理工科类
本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告
论文(设计)题目输出轴（CA6140车床）加工
工艺及夹具设计
作者所在系别机械系
作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化
说明
1．根据学校《毕业设计(论文)工作暂行规定》，学生必须撰写《毕业设计（论文）开题报告》。开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。
2．开题报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期内完成，经指导教师签署意见及所在专业教研室论证审查后生效。开题报告不合格者需重做。
3．毕业设计开题报告各项内容要实事求是，逐条认真填写。其中的文字表达要明确、严谨，语言通顺，外来语要同时用原文和中文表达。第一次出现缩写词，须注出全称。
4．开题报告中除最后一页外均由学生填写，填写各栏目时可根据内容另加附页。
5．阅读的主要参考文献应在10篇以上（土建类专业文献篇数可酌减），其中外文资料应占一定比例。本学科的基础和专业课教材一般不应列为参考资料。
6．参考文献的书写应遵循毕业设计（论文）撰写规范要求。
7．开题报告应与文献综述、一篇外文译文和外文原文复印件同时提交，文献综述的撰写格式按毕业设计（论文）撰写规范的要求，字数在2000字左右。
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
本科生毕业设计 (论文)
外文翻译
原文标题Introduction of Machining
译文标题加工基础
作者所在系别机械系
作者所在专业机械设计制造及其自动化
作者所在班级
Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.
Primary Cutting Parameters
Cutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.
Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.
Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute to show. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.
Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to。
Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.
Wears of Cutting Tool
We already have been processed and the rattle of the countless cracks edge tool, we learn that tool wear are basically three forms : flank wear, the former flank wear and V-Notch wear. Flank wear occurred in both the main blade occurred vice blade. On the main blade, shoulder removed because most metal chip mandate, which resulted in an increase cutting force and cutting temperature increase, If not allowed to check, That could lead to the work piece and the tool vibration and provide for efficient cutting conditions may no longer exist. Vice-bladed on, it is determined work piece dimensions and surface finish. Flank wear size of the possible failure of the product and surface finish are also inferior. In most actual cutting conditions, as the principal in the former first deputy flank before flank wear, wear arrival enough, Tool will be effective, the results are made unqualified parts.
As Tool stress on the surface uneven, chip and flank before sliding contact zone between stress, in sliding contact the start of the largest, and in contact with the tail of zero, so abrasive wear in the region occurred. This is because the card cutting edge than the nearby settlements near the more serious wear, and bladed chip due to the vicinity of the former flank and lost contact wear lighter. This results from a certain distance from the cutting edge of the surface formed before the knife point Ma pit, which is usually considered before wear. Under normal circumstances, this is wear cross-sectional shape of an arc. In many instances and for the actual cutting conditions, the former flank wear compared to flank wear light, Therefore flank wear more generally as a tool failure of scale signs. But because many authors have said in the cutting speed of the increase, Maeto surface temperature than the knife surface temperatures have risen faster. but because any form of wear rate is essentially temperature changes by the significant impact. Therefore, the former usually wear in high-speed cutting happen.
The main tool flank wear the tail is not processed with the work piece surface in contact, Therefore flank wear than wear along with the ends
more visible, which is the most common. This is because the local effect, which is as rough on the surface has hardened layer, This effect is by cutting in front of the hardening of t he work piece. Not just cutting, and as oxidation skin, the blade local high temperature will also cause this effect. This partial wear normally referred to as pit sexual wear, but occasionally it is very serious. Despite the emergence of the pits on the Cutting Tool nature is not meaningful impact, but often pits gradually become darker If cutting continued the case, then there cutter fracture crisis.
If any form of sexual allowed to wear, eventually wear rate increase obviously will be a tool to destroy failure destruction, that will no longer tool for cutting, cause the work piece scrapped, it is good, can cause serious damage machine. For various carbide cutting tools and for the various types of wear, in the event of a serious lapse, on the tool that has reached the end of the life cycle. But for various high-speed steel cutting tools and wear belonging to the non-uniformity of wear, has been found : When the wear and even to allow for a serious lapse, the most meaningful is that the tool can re-mill use, of course, In practice, cutting the time to use than the short time lapse. Several phenomena are one tool serious lapse began features : the most common is the sudden increase cutting force, appeared on the work piece burning ring patterns and an increase in noise.
The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures
In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and this results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face
from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip.
Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more comples. An increase in undeformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed, however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip in primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate, it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data.
The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high-speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright&Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in
high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructural changes to thermal history.
Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machining a wide range of workpiece materials. This technique has been further
developed by using scanning electron microscopy to study fine-scale microstructural changes srising from over tempering of the tempered martensitic matrix of various high-speed-steels. This technique has also been used to study temperature distributions in both
high-speed-steel single point turning tools and twist drills.
Automatic Fixture Design
Assembly equipment used in the traditional synchronous fixture put parts of the fixture mobile center, to ensure that components from transmission from the plane or equipment plate placed after removal has been scheduled for position. However, in certain applications, mobile mandatory parts of the center line, it may cause parts or equipment damage. When parts vulnerability and may lead to a small vibration abandoned, or when their location is by machine spindle or specific to die, Tolerance again or when the request is a sophisticated, it would rather let the fixture to adapt to the location of parts, and not the contrary. For these tasks, Elyria, Ohio, the company has developed Zaytran a general non-functional data synchronization West category FLEXIBILITY fixture. Fixture because of the interaction and synchronization devices is independent, The synchronous device can use sophisticated equipment to replace the slip without affecting the fixture force. Fixture specification range from 0.2 inches itinerary, 5 pounds clamping force of the six-inch trip, 400-inch clamping force.
