当前位置:文档之家› 【新课标人教版】(福建专用)2012届高考英语一轮复习精品学案:语法部分 第5讲 情态动词

【新课标人教版】(福建专用)2012届高考英语一轮复习精品学案:语法部分 第5讲 情态动词

【新课标人教版】(福建专用)2012届高考英语一轮复习精品学案:语法部分 第5讲 情态动词
【新课标人教版】(福建专用)2012届高考英语一轮复习精品学案:语法部分 第5讲 情态动词

第5讲情态动词

情态动词表示说话人的语气和情绪,本身词义不全,不能单独作谓语,后面必须与动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词没有人称和数的变化,有的情态动词有过去式。常见的情态动词有can, could, may, might, must, have to, shall, should, will, would, ought to, need, dare, used to等。

一、情态动词的基本用法

(一)can, could的用法

【完成例句】

(1)他妈妈会说法语。

His mother can / could speak French.

【结论1】表示体力或脑力(知识、技能)所产生的能力。

【翻译句子】

(2)Man can / could not live without air.

人没有空气不能呼吸。

【结论2】表示客观的可能性。

【翻译句子】

(3)Could you wait a few days for the money?

钱你可以再等几天吗?

(4)Could you be here at eight o'clock tomorrow morning?

你能明天早上8点钟到这儿吗?

【结论3】表示请求、建议,用could 比 can语气更委婉(回答用原形)。

【翻译句子】

(5)Could / Can I borrow your reference books?

我可以借下你的参考书吗?

(6)You can smoke in the entrance hall.

你可以在入口大厅抽烟。

【结论4】表示允许、许可,用could 比 can更委婉客气。

【疑难1】

Can it be true?

You can't be serious!

Oh, dear, what on earth can this mean?

【疑难剖析1】否定句、疑问句和感叹句中,can表示怀疑、惊异、不相信的态度。【疑难2】

They were able to put out the fire without any help from the firefighters. 【疑难剖析2】表示“经过努力后终于能……”,用be able to。

【疑难3】

You can not be too careful.

【疑难剖析3】惯用形式“can not (can't)…too / over / enough”表示“无论怎么……也不(过分)”,用来加强语气。

【疑难4】

I couldn't but choose to wait.

【疑难剖析4】cannot but do sth. 不得不;只好

(二)may, might的用法

【例句观察】

May I ask you a question?

Might I close the window?

You mustn't speak like that to your mother.

【结论1】表示允许、请求。Might I …?比May I …?语气更委婉和有礼貌。

【翻译句子】

(7) He might come tomorrow.

他可能明天来。

(8) He may be very busy these days.

他这些天可能很忙。

【结论2】表示可能性,表示“或许,大概”。用于肯定句或否定句中,用might 比 may语气更加不肯定。

【疑难1】

Study hard that you may work better in the future.

They set out early so that they might arrive in time.

【疑难剖析1】用于目的状语从句中,含“为了……”或“以便……”之意。

【疑难2】

If that is the case, we may as well try.

Now that they were all here, she might as well speak her mind.

【疑难剖析2】惯用形式 may (might)as well+动词原形:不妨做……

【疑难3】

May you succeed!

May the friendship between us last forever!

【疑难剖析3】表示祝愿。(不用might)采用部分倒装语序:may+主语+动词原形+……(三)must,have to的用法

【完成例句】

(9)所有人必须遵守条例。

Everybody must obey the rules.

(10)不准你和你妈妈那样说话。

You mustn't speak like that to your mother.

【结论1】must 表示“必须”。强调主观看法,只有现在时形式,否定式是must not (mustn't),表示“禁止”,“不准”。

【翻译句子】

(11)走了很远的路你一定饿了。

You must be hungry after the long walk.

【结论2】must表示有把握的推测,意为“一定,肯定”,用于肯定句中。

【翻译句子】

(12 )因为他的腿断了,他不得不躺在床上。

As he had broken his leg, he had to lie in bed.

【结论3】have to表示“必须,不得不”,着重强调客观需要,能用于更多时态(过去式和将来式)。

【疑难】

— How old are you, madam?

— If you must know, I'm twice my son's age.

【疑难剖析】must有“偏要、硬要”之意。

(四)will, would的用法

【例句观察】

I will do my best to help you.

