化物等，命名时需要使用后缀-ide， 如：fluoride，chloride，bromide，iodide，oxide ，sulfide ，nitride, phosphide, carbide，-的
化学元素（elements） 化学元素，简称元素，是化学元素周期表中的基本组成，现有113种元素，其中原子序数从93到113号的元素是人造元素。 物质(matter) 物质是客观实在，且能被人们通过某种方式感知和了解的东西,是元素的载体。 材料(materials) 材料是能为人类经济地、用于制造有用物品的物质。 超导(Superconduct) 物质在某个温度下电阻为零的现象为超导，我们称具有超导性质的材料为超导体。 材料科学(materials science) 材料科学是一门科学，它从事于材料本质的发现、分析方面的研究，它的目的在于提供材料结构的统一描绘，或给出模型，并解释这种结构与材料的性能之间的关系。 材料工程(materials engineering) 材料工程属技术的范畴，目的在于采用经济的、而又能为社会所接受的生产工艺、加工工艺控制材料的结构、性能和形状以达到使用要求。 材料科学与工程(materials science and engineering) 材料科学与工程是研究有关材料的成份、结构和制造工艺与其性能和使用性能间相互关系的知识及这些知识的应用，是一门应用基础科学。材料的成份、结构，制造工艺，性能及使用性能被认为是材料科学与工程的四个基本要素。 成份(composition) 成分是指材料的化学组成及其所占比例。 组织、结构(morphology 、structure) 组织结构是表示材料微观特征的。组织是相的形态、分布的图象，其中用肉眼和放大镜观察到的为宏观组织，用显微镜观察到的为显微组织，用电子显微镜观察到的为电子显微组织。结构是指材料中原子或分子的排列方式。 性能（property） 性能是指材料所具有的性质与效用。 工艺(process) 工艺是将原材料或半成品加工成产品的方法、技术等。 使用性能(performance) 材料在具体的使用条件和环境下所表现出来的行为。
湖北科技职业学院10级汽车英语期末考试———————————————————————————————————— 一、单词互译(每空1 分，共20 分) Section A Directions: This section is to test how many words you know.Please translate english into chinese.(1*10) 1.Vehicle body 2.brake system 3.steering system 4.dash board 5.camshaft 6.Automatic Transmission 7.inlet valve 8.timing belt 9.cylinder 10.electronic controller Section B Directions: This section is to test how many words you know.Please translate chinese into english .(1*10) 1. 底盘2后悬架 3．转向盘 4 发动机 5 分电器6油底壳 7 活塞8 轴承 9手动变速器10冷却系统 二、阅读与理解（20题，每题2分，共40分） Part 1 The engine is the source of power that makes the wheels go around and the car move. The automobile engine is an internal combustion engine because the fuel (gasoline) is burned inside it. The burning of gasoline inside the engine produces high pressure in the engine combustion chamber .This high pressure forces piston to move, the movement is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft. The crankshaft is thus made to rotate: the rotary motion is carried through the power train to the car wheels so that they rotate and the car moves. What do we see from the first paragraphs? ( ) The engine is source of power for a car. The engine can not make wheels go around. The engine is resource of oil. Which one Statement is true according the above first paragraph? ( ) The automobile engine is an international combustion engine. The automobile engine is an external combustion engine. The automobile engine is an inner combustion engine What do we see from the second paragraphs? ( ) High pressure is source of power inside a engine. Crankshaft is rotated without any force. Combustion chamber is not a part of the engine. Which one Statement is true according the above second paragraph? ( ) The movement of piston is carried by connecting rods to the engine crankshaft.