The characteristics of modern production is becoming smaller and smaller quantities and product specifications biggest changes. Therefore, in the final stages of production, assembly of production, quantity and product design changes appear to be particularly vulnerable. This situation is forcing many companies to make greater efforts to rationalize the extensive reform and the previously mentioned case of assembly automati on. Despite flexible fixture behind the rapid development of flexible transport and handling devices, such as backward in the development of industrial robots, it is still expected to increase the flexibility fixture. In fact the important fixture devices -- the production of the devices to strengthen
investment on the fixture so that more flexibility in economic support holders.
According to their flexibility and fixture can be divided into : special fixture, the fixture combinations, the standard fixture, high flexible fixture. Flexible fixture on different parts of their high adaptability and the few low-cost replacement for the characteristic.
Forms can transform the structure of the flexible fixture can be installed with the change of structure components (such as needle cheek plate, Multi-chip components and flake cheek plate), a non-standard work piece gripper or clamping elements (for example : commencement standard with a clamping fixture and mobile components fixture supporting documents), or with ceramic or hardening of the intermediary substances (such as : Mobile particle bed fixture and heat fixture tight fixture). To production, the parts were secured fixture, the need to generate clamping function, its fixture with a few unrelated to the sexual submissive steps :
According to the processing was part of that foundation and working characteristics to determine the work piece fixture in the required position, then need to select some stability flat combination, These constitute a stable plane was fixed in the work piece fixture set position on the clamp-profile structure, all balanced and torque, it has also ensured that the work features close to the work piece. Finally, it must be calculated and adjusted, assembly or disassembly be standard fixture components required for the position, so that the work piece firmly by clamping fixture in China. In accordance with this procedure, the outline fixture structure and equipped with the planning and recording process can be automated control.
Structural modeling task is to produce some stable flat combination, Thus, these plane of the work pieces clamping force and will fixture stability. According to usual practice, this task can be human-machine dialogue that is almost completely automated way to completion. A man-machine dialogue that is automated fixture structure
modeling to determine the merits can be conducted in an organized and planning fixture design, reduce the amount of the design, shortening the study period and better distribution of work conditions. In short, can be successfully achieved significantly improve fixture efficiency and effectiveness.
Fully prepared to structure programs and the number of material circumstances, the completion of the first successful assembly can save up to 60% of the time.
Therefore fixture process modeling agencies is the purpose of the program have appropriate documents.
加工基础
