Unit 7 When Lightning Struck
1.I was in the tiny bathroom in the back of the plane when I felt the slamming jolt, and
then the horrible swerve that threw me against the door. Oh, Lord, I thought, this is it!
Somehow I managed to unbolt the door and scramble out. The flight attendants, already strapped in, waved wildly for me to sit down. As I lunged toward my seat, passengers looked up at me with the stricken expressions of creatures who know they are about to die.
2.“I think we got hit by lightning,” the girl in the seat next to mine said. She was from a
small town in east Texas, and this was only her second time on an airplane. She had won a trip to England by competing in a high school geography bee and was supposed to make a connecting flight when we landed in Newark.
3.In the next seat, at the window, sat a young businessman who had been confidently
working. Now he looked worried. And that really worries me —when confident-looking businessmen look worried. The laptop was put away. “Something’s not right,” he said.
4.The pilot’s voice came over the speaker. I heard vaguely through my fear, “Engine
number two ... emergency landing ... New Orleans.” When he was done, the voice of a flight attendant came on, reminding us of the emergency procedures she had reviewed before takeoff. Of course I never paid attention to this drill, always figuring that if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, I would have already died of terror.
5.Now we began a roller-coaster ride through the thunderclouds. I was ready to faint, but
when I saw the face of the girl next to me, I pulled myself together. I reached for her hand and reassured her that we were going to make it. ”What a story you’re going to tell when you get home!” I said. “After this, London’s going to seem like small potatoes.”
6.I wondered where I was getting my strength. Then I saw that my other hand was tightly
held by a ringed hand. Someone was comforting me — a glamorous young woman across the aisle, the female equivalent of the confident businessman. She must have seen how scared I was and reached over.
7.“I tell you,” she confided, “the problems I brought up on this plane with me sure don’t
seem real big right now.” I loved her Southern drawl, her indiscriminate use of per fume, and her soulful squeezes. I was sure that even if I survived the plane crash, I’d have a couple of broken fingers from all the TLC.“Are you okay?” she kept asking me.
8.Among the many feelings going through my head during those excruciating 20 minutes
was pride — pride in how well everybody on board was behaving. No one panicked. No one screamed. As we jolted and screeched our way downward, I could hear small pockets of soothing conversation everywhere.
9.I thought of something I had heard a friend say about the wonderful gift his dying father
had given the family: he had died peacefully, as if not to alarm any of them about an experience they would all have to go through someday.
10.And then — yes! — we landed safely.Outside on the ground, attendants and officials
were waiting to transfer us to alternative flights. But we passengers clung together. We chatted about the lives we now felt blessed to be living, as difficult or rocky as they might be.
The young businessman lamented that he had not a chance to buy his two little girls a present.
An older woman offered him her box of expensive Lindt chocolates, still untouched, tied with a lovely bow. “I shouldn’t be eating them anyhow,” she said. My glamorous aisle mate
took out her cell phone and passed it around to anyone who wanted to make a call to hear the reassuring voice of a loved one.
11.There was someone I wanted to call. Back in Vermont, my husband, Bill, was
anticipating my arrival late that night. He had been complaining that he wasn’t ge tting to see very much of me because of my book tour. I had planned to surprise him by getting in a few hours early. Now I just wanted him to know I was okay and on my way.
12.When my name was finally called to board my new flight, I felt almost tearful to be
parting from the people whose lives had so intensely, if briefly, touched mine.
13.Even now, back on terra firma, walking down a Vermont road, I sometimes hear an
airplane and look up at that small, glinting piece of metal. I remember the passengers on that fateful, lucky flight and wish I could thank them for the many acts of kindness I witnessed and received. I am indebted to my fellow passengers and wish I could pay them back.
14.But then, remembering my aisle mate’s hand clutching mine while I clutched the hand
of the high school student, I feel struck by lightning all over again: the point is not to pay back kindness but to pass it on.
Paragraphs 1-4
Words and Expressions
1. lightning: n. a powerful flash of light in the sky caused by electricity passing from one cloud to another or to the earth, usu. followed by thunder
e.g. He runs as fast as lightning.
Collocation:
be struck by lightning: be hit by lightning
e.g. The tower has been struck by lightning.
Derivation:
lightning: adj.
