economic意为“经济上的”，“经济学的”； economic growth经济增长; economical意为“节约的”，“节省的”，常用于“be economical of”结构。an economical person节俭的人
economics经济学，经济情况； economies节约，节省，节俭。
ban，forbid 和 prohibit
ban，forbid 和 prohibit三个词都表示“禁止”，其中ban语气最重，指权威机关正式禁止。 forbid是普通用词，指个人行为。prohibit是正式用词，指用法律或法令来禁止
devise , device , deviation, deviancy
devise v．设计；发明。device n．装置；设备；方法；计划。deviancy n．反常；背离。deviation n．背离；越轨；偏差。
bare empty vacant blank
bare指没有覆盖物; empty没有填充物(内容); vacant没有被人占据 blank没有写字;指人的表情为茫然的
barely，hardly，rarely 和 scarcely
rarely 意为“难得，不常”（not often）。Rarely have I seen him smile．hardly 往往强调能力上有困难，意为“简直不，很难”。 scarcely 往往强调不足，常同 enough，sufficient，any 等表示程度的词连用，意为“不太，几乎，简直没有”。He has scarcely any money left． barely 与 hardly 和 scarcely 意思相近，意为“几乎，勉强，仅能做到”。但如果后面跟有 ever，any，at all 等词，只能用 hardly 或 scarcely，不能用 barely。
continual与continuous
continual一般指多次重复的动作：Please stop your continual questions． continuous表示动作或物体继续不停地或不间断地进行下去：a continuous flow of traffic efficient effective sufficien
efficient指“有效率的”，“高效率的”，“有能力的”，常指人；
a very efficient production manager 一位非常得力的生产经理;
而effective表示“有效的”，“效率好的”，常指政策、措施等。 effective teaching 效果好的教学 sufficient充分的，足够的。 emotional emotive emotions
emotional表示“充满感情的”，“易动感情的”，主语多为人；an emotional person 易动感情的人;
emotive表示“使人激动的”，“令人感动的”之意，主语多为物。an emotive speech 令人感动的演讲
emotions是人类精神情感的总称，包括喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪 enviable envious enviable表示“值得羡慕的”，多作定语用。如an enviable possession一笔令人羡慕的财产。
envious表示“羡慕的”，“嫉妒的”，常用于短语be envious of（羡慕……，嫉妒……）。 equal equivalent
equal指在大小、质量、数量、形状、价值等方面相当或相等，常用词组
be equal to（等于，和……相等）, 另外，equal可作名词用，表“对手”，“匹敌者”。如：equal pay for equal work 同工同酬; equivalent指在功能,意义、重要性等抽象的方面相当或相等。His behavior is equivalent to treason．他的行为等于背叛。 exhausting exhaustive
exhausting意为“使人疲惫不堪的”，“筋疲力尽的”。We had a long and exhausting meeting this
morning．今天上午我们开了一个使人疲倦的长会。exhaustive表示“彻底的”，“无遗漏的”，“广泛的”。
I don't claim to be exhaustive on this subject．我并不认为自己把这个问题讲透了。
完形填空的词组总结！
a series of 一系列,一连串 above all 首先,尤其是 after all 毕竟,究竟 ahead of 在...之前 ahead of time 提前 all at once 突然,同时 all but 几乎;除了...都 all of a sudden 突然 all over 遍及
all over again 再一次,重新 all the time 一直,始终 all the same 仍然,照样的 as regards 关于,至于 anything but 根本不
as a matter of fact 实际上 apart from 除...外(有/无) as a rule 通常,照例
as a result(of) 因此,由于
as far as ...be concerned 就...而言 as far as 远至,到...程度 as for 至于,关于 as follows 如下 as if 好像,仿怫
as good as 和...几乎一样 as usual 像平常一样,照例 as to 至于,关于
all right 令人满意的;可以 as well 同样,也,还
as well as 除...外(也),即...又 aside from 除...外(还有) at a loss 茫然,不知所措 at a time 一次,每次
at all 丝毫(不),一点也不 at all costs 不惜一切代价
at all events 不管怎样,无论如何 at all times 随时,总是 at any rate 无论如何,至少 at best 充其量,至多 at first 最初,起先
at first sight 乍一看,初看起来 at hand 在手边,在附近
at heart 内心里,本质上 at home 在家,在国内
at intervals 不时,每隔... at large 大多数,未被捕获的 at least 至少 at last 终于
at length 最终,终于 at most 至多,不超过 at no time 从不,决不 by accident 偶然
at one time 曾经,一度;同时 at present 目前,现在
at sb's disposal 任...处理 at the cost of 以...为代价 at the mercy of 任凭...摆布 at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有时,间或
back and forth 来回地,反复地 back of 在...后面 before long 不久以后beside point 离题的,不相干的 beyond question 毫无疑问 by air 通过航空途径
by all means 尽一切办法,务必 by and by 不久,迟早 by chance 偶然,碰巧 by far 最,...得多 by hand 用手,用体力
by itself 自动地,独自地 by means of 用,依靠
by mistake 错误地,无意地 by no means 决不,并没有 by oneself 单独地,独自地 by reason of 由于 by the way 顺便说说 by virtue of 借助,由于
by way of 经由,通过...方法 due to 由于,因为 each other 互相
even if/though 即使,虽然
ever so 非常,极其
every now and then 时而,偶尔 every other 每隔一个的 except for 除了...外 face to face 面对面地 far from 远非,远离 for ever 永远 for good 永久地
for the better 好转
for the moment 暂时,目前 for the present 暂时,目前
for the sake of 为了,为了...的利益 for the time being 暂时,眼下 from time to time 有时,不时 hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切关联 head on 迎面地,正面的
heart and soul 全心全意地 how about ...怎么样 in a hurry 匆忙,急于 in case of 假如,防备 in a moment 立刻,一会儿 in a sense 从某种意义上说 in a way 在某种程度上 in a word 简言之,总之