作为产生形状的一种加工方法，机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。机械加工过程是一个产生形状的过程，在这过程中，驱动装置使工件上的一些材料以切屑的形式被去除。尽管在某些场合，工件无承受情况下，使用移动式装备来实现加工，但大多数的机械加工是通过既支承工件又支承刀具的装备来完成。
机械加工在知道过程中具备两方面。小批生产低费用。对于铸造、锻造和压力加工，每一个要生产的具体工件形状，即使是一个零件，几乎都要花费高额的加工费用。靠焊接来产生的结构形状，在很大程度上取决于有效的原材料的形式。一般来说，通过利用贵重设备而又无需特种加工条件下，几乎可以以任何种类原材料开始，借助机械加工把原材料加工成任意所需要的结构形状，只要外部尺寸足够大，那都是可能的。因此对于生产一个零件，甚至当零件结构及要生产的批量大小上按原来都适于用铸造、锻造或者压力加工来生产的，但通常宁可选择机械加工。
严密的精度和良好的表面光洁度，机械加工的第二方面用途是建立在高精度和可能的表面光洁度基础上。许多零件，如果用别的其他方法来生产属于大批量生产的话，那么在机械加工中则是属于低公差且又能满足要求的小批量生产了。另方面，许多零件靠较粗的生产加工工艺提高其一般表面形状，而仅仅是在需要高精度的且选择过的表面才进行机械加工。例如内螺纹，除了机械加工之外，几乎没有别的加工方法能进行加工。又如已锻工件上的小孔加工，也是被锻后紧接着进行机械加工才完成的。
基本的机械加工参数
切削中工件与刀具的基本关系是以以下四个要素来充分描述的：刀具的几何形状，切削速度，进给速度，和吃刀深度。
切削刀具必须用一种合适的材料来制造，它必须是强固、韧性好、坚硬而且耐磨的。刀具的几何形状——以刀尖平面和刀具角为特征——对于每一种切削工艺都必须是正确的。
切削速度是切削刃通过工件表面的速率，它是以每分钟英寸来表示。为了
有效地加工，切削速度高低必须适应特定的工件——刀具配合。一般来说，工件材料越硬，速度越低。
进给速度是刀具切进工件的速度。若工件或刀具作旋转运动，进给量是以每转转过的英寸数目来度量的。当刀具或工件作往复运动时，进给量是以每一行程走过的英寸数度量的。一般来说，在其他条件相同时，进给量与切削速度成反比。
吃刀深度——以英寸计——是刀具进入工件的距离。它等于旋削中的切屑宽度或者等于线性切削中的切屑的厚度。粗加工比起精加工来，吃刀深度较深。
切削参数的改变对切削温度的影响
金属切削操作中，热是在主变形区和副变形区发生的。这结果导致复杂的温度分布遍及刀具、工件和切屑。图中显示了一组典型等温曲线，从中可以看出：像所能预料的那样，当工件材料在主变形区被切削时，沿着整个切屑的宽度上有着很大的温度梯度，而当在副变形区，切屑被切落时，切屑附近的前刀面上就有更高的温度。这导致了前刀面和切屑离切削刃很近的地方切削温度较高。
实质上由于在金属切削中所做的全部功能都被转化为热，那就可以预料：被切离金属的单位体积功率消耗曾家的这些因素就将使切削温度升高。这样刀具前角的增加而所有其他参数不变时，将使切离金属的单位体积所耗功率减小，因而切削温度也将降低。当考虑到未变形切屑厚度增加和切削速度，这情形就更是复杂。未变形切屑厚度的增加趋势必导致通过工件的热的总数上产生比例效应，刀具和切屑仍保持着固定的比例，而切削温度变化倾向于降低。然而切削速度的增加，传导到工件上的热的数量减少而这又增加主变形区中的切屑温升。进而副变形区势必更小，这将在该区内产生升温效应。其他切削参数的变化，实质上对于被切离的单位体积消耗上并没有什么影响，因此实际上对切削温度没有什么作用。因为事实已经表明：切削温度即使有小小的变化对刀具磨损率都将有实质意义的影响作用。这表明如何人从切削参数来确定切削温度那是很合适的。
为着测定高速钢刀具温度的最直接和最精确的方法是W&T法，这方法也就是可提供高速钢刀具温度分布的详细信息的方法。该项技术是建立在高速钢刀具截面金相显微测试基础上，目的是要建立显微结构变化与热变化规律图线关系式。当要加工广泛的工件材料时，Trent已经论述过测定高速钢刀具的切削
温度及温度分布的方法。这项技术由于利用电子显微扫描技术已经进一步发展，目的是要研究将已回过火和各种马氏体结构的高速钢再回火引起的微观显微结构变化情况。这项技术亦用于研究高速钢单点车刀和麻花钻的温度分布。
刀具磨损
从已经被处理过的无数脆裂和刃口裂纹的刀具中可知，刀具磨损基本上有三种形式：后刀面磨损，前刀面磨损和V型凹口磨损。后刀面磨损既发生在主刀刃上也发生副刀刃上。关于主刀刃，因其担负切除大部金属切屑任务，这就导致增加切削力和提高切削温度，如果听任而不加以检查处理，那可能导致刀具和工件发生振动且使有效切削的条件可能不再存在。关于副刀刃，那是决定着工件的尺寸和表面光洁度的，后刀面磨损可能造成尺寸不合格的产品而且表面光洁度也差。在大多数实际切削条件下，由于主前刀面先于副前刀面磨损，磨损到达足够大时，刀具将实效，结果是制成不合格零件。
由于刀具表面上的应力分布不均匀，切屑和前刀面之间滑动接触区应力，在滑动接触区的起始处最大，而在接触区的尾部为零，这样磨蚀性磨损在这个区域发生了。这是因为在切削卡住区附近比刀刃附近发生更严重的磨损，而刀刃附近因切屑与前刀面失去接触而磨损较轻。这结果离切削刃一定距离处的前刀面上形成麻点凹坑，这些通常被认为是前刀面的磨损。通常情况下，这磨损横断面是圆弧形的。在许多情况中和对于实际的切削状况而言，前刀面磨损比起后刀面磨损要轻，因此后刀面磨损更普遍地作为刀具失效的尺度标志。然而因许多作者已经表示过的那样在增加切削速度情况下，前刀面上的温度比后刀面上的温度升得更快，而且又因任何形式的磨损率实质上是受到温度变化的重大影响。因此前刀面的磨损通常在高速切削时发生的。
刀具的主后刀面磨损带的尾部是跟未加工过的工件表面相接触，因此后刀面磨损比沿着磨损带末端处更为明显，那是最普通的。这是因为局部效应，这像未加工表面上的已硬化层，这效应是由前面的切削引起的工件硬化造成的。不只是切削，还有像氧化皮，刀刃产生的局部高温也都会引起这种效应。这种局部磨损通常称作为凹坑性磨损，而且偶尔是非常严重的。尽管凹坑的出现对刀具的切削性质无实质意义的影响，但凹坑常常逐渐变深，如果切削在继续进行的话，那么刀具就存在断裂的危机。
如果任何进行性形式的磨损任由继续发展，最终磨损速率明显地增加而刀具将会有摧毁性失效破坏，即刀具将不能再用作切削，造成工件报废，那算是好的，严重的可造成机床破坏。对于各种硬质合金刀具和对于各种类型的磨
损，在发生严重失效前，就认为已达到刀具的使用寿命周期的终点。然而对于各种高速钢刀具，其磨损是属于非均匀性磨损，已经发现：当其磨损允许连续甚至到严重失效开始，最有意义的是该刀具可以获得重磨使用，当然，在实际上，切削时间远比使用到失效的时间短。以下几种现象之一均是刀具严重失效开始的特征：最普遍的是切削力突然增加，在工件上出现烧损环纹和噪音严重增加等。
自动夹具设计
用做装配设备的传统同步夹具把零件移动到夹具中心上，以确保零件从传送机上或从设备盘上取出后置于已定位置上。然而在某些应用场合、强制零件移动到中心线上时，可能引起零件或设备破坏。当零件易损而且小小振动可能导致报废时，或当其位置是由机床主轴或模具来具体时，再或者当公差要求很精密时，那宁可让夹具去适应零件位置，而不是相反。为着这些工作任务，美国俄亥俄州Elyria的Zaytran公司已经开发了一般性功能数据的非同步西类柔顺性夹具。因为夹具作用力和同步化装置是各自独立的，该同步装置可以用精密的滑移装置来替换而不影响夹具作用力。夹具规格范围是从0.2英寸行程，5英镑夹紧力到6英寸行程、400英寸夹紧力。
现代生产的特征是批量变得越来越小而产品的各种规格变化最大。因此，生产的最后阶段，装配因生产计划、批量和产品设计的变更而显得特别脆弱。这种情形正迫使许多公司更多地致力于广泛的合理化改革和前面提到过情况那样装配自动化。尽管柔性夹具的发展很快落后与柔性运输处理装置的发展，如落后于工业机器人的发展，但仍然试图指望增加夹具的柔顺性。事实上夹具的重要的装置——生产装置的专向投资就加强了使夹具更加柔性化在经济上的支持。