2. jolt: n. a sudden rough shaking movement
e.g. Residents felt the first jolt of the earthquake at about 8 a.m.
Derivation:
jolt: v.
Comparison: jolt, jerk
jerk: a sudden quick movement
Practice:
1) The train moved off with a ________ (jerk)
2) I felt every _________ of the bus. (jolt)
3. swerve: n. the act of turning aside
e.g. The car made a sudden swerve to avoid the dog.
Comparison:
swirl: the act of turning around quickly in a circular movement
Derivation:
swerve: v.
4. unbolt:v. unlock; release the bolts of (a door, for example)
e.g. The shopkeeper unbolted the door and let the customers in.
Comparison: unbolt, untie
untie: undo the knots in something or undo something that has been tied
Antonym:
bolt
5. scramble:v. climb up or over something with difficulty, using your hands to help you
e.g. The boys scrambled over the wall.
Collocations:
scramble up/down/back, etc.
e.g. We scrambled up a rocky slope.
Synonym:
climb
Derivation:
scramble: n.
6. lunge:v. make sudden forceful forward movements of the body, often to make an attack
e.g. He lunged at me with a knife.
Comparison: lunge, lung
lung: one of the two organs in your body that you breathe with
e.g. Smoking can cause lung cancer.
Derivation:
lunge: n.
Translation:
They both lunged forwards to catch a ball.
他们俩都冲上去抢球。
7. stricken: adj. very badly affected by trouble, illness, unhappiness, etc.
e.g. Supplies of medicine were rushed to the stricken city.
Collocations:
be stricken by/with
e.g. The area was stricken with/by a fatal disease.
poverty-stricken: very poor
panic-stricken: filled with sudden terror
grief-stricken: filled with grief and sorrow
Comparison: stuck, stricken
stuck: unable to do any more of something that you are working on because it is too difficult e.g. Can you help me with my homework Dad? I’m stuck.
8. procedure: n.
1) the correct or normal way of doing something
e.g. What is the correct procedure for renewing your car tax?
2) the method and order of directing business at an official meeting, in a law case, etc.
e.g. So much time was spent arguing about the procedure.
Comparison: process, procedure
process: a series of actions that someone takes in order to achieve a particular result
e.g. Teaching him to read was a slow process.
Derivation:
procedural: adj.
9. figure:v. consider; believe
e.g. I figured that you wouldn’t come.
I figured that he was drunk and shouldn’t be allowed to drive.
Collocation:
figure out: think about a problem or situation until you find the answer or understand what has happened
e.g. Can you figure out how to do it?
Synonyms:
consider, think
Sentences
1. Oh, Lord, I thought, this is it! (Paragraph 1)
Paraphrase: Oh, god, I think it’s the most critical moment.
Explanation: "Oh,god" is an expression of surprise, fear, worry, etc., often used in such phrases: Oh Lord! Good Lord!主啊！天哪！
Oh Lord, I’ve forgotten the tickets!
Good Lord, how amazing!
2. Somehow I managed to unbolt the door and scramble out. (Paragraph 1)
Paraphrase: I tried my best to open the door and climb out awkwardly
Translation: 我想方设法打开门，爬了出去。
3. As I lunged toward my seat, passengers looked up at me with the stricken expressions of creatures who know they are about to die. (Paragraph 1)
Paraphrase: When I rushed toward my seat, the panic passengers looked at me as if they realized that the death is imminent.
Translation: 当我冲向我的座位时，乘客们抬头看我，满脸惊恐。这种表情只有那些知道自己马上就要死的人才有。
4. She had won a trip to England by competing in a high school geography bee and was supposed to make a connecting flight when we landed in Newark. (Paragraph 2) Explanation: Newark, the largest city of New Jersey, U.S.A., only 16 miles southwest of New York.
Translation: 她在一次高中地理竞赛中获胜，赢取去英国旅游的机会，本应该在新沃克着陆后换乘其他航班。
5. When he was done, the voice of a flight attendant came on, reminding us of the emergency
procedures she had reviewed before takeoff. (Paragraph 4)
Paraphrase: As soon as he finished talking, a flight attendant reminded us of the emergency procedures which she had announced before takeoff.