in accordance with 与...一致,按照 in addition 另外,加之
in addition to 除...之外(还) in advance 预先,事先 in all 总共,合计 in any case 无论如何 in any event 无论如何 in brief 简单地说
in charge of 负责,总管 in common 共用的,共有的
in consequence(of) 因此;由于 in debt 欠债,欠情 in detail 详细地
in difficulty 处境困难 in effect 实际上,事实上 in general 一般来说,大体上 in favor of 支持,赞成 in front of 面对,在...前 in half 成两半
in hand 在进行中,待办理 in honor of 为庆祝,为纪念 in itself 本质上,就其本身而言 in line with 与...一致 in memory of 纪念 in no case 决不 in no time 立即,马上 in no way 决不
in order 按顺序,按次序 in other words 换句话说 in part 部分地
in particular 特别,尤其 in person 亲自,本人 in place 在合适的位置 in place of 代替,取代,交换 in practice 在实践中,实际上 in proportion to 与...成比例 in public 公开地,当众 in quantity 大量
in question 正在谈论的 in regard to 关于,至于 in relation to 关于,涉及 in return 作为报答/回报/交换 in return for 作为对...报答 in short 简言之,总之 in sight 被见到;在望 in spite of 尽管 in step 齐步,合拍
in step with 与...一致/协调 in tears 流着泪,在哭着
in the course of 在...期间/过程中 in the distance 在远处 in the end 最后,终于
in the event of 如果...发生,万一 in the face of 即使;在...面
前 in the future 在未来 in the least 丝毫,一点 in (the)light of 鉴于,由于 in the way 挡道
in the world 究竟,到底 in time 及时
in touch 联系,接触
in turn 依次,轮流;转而 in vain 徒劳,白费力 instead of 代替,而不是
just now 眼下;刚才
little by little 逐渐地 lots of 许多 many a 许多
more or less 或多或少,有点 next door 隔壁的,在隔壁 no doubt 无疑地
no less than 不少于...;不亚于... no longer 不再 no more 不再
no more than 至多,同...一样不 none other than 不是别的,正是 on one's guard 警惕,提防 nothing but 只有,只不过 now and then 时而,偶尔
off and on 断断续续,间歇地 off duty 下班
on a large/small scale 大/小规模地 on account of 由于
on(an/the) average 平均,通常 on behalf of 代表
on board 在船(车/飞机)上 on business 因公
on condition that 如果 on duty 上班,值班 on earth 究竟,到底 on fire 起火着火 on foot 步行, on guard 站岗,值班 on hand 在场,在手边
on occasion(s) 有时,间或 on one's own 独立,独自 on purpose 故意地
on sale 出售,廉价出售 on schedule 按时间表,准时
on second thoughts 经重新考虑 on the contrary 正相反
on the grounds of 根据,以...为由 on (the) one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the point of 即将...的时刻 on the road 在旅途中
on the side 作为兼职/副业 on the whole 总的来说,大体上 on time 准时 once again 再一次
once(and)for all 一劳永逸地 once in a while 偶尔 once more 再一次 once upon a time 从前 one another 相互 or else 否则,要不然 or so 大约,左右 other than 非;除了
out of 从...中;由于;缺乏 out of control 失去控制 out of date 过时的 out of doors 在户外 out of order 出故障的 out of place 不适当的out of practice 久不练习,荒疏 out of sight 看不见,在视野外 out of the question 毫无可能的 out of touch 不联系,不接触
over and over(again) 一再地,再三地 prior at 在...之前 quite a few 相当多,不少 rather than 不是...(而是) regardless of 不顾,不惜 right away 立即,马上 side by side 肩并肩,一起 so far 迄今为止 step by step 逐步地 thanks to 由于,多亏
that is (to say) 就是说,即 to the point 切中要害,切题 under control 处于控制之下
under the circumstances 这种情况下 up to date 在进行中
up to 多达;直到;胜任;取决于 what if 切合目前情况的 what about 怎么样
with respect to 如果...将怎么样 with regard to 关于,至
于 without question 关于,至于,
with the exception of 除...之外 without question 毫无疑问 word for word 逐字的
句型：
1 the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)
例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。
Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。
2、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。
3、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。
4、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）
例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from b ad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。
5、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...）例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
6、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...）
例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
7、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子（...的优点是...）
例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。
8、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子（...的原因是...）
例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can su pply fresh air for us.