我会尽力帮你的。

He said that they would help us.

他说他们会帮助我们的。

【结论1】用于各种人称,表示意志或决心。will指现在,would则指过去。

【完成例句】

(13)你可以教我怎样驾车吗?

Would you teach me how to drive a car?

(14)当你看见他能给他捎个便条吗?

Will you please give him a message when you see him?

【结论2】用于第二人称的疑问句中表示有礼貌的询问和请求,would 比 will更委婉。【完成例句】

(15)鱼没水就会死。

Fish will die without water.

(16)星期天当他在北京的时候就会来看我。

He would come to see me on Sunday when he was in Beijing.

【结论3】表示习惯性、经常性、倾向性,意为“总是”,“惯于”。 will指现在,would是指过去。

【疑难1】

That will be the man you want to see.

Perhaps she would be willing to meet us.

【疑难剖析1】表示说话人的推测,意为“大概,也许”。would 的肯定性不如will强,语气比较弱。

【疑难2】

That will do.

The machine won't work.

He tried the door again, but it wouldn't open

【疑难剖析2】. 表示功能,译作“能”或“行”。

【疑难3】

would 与used to 的区别:

We would sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯,但言下之意是现在可能还有这样的习惯。)

We used to sit in the yard every evening and listen to his story. (过去常有的习惯,但言下之意是现在没有这样的习惯了。)

There used to be a park here.

【疑难剖析3】used to表示过去的某种习惯,现在已经没那样的习惯了;would 表示过去有某种习惯,现在可能还有。表示过去的状态,只能用used to,不能用would。(五)shall, should, ought to的用法

【翻译句子】

(17)我可以把灯关掉吗?

Shall I turn off the light?

【结论1】shall用于第一、第三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方的意见。

【翻译句子】

(18) You should keep your promise.

你应该信守诺言。

【结论2】should意为“应该”,表义务、责任,也可表示劝告、建议。

【翻译句子】

(19)妈妈现在应该回来啦。

Mother should be back by now.

【结论3】 should表示按常规、常理推测,意为“可能”或“应该”。

【翻译句子】

(20) I should think you are mistaken.

我倒认为你是错的。

【结论4】提出意见、建议时,可用should表示委婉、谦逊的语气,意为“可”,“倒是”。【翻译句子】

(21)你应该在回家前完成作业。

You ought to finish your work before you go home.

【结论5】ought to表示责任和义务“应该”,语气比 should强;还可表推测。例如:You have practiced for a long time. There ought to be no difficulty for you.

You shall go with me.

You shall not leave your post.

【疑难剖析1】shall用于第二、第三人称作主语的陈述句中,表示说话人的决心、意志、许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。

【疑难2】

Why should you be so late?

你今天来得怎么这么晚?

How should I know?

我怎会知道!(意为:我不知道。)

【疑难剖析2】Why / How +should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思,意为“竟会”。

(六)need的用法

【例句观察】

You needn't water the tomato plants now.

— Need he come now?

—Yes, he must. / No, he needn…t. / he doesn?t have to.

【结论1】need作情态动词表示“需要”,“必要”。通常用于否定句、疑问句、条件句中,且只有现在时,其他时态用“have to”的相应形式代替。

【翻译句子】

(22) The house needs repairing.

=The house needs to be repaired.

房子需要修理。

【结论2】need还可以用作行为动词,其变化和一般的动词相同。若主语为动作承受者时用动词主动形式表示被动意义或用不定式的被动形式。

【疑难1】

— Must I finish my homework now?

— No, you needn't.

【疑难剖析1】“Must…?”一般疑问句的否定回答要用:No, sb. needn't.

(七)dare的用法

(23) She dare not go there.

她不敢去那儿。

(24) How dare she do such a thing?

她怎敢做那样的事情?

【结论1】 dare作情态动词表示“敢于”用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。

【翻译句子】

(25) I dare say he is right.

我想他大概是对的吧。

They've lived here since 2008.

【结论2】惯用短语“I dare say”意为“我想,大概”。

【翻译句子】

(26) 你敢往海里跳吗?

Do you dare to jump into the ocean?

(27) 我不敢问她。

I don't dare (to) ask her.