Translation: 当他一说完，又传来了乘务员的声音，提示我们飞机起飞前她给我们自习讲解过的紧急应变步骤。
6. …always figuring that if we ever got to the point where we needed to use life jackets. (Paragraph 4)
Paraphrase: ... always thinking that if one particular moment should happen when we needed to put on life jackets.
Paragraphs 5-9
Words and Expressions
10. pull oneself together :control oneself; become calm after being excited or disturbed
e.g. Stop behaving like a baby! Pull yourself together — your family depends on you. Comparisons:
put together: (a group of people) all work hard to achieve something
put sth. together: improve something by organizing it more effectively
Practice:
1) If we all _________, we’ll finish on time. (put together)
2) He was able to ______ himself ______ in the face of danger and hardship.(pull … together)
11. reassure:v. say or do something in order to make somebody feel less frightened, worried or nervous
e.g. I was reassured by their offer of support.
Collocation:
reassure sb. (that)
e.g. They reassured us that the matter would be dealt with immediately.
Comparison: reassure, assure
assure: tell (sb.) that something is really true or will happen
e.g. The receptionist assured me that I would not have to wait long.
Derivations:
reassuring: adj.
reassurance: n.
12. glamorous: adj. full of or characterized by charm
e.g. Her smile is so glamorous that no one can resist her charm.
Synonyms:
attractive, appealing
Derivations:
glamour: n.
glamorize: v.
13. confide:v. tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other people to
know
Collocations:
confide to sb. that ...
e.g. He came and confided to me that he had spend five years in prison.
confide in sb.
e.g. Jane felt she could only confide in her mother.
Derivations:
confidence: n. the feeling that you can trust someone or something to be good or work well confidant: n. someone you tell your secrets to
confiding: adj. behaving in a way that shows you want to tell someone about something that is private or secret
14. soulful: adj. expressing deep feelings; profoundly emotional
e.g. The old woman had a soulful look when she lost her favorite dog.
At the concert, a young singer sang a soulful song, which moved us to tears.
Antonym:
soulless: adj.
Derivation:
soulfulness: n
Comparison: soul, soulfulness
soul:n. the inner character of a person, where their deepest thoughts and feelings come from soulfulness:n. being profoundly emotional
15. panic:v. affect or be affected with a sudden, overpowering terror
e.g. The crowd panicked at the sound of the guns.
Collocation:
panic sb. into doing sth.
e.g. The protests became more violent and many landowners were panicked into leaving the country.
Derivations:
panic: n.
panicky: adj.
16. screech:v. make an unpleasant high sharp sound, esp. because of terror or pain
e.g. When a man was peering in at her, she screeched in fright and drew the curtains. Synonym:
scream
Derivation:
screech: n.
Translation:
男孩的尖叫声招来了他母亲。
The boy's screeches brought his mother.
The brakes screeched.
刹车发出刺耳的声音。
17. soothing:adj. making less angry, anxious, painful, etc.
e.g.Mother’s words produced a soothing effect on her agitated son.
Derivation:
soothe: v.
Sentences
1. I reached for her hand and reassured her that we were going to make it. (Paragraph 5) Paraphrase: I took her hand and convinced her that we would fly through the thunderclouds successfully.
Translation: 我伸出手去握住了她的手，安慰她我们会渡过难关的。
2. She must have seen how scared I was and reached over. (Paragraph 6)
Translation: 她一定看到了我有多害怕，就把她的手伸了过来。
3.I was sure that even if I survived the plane crash, I’d have a couple of broken fingers from all the TLC. (Paragraph 7)
Explanation:1) I’d have one or two fingers broken because of the lady’s tender loving squeezes. The author was getting her strength and humorously implied that nothing serious would ever happen.
2) TLC（Infml）a shortened form for “tender loving care”
Translation: 我敢说就算我在飞机失事中逃过一劫，我也会因为她温柔、爱护和关心的触摸而弄伤一两根手指头。
Paragraphs 10-12
Words and Expressions
18. transfer:v.
1) (cause to) move or change from one vehicle to another in the course of a journey
e.g. At London we transferred from the train to a bus.
I transferred from a bus to an underground train.
2) move from one place, job, position, etc. to another
e.g. The head office has been transferred from London to Cardif
f.