根据它们柔顺性，夹具可以分为：专用夹具、组合夹具、标准夹具、高柔性夹具。柔性夹具是以它们对不同工件的高适应性和以少更换低费用为特征的。
结构形式可变换的柔性夹具装有可变更结构排列的零件（例如针形颊板，多片式零件和片状颊板），标准工件的非专用夹持或夹紧元件（例如：启动标准夹持夹具和带有可移动元件的夹具配套件），或者装有陶瓷或硬化了的中介物质（如：流动粒子床夹具和热夹具紧夹具）。为了生产，零件要在夹具中被紧固，需要产生夹紧作用，其有几个与夹具柔顺性无关的步骤：
根据被加工的即基础的部分和工作特点，确定工件在夹具中的所需的位
附录A Lathe fixture design and analysis Ma Feiyue (School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei, Anhui Hefei 230022, China) Abstract: From the start the main types of lathe fixture, fixture on the flower disc and angle iron clamp lathe was introduced, and on the basis of analysis of a lathe fixture design points. Keywords: lathe fixture; design; points Lathe for machining parts on the rotating surface, such as the outer cylinder, inner cylinder and so on. Parts in the processing, the fixture can be installed in the lathe with rotary machine with main primary uranium movement. However, in order to expand the use of lathe, the work piece can also be installed in the lathe of the pallet, tool mounted on the spindle. THE MAIN TYPES OF LATHE FIXTURE Installed on the lathe spindle on the lathe fixture
毕业设计 外文翻译 题目曲轴的加工工艺及夹具设计学院航海学院 专业轮机工程 学生佟宝诚 学号 10960123 指导教师彭中波 重庆交通大学 2014年
Proceedings of IMECE2008 2008 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition October 31-November 6, 2008, Boston, Massachusetts, USA IMECE2008-67447 MULTI-OBJECTIVE SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF ENGINE CRANKSHAFTS USING AN INTEGRATION APPROACH Albert Albers/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany Noel Leon/CIDyT Center for Innovation andDesign Monterrey Institute of Technology,Mexico Humberto Aguayo/CIDyT Center forInnovation and Design, Monterrey Institute ofTechnology, Mexico Thomas Maier/IPEK Institute of Product Development University of Karlsruhe Germany ABSTRACT The ever increasing computer capabilities allow faster analysis in the field of Computer Aided Design and Engineering (CAD & CAE). CAD and CAE systems are currently used in Parametric and Structural Optimization to find optimal topologies and shapes of given parts under certain conditions. This paper describes a general strategy to optimize the balance of a crankshaft, using CAD and CAE software integrated with Genetic Algorithms (GAs) via programming in Java. An introduction to the groundings of this strategy is made among different tools used for its implementation. The analyzed crankshaft is modeled in commercial parametric 3D CAD software. CAD is used for evaluating the fitness function (the balance) and to make geometric modifications. CAE is used for evaluating dynamic restrictions (the eigenfrequencies). A Java interface is programmed to link the CAD model to the CAE software and to the genetic algorithms. In order to make geometry modifications to
2604130359 CNC Cutting Technology Review Numerical control high speed cutting technology (High Speed Machining, HSM, or High Speed Cutting, HSC), is one of the advanced manufacturing technology to improve the machining efficiency and quality, the study of related technology has become an important research direction of advanced manufacturing technology at home and abroad. China is a big manufacturing country, in the world of industry transfer to accept the front instead of back-end of the transfer, to master the core technology of advanced manufacturing, or in a new round of international industrial structure adjustment, our country manufacturing industry will further behind. Imminent research on the theory and application of advanced technology. 