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华南理工大学
2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（请在答题纸上做答，试卷上做答无效，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）
科目名称：语言学和英美文学基础知识
适用专业：英语语言文学；外国语言学及应用语言学
本卷满分：150分共7页
Part One
Fundamentals of Linguistics and Literature
（英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学考生共答部分）
I. Define the following terms in your own words (20 points)
1. morpheme
2. hyponymy
3. language variety
4. relation maxim
5. metaphor
6. Romanticism
7. Sentimentalism
8. Metaphysical poetry
9. Free verse
10. Lost Generation
II. Answer the following questions (30 points)
1. How to classify errors in terms of their sources?
2. What is the significance of Saussure’s distinguishing between langue and parole?
3. Why [p, p h] are taken as allophones of the same phoneme /p/?
4. What is the stream-of-consciousness novel?
5. What is the significance of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer?
6. Why is Romanticism considered the greatest poetic movement in British literature?
Part Two
Test for Students of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics
（仅供外国语言学及应用语言学考生用，英语语言文学考生不作答）
I. Discuss and comment on the following topics (40 points)
1. transcription of speech sounds
2. inflectional morphology and differences between languages
3. universal grammar and specific grammars
4. the meaning of meaning
II. Analyze the Language data according to the requirements (60 points)
1. Explain the following sentence by way of IC-analysis (15 points):
Go and ask Mr. Smith who is sitting by the window.
2. Analyze the following speech event in terms of the related pragmatic theory (10
points):
Mary: Do you like rugby?
Tony: I am a New Zealander.
3. Explain the rules and principles underlying the ungrammaticality or inappropriateness
involved in the following sentences (20 points):
a. * I’m grateful to Professor Smith for providing me food and accommodation
during my visit to Harvard University.
b. * Hearing the shouting, David saw the birds flying away immediately.
4. Analyze the following passage in terms of the related stylistic theory (15 points):
If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge?
(William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice, II. ix)
Part Three
Test for Students of English Language and Literature
（仅供英语语言文学考生用，外国语言学及应用语言学考生不作答）
I. Discuss and comment on the following topics (40 points)
1. What led to the rise of American Realism?
2. What are the major themes of modernist literature?
3. Comment on the historical development of sonnet as a poetic form.
4. Discuss the characteristics of Edgar Allan Poe’s poems.
II. Analysis and appreciation (60 points)
1. Please read the following excerpt from Tess of D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, and analyze it in a 200-word essay. (30 points)
Chapter 35
Clare performed the irrelevant act of stirring the fire: the intelligence had not even yet got to the bottom of him. After stirring the embers he rose to his feet: all the force of her disclosure had imparted itself now. His face had withered. In the strenuousness of his concentration he treaded fitfully on the floor. He could not, by any contrivance, think closely enough; that was the meaning of his vague movement. When he spoke it was in the most inadequate, commonplace voice of the many varied tones she had heard from him.
“Tess!”
“Yes, dearest.”
“Am I to believe this? From your manner I am to take it as true. O you cannot be out of your mind! You ought to be! Yet you are not. … My wife, my Tess ─ nothing in you warrants such a supposition as that?”
“I am not out of mind,” she said.
“And yet —” He looked vacantly at her, to resume with dazed senses: “Why didn’t you tell me before? Ah, yes ─you would have told me —in a way; but I hindered you.
I remember!”
These, and other of his words, were nothing but the perfunctory babble of the surface while the depths remained paralyzed. He turned away, and bent over a chair. Tess followed him to the middle of the room where he was, and stood there staring at him with eyes that did not weep. Presently she slid down upon her knees beside his foot, and from this position she crouched in a heap.
“In the name of our love, forgive me!” she whispered with a dry mouth. “I have forgiven you for the same!”
And, as he did not answer she said again;
“Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you, Angel.”
“You, — yes, you do.”
“But you do not forgive me?”
“O Tess, forgiveness does not apply to the case. You were one person: now you are another. My God — how can forgiveness meet such a grotesque — prestidigitation as that!”
He paused, contemplating this definition; then suddenly broke into horrible laughter — as unnatural and ghastly as a laugh in hell.
“Don’t — don’t! It kills me quite, that!” she shrieked. “O have mercy upon me — have mercy!”
He did not answer; and, sickly white, she jumped up. “Angel, Angel? What do you mean by that laugh?” she cried out. “Do you know — what this is to me?”
He shook his head.
“I have been hoping, longing, praying, to make you happy! I have thought what joy it will be to do it, what an unworthy wife I shall be if I do not! That’s what I have felt, Angel?”
“I know that.”
“I thought, Angel, that you loved me — me, my very self! If it is I you do love, O how can it be that you look and speak so? It frightens me! Having begun to love you, I love you for ever — in all changes, in all disgraces, because you are yourself. I ask no more. Then how can you, O my own husband, stop loving me?”
“I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you.”
“But who?”
“Another woman in your shape.”