Comparison: transfer, transform
transform: completely change the appearance, form or character of something or someone, esp. in a way that improves it
Practice:
1) In the last 20 years Korea has been _______ into an advanced industrial power. (transformed)
2) The company has _________ to an eastern location. (transferred)
Derivations:
transfer: n.
transferable: adj.
19. alternative: adj.
that can be used instead of something else
e.g. We returned by the alternative road.
Comparison: alternative, alternate
alternate: adj.
1) alternative, esp. AmE, used instead of the one that was intended to be used
2) happening or doing something on one of every two days
e.g. He works on alternate days.
Derivations:
alternative: n.
alternate: v. +between…and…
20. cling:v. hold tightly; stick firmly
e.g. They clung to one another as they said good-bye.
His wet shirt clung to his body.
Collocation:
cling to (a belief, idea, feeling, etc.): continue to think that is it true even when this seems extremely unlikely
e.g. We clung to the hope that we might see her again one day.
Derivation:
clingy: adj.
21. lament:v. express sorrow or regret (for)
e.g. The whole country lamented the death of their great leader.
Derivations:
lamentation: n.
lamentable: adj.
22. anticipate: v.
1) look forward to, esp. with pleasure; expect
e.g. The students are anticipating the arrival of the summer vacation.
2) expect that something will happen and be ready for it
e.g. Organizers are anticipating a large crowd at the party.
Synonym:
expect
Derivations:
anticipatory: adj.
anticipation: n.
23. get in
(of a train, etc. or a passenger) arrive at the destination
e.g. What time does your flight get in?
The plane got in three hours late.
Comparisons:
get sth. in:
1) gather together something such as crops
e.g. The whole village was involved with getting the harvest in.
2) send something to a particular place or give it to a particular person
e.g. Please get your assignments in by Thursday.
get sb. in:
ask someone to come to your home or workplace to do a job, esp. to repair something
e.g.We’ll have to get the engineer in.
Sentence
And then — yes!— we landed safely. (Paragraph 10)
Explanation: The word “yes” indicate that something occurs to you suddenly when you were talking. Here it is used to emphasize that we landed safely.
What was I talking about? — Oh yes, I was telling you what happened at the shop that night. Paragraphs 13-14
Words and Expressions
24. glinting:adj. gleaming or flashing briefly
e.g. Her glinting gold ring attracts all our attention.
Synonyms:
glittering, gleaming
Derivation:
glint: v./n.
25. fateful:adj. having an important, esp. bad influence on the future
e.g. The world will always remember the fateful day when the atomic bomb was first dropped. Comparisons: fateful, fated
fated: certain to happen because mysterious force is controlling events
Practice:
1) She knew that their happiness was _________ not to last. (fated)
2) This step involved many _________ consequences. (fateful)
Derivation:
fate: n.
26. witness: v. be present and see w ith one’s own eyes
e.g. We witnessed a strange change in her.
Collocation:
witness to sth.: formally state that something is true or happened
e.g. Her principal was called to witness to her good character.
witness to doing sth.
e.g. The driver witnessed to having seen the man enter the building.
Derivation:
witness: n. someone who is present when something happens, and watches it happening
27. indebted:adj. very grateful to somebody for help given
Collocation:
be indebted to sb.
e.g.I’m gre atly indebted to you for your criticisms and help.
Comparison:
be in debt:
1) owe money
2) be very grateful to someone for what they have done for you
28. clutch:v. hold something or somebody tightly in the hand(s)
e.g. The mother clutched her baby in her arms.
Mary was clutching her doll to her chest.
Collocation:
clutch at: try hard to hold something, esp. when you are in a dangerous situation e.g. Suzie clutched desperately at the muddy river bank.
Comparisons: clutch, seize
seize: take hold of something suddenly and violently
e.g. He seized my hand and dragged me away from the window. Derivation:
clutch: n.
Sentence:
The point is not to pay back kindness but to pass it on. (Paragraph 14) Translation: 关键不是报答这种善举，而是传递与发扬善举。
新编英语语法教程（第6版）第21讲练习参考答案Ex. 21A was sorry to learn… will be sad to hear… would be very surprised to receive… is happy to have found… was afraid to go… was pleased to hear… am very anxious to meet you. were delighted to receive your telegram. were sensible to stay indoors. clerk was prompt to answer the call. rule is easy to remember. are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood. house is difficult to heat. you ready to leave would be foolish to go out in this weather. is quick to see the point. is very keen to get on. are proud to have him as a friend. was rude not to answer your letter. are happy to have you with us this evening. Ex. 21B decision to resign surprised all of us. showed no inclination to leave.