我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。
9、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子（如此...以致于...）例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。
10、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means s atisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不}
虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 11、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V,
~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈...愈...）
例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。
The more books we read, the more learned we become.
我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
12、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..）
例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 13、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..）例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。
14、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...）例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。
15、It is time + S + 过去式（该是...的时候了）
例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the t raffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 16、Those who ~~~ （...的人...）
例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。
17、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...）例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。18、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...）
例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。
19、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子（明显的） It is apparent that + 句子（显然的）
例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.
可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 20、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因）
例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。
21、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...）例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examinatio n. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。
22、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。
例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。
23、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。）例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。
24、be based on （以...为基础）
例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 25、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的）
例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
英语四级常考语法归纳
1. 常考的几种倒装结构
1)当表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首作状语时用倒装。这类词或词组常用的有：never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, un der no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account 等。
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam. Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
Note:当“no sooner… than”和“hardly/scarcely… when/before”位于句首时用倒装。该结构表示“一…就…”，在时态上主句一般用过去完成时，when 或than引导的从句用一般过去时。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang. No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
2)当here, there, then, thus, only, hence, little等副词位于句首，句中主、谓用倒装。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing coun tries.
3)当“so/such… that”结构中的so或such位于句首时用倒装。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
4)分句以so, neither, nor, no more等副词位于句首，表明前面句子中所说明的情况也使用于后面的句子时用倒装。
Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.
2.强调句型
这里讲的强调句主要是以it为引导词的分裂句。其构成形式为：It is (was) +被强调部分+ that(who, which) +句子的其他部分。被强调的部分通常为主语、宾语和状语。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
It is what you will do that is essential. Note: 在被强调部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果强调的部分是表示人的名词，那么也可用who；如果是指物的名词也可用which。
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果强调的是原因状语从句，只能用because引导，不能由since, as或why引导。
It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
有三类句子成分不可以进行强调，即表语、谓语动词和由though, although, whereas等引导的从句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages.（误）
Although he is young, he can speak four languages.（正）
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music.（误）
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs.（正）
3.使役动词后的宾语补足语
使役动词除了要有宾语之外还要加上宾语补足语才能使句子的意义完整。常用的使役动词有：have, want, make, get, leave, set, let等。可以担当使役动词宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式和分词等。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right. Note:
动词不定式可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语，但在make, let, have等使役动词后，动词不定式作宾语补足语时不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分词也可以担当使役动词的宾语补足语。现在分词表示正在进行的主动意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的被动意义。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I’ve just had some new photos taken.
4.平行结构
在英语中，当两个或两个以上的同等成分（主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，宾语补足语等）并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词，介词短语对介词短语，分词对分词，句子对句子等等。这就是英语的平行结构准则。一般在使用并列连词如and, but, or, neither… nor, either … or, not only .. but also, both… and, more(less)… than, as well as，rather… than等时，要注意不要违反平行结构准则。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold .
5.反意疑问句
在具体运用反意疑问句时应注意以下几点：
1)如果陈述句部分是一个含有宾语从句的复杂句，则反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代
词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。
He never said she would come, did he?
You told me I had passed the exam, didn’t you?