Naming Inorganic Compounds Introduction：1.10 million known chemical substances.Need to establish a set of rules leading to informative, systematic name for each substance.2.Nomenclature: basic rules for naming simple compounds (organic compounds,inorganic compounds) Contents of current section：1.Preparatory materials（names of common elements in the periodic table)；2.Ionic compounds (cations, anions,compounds)；3.Acids；4.Molecular compounds Common Elements：Ac-Actinium锕, Ag-Silver, Al-Aluminum, Ar-Argon, As-Arsenic, Au-Gold, B-Boron, Ba-Barium, Be-Beryllium, Bi-Bismuth, Br-Bromine, C-Carbon, Ca-Calcium, Cd-Cadmium, Ce-Cerium铈, Cl-Chlorine, Co-Cobalt, Cr-Chromium, Cs-Cesium铯, Cu-Copper, F-Fluorine, Fe-Iron,Ga-Gallium镓, Ge-Germanium锗, H-Hydrogen, He-Helium, Hg-Mercury, I-Iodine, In-Indium, Ir-Iridium铱, K-Potassium, Kr-Krypton, La-Lanthanum镧, Li-Lithium, Mg-Magnesium, Mn-Manganese, Mo-Molybdenum钼, N-Nitrogen, Na-Sodium, Nb-Niobium铌, Nd-Neodymium钕, Ne-Neon, Ni-Nickel, O-Oxygen, Os-Osmium锇, P-Phosphorus, Pb- Lead, Pd-Palladium钯, Po-Polonium钋,Pt-Platinum, Pu-Plutonium钚, Ra-Radium, Rb-Rubidium铷, Re-Rhenium铼, Rn-Radon氡, Ru-Ruthenium钌, S-Sulfur, Sb-Antimony锑, Sc-Scandium钪, Se-Selenium硒, Si-Silicon, Sm-Samarium钐, Sn-Tin,Sr-Strontium锶, Ta-Tantalum钽, Te-Tellurium, Ti-Titanium, Tl-Thallium, U-Uranium, V-Vanadium钒，W-Tungsten, Xe-Xenon, Y-Yttrium钇, Zn-Zinc, Zr-Zirconium锆 Ionic compounds General rule :The names of ionic compounds are based on the names of the ions of which they are composed. The positive ion (cation) is always named first and listed first in writing the formula for the compound. The negative ion (anion) is named and written last. Eg.：NaCl (sodium chloride) Naming cations Monatomic ions (take the name of the element itself) Zn2+ (zinc ion), Al3+ (aluminum ion) Note: for an element (especially transition metals) with more than 1 positive ion, the positive charge of the ion is indicated by a Roman numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal: Fe2+ --- iron (II) ion, Cu+ ---copper (I) ion If unsure, use the Roman numeral designation of charges as part of the name. Naming cations Note: A widely used older method to distinguish between two differently charged ions of a metal is to apply the ending –ous for the lower charged ions or -ic for the higher charged ions, respectively. They are added to the root of the Latin name of the element. Eg.：Fe2+ (ferrous ion), Cu+ (cuprous ion) Fe3+ (ferric ions), Cu2+ (cupric ion) Naming cations Polyatomic cations: Groups of atoms with a positive charge. NH4+ --- ammonium ion Hg22+ ---mercury (I) ion or mercurous ion Note: Hg2+ ---mercury (II) ion, or mercuric ion Common ions： Cations: ammonium, cesium, copper(I) or cuprous, hydrogen, lithium, potassium, silver,sodium.(+1 ions); barium, cadmium, calcium, cobalt(II) or cobaltous, copper(II) or cupric,iron(II) or ferrous, lead(II) or plumbous,magnesium, manganese(II) or