语言学教程笔记 第一章语言学导论 语言的定义特征：从本质上将人类语言与动物语言区分开的人类语言的区别性特点。 1. 任意性：任意性是指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系，任意性是语言的核 心特征。例如，我们无法解释为什么一本书读作 a /buk/，一支钢笔读作a /pe n/。 任意性具有不同层次：（1）语素音义关系的任意性。（2）句法层面上的任意性。 （3） 任意性和规约性。 2. 二层性：二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成， 每层都有自身的组合规则。话语的组成元素是本身不传达意义的语音，语音的唯一作用就是 相互组合构成有意义的单位，比如词。因为底层单位是无意的，而上层单位有明确的意义，所以我们把语音叫做底层单位，与词等上层单位相对。二层性使语言拥有了一种强大的能产 性。 3. 创造性：创造性指语言的能产性，指语言有制造无穷长句的潜力，这来源于语言的二层性 和递归性。利用二重性说话者可以通过组合基本语言单位，无止境地生成句子，大多数都是以前没有过的或没有听过的。 4. 移位性：是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的 物体、时间或观点。因此我们可以提及孔子或北极，虽然前者已经去世两千五百五十多年而 后者位置距我们非常之远。语言使我们能够谈及已不存在或还未出现的事物。移位性赋予人 们的概括与抽象能力使人类受益无穷。词在指称具体物体时，并不总是出现在即时、形象化 的语境中。他们通常为了体现指称含义而被使用。 5. 文化传递性：语言不是靠遗传，而是通过文化传递的。 6. 互换性：指人可以是信息的发出者，也可以是信息的接受者，即人作为说话者和听话者的 角色是可以随意更换的。 元语言功能：我们的语言可以用来讨论语言本身。比如说，我可以用“书”指代一本书，也可以用“书这个词”来指代“书”这个词本身。这使语言具有无限的自我反身性：人类可以谈论“说话”，也可以思考“思考"。所以只有人类才能提问：元语言功能对交际、思考及人类的意义是什么？
新编英语语法教程（第六版）第02讲练习参考答案 Ex. 2A 1. SVC Within the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller. 2. SV The bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the ground. 3. SVO On August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Japanese town of Hiroshima. 4. SvoO Three days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow. 5. SVOC The explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble. 6. SV A Within the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of expanding gas, millions of degrees hot. 7. SVOA A tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, concrete, metal, and wood over the ground.
Chapter 5 Semantics ?Semantics----the study of language meaning. ?Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies meaning. ?Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other w ords, it is the analysis of conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context. ?Meaning is central to the study of communication. ?Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist) ? 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to. ? 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces the properties of the referent, peripheral ? 3. Social meaning (stylistic meaning) –what is conveyed about the social circumstances of the use of a linguistic expression ? 4. Affective meaning (affected meaning)– what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer towards what is referred to ? 5. Reflected meaning – what is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression ?Taboos ? 6. Collocative meaning – the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur with it ?(2, 3, 4, 5, 6 can be together called associative meaning–meaning that hinges on referential meaning, less stable, more culture-specific ) 7. Thematic meaning—what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order ?What is meaning?---- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Some views concerning the study of meaning ?Naming theory (Plato) ?The conceptualist view ?Contextualism (Bloomfield) ?Behaviorism Naming theory (Plato): Words are names or labels for things. The linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things ?Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, phenix… 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred…
Unit Six Olympics and Sports Teaching Goals: 1. Understand a sports event poster 2. Invite someone to see a sports event 3. Talk about and comment on a sports event 4. Invite friends to take part in outdoor activities 5. Design and write a sports event poster Focal Points: 1. Understanding and designing a sports event poster 2. Key words and expressions Difficult Points: 1.Talk about and comment on a sports event 2.You should know about Successful Beijing Olympic Games Teaching Time: 8 periods Teaching Procedures and Class Activities SECTION I Talking Face to Face 1 Lead-in activities: Imitating Mini-Talks 1. Warm-up questions: 1) What sports or outdoor activities do you like most? 2) What information do you think a sports event poster should contain? 2. Class Activities: 1. The students read the Mini-Talks after the teacher, and then try to recite them within five minutes in pairs. 2. Ask the students to recite and perform the mini talks in class. 3. The students discuss in groups, summarizing the words, phrases and sentences frequently used according to the following topics with the help of the teacher. The students speak out the sentences under the guidance of the teacher, paying attention to the pronunciation and the intonation. 1) The way to talk about a sports event poster: (1) Haven’t you seen the poster of the friendly basketball match organized by the Students’ Union? (2) Look! There is a colored poster on the notice board. (3) A poster in the club lounge says there will be a fishing contest this weekend. (4) Let’s design a poster for it. (5) How should we decorate the poster to make it more attractive? (6) Look at the poster. It seems that there will be an exciting event happening in the community.