但是如果陈述句部分是“I (don’t) think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy, reckon等+宾语从句”的结构时，反意疑问部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应，并且要注意否定的转移。
I suppose you are not serious, are you?
She imagines that people like her, don’t they?
I don’t believe she knows it, does she?（因don’t的否定意义后移而不用doesn’t）
I didn’t expect she would come, would she?（因didn’t的否定意义后移而不用wouldn’t）
2)如果陈述句部分是祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。在否定祈使句后还是用“will you”。
Read the text, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
如果陈述句部分是以Let’s开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“shall we”；如果是以Let us开头的祈使句，则反意疑问部分一般用“will you”。
Let’s have a party tonight, shall we?
Let us go home, will you?
3)如果陈述句部分带有
never, nothing, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, seldom,
rarely, barely, little, few等否定词或半否定词，反意疑问部分的动词要用肯定式。
You can hardly believe this, can you?
He has few good reasons for staying, has he? 6.词序
当多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,在意义上同名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词，其排列次序为“A + B + C + D + E + F + G +被修饰的名词”。其中：A.表示年龄、新旧的形容词，如old, young等。B.表示大小、长短、高低、重量的形容词，如little, big, long, heavy等。 C.表示形态、形状的形容词，如round, square等。D.表示颜色的形容词，如red, white, green等。E.表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词，如British, southern, Italian等。F.表示物质、材料的形容词，如wooden, rocky等。G.表示用途、类别、目的、与…有关等的形容词，也包括起形容词作用的名词和分词，如medical, writing, geography 等。其他形容词放在上述A类形容词之前。例如：
a small round brown wooden table
a useless, old, big, heavy, red geography book
a valuable old French writing desk
a strong young Chinese boy student
7.一些特殊的句型
1) there is no point in doing sth.
该句型意为“做…是无济于事的／没有什么用的”。可以用very little或not much等来代替no。其中的point是不可数名词，作“目的”、“用处”解。
There is very little point in arguing with him.
2) have difficulty (or trouble) in doing sth.
该句型意为“做…有困难”。其中的in可以省略；其中的difficulty和trouble是不可数名词，不能有复数形式。也可以用there is difficulty(or trouble) in doing sth.表达相同的意思。
There was little difficulty in finding him.
3) keep (sb. or sth. ) busy doing sth.
该句型意为“使…一直忙着做某事”。需注意的是虽然busy with doing sth.和busy in doing sth.都是正确的，但考题中常考busy doing sth.句型。但如果busy后面跟的是名词，则要用busy with sth.。
We are busy preparing for the examination.
4) feel like doing sth.
该句型意为“想做某事”，且feel like后只能跟动名词，而不能跟动词不定式。此外，feel like后还可跟名词或代词，表示“想要某物”。
I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.
I feel like beer tonight
英语四级必备知识点 （1）*短语 1.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。 2.God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。 3.Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。 4.Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。 5.One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘，谬之千里。 6.Slow and steady wins the race.稳扎稳打无往而不胜。 7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。 8.Experience is the mother of wisdom.实践出真知。 9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.只工作不休息，聪明孩子也变傻。 10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。 11.More hasty,less speed.欲速则不达。
12.It's never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。 13.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。 14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。 15.Look before you leap.三思而后行。 16.Rome was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。 17.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。 18.well begun,half done.好的开始等于成功的一半。 19.It is hard to please all.众口难调。 20.Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不念。 21.Facts speak plainer than words.事实胜于雄辩。 22.Call back white and white back.颠倒黑白。 23.First things first.凡事有轻重缓急。 24.Ill news travels fast.坏事传千里。 25.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情。
妙招连连：100个句子背会四级单词 1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。 2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？ 3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。 4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued. 4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。 5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable. 5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。 6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse. 6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。 7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning. 7.简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。 8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。 9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
大学英语四级作文经典语句 综合运用篇 Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is that.... 随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。 As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes. 然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。（Hold different attitudes 持不同的看；Come up with 提出different attitudes 有不同的看法） As society develops, people are attaching much importance to.... 随着社会的发展，人们开始关注............ People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting 求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。 As to whether it is worthwhile ....., there is a long-running controversial debate. It i s quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitude s towards it. 关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。 In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma. 在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。 Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm tha t.... 最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。 The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the increas ingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to o ur attention. 人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。 ...... plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?" _______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是："我们该如何抉择？" Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges, 现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。 展现问题篇 问题的常用词：question, problem, issue Recently, the issue of ...... has been brought into public focus. 近来，_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。 Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have taken place in people's attitude towards some traditional practice. 现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很
大学英语四级完形填空 / 翻译常考部分固定搭配名词与介词的搭配 influence on对的影响 impact on对的影响 nothing but只有；只不过(=only) access to通往的路 answer to 的答案；的解决办法 solution to 的解决办法 barrier to 的障碍 (=obstacle to) comment on 对的评论 thanks to 由于 形容词与介词的搭配 1) 形容词与介词 with 的搭配 be busy with 忙于 be content with 对满意 be in sympathy with 赞同，同情 be satisfied with 对感到满意 be disappointed with sth. 对感到失望 be popular with sb. 受到某人的欢迎或喜欢 be patient with sb. 对某人有耐心 be fed up with sth.对极其厌倦(=be tired of sth.)
