专业英语
译文及原稿
译文题目：AT89C51的概况
原稿题目：The General Situation of AT89C51
原稿出处：
姓名张赫
学号201120110226
班级通信1102
AT89C51的概况
一、AT89C51的应用 (2)
1. 介绍 (2)
2. AT89C51提供以下标准功能： (3)
二、编程方法 (4)
1. 准备就绪/忙碌状态: (4)
2. 芯片擦除: (5)
3. 读片内签名字节: (5)
一、AT89C51的应用
单片机广泛应用于商业：诸如调制解调器，电动机控制系统，空调控制系统，汽车发动机和其他一些领域。这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合。然而，这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机高度可靠。强健的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险。Intel平台工程部门开发了一种面向对象的用于验证它的AT89C51汽车单片机多线性测试环境。这种环境的目标不仅是为AT89C51汽车单片机提供一种强健的测试环境，而且开发一种能够容易扩展并重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机的环境。开发的这种环境连接了AT89C51。本文讨论了这种测试环境的设计和原理，它的和各种硬件/软件环境部件的交互性，以及如何使用AT89C51。
1.介绍
8位AT89C51CHMOS工艺单片机被设计用于处理高速计算和快速输入/输出。MCS51单片机典型地应用于高速事件控制系统。商业应用包括调制解调器、电动机控制系统、打印机、影印机、空调控制系统、磁盘驱动器和医疗设备。汽车工业把MCS51单片机用于发动机控制系统，悬挂系统和反锁制动系统。AT89C51尤其很好适用于得益于它的处理速度和增强型片的外围功能集，诸如：汽车动力控制、车辆动态悬挂、反锁制动和稳定性控制应用。由于这些决定性应用，市场需要一种可靠的具有低干扰潜伏响应的成本-效益控制器、服务大量时间和事件驱动的在实时应用中需要的集成外围的能力，具有在单一程序包中高出平均处理功率的中央处理器。拥
有操作不可预测的设备的经济和法律风险是很高的。一旦进入市场，尤其在任务决定性应用诸如自动驾驶仪或反锁制动系统中，错误将是财力上所禁止的。重新设计的费用可以高达500K美元，如果产品族享有同样内核和/或外围设计缺陷的话，费用会更高。另外，部件的替代品领域是极其昂贵的，因为设备要用来把模块典型地焊接成一个总体的价值比各个部件高几倍。为了缓和这些问题，在最坏的环境和电压条件下对这些单片机进行无论在部件级别还是系统级别上的综合测试是必需的。Intel Chandler平台工程组提供了各种单片机和处理器的系统验证。这种系统的验证处理可以被分解为三个主要部分。系统的类型和应用需求决定了能够在设备上执行的测试类型。
2.AT89C51提供以下标准功能：
4千字节的FLASH (闪速存储器)、128字节的内部RAM（随机存取存储器）、32个I/O （输入/输出）接口线、2个16位定时/计数器、一个5向量两级中断结构、一个全双工串行通信口、片内振荡器及时钟电路。此外，AT89C51降至0Hz的静态逻辑操作，并支持两种可选的节电工作模式。空闲方式体制阻止CPU的工作，但允许RAM（随机存取存储器）、定时/计数器、串行通信口及中断系统继续运行。掉电方式保存RAM中的内容，但振荡器体制工作并禁止其他所有不见工作直到下一个硬件复位。
图1-2-1AT89C51方框图
二、编程方法
编程前，设置好地址、数据及控制信号，编程单元的地址加在P1口和P2口的P2.0—P2.3（11位地址范围为0000H——0FFFH），数据从P0口输入，引脚P2.6、P2.7和P3.6、P3.7的电平设置见表6，PSEB 为低电平，RST保持高电平，EA/VPP 引脚是编程电源的输入端，按要求加上编程电压，ALE/PROG引脚输入编程脉冲（负脉冲）。编程时，可采用4—20MHz的时钟振荡器，89C51 编程方法如下：在地址线上加上要编程单元的地址信号在数据线上加上要写入的数据字节。激活相应的控制信号。在高电压编程方式时，将EA/VPP端加上+12V编程电压。每对Flash存储阵列写入一个字节或每写入一个程序加密位，加上一个ALE/PROG编程脉冲。改变编程单元的地址和写入的数据，重复1—5步骤，知道全部文件编程结束。每个字节写入周期是自身定时的，通常约为1.5ms。·数据查询89C51单片机用数据查询方式来检测一个写周期是否结束，在一个写周期中，如需要读取最后写入的那个字节，则读出的数据的最高位（P0.7）是原来写入字节的最高
位的反码。写周期开始后，可在任意时刻进行数据查询。
1.准备就绪/忙碌状态:
字节编程的进度可通过Ready/Busy输出信号检测。编程期间，ALE变为高电平“H”后，P3.4（Ready/Busy）端被拉低，表示正在编程状态（忙状态）。编程完成后，P3.4变为高电平，表示准备就绪状态。
·程序校验：如果加密位LB1、LB2没有进行编程，则可通过地址和数据线读回原编写的代码数据。密码位不能直接被确认，而是通过观察它们的特征实现密码位的确认。采用下图的电路，程序存储器的地址由P1口和P2口的P2.0—P2.3输入，数据由P0口读出，P206、P2.7和P3.6、P3.7的控制信号见表6，PSEN保持低电平，ALE、EA和RST保持高电平。校验时，P0口必须接上10k左右的上拉电阻。
图2-1-1编程电路图2-2-2校验电路
2.芯片擦除:
利用控制信号的正确组合(表6)并保持ALE/PROG引脚10ms的低电平脉冲宽度即可将EPROM阵列(4千字节)和三个加密位整片擦除，代码阵列在片擦除操作中将任何非空单元写入“1”，这步骤需在编程之前进行。
3.读片内签名字节:
89C51单片机内有3个签名字节，地址为030H、031H和032H，用于声明该器件的厂商、号和编程电压。读签名字节的过程和单元030H、031H和032H的正常校验相仿，只需要将P3.6和P3.7保持低电平。返回值意义如下：
(030H) = 1EH声明产品由ATMEL公司制造。
(031H) = 51H声明为89C51单片机。
(032H) = FFH声明为12V编程电压。
(032H) = 05H声明为5编程电压。
The General Situation of AT89C51
1、The application of AT89C51 (5)
1.1 Introduction (6)
1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: (7)
2.Programming Algorithms (8)
2.1 Ready/Busy: (8)
2.2 Chip Erase: (9)
2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes: (9)
1、The application of AT89C51
Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applications such as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and among others. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The high reliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Platform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for the AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which can be easily extended and reused for the validation of several other future microcontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction with Microsoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with various hardware/software environmental components, and how to use AT89C51.