1, high-speed CNC machining meaning High speed cutting theory put forward by the German physicist Carl.J.Salomon in the last century and early thirty's. He concluded by a lot of experiments: in the normal range of cutting speed, cutting speed if the increase, will cause the cutting temperature rise, exacerbating the wear of cutting tool; however, when the cutting speed is increased to a certain value, as long as more than the inflection point, with the increase of the cutting speed, cutting temperature can not rise, but will decline, so as long as the cutting speed is high enough, it can be solved very well in high cutting temperature caused by tool wear is not conducive to the cutting problem, obtained good processing efficiency. With the development of manufacturing industry, this theory is gradually paid more attention to, and attracted a lot of attention, on the basis of this theory has gradually formed the field of high-speed cutting technology of NC, relatively early research on NC High-speed Machining Technology in developed countries, through the theoretical basis of the research, basic research and applied research and development application, at present applications have entered the substantive stage in some areas. The high-speed cutting processing category, generally have the following several kinds of classification methods, one is to see that cutting speed, cutting speed over conventional cutting speed is 5-10 times of high speed cutting. Also has the scholar to spindle speed as the definition of high-speed processing standards, that the spindle speed is higher than that of 8000r\/min for high speed machining. And from the machine tool spindle design point of view, with the product of DN diameter of spindle and spindle speed, if the value of DN to (5~2000) * 105mm.r\/min, is considered to be of high speed machining. In practice, different processing methods, different materials, high speed cutting speed corresponding to different. Is generally believed that the turning speed of (700~7000) m\/min, milling speed reaches m\/min (300~6000), that is in the high-speed cutting. In addition, from the practical considerations, high-speed machining concept not only contains the high speed cutting process, integration and optimization also contains the process of cutting, is a
A review and analysis of current computer-aided fixture design approaches Iain Boyle, Yiming Rong, David C. Brown Keywords: Computer-aided fixture design Fixture design Fixture planning Fixture verification Setup planning Unit design ABSTRACT A key characteristic of the modern market place is the consumer demand for variety. To respond effectively to this demand, manufacturers need to ensure that their manufacturing practices are sufficiently flexible to allow them to achieve rapid product development. Fixturing, which involves using fixtures to secure work pieces during machining so that they can be transformed into parts that meet required design specifications, is a significant contributing factor towards achieving manufacturing flexibility. To enable flexible fixturing, considerable levels of research effort have been devoted to supporting the process of fixture design through the development of computer-aided fixture design (CAFD) tools and approaches. This paper contains a review of these research