介词短语和短语介词 according to根据所说；按照 as for至于，就方面说 as to至于，关于 at all costs 不惜任何代价 at any cost 不惜任何代价 at the cost of 以为代价 at large完全地；详尽地 ahead of在前面，先于；胜过 at all events无论如何 at the expense of归付费 at ease自由自在；舒适，舒坦 with ease容易地 at any rate 无论如何；至少 at a speed of 以的速度 at full speed 以全速 at heart在内心里；实质上 动词短语 account for说明(原因等)；解释 take into account考虑；重视 accuse sb. of sth.控告(某人某事)(=charge sb. with sth.)
四级英语知识点总结 四级英语知识点总结 英语不像汉语可以有固定的形容过去与现在的词语，要想表达不同时间的内容就必须懂得时态的转换。英语中事情发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式，发生的方式可分为一般、过去、进行和完成进行四种形式。 将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下：一般、完成、进行、完成进行几种时态。下面我们为大家仔细总结了英语中常用的几种时态，希望对大家的考试有所帮助。 现在：现在一般时do、现在完成时have done、现在进行时is doing、现在完成进行时have been doing 过去：过去一般时did、过去完成时had done、过去进行时was doing、过去完成进行时had been doing 将来：将来一般时will do、将来完成时will have done、将来进行时will be doing、将来完成进行时will have been doing、过去将来：过去将来一般时would do、过去将来完成时would have done、过去将来进行时would be doing、过去将来完成进行时would have been doing 英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词：第三人称单数：does。
主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式 They have lived in Beijing for five years. 他们在北京已经住了5年了。 4、一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago be动词+行为动词的过去式，否定句式：在行为动词前加didnt，同时还原行为动词，或waswere+doing+其它 Beijing was hosting the 29th Olympic Games in August 2008. 在20xx年8月，北京正在举行29届奥运会。 6、过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 7、一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year等表示将来的时间状语连用。 am/are/is+going to+do 或will/shall+am/is/are/about to + do 、am/is/are to + do;
大学英语四级必背核心单词 1.alterv.改变，改动，变更 2.burstvi.n.突然发生，爆裂 3.disposevi.除掉；处置；解决；处理(of) 4.blastn.爆炸；气流vi.炸，炸掉 5.consumev.消耗，耗尽 6.splitv.劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的 7.spitv.吐（唾液等）；唾弃 8.spillv.溢出，溅出，倒出 9.slipv.滑动，滑落；忽略 10.slidev.滑落n.滑动；滑面；幻灯片 11.bacterian.细菌 12.breedn.种，品种v.繁殖，产仔 13.budgetn.预算v.编预算，作安排 14.candidaten.候选人 15.campusn.校园 16.liberala.慷慨的；丰富的；自由的 17.transformv.转变，变革；变换 18.transmitv.传播，播送；传递 19.transplantv.移植 20.transportvat.运输，运送n.运输，运输工具 21.shiftv.转移；转动；转变 22.varyv.变化，改变；使多样化23.vanishvi.消灭，不见 24.swallowv.吞下，咽下n.燕子 25.suspicionn.怀疑，疑心 26.suspiciousa.怀疑的，可疑的 https://www.doczj.com/doc/6612225397.html,da.温暖的，暖和的；温柔的，味淡的 28.tendera.温柔的；脆弱的 29.nuisancen.损害，妨害，讨厌（的人或事物） 30.insignificanta.无意义的；无价值的 31.acceleratevt.加速，促进 32.absolutea.绝对的，无条件的；完全的 33.boundaryn.分界线，边界 34.braken.刹车，制动器v.刹住（车） 35.catalogn.目录（册）v.编目 36.vaguea.模糊的，不明确的 37.vainn.徒劳，白费 38.extincta.绝灭的，熄灭的 39.extraordinarya.不平常的，非凡的 40.extremea.极度的n.极端，过分 41.agentn.代理人，代理商；动因，原因 42.alcoholn.含酒精的饮料，酒精 43.appealn./vi.呼吁，恳求 44.appreciatevt.重视，赏识，欣赏 45.approvev.赞成，同意，批准 46.stimulatevt.刺激，激励