…
“Angel,” she said suddenly in her natural tones, the insane dry voice of terror having left her now. “Angel, am I too wicked for you and me to live together?”
“I have not been able to think what we can do.”
“I shan’t ask you to let me live with you, Angel; because I have no right to. I shall not write to mother and sisters to say we be married, as I said I would do. And I shan’t finish the good-hussif’ I cut out and meant to make while we were in lodgings.”
“Shan’t you?”
“No, I shan’t do anything, unless you order me to. And if you go away from me I shall not follow’ee; and if you never speak to me any more I shall not ask why, unless you tell me I may.”
“And if I do order you to do anything?”
“I will obey you, like your wretched slave, even if it is to lie down and die.”
…
But she went on pleading in her distraction; and perhaps said things that would have been better left to silence. “Angel, Angel: I was a child — a child when it happened! I knew nothing of men.”
“You were more sinned against than sinning, that I admit.”
“Then will you not forgive me?”
“I do forgive you. But forgiveness is not all.”
“And love me?”
To this question he did not answer.
“O Angel — my mother says that it sometimes happens so — she knows several cases when they were worse than I, and the husband has not minded it much — has got over it, at least. And yet the woman has not loved him as I do you.”
“Don’t, Tess; don’t argue. Different societies different manners. You almost make me say you are an unapprehending peasant woman, who have never been initiated into the proportions of social things. You don’t know what you say.”
“I am only a peasant by position, not by nature!”
…
“During the interval of the cottager’s going and coming she had said to her husband, “I don’t see how I can help being the cause of much misery to you all your life. The river is down there: I can put an end to myself in it. I am not afraid.”
“I don’t wish to add murder to my other follies,” he said.
“I will leave something to show that I did it myself — on account of my shame. They will not blame you then.”
“Don’t speak so absurdly — I wish not to hear it. It is nonsense to have such thoughts in this kind of case, which is rather one for satirical laughter than for tragedy. You don’t in the least understand the quality of the mishap. It would be viewed in the light of a joke by nine-tenths of the world, if it were known. Please oblige me by returning to the house and going to bed.”
“I will,” said she dutifully.
…
Having nothing more to fear, having scarce anything to hope, for that he would relent there seemed no promise whatever, she lay down dully. When sorrow ceases to be speculative sleep sees her opportunity. Among so many happier moods which forbid repose this was a mood which welcomed it, and in a few minutes the lonely Tess forgot existence, surrounded by the aromatic stillness of the chamber that had once, possibly, been the bride-chamber of her own ancestry.
Later on that night Clare also retraced his steps to the house. Entering softly to the
sitting-room he obtained a light, and with the manner of one who had considered his course he spread his rugs upon the old horse-hair sofa which stood there, and roughly shaped it to a sleeping-couch. Before lying down he crept shoeless upstairs, and listened at the door of her apartment. Her measured breathing told that she was sleeping profoundly.
“Thank God!” murmured Clare; and yet he was conscious of a pang of bitterness at the thought — approximately true, thought not wholly so — that having shifted the burden of her life to his shoulders she was now reposing without care.
…
The check was sufficient. He resumed his retreat and descended.
His air remained calm and cold, his small compressed mouth indexing his powers of self-control; his face wearing still that terribly sterile expression which had spread thereon since her disclosure. It was the face of a man who was no longer passion’s slave, yet who found no advantage in his enfranchisement. He was simply regarding the harrowing contingencies of human experience, the unexpectedness of things. Nothing so pure, so sweet, so virginal as Tess had seemed possible all the long while that he had adored her, up to an hour ago; but
The little less, and what worlds away!
He argued erroneously when he said to himself that her heart was not indexed in the honest freshness of her face; but Tess had no advocate to set him right. Could it be possible he continued that eyes which as they gazed never expressed any divergence from what the tongue was telling, were yet ever seeing another world behind her ostensible one, discordant and contrasting.
He reclined on his couch in the sitting-room, and extinguished the light. The night came in, and took up its place there, unconcerned and indifferent; the night which had already swallowed up his happiness, and was now digesting it listlessly; and was ready to swallow up the happiness of a thousand other people with as little disturbance or change of mien.
2. The following is a poem written by Alfred Tennyson. Write an analytic essay on it in about 250 words. (30 points)
Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
O, well for the fisherman’s boy,
That he shouts with his sister at play!
O, well for the sailor lad,
That he sings in his boat on the bay!
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill;
But for touch of a vanish’d hand
And the sound of a voice that is still!
Break, break, break,
At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!
But the tender grace of the day that is dead Will never come back to me.