efforts. Over seventy-five CAFD tools and approaches are reviewed in terms of the fixture design phases they support and the underlying technology upon which they are based. The primary conclusion of the review is that while significant advances have been made in supporting fixture design, there are primarily two research issues that require further effort. The first of these is that current CAFD research is segmented in nature and there remains a need to provide more cohesive fixture design support. Secondly, a greater focus is required on supporting the detailed design of a fixture’s physical structure. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Contents 1. Introduction (2) 2. Fixture design (2) 3. Current CAFD approaches (4) 3.1 Setup planning (4) 3.1.1 Approaches to setup planning (4) 3.2 Fixture planning (4) 3.2.1 Approaches to defining the fixturing requirement (6) 3.2.2 Approaches to non-optimized layout planning (6) 3.2.3 Approaches to layout planning optimization (6) 3.3 Unit design (7) 3.3.1 Approaches to conceptual unit design (7)
基于案例学习的夹具设计 石奇，杨海成，李元， 国家重点实验室计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造，西北工业大学 西安710072，中国 【摘要】：夹具是生产活动中不可或缺的一部分。本文提出了一个基于案例推理的夹具设计系统。提出的一种新方法的基础上，案例的情况表示是由工件加工特征的知识，处理功能知识和夹具特征知识构成。运行原型系统的知识表示方法，使用的情况下，是一个更好的方式来改造和解释的设计知识。 【关键词】：基于案例的推理，夹具设计，知识表示，案例检索 1.引言 工件夹持装置用于在大部分的制造操作，如机加工，装配，检查等。作为制造规划的一部分，夹具设计的制造可以是一个主要因素。夹具设计是一个可以在制造，交货时间和产品的成本上的主要贡献者。由于种类繁多的零部件和制造业务，夹具设计的过程变得更加复杂和不加控制。此外，设计一个夹具在很大程度上依赖于专业设计师和经验，以及生产，加工，技术，和零件的数据。计算机辅助夹具设计（CAFD）技术的CAD/ CAM集成的一部分已经得到开发。如今，CAFD柔性制造系统（FMS）和计算机集成制造系统（CIMS）在其中起着重要的作用。在夹具设计中采用计算机必须考虑的第一件事情是建立一个合适的设计规划模型。同时也必须建立一个成功的夹具设计系统的知识表示方法，来用于设计和设计师的经验。 相对于经典的以规则为基础的推理和基于模型的推理，基于案例的推理（CBR）尝试使用以前的情况下，从案例库和适应的解决方案中类似的问题，根据新形势下的参数，解决新问题。多以规则为基础的推理或基于模型的推理这种方法的主要优点是将减少规则或模型，设计中采用的多是比较复杂的知识。解决机械设计问题的方法占有重要的好处。有系统已设计系统CBR文献记载。一个系统，称为DEJA VU使用基于案例的推理，以协助机械设计。另一种的系统称为CADSYM是一个混合的情况为基础的设计模型，它建议将特定领域知识。在本文中，案例主要来阐述专业知识和设计经验。夹具设计的基础上灯具功能的情况下表示的方法的建议。第2节介绍了基于案例推理的概念。第3节提供夹具的
基于事例推理的夹具设计研究与应用 摘要:根据基于事例的设计方法,提出采用工序件的特征信息和夹具的结构特征信息来描述夹具的相似性,并建立了包括这2方面主要特征信息为基础的事例索引码,设计了事例库的结构形式,创建了层次化的事例组织方式;同时,提出了基于知识引导的夹具事例检索算法,以及事例的修改和采用同族事例码进行相似事例的存贮,形成了基于事例推理的夹具设计.所开发的原型系统在型号工程夹具设计等项目的设计过程中得到了应用,并取得了令人满意的使用效果. 关键词: 基于事例的推理夹具设计CAD 夹具是以确定工件安全定位准确为目的的装置，并在加工过程中保持工件与刀具或机床的位置一致不变。因为夹具的结构依赖于产品的特点和在企业规划中加工工序的地位,所以它的设计是制造过程中的瓶颈,制约着效率的提高. 夹具设计是一个复杂的过程,需要有从大量的设计论文中了解质量知识的经验，这些设计论文包括工件的结构设计、涉及加工工艺，和加工环境。当用这些擅长绘制详细设计图的传统的CAD工具（如Unigraphics、CATIA、Pro/E)时,这仍然是一项非常耗时的工作，但是利用以往的设计经验和资源也不能提供一些益处,而这正是提高效率的关键因素. 基于事例推理(CBR) 的方法适应以往个案解决的办法,建立一个新问题的方法,主要有以下四步骤:检索、利用、修改,并保留.这是一个比用专业系统模仿人类思维有用的使用方法，因为提出一个类似的情况,和采用一些修改,似乎不言自明,而且比人类更直观.所以支持不同事例的设计工具已经在诸多领域中发展起来，如在注射成型及设计、建筑设计、模具设计投死, 规划过程中,还有夹具设计. 孙用六个数字组成代码参数,包括工件的形状、机械部分、轴衬,第一定位装置,第二定位装置和夹紧装置. 但这个系统不能用于除钻床夹具外的其他夹具类型,不能解决储存需要保留的同一参数代码的问题,这在CBR中是非常重要的. 1事例参数和事例图书馆的建立 1.1事例参数 事例参数应该由工件的所有的特征组成，来区别不同的夹具. 使用他们能够使操作方便. 因为零件的形状是多种多样的, 在生产企业中制造的技术要求也不断发展,许多特征作被用做事例参数将会使搜索速度降低,其主要特征是不重要的,因为分配给每个特征的比重必须减少. 另一方面,事例参数包含所有的
汽车焊接夹具设计中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车焊接夹具的设计 1摘要 依据车体焊装线夹具设计理论，对各工位焊接夹具及其焊装总线进行规划、设计，之后进行夹具建模、装配，插入焊钳确定其数量、型号及判断其可达性，最终设计出符合要求的焊接夹具。 关键词：焊接部件；基础；夹紧；位置 1.介绍 装配和焊接夹具在汽车车身装配和焊接生产线与生产制造优质的汽车设备息息相关。焊装夹具，是焊接工艺的重要组成部分。装配和焊接夹具除了是完成这个过程中零部件装配的途径和定位,同时在生产线上也作为一个测试和校准程序，完成检测焊接配件和焊接质量的任务。因此焊装夹具的设计和制造，直接影响焊接过程中汽车的生产能力和产品质量。汽车焊装夹具是保证其制造质量、缩短其制造周期的重要手段。因此，正确理解焊装夹具设计要点，改善和提高焊装夹具的设计手段和设计水平，并提高夹具的调整和验证水平等三方面都是必不可少的，也是汽车制造公司在激烈的竞争中得以生存所必须解决的问题。