英语四级考试必备基础语法知识 动词时态 1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束. I’ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ve been sitting in the garden. 2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some tim e when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years. 4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. 动词语态 可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如: He was said to be jealous of her success. It was said that he was jealous of her success. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态 双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
英语四级考试的考点有哪些 一、语法部分考查重点 1 、虚拟语气的考点为： would rather＋that从句＋一般过去时； It is vital／necessary／important／urgent ／imperative ／desirable ／advisable ／natural ／essential ＋that ＋（ should ）动词原形； proposal ／suggestion ＋that ＋动词原形； It is time／about time／high time＋that＋一般过去时； lest ＋that ＋should ＋动词原形； if only＋that＋would＋动词原形。 2 、状语从句的考点为： 非if 引导的条件状语从句，此类句子多用at times ，provided ，so long as ，in case ，once 等来替代if ； 由 even if ／so，now that ，for all 等引导的让步状语从句； just ／hardly...when引导的时间状语从句；more than ，as...as，not so much as，the same as，as much as等引导的比 较状语从句。 3 、独立主格结构：多以逻辑主语＋分词的形式出现。 4 、情态动词：多与完成时形式连用。
5、定语从句：重点考查介词＋关系代词（which）和 as 作为关系代词。 二、词汇部分考查重点 1、动词、名词与介词的搭配如： popular ／patient ＋with ；yield ／s olution ／adapt ／transfer ／access ＋to ；accuse／require ＋ of ；charge ＋for ；under ＋discussion等等。 2、习惯用法如： confess to ／set about ／be used to ＋doing ；be supposed to ／have／make sb．＋ do 等。 3、由同一动词构成的短语如：come，go，set ，break 等构成的短语。 4、单个的动词，抽象名词，形容词和副词多以近义词、同义词 的形式出现。 5、介词短语在句中作状语如：in terms of ；with the exception of ；in vain 等，另外还应注意rather than ，other than ，such as，none／nothing ＋but 等词在考题中的出现。 三、英语四级重要词组 1.abide by(=be faithful to ; obey) 忠于；遵守。 2. be absent from . 缺席，不在 3. absence of mind(=being absent-minded) 心不在焉 4. absorb(=take up the attention of) 吸引的注意力 ( 被动语态 )be absorbed i n全神贯注于近be engrossed in ; be lost in ; be rapt in ;be concentrated on ; be focused on ; be centered
100个句子背会大学英语四级单词
妙招连连：100个句子背会四级单词 1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn. 1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。 2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century. 2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？ 3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions. 3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤
圾处理的需求就会越大。 7. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one's meaning. 7.简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。 8. With modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors. 8.随着现代办公室的日益自动化，设计师们正试图利用较为温暖而不太严肃的内部装饰来使其具有亲切感。 9. The difference between libel and slander is that libel is printed while slander is spoken.