Unit 1 Language Structures Main Teaching Points: The Passive Sentence involving the moral auxiliary have to . The pupils should be told that their homework has to be checked before they hand it in. 2. converted from the active sentence with a direct and indirect object . She isn’t paid anything for overtime. 3. involving the verb phrase/ phrasal verb . I don’t think anybody should be made fun of because of his physical handicap. 4. from by the They say/It is said …patterns . They say/ It is said that three parks will be expanded. Language Points: scratch: (at sth.) to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching;挠，搔（痒处）; to make or remove a mark刮出（或刮去）痕迹；（sb./sth.）(from sth.)to decide that sth. cannot happen or sb./sth. cannot take part in sth., before it starts.取消，撤销，退出 . 1) The dog scratched itself behind the ear. 2)I’d scratched my leg and it was bleeding. 3)Be careful not to scratch the furniture. 4)His pen scratched away on the paper. 5)to scratch a rocket launch取消火箭发射计划 6)She has scratched because of a knee injury. 2. turn sb./sth. down: to reject or refuse to consider an offer, a proposal, etc. or the person who makes it.拒绝，顶回（提议、建议或提议人）；to reduce the noise, heat, etc. produced by a piece of equipment by moving its controls 把…调低；关小 has been turned down for ten jobs so far. 2)He asked her to marry him but she turned him down. 3)Please turn the volume down.音量调低。 3. look down on sb./sth.: to think that you are better than sb./ sth.蔑视，轻视，瞧不起 . She looks down on people who haven’t been to college. look sb. up and down: to look at sb. in a careful or critical way上下仔细打量，挑剔地审视某人 (not) look yourself :to not have your normal healthy appearance气色不像往常那样好 . You’re not looking yourself today.=You look tired or ill/sick.
新编实用英语综合教程教学大纲 教学大纲是根据《高职高专教育英语课程教学基本要求（试行）》，并结合我校实际情况编写。 学时：第一学期 64 学时，第二学期72学时，每周授课4学时，开设两个学期，共计 136 学时。 适应专业：高职高专各个专业。（商务英语专业除外） 一、课程的性质和任务 课程性质：本课程为公共必修课。 课程任务：经过两个学期的学习，完成《新编实用英语综合教程》一至二册的教学，使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和技能，具有一定的听、说、读、写、译的能力，从而能借助词典翻译和阅读有关英语业务资料，在涉外交际的日常活动和业务活动中进行简单的口头和书面交流，并为今后进一步提高英语的交际能力打下基础。 相关课程：根据各专业自行设计安排，部分专业在修完本课程后开设专业英语。（计算机英语、秘书英语、汽车英语等） 二、课程的基本要求 本课程在加强英语语言基础知识和基本技能训练的同时，重视培养学生实际使用英语进行交际的能力。通过学习本课程，学生应该达到以下要求： 1、词汇 认知 2500 个英语单词（包括入学时要求掌握的 1000 个词）以及由这些词构成的常用词组，对其中 1500 个左右的单词能正确拼写，能进行英汉互译。 2、语法 掌握基本的英语语法规则，在听、说、读、写、译中能正确运用所学的语法知识。 3、听力 能听懂涉及日常交际的结构简单、发音清楚、语速较慢（每分钟 120 词左右）的英语对话和不太复杂的陈述，理解基本正确。能理解具体信息，理解所听材料的背景，并能推断所听材料的含义。 4、口语 掌握一般的课堂用语，并能模拟或套用常用口头交际句型，就日常生活和有关业务提出问题或做出简单回答，交流有困难时能采取简单的应变措施。 5、阅读 能阅读中等难度的一般题材的简短英文资料，理解正确。在阅读生词不超过总词数 3% 的英文资料时，阅读速度不低于每分钟 50 词。能读懂通用的简短实用文字材料，如信函、产品说明等，理解基本正确。并且掌握以下阅读技巧： 1）理解文章的主旨或要点； 2）理解文章中的具体信息； 3）根据上下文推断生词的意思； 4）根据上下文做出简单的判断和推理； 5）理解文章的写作意图，作者的见解和态度等； 6）就文章内容做出结论； 7）快速查找有关信息。 6、写作 能运用所学词汇和语法写出简单的短文；能用英语填写表格，套写便函、简历等，词句
胡壮麟语言学重难点 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 常考考点：1. 语言: 语言的定义；语言的基本特征；语言的功能；语言的起源 2. 语言学：语言学的定义；现代语言学与传统语法学研究的三个显著区别；语言学研究的四个原则及简要说明；语言学中的几组重要区别；每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支学科及各自的研究范畴；宏观语言学及应用语言学的主要分支及各自的研究范畴。 1. 语言的定义特征 1.1. 任意性 1.2. 二重性 1.3. 创造性 1.4. 移位性 1.5. 文化传递性 1.6. 互换性 2. 语言的功能 1.1. 信息功能 1.2. 人际功能 1.3. 施为功能 1.4. 感情功能 1.5. 寒暄功能 1.6. 娱乐功能 1.7. 元语言功能
3. 微观语言学 3.1. 语音学 3.2. 音系学 3.3. 形态学 3.4. 句法学 3.5. 语义学 3.6. 语用学 4. 宏观语言学 4.1. 心理语言学 4.2. 社会语言学 4.3. 应用语言学 4.4. 计算语言学 4.5. 神经语言学 5. 重要概念及其区分 5.1. 描写式&规定式 5.2. 共时&历时 5.3. 语言&言语 5.4. 语言能力&语言应用 5.5. 唯素的&唯位的 5.6. 传统语法&现代语法 5.7. 语言潜势&实际语言行为 Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