【结论3】dare还可以用作行为动词,其变化与一般动词相同。 (在否定句中时,dare后的“to+动词原形”可以省略to)。

二、情态动词的特殊用法

情态动词除各自有自己的词义外,还可以表示猜测和责备(虚拟)等意义。情态动词表推测用法can / must / may / should这四个情态动词可以用于推测,可以对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作、过去已经发生的动作或对将来发生的动作进行推测。

(一)对现在状态、现在正在进行的动作的推测,用“情态动词+动词原形”结构。

1. can

【完成例句】

(28) He is in hospital. He can't be at school.

他在住院,他不可能在校学习。

(29)英语课开始了,他们不可能在打网球。

English class has begun. They can not be playing tennis now.

【结论1】否定句:意为“不可能”。

(30) Can he have been to America?

他会不会去过美国?

【结论2】疑问句:意为“会不会”。

2. may

【完成例句】

(31)他有辆车,他可能坐车来,但我不确定。

He has a car. He may come by car, but I am not sure.

(32)他们在上体育课。男孩们可能正在打球。

They are having PE. Boys may be playing basketball.

【结论1】肯定句:意为“也许,可能”(might的可能性更小)

【完成例句】

(33)没有人来接电话,他可能不在家。

No one comes to answer the phone. He may not be at home.

【结论2】否定句:意为“也许不 / 没有,可能不 / 没有” (注意与can't 否定猜测时意思的对比)。

3. must

【完成例句】

(34)地面是湿的,昨天晚上肯定下过雨。

The ground is wet. It must have rained last night.

【结论】只能用于“肯定句”表示猜测,意为:“肯定,必定”(=I am sure that…)

4. should, ought to

【例句观察】

It's spring now. It should be warm.

现在是春天了,应该暖和点了。

The new coat ought to be ready on Thursday.

新外套到礼拜四应该能准备好了。

【结论】肯定句“理应,应当”(按常规、常理、风俗习惯等进行推测)。

(二)对过去所发生的事情的推测,用“情态动词+完成式”结构。

【完成例句】

(35)房间里没有灯光,他们肯定已经上床睡觉了。

There's no light in the room. They must have gone to bed.

【结论1】must have done 一定做过某事。

【完成例句】

(36)他昨天不可能住酒店,他住在我家。

He couldn't have lived in the hotel because he stayed with me in my house. 【结论2】can have done / cannot have done表示对过去所发生的行为的怀疑和不肯定,通常用在否定句和疑问句中。

【翻译句子】

(37)你本来可以把工作做得更好一些的。

You could have done the work better.

【结论3】 could have done本来可以做而实际上未做。

【完成例句】

(38)他也许可以给你更多的帮助,尽管他很忙。

He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy.

【结论4】may / might have done也许 / 或许已经……;本来可能……(但实际上没有发生);本来应该或可以做某事(含有轻微的责备语气)。

【翻译句子】

(39)你本应该更加仔细地做这个练习。

You should / ought to have done the exercise more carefully.

【结论5】should / ought to have done

本来应该做而实际上未做。(有“弦外之音,言外之意”。事实上,动作在过去并未发生过。)而ought not to have done; shouldn't have done表示“本来不应该做而实际上做了”。【完成例句】

(40)你本来不必来校上课,因为今天是星期天。

Today is Sunday. You needn't have come to school for lessons.

【结论6】needn't have done 本来没必要做而实际上做了。

【疑难1】

You must go now, needn't you?

You mustn't smoke here, must / may you?

【疑难剖析1】

当must作“必须”意义时,其反义部分用needn't;

当含有mustn't时,其反意部分用must / may。

【疑难2】

You must be hungry now, aren't you?

You must have heard about it, haven't you?

You must have watched that football match last night, didn't you?

【疑难剖析2】当情态动词表推测时,反义部分的动词形式根据情态动词后面所隐含的时间来确定。

高考英语语法知识点总结

专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略) who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 (1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 (2)as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。 Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。 注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词,相当于who/that…not 例:In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what,关系代词用that。

高中届高考英语第一轮复习导学案教案

2011届高考英语第一轮复习精品导学案(人教必修一) Unit 1 Friendship 单元要点预览(旨在让同学整体了解本单元要点) 语言要点(模块) Ⅰ.词语辨析(旨在提供完形填空所需材料)

Ⅱ.词性变化(旨在提供语法填空所需材料)

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