汽车的风格不同,焊接夹具的形状,因而有着很大的不同,但在设计、制造和调整都是共同的,可以借鉴采用。 2.焊接夹具的结构设计 焊接夹具的结构设计,确保该夹具有良好的操作方便性、装夹定位的可靠性。焊装夹具的制造商也很容易集成的调整,以保证结构各部分的表面应该允许足够的空间用于调整，以确保立体可调。当然，在确保焊接夹具质量准确性的前提下,焊接夹具的结构应尽可能简单。夹具设计通常是夹具上全部元件的位置都是直接根据设计基准确定的，最终保证制造出合格的焊接工装结构。根据作业高度可初步决定夹具底板的高度，即夹具固定位置的高度。焊接夹具设计首先要考虑夹紧方式，一般有手动和气动两种，手动夹紧一般适合于小件、外协件、小批量工件焊装，对于大型车体部件、规划于生产线内、自动化程度要求高的焊接夹具宜选用气动夹紧，汽车生产的一般采用气动夹紧,然后手工大批量夹紧可作为辅助夹紧。这样可以相应的降低成本。部分手动夹紧产品已拥有标准的型号和数量，需要时可以到市场购买即可。对于某些装置,规定采用气动夹紧，但如果直接使用气动夹紧，可能损坏的工件,所以,可以由人工先按地方,来提供一种气动夹紧力夹紧工件,这是手动-气动。该夹具夹紧系统是安装在一个大平台,所有固定在此保证焊接位置的焊接条件应符合设计尺寸的工件坐标系定位夹具,这牵涉到的基准。 3.装配和焊接夹具的基准和他们所选择的支撑面 3.1设计基准的确定 每个夹具必须具有固定坐标系统,在这个坐标系统, 它的支撑基础坐标尺寸应该支持工件以及坐标对应于同样的大小。所以在整个的焊装夹具系统
毕业设计开题报告 （含文献综述、外文翻译） 题目 姓名 学号 班级 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 学院机械工程学院 指导教师（职称）
1. 获得广泛的应用，1.1 1.2 选题意义 2．设计内容 2.1 主要设计内容 …………………………… 2.2 拟解决的关键问题 …………………………… 3．设计的方法及措施 3.1 可行性分析 ……………………………
3.2 方法及措施 …………………………… 4．预期设计成果 …………………………… 5．设计工作进度计划 本毕业设计的阶段划分与进度安排如下： 第一阶段：第七学期第10～12周（2010.11.1～2010.11.19），查阅文献和撰写 第二阶段：第七学期第13 第三阶段：第八学期第1～ ……….； ……； ……….； ……….； ……….； 第六阶段：第八学期第10～12周（2011…..～2011…..），整理和撰写设计论文，形成终稿，送审、修改、并装订。
1. 获得广泛的应用，分子合成技术，……2．研究方向 2.1 2.1.1 机械结构设计
参考文献（含开题报告和文献综述） [1] 蒋继红, 虞贤颖, 王效岳. 塑料成型模具典型结构图册 出版社, 2006. [2] 朱祖超. ARKKIO A. Determination [S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 1996. 期刊 [序号] 主要责任者. 文献题名[J]. 刊名, 出版年份，卷号(期号): 起止页码. 专著 [序号] 主要责任者. 文献题名[M]. 其他责任者. 出版地: 出版者, 出版年. 国际、国家标准 [序号] 标准代号, 标准名称[S]. 出版地: 出版者, 出版年. 学位论文 [序号] 主要责任. 文献题名[D]. 保存地: 保存单位, 年份.
附录 (英文文献及中英文对照) The designing features of automobile body welding fixture Auto body clamp is required for the amorphous body stamping required to locate and clamp, to form the body components, combined parts, sub-assembly and assembly, While taking advantage of suitable welding method to form their own welding pieces of the whole. Welding fixture welding process is a secondary device, but in the process of mass production car body, the device is essential. It not only can improve welding productivity, but also to ensure the dimensional accuracy of welding products and appearance requirements of the important devices. The assembly and welding fixtures there is no uniform specifications and standardization, are non-standard equipment. Design.and manufacturing process according to the structural characteristcs of the specific models, production conditions and the actual demand from the line of design and manufacturing. 1. asonable decomposition of auto body parts welded together to determine the type of fixture required. Two or more of the stamping process by the assembly and welding of components is obtained by welding together pieces of several related small welding welding large pieces of formed pieces, then welded together to form the following four parts: Around before welding parts, welding parts around the back, floor and roof welding parts welding parts, welding together four pieces of the final welding into vehicle cab assembly. Therefore, according to the cab assembly formation process of the correct welding pieces of reasonably divided, and on this basis, the corresponding pieces of welding fixture design. This will not only help ensure product quality, also can increase welding productivity. 2. Determine the level of automation of assembly and welding fixtures. Annual output depends on the level of automation and assembly and welding fixtures welders bit configuration. Production cycle time mainly by clamping action, the assembly time, welding