常考考点：1. 语音学语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义；发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类；基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法 2. 音系学音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系与区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；音位理论；自由变异；音位的对立分布于互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音；音高和语调。 1. 语音学及其三大领域 1.1. 语音学定义 1.2. 语音学三大领域 ①发音语音学 ②声学语音学 ③听觉语音学 2. 辅音 2.1. 辅音定义 发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞，由此产生的音叫做辅音。 2.2. 发音方式 发音方式是指发音器官之间的关系，以及气流经过声道的某些部位的方式 2.3. 发音部位 发音部位是指声道的哪些部位发生气流摩擦、狭窄化或阻碍。 3. 元音
Unit 8 1.By five o’clock this evening he ________in Hong Kong. A has been traveling B is to travel C having traveled D will be traveling 2. Mary _______ this movie until yesterday. A didn’t see B hadn’t seen C wasn’t seeing D hasn’t seen 3. I’d rather that you _______ tell him. A don’t B not C didn’t D can’t 4. Yesterday he promised that he ________ today, but he hasn’t appeared yet. A will come B is coming C would have come D would come 5. The city of Montreal ________ over 70 squares miles. A covers B that covers C covering D is covered 6. Experiments in the photography of moving subjects__________ in both the United States and Europe well before 1900. A have been conducting B were conducting C had been conducted D being conducted 7. By next August, I ________ here for two years. A have been living B had been living C will have been living D will live 8. We _______ 15 lessons by the end of last year. A learned B learn C had learned D had been learning 9. A strange woman _______ the room and _______ the window. A enters is closing B entered closed C entered had closed D enters close 10. I’ll go with you as long as I ________ to sing. A won’t have B don’t have C haven’t D am not having 11.Xiao Li _______ home, otherwise he would have phoned me. A have got B ought to have got C couldn’t have got D shouldn’t have got 12. Mary is not so interested in music as she _______. A was used to B was used to be C use to D used to be 13. He ought to be punished, _______ he? A shouldn’t B can’t C oughtn’t to D shan’t 14. What are you doing? You ________ be studying now. A may B should C shall D would 15. You are certainly right, whatever others _______ say. A must B may C should D can 16. His wife _______ him three fine children. A has born B borne C has borne D was born 17. This coat _______ you. A isn’t fit by B isn’t fit C does not fit D does not fit for 18. My watch doesn’t work very well and it ________. A need to be repaired B needs to repair C needs repairing D is needed to repair 19. George would certainly have attended the meeting_________. A if he didn’t miss the bus B if he hadn’t missed the bus C had he not had missed the bus D had he missed the bus 20. The porter insisted _____ us with our luggage A to help B on helping C he can help D in helping
新编简明英语语言学教程笔记 Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递 ⑴arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 二、知识点 https://www.doczj.com/doc/6c1867570.html,nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 ⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家 Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols. Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements. ⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett 提出了语言的识别特征design features
新编英语语法教程（第6版）第21讲练习参考答案 Ex. 21A 1.I was sorry to learn… 2.You will be sad to hear… 3.They would be very surprised to receive… 4.She is happy to have found… 5.I was afraid to go… 6.Bob was pleased to hear… 7.I am very anxious to meet you. 8.We were delighted to receive your telegram. 9.You were sensible to stay indoors. 10.The clerk was prompt to answer the call. 11.This rule is easy to remember. 12.We are reluctant to leave this neighbourhood. 13.Our house is difficult to heat. 14.Are you ready to leave? 15.You would be foolish to go out in this weather. 