材料化学专业英语中长难句翻译技巧及 解析 本文从网络收集而来，上传到平台为了帮到更多的人，如果您需要使用本文档，请点击下载按钮下载本文档（有偿下载），另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意！ 材料化学专业英语长句多，翻译困难。本文举例解析长难句的句型结构，并结合专业知识进行句子翻译技巧的归纳总结，旨在为材料化学专业英语的教和学提供帮助。 材料化学主要介绍金属、陶瓷、高分子及复合材料的结构、性能、加工、设计及用途，其专业英语与日常英语截然不同[1]，句子以长难句为主，这对学生阅读专业文献造成很大困扰。本文举例解析长难句的句型结构，并结合材料化学专业知识进行句子翻译技巧的归纳总结，为材料化学专业英语的教和学提供帮助。 1.翻译技巧 为了专业问题表述的严密性和准确性，材料化学专业英语中的句子多为带有修饰成分的长句，即句中
多有定语、状语、补语等从句;再者，为了专业问题表述的客观性和专业性，句子多用被动语态，又有若干特定句型，这些就导致专业英语句子翻译困难[2-4]。专业英语的翻译要求“信、达、雅”：信—准确，即译文要不偏离、不遗漏、不随意增减意思，符合学科的发展规律;达—通顺明白，指句子符合汉语的表达习惯，不拘泥于原文形式;雅—专业得体，指译文选词要专业得体，简明优雅。实际翻译科技英语句子时，首先要断句准确，即找到句子的主干(主、谓、宾)和枝叶(定、状、补)，再根据句型(如It-that句型、被动句型、省略句型等)和特定词汇，结合上下文和专业知识才能准确翻译句子。因此，专业英语的翻译是对语法、特殊句型、特定词汇和专业知识的综合运用。 2.长难句解析 带有特征词汇的句子 周丽云[4，5]归纳了表达无机、有机化学经典反应的句子中常带有的一些特征词汇，通过这些词汇可以辨识反应类型并准确翻译句义。表明特定反应类型的词有：decompose或decomposition (分解)，
专业英语四级考试试题及答案 2005年英语专业四级考试试题 TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORSTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2005) -GRADE FOUR- TIME LIMIT: 130 MIN PART IDICTATION [15 MIN ] Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be read at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passagewill be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be read at normal speed again and during thistime you should check your work. You will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more. Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE. PART IILISTENING COMPREHENSION [15 MIN] In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet. SECTIONA CONVERSATIONS In this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.
第二章科技英语构词法 词是构成句子的要素，对词意理解的好坏直接关系到翻译的质量。 所谓构词法即词的构成方法，即词在结构上的规律。科技英语构词特点是外来语多（很多来自希腊语和拉丁语）；第二个特点是构词方法多，除了非科技英语中常用的三种构词法—转化、派生及合成法外，还普遍采用压缩法、混成法、符号法和字母象形法。 2.1转化法（Conversion） 由一种词类转化成另一种词类，叫转化法。例如： water(n.水)→water(v.浇水) charge(n.电荷) →charge(v.充电) yield(n.产率) →yield(v.生成) dry(a.干的) →dry（v.烘干） slow(a.慢的) →slow(v.减慢) back(ad.在后、向后) →back（v.使后退、倒车） square(n.正方形) →square(a.正方形的) 2.2派生法（Derivation） 通过加前、后缀构成一新词。派生法是化工类科技英语中最常用的构词法。 例如“烷烃”就是用前缀（如拉丁或希腊前缀）表示分子中碳原子数再加上“-ane”作词尾构成的。若将词尾变成“-ane”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”，则分别表示“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”、等。依此类推，从而构成千成种化学物质名词。常遇到这样的情况，许多化学化工名词在字典上查不到，全若掌握这种构词法，能过其前、后缀分别代表的意思，合在一起即是该词的意义。下面通过表1举例说明。需要注意的是，表中物质的数目词头除前四个另有名称外，其它均为表上的数目词头。 本书附录为化学化工专业常用词根及前后缀。此外还可参阅《英汉化学化工词汇》（第三版）附录中的“英汉对照有机基名表”、“西文化学名词中常用的数止词头”及“英汉对照有机词尾表”。 据估计，知道一个前缀可帮助人们认识450个英语单词。一名科技工作者至少要知道近50个前缀和30个后缀。这对扩大科技词汇量，增强自由阅读能力，提高翻译质量和加快翻译速度都是大有裨益的。 2．3合成法（Composition） 由两个或更多的词合成一个词，叫合成法。有时需加连字符。 如副词+过去分词well-known 著名的 名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢 rust-resistance 防锈 名词+过去分词computer-oriented 研制计算机的 介词+名词by-product 副产物 动词+副词makeup 化妆品 check-up 检查 形容词+名词atomic weight 原子量 periodic table 周期表 动词+代词+副词pick-me-up 兴奋剂 副词+介词+名词out-of-door 户外 2．4压缩法（Shortening） (1)只取词头字母 这种方法在科技英语中较常用。