中北大学信息商务学院本科毕业设计英文参考资料 题目 Lathes 系名 专业 姓名 学号 指导教师 2016年6 月2 日
译文标题车床简介 原文标题Lathes 作者(Serope kalpakjian)译名卡尔帕基安国籍美国 原文出处https://www.doczj.com/doc/5f18754201.html,/ 原文： Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy
ZQ350减速器传动轴键槽铣夹具设计文献综述机械电子工程专业机械A1321班李雪指导老师：张玉英 前言 夹具最早出现在18世纪后期，随着人们生活水平的提高，科学的不断发展进步，从辅助工具慢慢发展为门类齐全的加工装备的夹具，在机械加工焊接，热处理，装配中有着不可取代的地位，在机械加工过程中，为了保证加工精度，固定工件，使之占在正确位置以接受加工或检测的工艺装备称为机床夹具。其组成包括定位元件、夹紧装置、夹具与机床之间的连接元件、对刀或导向元件、其他装置或元件、夹具体。使用机床夹具可以保证工件的加工精度，减少辅助工时，大幅提高生产效率，还能扩大机床使用范围，实现“一机多能”。机床夹具在机械加工中起着重要的作用，它直接影响着机械加工的质量、生产效率和成本。夹具不仅用于金属切削加工，还可以应用在检验、装配、焊接零件、生产线制造等过程中，是机械加工过程中必不可少的工艺装备。机床夹具设计的效率和质量对产品的上市时间和质量的影响很大，在产品生产制造中具有重要的意义，各个企业都在不断地增加人力和物力来加快其设计和生产速度。 机床夹具的功能 （1）保证加工精度工件加工过程通过机床夹具进行定位、加紧，以保证加工表面稳定的位置精度。 （2）缩短辅助时间，提高生产率夹具的使用，可以减少划线、找正、对刀等辅助时间，多件，多工位的夹具及气动、液动的夹紧装置能进一步减少辅助时间，提高生产率。 （3）扩大了机床的使用范围有的机床夹具实质上对机床进行了局部改造，扩大了原来机床的功能和使用范围。 （4）降低了对工人技术水平的要求和减轻工人的劳动强度，保证生产安全。夹具的发展历程,大约可以分为三个阶段: 第一个阶段主要表现在夹具与人的结合上,这是夹具主要是作为人的单纯的辅助工具,使得加工过程进一步提高效率和趋于完善.这一阶段使用夹具旨在提高生产率。 第二阶段,夹具成为人与机床之间的桥梁,夹具的机能发生变化,它主要用于工件的定位和夹紧。 第三阶段表现为夹具与机床的结合,夹具作为机床的一部分,成为机械加工中不可缺少的工艺装备，夹具是实现工艺的手段之一。 夹具分类 随着机械制造业的不断发展，机床夹具的种类日趋繁多，常可按照应用范围、使用机床、夹具动力源来分类。 （1）按夹具的应用范围分类 根据夹具在不同生产类型中的通用特性，机床夹具可分为通用夹具、专用夹具、可调整夹具和组合夹具等。
附录1：外文翻译 集成和信息辅助夹具设计与制造 F.MERVYN,A.SENTHIL KUMAR*and A.Y.C NEE 虽然大量的研究已应用于开发计算机辅助夹具设计系统，但夹具设计制造领域和其他领域之间的信息交换并没有彻底处理。本文针对这一差距，在夹具设计中通过应用适当的信息模型研究计算机辅助夹具设计系统和集成支持制造业。夹具设计的模型主要是介绍有关夹具设计，以及其他设计和制造活动。对应用在XML的信息模型和信息交流中的一个基于XML的消息传递模型的方法进行了讨论。 关键词：夹具设计，综合设计和制造;信息建模; 1.介绍 在一个旨在降低产品交货时间和成本以及提高产品质量的过程中，企业寻求各种工程所涉及的一体化进程设计和制造产品。适当的整合将允许在一个产品实现涉及领域作出的决定适用于其他领域的需要，导致整体的最优解设计和制造产品。计算机辅助系统发挥了关键作用在于协助不同领域开展工作。开发集成设计和制造系统的一个关键成功因素在于能在各种电脑辅助系统的信息进行交流。夹具设计领域的发展已出现大量的电脑辅助系统的应用。在制造过程设备服务于持有目的工件和保持一个安全方面的一致关系的工具。已通过各种办法发展半自动化，自动化夹具设计系统。张毕（2001）努力提出的这些最新成果。尽管通过大量的研究，适应各域之间的信息和其他制造业领域的交流，但是需求并没有得到彻底处理。适当的夹具设计信息模型描述知识和技术规格将有助于大大提高产品质量和缩短产品交货时间。本文的目的是要为解决通过对相应的信息化辅助模式的夹具设计系统，并支持集成设计和制造。该这项工作的范围只限于加工装置本文组织如下：第2条的有关研究进行讨论在发展生产的信息模型;第3条提出了一个活动模型夹具设计;第4给出了不同的夹具设计信息模式，以支持集成设计和制造，而第5条提出了一个使用XML的例子，实现了信息模型。第6节介绍交流信息的夹具设计方法为基础上的信息模型和第7条最后的文件。 2.相关研究 制造业的信息交流的重要性已经发展了发展各种信息模型为代表的加工过程。国际标准化组织10303部分（国际标准化组织，1997）是一个应用协议的存
讨论和分析现代计算机辅助夹具设计方法Iain 波以耳、Yiming Rong，戴维布朗关键字：计算机辅助夹具设计；夹具设计；夹具设计；夹具确认；装备设计；元件设计摘要现代市场是一个主要为满足消费者多样性需求的地方。为了种有效地回应这要求，制造业者确定他们的制造业拥有充分的柔性以满足他们迅速的生产发展的需要。夹具设计，是指使用夹具在制造过程中装夹工件，以便他们能被加工成满足设计规格的产品，是提高制造业柔性一个重要的有利因素。为了使有柔性的夹具成为可能，已经有相当程度的研究努力热衷于使用计算机辅助夹具设计（CAFD）工具和方法发展辅助夹具设计。这篇文献包含这些研究努力的讨论。超过七十五个CAFD 工具和方法在夹具设计方面被讨论并逐步实行计算机辅助和以其为基础的技术。讨论的主要结论是当已经被在辅助夹具设计方面有重要的进步时，主要地有两个需要进一步的努力的研究议题。第一，现在的CAFD 研究在本质上被分割，而且需要提供更多前后关联的夹具设计支持。第二，更多聚焦于一个夹具的自身结构的详细设计。2010 Elsevier 公司版权所有目录1. 介绍……………………………………………………………………………………………22. 夹具设计………………………………………………………………………………………23. 目前CAFD 的方
法.......................................................................................4 3.1 设置规划.............................................................................................4 3.1.1 满足要求的设置规划 (4) 3.2 夹具设计.............................................................................................4 3.2.1 达成定义夹具需求的方式...............................................................6 3.2.2 达成方法优化的布局规划...............................................................6 3.2.3 达成规划优化的方式 (6) 3.3 元件设计…………………………………………………………………………………7 3.3.1 达成概念上的元件设计的方式…………………………………………………7 3.3.2 达成详细的元件设计的方式……………………………………………………7 3.4 确认………………………………………………………………………………………8 3. 4.1 达成约束需求确认的方式………………………………………………………8 3.4.2