2011年7月自考真题英美文学选读 课程代码：00604 全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸相应位置上，否则不计分。 Ⅰ. Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your answer on the answer sheet. 1.With classical culture and the（）humanistic ideas coming into England, the English Renaissance began flourishing. A. French B. German C. Italian D. Greek 2.“Come live with me and be my love, / And we will all the pleasures prove / That valleys, groves, hills, and fields, / Woods, or steepy mountain yields.” The above lines are taken from Marlowe’s “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love”, which derives from the（）tradition. A. pastoral B. heroic C. romantic D. realistic 3.“Metaphysical conceit”is a strategy characteristic of John Donne’s poetry. It is（）. A. a confession that avoids questions of moral accountability B. the linking of images from very different ranges of experience C. self-definition through images based on the four primal elements D. the chaining of images representing solid and gaseous elements 4.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18 includes three stanzas according to the content with these last two lines as a（）, which completes the sense of the above lines. 第 1 页
2012年硕士研究生招生复试内容及评分方案 复试程序： 1.考生凭复试通知书报到，领取复试流程表； 2.进行复试资格审查：应届生须持学生证、身份证、准考证、本科阶段成绩单的原件及所有复印件；往届考生须持毕业证、学位证、身份证、准考证原件及复印件接受审查，并收取所有复印件； 3.通过复试的考生发放《体检表》并通知考生体检地点：校医院； 4.双向选择，确定导师； 5.对通过体检拟录取的考生发放以下材料： （1）政审表 （2）考生人事档案调档函（不含委培和定向考生） （3）协议书 6.各专业复试时间及地点： 0832食品科学与工程一级学科（含食品科学，粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程，食品质量与安全，农产品、水产品加工与贮藏工程，食品工程专业共6个专业）：3月26日上午8:00到院办报到，8：30到13号楼东糖厅进行笔试； 0822轻工技术与工程一级学科（含制糖工程，淀粉资源科学与工程，制糖工程专业学位共3
个专业）：3月27日上午8：00到院办报到，8：30到13号楼东糖厅进行笔试； 0822轻工技术与工程一级学科（含制浆造纸工程专业）：3月28日上午8;00到院办13号楼111室报到，9:00到造纸楼7楼会议室进行笔试。 复试方式： 1.专业课笔试（按2012硕士招生专业目录公布的考核科目执行）； 2.进行英语听力和口语面试（10％）； 3.进行专业知识与综合素质面试； 录取原则： 1.本着公平、公开、公正的原则进行研究生录取工作，并严格遵守学校招生办公室制定的硕士研究生录取的原则和要求。 2.对通过全国统一考试考入我院的研究生，严格按各专业学生的初试和复试加权总成绩排名顺序从高分到低分确定全日制硕士研究生录取名单以及奖学金资助名额。 3.复试不及格（小于60分）者，不录取。 4.录取总成绩＝初试总分×50％＋复试成绩×50％×5。 5.按照食品科学与工程一级学科（含食品科学，粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程，食品质量与安全，农产品、水产品加工与贮藏工程专业共5个专业）、轻工技术与工程一级学科（含制糖工程，淀粉资源科学与工程共2个专业）组织面试，按录取总成绩从高到低分一级学科录取考生，确定拟录取名单后，“双向选择”导师。 6.实施差额复试，食品科学与工程一级学科（含食品科学，粮食、油脂及植物蛋白工程，食品质量与安全，农产品、水产品加工与贮藏工程，食品工程专业共6个专业）比例为130%（不含推免生）；轻工技术与工程一级学科（含制糖工程，淀粉资源科学与工程，制糖工程专业学位共3个专业）比例为110%（不含推免生）。
导言 0.1 复习笔记 一、语言学的对象和学科性质 （一）语言学的研究对象 语言学是研究语言的科学，语言是语言学的研究对象。 1．语言现象 语言现象是人类社会普遍具有的现象，它是最早纳入人类研究视野的现象之一。 （1）人类对于世界上的各种自然现象和社会现象的理性认识以及相关的许多抽象观念，是在各个古典文明形成的时期出现的。有关语言的理性思考也是从这一时期开始的。 （2）中国先秦时期的思想家、古希腊的哲学家、古代印度的思想家等，都提出了对语言的一般看法，并且对后人产生了深远影响。这是对语言的最早的理性认识。 2．语言学的发展过程 （1）语言学的三大发源地 在各个文明的发展过程中，古代文化典籍的传承成为文化发展延续的重要途径。这些政治、哲学、宗教、历史、文学等方面的经典著作要得到学习和继承，都需要语言方面的分析和解释。这样，在许多有着悠久历史文化传统的地区都出现了语文学研究，这是语言的系统研究的开始。中国、印度和希腊—罗马在传统语文学的研究上都取得了辉煌成就，是语言学的三大发源地。 （2）语言学三大发源地的成就 ①中国传统语言研究