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 化学专业基础英语教案 化学化工学院 第1部分基础化学讲座（Part I Chemistry Lectures） 第1章化学的本质（Chapter I The Nature of Chemistry） 下面是一封小约翰（John C. Bailar, Jr., 父子同名时用于区别；senior, adj. n. 年长的，高级的；年长者）给一个朋友的信，他（小约翰）是伊利诺斯（州）（Illinois, [ili'n?i(z)]）大学化学系部（faculty, ['f?k?lti]）一名已经（）从教56年教员。 亲爱的克丽丝（Chris, [kris]）： 这封信仅仅是关于你所提出的化学是什么和化学家在做什么这些问题的一个回答。我很高兴你问及的这个学科科目（subject）到底（all about, 关于…的一切，到处，附近）是什么的看法观点（view），对于许多人来说，对这个问题都有一个扭曲的，或者至少是肤浅（superficial）看法观点（看法观点可以认为既是asked的宾语也是distored or superficial的宾语）。正如这封信，我不确定我是否能给予你一个清晰的画面解释（picture），但是我试图这样做。 当然了，你知道化学与物理学、地质学、天文学一道，是属于物质科学自然科学（physical sciences）的一门学科。生物科学（biological sciences），诸如植物学（botany, ['b?t?ni]）、生理学（physiology）、生态学（ecology）和遗传学（genetics, [d?i'netiks]）是亲密关联的，但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类种类（倒装句：亲密关联的，但是也属于稍微不同的学科门类种类，是生物科学（biological sciences），诸如植物学（botany, ['b?t?ni]）、生理学（physiology）、生态学（ecology）和遗传学（genetics, [d?i'netiks]））。在这两个学科组（physical sciences和biological sciences）之间，或者在任何一个学科组内的学科之间，没有特别明显的（sharp），因为（for）它们相互涵盖（overlap, [?uv?'l?p]）。通常，很难确定一个具体的特定的（specific, [spi'sifik]）论题（topic）属于其中的一个或者另一个领域。许多重要的学科都列入几种不同的边缘学科（boundaries of several different disciplines, vt. n. 惩罚，纪律，训导，处分，学科）的范围（fall within, 列入…的范围）。（用粗体字标明的这些术语的定义（Definitions of terms）列在这封信的末尾）。 所有的（其它）学科都与化学（学科）广泛地（extensively, [ik'stensivli]）重叠交叉（overlap）：它们依赖于（depend upon）它（化学）并且在很大程度上（in large measure）是建立在化学基础之上的（are based upon）。据此，我的意思是认为化学是真正的所有自然科学（natural sciences）的一部分，一个人如果没有（without可以引导虚拟语气从句或者短语，can not 如果写成would not就更能说明假设条件）化学知识，他就不能在某个学科走的很远研究的很深（go very far, go far扬名，取得荣耀）。一个人如果没有足够的天文学知识或生理学知识他很有可能成为一名化学家，而一个人如果没有足够的化学知识，他就不能在天文学或者生理学（领域方面）取得很大的进展成就（这是一个由without 引导的典型的虚拟语气从句）。化学知识对于其它自然科学领域（scientific fields）也（as well）是必不可少的（essential）。 1
☆常用： ppm: parts per million ppb: parts per billion pH: potential of hydrogen 1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称 (1)MgCl2 magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj ?m] chloride (2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite [‘naitrait] (3)KNO3 potassium[p ?’t?si ?m] nitrate [‘naitreit] (4)硝酸 nitric acid (5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate 练习： ? FeBr2 ? (NH4)2SO4 ? NH4H2PO4
?KMnO4 ?亚硫酸 ?sulfurous acid ?H2S ?NO 2 有机物命名 ?Hydrocarbon ?{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon} ?Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃) ?{Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)} ?Alcohol 醇 ?Aldehyde 醛 ?Ketone [‘ki:t?un] 酮 ?Carboxylic acid 羧酸 ?Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃) ?{benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌) 无机物中关于数字的写法 mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- 一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十 有机物中关于数字的写法 meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, 甲乙丙丁戊已 hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly- 庚辛壬葵环聚 练习 ?甲烷乙炔 ?丙酮丁醇 ?戊烷己烯 ?庚醛辛烷 ?2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇
材料专业英文词汇（全） 来源：李硕的日志 化学元素（elements） 化学元素，简称元素，是化学元素周期表中的基本组成，现有113种元素，其中原子序数从93到113号的元素是人造元素。 物质(matter) 物质是客观实在，且能被人们通过某种方式感知和了解的东西,是元素的载体。 材料(materials) 材料是能为人类经济地、用于制造有用物品的物质。 化学纤维(man-made fiber, chemical fiber) 化学纤维是用天然的或合成的高聚物为原料，主要经过化学方法加工制成的纤维。可分为再生纤维、合成纤维、醋酯纤维、无机纤维等。 芯片（COMS chip） 芯片是含有一系列电子元件及其连线的小块硅片，主要用于计算机和其他电子设备。 光导纤维（optical waveguide fibre） 光以波导方式在其中传输的光学介质材料，简称光纤。 激光(laser) （light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation简写为：laser） 激光是利用辐射计发光放大原理而产生的一种单色（单频率）、定向性好、干涉性强、能量密度高的光束。 超导(Superconduct) 物质在某个温度下电阻为零的现象为超导，我们称具有超导性质的材料为超导体。 仿生材料(biomimetic matorials) 仿生材料是模仿生物结构或功能，人为设计和制造的一类材料。 材料科学(materials science) 材料科学是一门科学，它从事于材料本质的发现、分析方面的研究，它的目的在于提供材料结构的统一描绘，或给出模型，并解释这种结构与材料的性能之间的关系。 材料工程(materials engineering) 材料工程属技术的范畴，目的在于采用经济的、而又能为社会所接受的生产工艺、加工工艺控制材料的结构、性能和形状以达到使用要求。 材料科学与工程(materials science and engineering) 材料科学与工程是研究有关材料的成份、结构和制造工艺与其性能和使用性能间相互关系的知识及这些知识的应用，是一门应用基础科学。材料的成份、结构，制造工艺，性能及使用性能被认为是材料科学与工程的四个基本要素。
Model Test 1 Part III Cloze [15 MIN.] Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on your answer sheet. Geography is the study of the relationship between people and the land. Geographers compare and contrast __1__ places on the earth. But they also __2__beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __3__. The word geography __4__from two Greek words: ge，the Greek word for "earth" and graphic, __5__means "to write". The English word __6__ means "to describe the earth". Some geography books focus __7__a small area __8__ a town or city. Others deal with a state, a region, a nation, or an __9__continent. Many geography books deal __10__the whole earth. Another __11__to divide the study of geography is to __12__between physical geography and cultural geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the __13__starts with human beings and __14__how human beings and their environment act __15__each other. But when geography is considered as a single subject, __16__branch can neglect the other. A geographer might be described as one who observes, records, and explains the __17__between places. If all places __18__alike, there would be little need for geographers. We know, however, __19__no two places are exactly the same. Geography, __20__, is a point of view, a special way of looking at places. 1. [A] similar [B] various [C] distant [D] famous 2. [A] pass [B] reach [C] go [D] set 3. [A] total [B] unit [C] part [D] whole 4. [A] falls [B] removes [C] results [D] comes 5. [A] what [B] that [C] which [D] it 6. [A] ge [B]graphy [C]geography [D]graphic 7. [A] to [B] up [C]above [D]on 8. [A] outside [B] except [C] like [D] as 9. [A] extensive [B] enormous [C] overall [D] entire 10. [A] with [B] in [C] to [D] of 11. [A] way [B] means [C] habits [D] technique 12. [A] split [B] distinguish [C] integrate [D] tell 13. [A] second [ B] latter [C] next [D] later 14. [A] learns [ B ] realizes [ C ] studies [ D ] understands 15. [A] upon [B] for [C]as [D] to 16. [A] either [B] neither [C] one [D] each 17. [A] exceptions [B] differences [C] sameness [D] divisions 18. [A] being [B] are [C] were [D] be 19. [A] although [B] whether [C] since [D] that 20. [A] then [ B ] nevertheless [ C ] still [ D ] moreover Model Test 2 Part III Cloze [15 MIN.] Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding
Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment 化学工业与环境 How can we reduce the amount of waste that is produced? And how we close the loop by redirecting spent materials and products into programs of recycling? All of these questions must be answered through careful research in the coming years as we strive to keep civilization in balance with nature. 我们怎样才能减少产生废物的数量？我们怎样才能使废弃物质和商品纳入循环使用的程序？所有这些问题必须要在未来的几年里通过仔细的研究得到解决，这样我们才能保持文明与自然的平衡。 1.Atmospheric Chemistry Coal-burning power plants, as well as some natural processes, deliver sulfur compounds to the stratosphere, where oxidation produces sulfuric acid particles that reflect away some of the incoming visible solar radiation. In the troposphere, nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of fossil fuels combine with many organic molecules under the influence of sunlight to produce urban smog. The volatile hydrocarbon isoprene, well known as a building block of synthetic rubber, is also produced naturally in forests. And the chlorofluorocarbons, better known as CFCs, are inert in automobile air conditioners and home refrigerators but come apart under ultraviolet bombardment in the mid-stratosphere with devastating effect on the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer. The globally averaged atmospheric concentration of stratospheric ozone itself is only 3 parts in 10 million, but it has played a crucial protective role in the development of all biological life through its absorption of potentially harmful shout-wavelength solar ultraviolet radiation. 1．大气化学 燃煤发电厂像一些自然过程一样，也会释放硫化合物到大气层中，在那里氧化作用产生硫酸颗粒能反射入射进来的可见太阳辐射。在对流层，化石燃料燃烧所产生的氮氧化物在阳光的影响下与许多有机物分子结合产生都市烟雾。挥发的碳氢化合物异戊二烯，也就是众所周知的合成橡胶的结构单元，可以在森林中天然产生含氯氟烃。我们所熟悉的CFCs，在汽车空调和家用冰箱里是惰性的，但在中平流层内在紫外线的照射下回发生分解从而对地球大气臭氧层造成破坏，全球大气层中臭氧的平均浓度只有3ppm，但它对所有生命体的生长发育都起了关键的保护作用，因为是它吸收了太阳光线中有害的短波紫外辐射。 During the past 20 years, public attention has been focused on ways that mankind has caused changes in the atmosphere: acid rain, stratospheric zone depletion, greenhouse warming, and the increased oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. We have known for generations that human activity has affected the nearby surroundings, but only gradually have we noticed such effects as acid rain on a regional then on an intercontinental scale. With the problem of ozone depletion and concerns about global warming, we have now truly entered an era of global change, but the underlying scientific facts have not yet been fully established. 在过去的二十年中，公众的注意力集中在人类对大气层的改变：酸雨、平流层臭氧空洞、温室现象，以及大气的氧化能力增强，前几代人已经知道，人类的活动会对邻近的环境造成影响，但意识到像酸雨这样的效应将由局部扩展到洲际范围则是慢慢发现的。随着臭氧空洞问题的出现，考虑到对全球的威胁，我们已真正进入到全球话改变的时代，但是基本的