16.John is quick to see the point. 17.He is very keen to get on. 18.We are proud to have him as a friend. 19.I was rude not to answer your letter. 20.We are happy to have you with us this evening. Ex. 21B 1.His decision to resign surprised all of us. 2.He showed no inclination to leave. 3.Her resolution never to marry baffled all offers of love. 4.The City Council approved the proposal to build a new dam on the river. 5.Their readiness to accept the peace arrangement really surprised the diplomatic world. 6.He refused the invitation to write another article on the subject. 7.The people of a country should have the freedom to choose their own social system. 8.There is no need for you to start so early. 9.I am not under the obligation to render him any financial support. 10.They have the ability to wage biological warfare. 11.He is not a man to be frightened by the threat of war. 12.There are plans to be made at once. 13.This is a day never to be forgotten. 14.Give me the names of the people to contact. 15.The next train to arrive is from Edinburgh. 16.The last problem to be considered at our next meeting is how to invest the money. 17.Was Cortes the first European ever to see the Pacific Ocean?
第2章音位学 2.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. Speech Organs 发音器官 2. Distinction, Classification and the Criteria of Description between Constants and Vowels 辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则 3. Phonemes and Allophones 音位和音位变体 4. Phonological Rules and Distinctive Features 音系规则和区别特征 5. Syllable Structure, Stress and Intonation 音节结构、重音和语调 本章考点： 1. 语音学 语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；
英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记，国际音标；严式与宽式标音法。 2. 音系学 音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的联系和区别；音素、音位、音位变体、最小对立体、自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位的对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学； 音节；重音(词重音、句子重音)；音高和语调。 本章内容索引： I. The phonic medium of language II. Phonetics 1. The definition of phonetics 2. Three research fields 3. Organs of speech ▼4. Voiceless sounds ▼5. Voiced sounds 6. Orthographic representations of speech sounds—broad and narrow transcriptions 7. Classification of English speech sounds (1) Definition (2) Classification of English consonants (3) Classification of English vowels III. Phonology
新编英语语法教程第06讲练习参考答案 Ex. 6A (4A) 1. description 2. arrangement 3. attendance 4. peculiarity 5. expectation 6. argument 7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration 10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness 18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 6B (6E) 1. How much work have you done this morning? 2. To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. He’s done the least work. 4. There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. I know little French. 6. There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. Were there many people at the reception? 8. May I have a few words with you? 9. There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday. 10. Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. You’ve lear nt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. He’s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. A millionaire has lots of money—and lots of worries. 15. Anna has enough worries b ecause she hasn’t got enough money. 16. The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days. 18. Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2006. 19. Soon we learned that we had to wait another three more weeks. 20. My brother spent $ 500 for a second-hand car, but I spent almost twice the amount for the same stuff. 新编英语语法教程第07讲练习参考答案 Ex. 7A 1.experience