a．先秦时期已经出现大量的文化典籍，它们所使用的古代书面语体被后人学习继承，称作文言文。直至20世纪初，正式的书面语一直使用这种文言文的形式。 b．中国传统的语言研究主要是围绕解读文言文典籍的需要进行的，主要是分析汉字的形体，探求它的古代读音和意义，形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂之学，也就是中国传统的语文学。 ②古代印度语言研究 a．在印度，文化经典主要是宗教典籍，所用的语言是古代的梵语。最初这些经典是靠口耳相传，后来由文字记载下来。 b．古代印度的语言研究主要是对这些宗教经典的解读。古代印度的学者在对语言一般性质的认识以及具体的语音和语法研究等方面都有卓越建树，对世界其他地区的语言研究也产生了深远影响。 ③西欧语言研究 a．古希腊有丰富的文化典籍，语文学非常发达，已经有了系统的语法研究成果。 b．罗马人继承了古希腊的语言研究传统，形成了拉丁语的语法研究体系。 c．西欧各国有一千多年时间在正式的场合都使用古典拉丁语，语言研究主要围绕拉丁语进行，语法、修辞、逻辑成为学校传授的主课，编出了种种语法、词典和读本，逐渐形成了传统的西方语言学。 （二）语言学的学科性质 1．语文学时期的语言研究不是独立的学科
全国自考2018年7月英美文学选读试题 课程代码：00604 请将答案填在答题纸相应的位置上(全部题目用英文作答) PART ONE(40 POINTS) I. Multiple Choice (40 points in all，1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet. 1. Of all the eighteenth—century British novelists ______ was the first to set out，both in theory and practice，to write specially a “comic epic in prose”，the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. A. Thomas Gray B. Richard Brinsley Sheridan C. Jonathan Swift D. Henry Fielding 2. The poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” established ______ as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day，especially “the Graveyard School”. A. Thomas Gray B. Samuel Johnson C. John Bunyan D. John Milton 3. “Do you think, because I am poor，obscure，plain，and little，I am soulless and heartless?... And if God had gifted me with some beauty，and much wealth，I should have made it as hard for you to leave me. as it is now for me to leave you. ”The quoted part is taken from ______. A. Great Expectations B. Wuthering Heights C. Jane Eyre D. Pride and Prejudice 4. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are all the following EXCEPT ______. A. Francis Bacon B. Christopher Marlowe 1
第四章语法 一、举例解释下列名词（20分，每词4分） 1、内部屈折：指的是依靠词根中元音或辅音的变化来表达不同的语法意义的手段。如，英语foot（脚，单数）-feet（脚，复数），goose（鹅，单数）-geese（鹅，复数），build（建设，现在时）-built（建设，过去时）等。 2、后缀：词缀的一种，粘附在词根语素的后面构成新词。如，汉语的“者”放在动词形容词（或语素）后面表示跟这个动作形状有关的人——长者、作者、编者、工作者、劳动者，等等；又如英语的-er/-or接在表动作的词（或语素）后面表示跟该动作有关的人——worker（工作者），teacher（教师），publisher （出版者），translasor（译者）等等。 3、词尾：是变词语素，它附着在词干后面，表示某种语法意义，例如英语动词doing，其中的ing就是词尾，表示动作行为的方式。 4、复合词：是由两个以上的词根语素构成的词，例如汉语“白菜”“电脑”“支持”，英语“themselves”，“waterfall”，都是复合词。 5、语法范畴：是指通过词形变化表现出来的语法意义的归类，例如“he”的语法意义是主格，“him”的语法意义是宾格，它们都属于格的语法范畴。 二、填空题（20分，每空1分） 1、语法是大家说话的时候必须遵守的习惯，不是语言学家规定的。 2、语法的组合规则和聚合规则构成一种语言的语法规则。 3、从形式上看，句子的最大特点是具有完整的语调。 4、句子里根据表达的需要临时作出组合的词组叫自由词组。 5、从意义和作用看，词可以分为实词和虚词两大类。 6、语法研究通常以词为界，词以上的规则叫句法，词以下的规则叫词法。 7、我们可以根据语素在词中的不同作用把它分成三类，例如happinesses中，es是词尾，ness是词缀，happy是词根。 8、根据语素在词中的不同作用，一般把词根和词缀叫作构词语素，把词尾叫作变词语素。 9、词的组合有五种基本类型，例如“研究问题”是述宾结构，“跑得很快”是述补结构，“火速准备”是偏正结构，“我们努力”是主谓结构。 10、孤立语的主要特点是缺乏词形变化；屈折语的主要特点是有丰富的词形变化。 三、单项选择（20分，每空2分） 1、下列各组词中全都属于复合词的一组是D 。 A．大学、人民、(英)reader B．劳动、阿姨、(英)railway C．瓶子、老虎、(英)unhappy D．道路、材料、(英)classroom 2、下列句子符合英语语法规则的是D 。 A．He am a studentes．B．She is a students． C．I were a student．D．You are a student． 3、英语名词后面加上词尾s或es，这种变化属于语法范畴中的B 变化。
自考答案英美文学选读试题
绝密★考试结束前 全国 4月高等教育自学考试 英美文学选读试题 课程代码：00604 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其它答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet.
1. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ______ plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.B A. 27 B. 38 C.47 D. 52 2. john Milton’s literary achievement can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last ______.C A. romances B. dramas C. great poems D. ballads 3. The novels of ______ are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower— class people.C A. John Milton B. Daniel Defoe C. Henry Fielding D. Jonathan Swift
华南理工大学2012年硕士研究生复试基本分数线 来源：考试大 2012年3月8日【考试大：中国教育考试第一门户】 华南理工大学2012年硕士研究生最低复试分数线 (一)参加全国统考及联考的考生 类型报考学科门类（专业）政治外语业务一业务二总分 学术型01哲学50 45 90 90 320 02经济学55 55 90 90 350 03法学（不含马克思主义理论）50 50 90 90 335 0305马克思主义理论50 45 90 90 320 04教育学（不含体育学）60 60 180 —315 0403体育学50 45 200 315 05文学60 60 90 90 355 07理学50 50 85 85 315 08工学50 50 85 85 330 12管理学55 55 90 90 350 13艺术学40 30 85 85 295 专业学位0251金融硕士55 55 90 90 350 0351法律硕士50 50 80 80 315 0551艺术硕士40 30 85 85 295 0552翻译硕士60 60 90 90 355 0851建筑学硕士50 50 90 90 330 0852工程硕士（不含软件工程）50 50 85 85 330 085212软件工程采用教育部一区工程硕士线 0953风景园林硕士50 50 90 90 330 1253会计硕士—50 105 —190 1251工商管理硕士 1252公共管理硕士 1256工程管理硕士 —50 105 —178 (二)参加全国统考、面向行业委托培养的考生 030105民商法学(知识产权方向)：总分310，单科不限。 (三)参加单独考试的考生 08工学：总分290，单科不限; 12管理学：总分300，单科不限; (四)强军计划考生：总分240，单科不限。 (五)参加全国统考，满足以下条件之一，一门单科成绩低于所在类型要求5分以内者可参加复试： 1.数学一、二、三成绩在135分以上; 2.我校自命题专业科目成绩在135分以上，且在该科目排名前10%(或排名第一); 3.报考07理学、08工学，总分370分以上且业务课一、业务课二均在120分以上。 (六)参加全国统考，报考0301法学专业，成绩满足法律硕士(法学)要求，报考07理学、08工学专业，成绩满足软件硕士要求，可申请参加相关专业学位复试。
语言学纲要》练习题参考答案 导言部分 （一）名词解释 1 ?语言：语言是一个音义结合的符号系统，是人类独有的、最重要的交际工具，同时也是思维工具。 2 ?语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展 及其在社会生活中的运用以及语言研究成果的应用问题，等等。分理论语言学和应用语言 学两个领域。 3 ?语文学：人类最早的语言研究是从解释古代文献开始的，是为了研究哲学、历史和文学 而研究语言的。我们把这种依附于其他学科存在的语言研究成为语文学。 4?小学”：在中国古代，小学先从教授字的形（六书）、音、义开始，就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。小学一直是经学的一部分，包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科。5?理论语言学：普通语言学的一个部分，与应用语言学相对。主要以语言系统的描写、语言运用机制、语言能力以及语言发展的历史为主要的研究对象。 （二）填空 1 ?古印度、古代中国、古希腊具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2?文言是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为文言文。 3 ?文字学、音韵学、训诂学是我国传统的语文学。 4 ?研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、词汇、语法三个部分。 5 ?运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。 第一章语言的社会功能
一、名词解释 1. 语言的两个有限 任何一种语言都是一个音义结合的符号系统，其中作为基本符号的语素和词在数量上是有 限的，把语素或词组合起来构成词组或句子的规则也是有限的。语言的这两个有限性是区 别言语活动的基本特征。 2. 言语活动的两个无限 言语活动是以语言为工具展开的交际或思维活动，其中作为这个活动的最基本的单位一- 句子，在理论上可以是无限长的，在数量上可以是是无限多的。 3. 大脑左右半球分工 人类大脑左右半球分工不同，左脑主管语言、逻辑、书写及右侧肢体运动，而右脑主管色彩、空间感、节奏和左侧肢体运动。大脑两半球分工是人类特有的，但出生婴儿大脑两半球没有分工。 4. 非语言交际工具或副语言交际工具 人们在运用语言进行交际的时候，不但动嘴，而且脸部的表情、手的动作、乃至整个躯体的姿态等非语言的东西也都参加进来。我们这些非语言的交际工具称为副语言交际工具。副语言交际工具的使用范围非常有限，只能起辅助性的交际作用，以补充语言交际的某些 不足。 5. 辅助性交际工具 指的文字、旗语、电报代码等在语言的基础上产生的交际工具。这些交际工具若离开语言 就不能独立存在。其特点是：都有特殊的服务领域，使用的范围相当狭窄。
绪论、第一章、第二章 一、名词解释 1．语言学 2．语言 5．文言文 6．符号 7．符号形式 8．符号的任意性 9．语言符号 10．组合关系 11．聚合关系 二、填空 1．__________、________ 、________________ 具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。 2．__________ 是我国古代的书面语，用它写成的文章称为__________。 3．__________ 、__________ 、__________ 是我国传统的语文学。 4．研究语言的结构，主要是研究 __________、____________ 、__________ 三个部分。 5．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为________、________ 、_________ 、__________ 、__________ 五个阶段。 6．语言是人类社会的______________，而且也是思维的______________。 7．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。