四六级写作、翻译必背句型 学习步骤和方法：一看二译三比四背 （一）理解并重点掌握其中的常用表达（划线部分） （二）做汉译英练习，即在不看英文的前提下把中文翻译成英语； （三）将自己的译句与原句对照； （四）默写并口头背诵英语原句 特别提醒： 最好要制订进度计划，即具体每天理解和背诵多少个新句，复习多少个旧句。 1. According to a recent survey, each year four million people die from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。 2. The latest surveys show that quite a lot of students have unpleasant associations with homework. 最近的调查显示相当多的学生对家庭作业没什么好感。 3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。 4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation. 人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。 5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation. 越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。 6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifelong course. 说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终身的过程。 7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person's physical fitness. 许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。 8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and great efforts should be made to protect local environment from the harmful effects of international tourism. 应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境不受国际旅游业的不利影响。 9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrant workers will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrant workers have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution. 越来越多的专家相信民工对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。 10. Many citizens complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time (in) waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers. 许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。 11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it. 无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。 12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement. 一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。
英语专业四级写作必备名言谚语 个人修养类 道德爱情 1. A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛照亮别人，燃烧了自己。 2. A fair death honors the whole life. 死得其所，流芳百世。 3. A fox may grow gray, but never good. 江山易改，本性难移。 4. Ambition is the germ from which all growth of nobleness proceeds. 抱负是一切高 尚操行的萌芽。 5. A good conscience is a soft pillow. 不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门。 6. A good fame is better than a good face. 美名胜过美貌。 7. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 8. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。 9. A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams. (J. Barrymore) 只要一个人还有追求，他就没有老。直到后悔 取代了梦想，一个人才算老。（ J·巴里摩尔） 10. A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。 11. All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的不一定都是金子。 12. Beauty lies in the lover ’ s eyes.情人眼里出西施。 13. Do as you would be done by. 己所不欲，勿施于人。 14. Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。（行动胜于言语。） 15. Don ’ t try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs. 不要班门弄斧。 16. Friendship is like earthenware: once broken, it can be mended; love is like a mirror: once broken, that ends it. (Josh Billings ， American humorist) 友谊就像陶器，破了可以修补；爱情好比镜子，一旦打破就难重圆。（美国幽默作家乔什·比林斯） 17. Friendship is love without his wings. (George Gordon Byron, British poet) 友谊是没有羽翼的爱。（英国诗人 G· G·拜伦） 18. Handsome is he who does handsomely. 行为漂亮才算美。 19. Hasty love, soon cold. 一见钟情难持久。 20. He is not fit to command others that cannot command himself. 正人先正己。 21. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. 脚踏两条船，必定落空。 22. Love cannot be compelled. 爱情不能强求。 23. Love is never without jealousy. 没有妒忌就没有爱情。 24. Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。 25. On earth there is nothing great but man; in the man there is nothing great but mind. (A. Hamilton)地球上唯一伟大的是人，人身上唯一伟大的是心灵。（ A·哈密尔顿）? 理想现实 1. Complacency is the enemy of study. 学习的敌人是自满。 2. A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 3. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. （Alexander Dumas, French writer) 生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。（法国作家亚历山大·大仲马) 4. An aim in life is the only fortune worth finding.(Robert Louis Stevenson ) 生活的目标，是唯一值得寻找的财富。（ R· L·史蒂文森）
