Alex Novlesky
Sr. Reservoir Simulation Engineer
Agenda
?Shale Oil & Gas Production
?Why use Reservoir Simulation for modelling Tight reservoirs, including Shales? ?What Physics are being modelled in Tight & Shale plays? ?New Advances in Modelling Hydraulic Fractures
?How has simulation helped in understanding the physics & production/recovery mechanisms of these plays? ?Tight & Shale Reservoir Modelling: Challenges, Opportunities & Lessons Learned? ?Why use CMG for Modelling Tight & Shale plays?
North America Shale Plays
USA Shale & Tight Oil & Gas Production (2000-2013)
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 2000 2002 2004 2006
2008
2010
2012
0.0
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Eagle Ford (TX) Bakken (MT & ND) Granite Wash (OK & TX) Bonespring (TX Permian) Wolfcamp (TX Permian) Spraberry (TX Permian) Niobrara-Codell (CO) Woodford (OK) Monterey (CA) Austin Chalk (LA & TX)
USA Shale & Tight Oil Production (mmbpd)
USA Dry Shale Gas Production (bcfd)
Rest of US
Marcellus (PA and WV) Haynesville (LA and TX) Eagle Ford (TX) Bakken (ND) Woodford (OK) Fayetteville (AR) Barnett (TX)
Antrim (MI, IN, and OH)
USA Gas Production (1990-2040)
5
Associated with oil
Coalbed methane
Alaska
Non-associated offshore
10 15 20 25
30
35 40 Tight gas
Shale gas
Non-associated onshore History
Projections
2012 T c f /y
B c f /d
USA Oil Production (1990-2040)
m m b p d
Alaska
Other lower 48 onshore
Tight oil
Lower 48 offshore
History
Projections
2012 U.S. maximum production level of 9.6 million barrels per day in 1970
4
8 10
6
2
For Physics-based EUR’s & Optimization ?Long time to pseudo-steady-state
?Multi-phase flow
?Non-darcy (turbulent) flow
?Multi-component phase behavior,
adsorption & diffusion
?Compaction of fractures
?Heterogeneous rock properties
?Heterogeneous fractures
?Geomechanics
?Geochemistry
To Represent Current Development Practices ?Analyze & Forecast multi-well pad models exhibiting interference
?Model re-fracs & infill drilling
?Interpret production
surveillance data
?Simultaneously account for
many uncertain parameters
Commonly Modelled Physics
Reservoir Description
?Matrix porosity & permeability
?Natural & propped fractures
?Pore volume compaction/dilation
?Non-darcy (turbulent) flow
PVT
?Black Oil
?Primary production
?EoS
?Miscible gas injection EOR & near-critical fluids
Commonly Modelled Physics Adsorbed components
?Gas phase only, dry tight/shale gas
?Multi-component gases & liquids
Diffusion
?Multi-component gas
?Miscible gas injection EOR
Rock Physics
?Tight rock Rel Perm & Cap Press in
matrix
Source: SPE 164132?Straight line Rel Perm & no Cap
Press for fractures
Commonly Modelled Physics Simulation Model Gridding
LS-LR-DK or Tartan Grids surrounding the propped fractures
?Transient multiphase fluid flow from matrix to natural fractures & from matrix to propped fracs
?Non-darcy flow in propped fracs near laterals Simulation Model Initialization
Initialize propped & natural fracture network with water
?Flowback of injected fracture fluid
CMG’s LS-LR-DK “Tartan” Grids
The “key” to modelling “transient
flow” from matrix to fractures!
Modelling Planar & Complex Geometry Propped Fractures
Planar Fractures in SRV Complex Fractures in SRV
Advanced Processes & Thermal Simulator
Compositional & Unconventional Reservoir Simulator Three-Phase, Black-Oil Reservoir Simulator
Sensitivity Analysis, History Matching, Optimization & Uncertainty Analysis Tool
Integrated Production & Reservoir Simulation Intelligent Segmented Wells
Phase Behaviour and Fluid Property Application
Pre-Processing: Simulation Model Building Application
Product Suite
CMG has the Right Physics
Physics IMEX GEM
PVT BO, VO, GC, WG EOS
Adsorbed Components Gas Phase Multi-Comp Molecular Diffusion w/ Dispersion-Multi-Comp/OWG Phases Natural Fracs (NF)Dual Perm Dual Perm
Propped Fracs (PF)LS-LR in Matrix (MT)LS-LR in Matrix (MT)
Non-Darcy (turbulent) Flow MT, NF & PF MT, NF & PF
Non-Darcy (slip) Flow-MT
Krel & Pc MT, NF, PF & time MT, NF, PF & time
Press-dependent Compaction MT, NF, PF & time MT, NF, PF & time Stress-dependent Compaction-Geomechanics-based Chemical Reactions-Ion Exchange & Geochemistry
Primary Production Primary Production & EOR
CMG Milestones in Unconventional Reservoir Modelling Capabilities & Workflows
Microseismic Data ?Can use to estimate the extent of the unpropped SRV during
pumping & the geometry of its
fractures
?Acquired to monitor or even
control the treatment*
?Easily incorporated into Builder’s workflow using the Microseismic
import wizard
Geomechanics
?Model permeability change, with hysteresis, as a function of stress change during production and shut-in periods
?Fracture opening during hydraulic fracturing treatments
?using GEOMECH’s Barton-Bandis feature
New Advancements In
Hydraulic Fracture Modelling
Existing Situation
Dataset keywords:
**$ Fracture
RESULTS FRACTURE BEGIN RESULTS FRACTURE WELLNAME ‘Well 1'
Refinements: 17 wells 117 stages
8,129 refined blocks 203,225 refinement cells 32,516 property specs
~ 720,000 lines of input deck
REFINE 303,343,7 INTO 2 5 1 CORNERS RG 303,343,7 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000
7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000 7550.0000 2*7562.5000 7575.0000
4*8550.0000 8*8560.5481 8*8562.1952 8*8562.8048 8*8564.4519 4*8575.0000 4*8550.0000 8*8560.5481 8*8562.1952 8*8562.8048 8*8564.4519 4*8575.0000 472.5700 2*472.5335 472.4970 472.5770 2*472.5417 472.5065 472.5770 2*472.5417 472.5065 472.5780 2*472.5430 472.5080 472.5780 2*472.5430 472.5080 472.5785 2*472.5435 472.5086 472.5785 2*472.5435 472.5086 472.5795 2*472.5448 472.5101 472.5795 2*472.5448 472.5101 472.5865 2*472.5530 472.5196 474.5700 2*474.5335 474.4970 474.5770 2*474.5417 474.5065 474.5770 2*474.5417 474.5065 474.5780 2*474.5430 474.5080 474.5780 2*474.5430 474.5080 474.5785 2*474.5435 474.5086 474.5785
2*474.5435 474.5086 474.5795 2*474.5448 474.5101 474.5795 2*474.5448 474.5101 474.5865 2*474.5530 474.5196