例如汉民族点头表示____________，摇头表示____________，送别时挥手表示 ______________，____________表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示_____________，手舞足蹈表示____________。 8．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性____________。 9．汉语的“哥哥”、“弟弟”，英语用________________表示，汉语的“舅舅、姨父、姑父、叔叔、伯伯”，英语用______________表示。 10．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个 _____。 11．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习_________。 12．任何符号，都是由和两个方面构成的。 13．一个符号，如果没有_______，就失去了存在的必要，如果没有_______，我们就无法感知，符号也就失去了存在的物质基础。 14．语言符号是_________和_________的统一体，声音是语言符号的______。
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英美文学选读试题 课程代码：00604 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 选择题部分 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．每小题选出答案后，用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. 1. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ______ plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.B A. 27 B. 38 C.47 D. 52 2. john Milton’s literary achievement can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last ______.C A. romances B. dramas C. great poems D. ballads 3. The novels of ______ are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower— class people.C A. John Milton B. Daniel Defoe C. Henry Fielding D. Jonathan Swift
《语言学纲要》考研修订版考研复习笔记和真题 0-1复习笔记 ―、语言学的对象和学科住质 (一)语言学的研究对象 语言学是研究语言的科学，语言是语言学的研究对象。 L语言现红 语言现象是人类社会普迴具有的现象，它是G早纳人人类研究视野的现象之一。 (1)人类对于世界上的齐种自然现象和社会现象的理性认识以及相关的许多抽象观念, 是在各个古典文明形成的时期出现的。有关语言的理性思考也是从这一时期开始的’ (2)中国先秦时期的思想家、古希腊的竹学家.古代印度的思想家等，都提岀了对语言的一股看法，并且对后人产生/?深远影响，这是对语言的最早的理性认识。 2.语言学的发展过程 (])语言甞的三大发源地 在齐个文明的发展过程?l', I l f代文化典籍的传欣成为文化发展延续的重要途径。这些政 治、哲学、宗教、历史、文学等方面的经典若作要得到学习和继承，郁需姿语言方而的分析和解 释。这样，在许多有若悠久历史文化传统的地区都出现了语文学研究，这是语言的系统研究的开 始。中国、印度和希腊一罗马在传统语文学的研究上都取得了辉煌成就，足语言学的三大发源地＞ (2)语苜学三大发源地的成就 ①中国传统语言研究 3.先秦时期已经出现大域的文化典籍，它们所使用的古代书面语体被后人学习继承，称作文言文Q宜至20世纪初，正式的书而语一直使用这种文言文的形式。 b?屮国传统的语言研究主要是围绕解读文言文典籍的需要进行的，主要是分析汉字的形体,探求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学"的文字、音韵、训诂之学,也就是中国传统的语文学。 ②古代印度语言研究 a.在印度，文化经典主要是宗教典鉛，所川的语言是古代的梵语。最初这些经典是靠口耳相传，后来由文字记载下来。 b?占代印度的语言研究主要是对这些宗教经典的解读C占代印度的学者在对语言般件质的认识以及具体的语音和语法研究等方面都有卓越建树?对世界其他地区的语言研究也产生了深远影响C
导言 一,名词解释(分,每小题分) ,研究语言的本质,语言的结构和发展规律. .指我国传统的语文学,包括文字学,音韵学,训诂学三方面的内容. ,个别语言学,以一种(或几种有联系的)语言为研究对象,研究某一种语言的结构. ,静态分析的方法,研究语言相对静止的状态,描写分析语言在某一个时期,某一个阶段的状况,是从横向的方面研究语言. ,动态的角度研究语言发展的历史,观察一种语言的各个结构要素在不同发展阶段的历史演变,是从纵向的方面研究语言的历史. ,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科. 二,填空题(分,每空分) .中国印度古希腊罗马 .文字学音韵学训诂学 .语音词汇和语义语法 .编码发送传递接收 .历时共时历史描写 .历史比较 .《语言论》 .索绪尔 三,问答题(分,每小题分) ①研究对象不同:古代的语言学主要以书面语为主要研究材料,不重视口头语言的研究,而今天的语言学则十分重视口语研究,如制定语言规范,确立共同语的各方面标准等,都要依据口语的研究成果; ②研究目的不同:古代语言学研究语言,主要是给政治,哲学,宗教,历史,文学方面的经典著作作注解,比如我国古代的语文学主要就是围绕阅读先秦经典著作的需要来研究文言的,而现代语言学的研究目的主要是分析语言的结构,以此探讨语言发展的共同规律. 正因为有这些差别,所以古代的语言学还不是独立的学科,处于附庸地位,而现代语言学已经发展成为一门独立的学科,随着现代科学的发展又产生了许多边沿性学科. 人类语言交际的过程,实际上就是信息的传递与接收问题,可分为编码,发送,传递,接收,解码五个阶段.编码就是发话人利用词语组织语句;发送就是把思维成果变成话语,通过发音器官表达出来;传递就是通过空气振动形成声波,把话语传达给受话人;接收是受话人利用听觉器官感知对方所说的话;解码则经过大脑的思维把声波还原成语言,理解对方话语的含义,从而完成信息传递接收.如果受话人收到语言信息有所反馈,那么上述五个阶段则又重复一遍,只是发话人与受话人调换了. (举例说明略,可结合分析任举一个句子作说明.) 语言是伴随着人类一起出现的,是人类社会生活必不可少的,所以人类很早就注意到了语言的重要性,很早就注意研究语言,所以语言学是古老的,但语言学直到世纪下半叶,产生了历史比较语言学,后来又建立了语言学的各个部门,语言研究才发展成为一门独立的学科,同其它学科相比,语言学的确是十分年轻的.语言是社会现象,与社会的政治,经济,文化,历史等密切相关,而语言的发生又与物理,生理,心理等学科密切相关,而现代社会语言与语言的信息处理(如机器翻译,语码转换等)又涉及到数学,计算机科学,所以语言学既与社会科学有密切的联系,又与自然科学有密切的联系.