大学英语四级复习全攻略 如果你的目标不是冲刺满分，而是在尽可能短的时间里尽 可能提高成绩，那么以下的这些我们在教学和培训中的经验 技巧相信对你都会很有借鉴意义的！ 单词——现在背也不晚 在接下来这段时间性里，如果你用一周左右的时间每天 花出一段固定的时间来大量地强攻单词 (主要应是那些在四级考纲中而不在高中考试范围内的四级“高难词” )，这样你的收获的不仅是阅读和听力的提高，更重要的是对自己的信 心！当然这时候背单词，认识它就行了，不必知道它怎么拼 写，因为即使我们知道了四级新词的意思，把它用在作文中 的可能还是很小。另外有几个针对四级阅读的单词非常重 要，大家一定要注意： positive( 肯定的 )， negative( 否定的 ) ，neutral (中立的 )， indifferent (漠不关心的 )， optimistic (乐观的)，pessimistic (悲观的 )，这几个表明作者态度的词 经常在阅读理解题的选项中出。 听力——反复听真题 要想在短时间内提高听力，最好的办法就是多听。在这 不到一个月的时间里，不用听太多的辅导材料，找来历年真 题的听力，反复听，把握出题的思路和录音的语速、语调。 尽力培养英语思维如果你在听听力时习惯于将每个单 词和句子翻译成汉语，这既浪费时间，也影响理解，因为两 种语言的结构和思维不尽相同，在短暂的15 秒钟内，既要听，又要理解、翻译，还要进行综合判断，很不容易做到，
语思维，不但可以节约时间还可以提高理解力。 1
尝试听前预测四级听力理解从开始播放题头音乐到正 式开始做题之前，大约有 2 分钟的时间。因此，大家可以充分利用这段时间去阅读试卷上各题的选择项，尽量争取在这 2 分钟内多看几道题的选项，这样就可以做到听前预测。当 然在听的时候也要避免因为过分注重每个单词而影响对全篇 中心思想的理解。听前预测还要有一定的客观依据，即话题 所使用的词语的范围，这种内容越具体范围就越窄。这样我 们就可以通过阅读选项推测听力材料可能涉及到什么题材和 它的内容。 力求快速标出答案如果遇到难题，要当机立断，千万不 要在一道题上花太多的时间。尽量余下几秒时间以便浏览下 一题的选择项。通过再次浏览，我们基本上可以预测出所提 问题的大致方向，从而可使自己在听力测试中处于主动地位 。 阅读——拿高分的好方法 我现在总结出一条超级简单的阅读得高分的办法： 快速阅读文章速度大约为 200 字 /分钟。重点是掌握文章大意及每一段大概讲什么。因此，第一段和每一段的首句要 仔细阅读。 做题不要凭印象本找的关键是每一道题必须回到原文 中找到出处 -也就是能够证明这道题正确答案的部分， 千万不要凭印象，凭经验。 不用花时间复查有人要说，你这个“老办法”太老了，根本无用。请注意，以前我亦有同感，但是当我不折不扣的照 此执行，发现效果其佳。一般 40 分的阅读理解， 32 分不成问题，所以也建议你不妨一试。
大学英语四级必背核心单词.改变，改动，变更 突然发生，爆裂 .除掉；处置；解决；处理(of) .爆炸；气流vi.炸，炸掉 .消耗，耗尽 .劈开；割裂；分裂a.裂开的 .吐（唾液等）；唾弃 .溢出，溅出，倒出 .滑动，滑落；忽略 .滑落n.滑动；滑面；幻灯片 .细菌 .种，品种v.繁殖，产仔 .预算v.编预算，作安排 .候选人 .校园 .慷慨的；丰富的；自由的 .转变，变革；变换 .传播，播送；传递 .移植 .运输，运送n.运输，运输工具.转移；转动；转变 .变化，改变；使多样化.消灭，不见 .吞下，咽下n.燕子 .怀疑，疑心 .怀疑的，可疑的 .温暖的，暖和的；温柔的，味淡的.温柔的；脆弱的 .损害，妨害，讨厌（的人或事物）.无意义的；无价值的 .加速，促进 .绝对的，无条件的；完全的 .分界线，边界 .刹车，制动器v.刹住（车） .目录（册）v.编目 .模糊的，不明确的 .徒劳，白费 .绝灭的，熄灭的 .不平常的，非凡的 .极度的n.极端，过分 .代理人，代理商；动因，原因 .含酒精的饮料，酒精 ./vi.呼吁，恳求 .重视，赏识，欣赏 .赞成，同意，批准 .刺激，激励
.取得，获得；学到 .完成，到达；实行 .网状物；广播网，电视网；网络.潮汐；潮流 .整洁的，整齐的 .追踪，找到n.痕迹，踪迹 ./vt.拷打，折磨 .漫游，闲逛 .蜡 .织，编 .保护，保存，保持，维持 .滥用，虐待；谩骂 .学术的；高等院校的；研究院的.（高等）专科院校；学会 .电池（组） .障碍；棚栏 .（船、飞机等装载的）货物 .生涯，职业 .船舶；容器，器皿；血管 .垂直的 .迫使，责成；使感激 .阴暗，模糊 .程度，范围，大小，限度 .外部，外表a.外部的，外表的.外部的，外表的，外面的 .汽油 .石油 ./n.推迟，延误，耽搁 .腐烂，腐朽 .像样的，体面的 .路；路线；航线 .毁坏，破坏n.毁灭，[pl.]废墟 .缘故，理由 .卫星 .大小，规模；等级；刻度 .庙宇 .乏味道，单调的， .易于，趋向 .趋向，趋势 .极端的，最大的，最终的n.极端 .经历，遭受 .丰富的，充裕的，大量的 .收养；采用；采纳 .适应，适合；改编，改写vt.使适应.学士，学士学位；单身汉 .偶然的，碰巧的；临时的；非正式的.陷阱，圈套v.设陷阱捕捉 .空的，未占用的
关于英语四级优秀句子带翻译 【篇一】关于英语四级优秀句子带翻译 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说... it goes without saying that 子句 =(it is) needless to say (that)子句 =it is obvious that 子句 =obviously, s. + v. 例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 it goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. ……是不可能的，无法…… there is no ving =there is no way of ving. =there is no possibility of ving. =it is impossible to v. =it is out of the question to v. =no one can v. =we cannot v. 例：不可否认，成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 there is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信……
i am greatly convinced (that)子句 =i am greatly assured (that)子句 例：我深信预防是于治疗。 i am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种……之中 among various kinds of ..., ... =of all the ..., ... 例：在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 among various kinds of sports, i like jogging in particular. 5. ……是很容易证明的 it can be easily proved (that)子句 例：时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 it can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. ……无论如何强调都不为过 ... cannot be overemphasized 例：交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. ……就我的看法……;我认为…… in my opinion, ...