正因为如此,随着语言学与别的学科的交融,又产生了许多新的语言学分支学科,如社会语言学,心理语言学,统计语言学,话语语言学,数理语言学,宇宙语言学等等,这些也体现了语言学是一门年轻的学科. 语言学的作用主要表现在以下几个方面:①学习语言文字是掌握科学技术,提高文化水平的基础,而要学好用好语言,就必须利用语言学的研究成果;②制定语言文字的有关政策,制定语言规范,都要在对语言进行充分研究的基础上进行,而语言学的研究成果正好可以作指导;③新兴技术的出现扩大了语言学的应用范围.至于个人,同样可以利用语言学的成果,比如学习一种语言或方言,最好的办法是找到所学语言同自己母语的各方面的对应规律,这样可以收到事半功倍的效果,这就需要利用语言学的研究成果. (结合实际部分可以根据自己的学习,工作或生活经历举例) 语言学首先可以分为理论语言学和应用语言学,一般所说的语言学,主要是指理论语言学.根据研究对象的不同,理论语言学又分普通语言学和专语语言学(具体语言学).普通语言学以人类所有的语言为研究对象,探讨人类语言的共同规律,是在具体语言学基础上建立起来的,下面又分普通语音学,普通语法学,普通词汇学等分支学科.专语语言学以个别的,具体的语言为研究对象.探讨研究某一种语言的规律.从是静态研究还是研究语言的历史看,又分历时语言学和共时语言学:历时语言学研究具体语言的发展历史,是纵向研究,比如汉语史研究,共时语言学研究具体语言在某一时代的状态(相对静止的状态),规律,对之进行客观的描述,是横向研究.如描写语言学,又分描写语音学,描写语汇学,描写语法学等分支学科,现代汉语就是共时语言学. .在历史语言学产生以前,语言学
2004年4月英美文学选读试题 PART ONE （40 POINTS） Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your correct answer on the answer sheet. 1.“And we wi ll sit upon the rocks, /Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.” The above lines are taken from ______. A. Milton?s Paradise Lost B. Marlowe?s “The Passionate shepherd to His Love” C. Shak espeare?s “Sonnet 18” D. John Donne?s “The Sun Rising” 2.The English Renaissance period was an age of ______ . A. poetry and drama B. drama and novel C. novel and poetry D. romance and poetry 3.Here are four lines taken from Edmund Spenser?s The Faerie Queene: “But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,/The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,/For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,/And dead as living ever him adored.” Who is the “dying Lord” discussed in the above lines? A. Beowulf B. King Arthur C. Jesus Christ D. Jupiter 4.In Shakespeare?s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______. A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industry B. his enterprise went bankrupt C. Bassanio was able to pay his own debt D. his ships had all been lost 5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare?s Sonnet 18? A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity. C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditates on man?s salvation. 6. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______. A. heroic couplet B. quatrain C. Spenserian stanza D. terza rima 7. “Let not Ambit ion mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;/Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile /The short and simple annals of the poor.” The above lines are taken from . A. Alexander Pope?s Essay on Criticism B. Coleridge?s “Kubla Khan” C. John Donne?s “The Sun Rising” D. Thomas Gray?s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” 8. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______of his time. A. persecution B. improvement C. prosperity D. disillusionment 9. The 18th century witnessed a new literary form－the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common people. A. romantic B. realistic C. prophetic D. idealistic -第1 页共10 页-
叶徐版语言学纲要复习重点 导言 重点名词概念：语言学、普通语言学、专语语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学 一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务 二、语言学在科学体系中的地位 三、语言学的基本类别 根据研究的对象的不同，语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学。 四、语言学流派 各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可，注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派（也称美国描写语言学）都属于结构主义学派，是这一学派的三个分支。关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述，不作考试要求。 元音的音色是由舌位的前后、舌位的高低、圆唇与否三个方面决定的。舌位是指发元音时舌头隆起部分在口腔中所处的位置。前，指舌的前部隆起；后，指舌的后部隆起；高，指舌位隆起点距离上腭的位置，口腔开口度越小，隆起点离上腭越近，舌位就越高；低：口腔开口度大，隆起点离上腭越远，舌位就越低；如i.e.a的相同点是舌位前，不同点是舌位高低不同。嘴唇的圆展，指发元音时双唇是拢圆还是自然展开。不同元音的音色就是上述三个方面协同作用形成的。重点掌握8个基本元音的发音和汉语普通话中所有的元音如y.-i.-i.e等，这样既可以弄清楚不同元音之间的差别，又可以为学习其它元音打下基础。 二、辅音 辅音的发音特点可从发音部位和发音方法两个方面来认识。 1．发音部位：发辅音时，气流通过口腔受到阻碍的部位就是发音部位。肺部呼出的气流总要在口腔的某个部位受到阻碍，气流受阻的部位就是发音部位。例如发辅音[p]，双唇闭合阻挡气流，发[k]时，舌后部抬起，与软腭接触形成阻碍。人类语言所能构成阻碍的部位约有十余种，汉语
普通话有六种发音部位，从前往后依次是双唇、唇齿、舌尖前、舌尖后、舌面前、舌面后。2．发音方法：发音方法就是发音时形成阻碍和解除阻碍的方式。发音部位相同，发音方法不同，也能形成不同的音素。辅音的发音方法主要有塞音、擦音、塞擦音、鼻音、边音、颤音、闪音，汉语普通话有前五种发音方法。此外，根据发音时声带是否振动，辅音还分清音和浊音两类，根据发音时呼出的气流的强弱把辅音分为送气音和不送气音两类，一般也把这两种方式归入发音方法来认识。 第三节音位 一、什么是音位 音位是某一语言中能区分词的语音形式的最小语音结构单位，也就是说，音位具有区别意义的作用。音位是从语音的社会属性角度划分出来的最小语音单位，而且音位总是属于一定语言的，离开了特定的语言，研究音位就没有了意义。 二、音位的对立和互补 1．对立：所谓对立，是指两个或几个音素如果出现在相同的语音环境中，相互替换后会产生意义上的差别，即改变了原来音节所表示的意义，那么这里互相替换的几个音素，就是一种对立关系，它们不能划为一个音位，而要看作是不同的音位。对立是鉴别一个音素能否成为一个音位的最根本的原则，是划分音位的主要根据。 2．互补：所谓互补，是指几个音素不能出现在相同的语音环境中，它们的出现环境各有分工，我出现在甲处，你出现在乙处，他出现在丙处，各守一个地方，出现的环境相互补充，彼此处于互补关系之中。处于互补关系中的几个音素，每个音素都不是独立的音位，它们可以共同归纳为一个音位，因为它们之间没有对立关系，不能构成对立，互相可以替换，在相同的语音环境中替换以后不影响一个音节所代表的意义。 三、音位变体 音位变体就是同一个音位的不同的变异形式，是音位在特定语音环境中的具体体现或具体
2004年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英美文学选读试题 （课程代码0604） 全部题目用英文作答，并将答案写在答题纸相应位置上，否则不计分。 PART ONE （40 POINTS） Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write your correct answer on the answer sheet. 1.“And we will sit upon the rocks, /Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.” The above lines are taken from ______. A. Milton’s Paradise Lost B. Marlowe’s “The Passionate shepherd to His Love” C. Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” D. John Donne’s “The Sun Rising” 2.The English Renaissance period was an age of ______ . A. poetry and drama B. drama and novel C. novel and poetry D. romance and poetry 3.Here are four lines taken from Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene: “But on his brest a bloudie Crosse he bore,/The deare remembrance of his dying Lord,/For whose sweete sake that glorious badge he wore,/And dead as living ever him adored.” Who is the “dying Lord” discussed in the above lines? A. Beowulf B. King Arthur C. Jesus Christ D. Jupiter 4.In Shakespeare’s Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylock, because ______. A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industry B. his enterprise went bankrupt C. Bassanio was able to pay his own debt D. his ships had all been lost 5. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet 18? A. The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B. The speaker satirizes human vanity. C. The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D. The speaker meditates on man’s salvation. 6. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______. A. heroic couplet B. quatrain C. Spenserian stanza D. terza rima 7. “Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destiny obscure;/Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile /The short and simple annals of the poor.” The above lines are taken from . A. Alexander Pope’s Essay on Criticism B. Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” 1word版本可编辑.欢迎下载支持.