1.1 Introduction
The 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOS microcontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51 microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems, motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in engine-control systems, airbags, suspension systems, and antilock braking systems (ABS). The AT89C51 is especially well suited to applications that benefit from its processing speed and enhanced on-chip peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicle dynamic suspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications. Because of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, ability to service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPU with above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lock braking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix
means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the same core and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components are extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV) of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.
1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features:
4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Figure 1-2-1 Block Diagram
2.Programming Algorithms
Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up according to the Flash programming mode table and Figure 3 and Figure 4. To program the AT89C51, take the following steps.1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.2. Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines. 3. Activate the correct combination of control signals. 4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode. 5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 Ms. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the object file is reached. Data Polling: The AT89C51 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the complement of the written datum on PO.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data are valid on all outputs, and the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.
2.1 Ready/Busy:
The progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. P3.4 is pulled low after ALE goes high during programming to indicate BUSY. P3.4 is pulled high again when programming is done to indicate READY.
Program Verify:
If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed, the programmed code data can be read back via the address and data lines for verification. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.
Figure 2-1-1 Programming the Flash Figure 2-2-2 Verifying the Flash
2.2 Chip Erase:
The entire Flash array is erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding ALE/PROG low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s. The chip erase operation must be executed before the code memory can be re-programmed.
2.3 Reading the Signature Bytes:
The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 030H, 031H, and 032H, except that P3.6 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows:
(030H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel
(031H) = 51H indicates 89C51
(032H) = FFH indicates 12V programming
(032H) = 05H indicates 5V programming
下面的范文中有很多错误，请找出形容词与副词的混淆、冠词的遗漏和误用、介词和代词的误用等错误，并检查句子的完整性、单词拼写、主谓的一致性、动词和现在分词是否混淆、复数形式、动词的时态、词汇选择、词性、单词的顺序等问题。 (几乎每个句子都有错误) An university education is a goal of many high school students. Some students want to go into a profession that requires an university degree. But there are other professions that do not require a degree, but require certification from a technological college. The reasons why students make decisions to go to technical college instead of university probably have a lot to do with their choice of career, their own academic abilities and their financial situation. First of all, students make their choices for post-secondary education based on the fields that interest them. A student who is interested in medicine might decide to university, into a pre-med program to prepare to become a doctor, or they might go to nursing school or a nursing program in a technical college. Some career choices offer a choice of educational route. The university route is usually more intense and takes longer. For example, an interior designer might take a one or two year program at a college, or choose to do the degree program as a part of the architectural department at a university. Other career choices involve certification that is available at a college, like broadcast journal or
浅谈中国菜名的翻译 我国悠久的历史和广袤的国土孕育了中国独特的烹饪艺术和丰富的饮食文化。我们国家也以几千年的饮食文化文明于世。随着我国经济飞速发展，与国外交流日益增多，餐饮业也面临着走向世界的机遇和挑战。中国菜名是汉语语汇中承载中国文化最多的语汇之一, 不仅承载着几千年来的中国饮食文化, 还承载着大量的非饮食文化, 如神话、民俗、历史、文学、宗教信仰等等, 在菜名所传达的表层语义背后有着更为深厚复杂的多元文化元素。同时由于饮食与文化的密切联系，这些都大大增大了翻译的难度。 1.首先我们来看一下一些我们常见的错误翻译 长期以来，菜名的翻译没有统一的标准，加上译者水平有限和地域差异，并不了解菜式的内涵，致使很多菜名的翻译让人感到不知所云。比如口水鸡slobbering chicken、童子鸡chicken without sexual life、夫妻肺片the couple’s lung 等，这翻译让外国人看了都吓跑了，哪里还有食欲吃饭呢？再如东坡肉poet Dongpo’s braised pork，东坡肉是用蒸的方法做出来的，所以这里应该为Poet Dongpo’s steamed pork 而不是用braised；“鱼香肉丝”较常见的有两种译法，另外也有人译为shredded pork with garlic sauce，前者译法为直译，后者加了简单的解释，虽然看似简单易懂，很直观，但是译者没有弄清楚此菜的配料，川菜口味浓重，很多菜肴的配料都是少不了“川菜之魂”郫县豆瓣酱，鱼香肉丝正是用到此配料，是不用所谓的大蒜酱，所以后者翻译存在误的地方；水煮鱼，也是川菜中的代表作，又麻又辣，有译者翻译为tender stewed fish，这个译法不够全面，应该在后面加上in chili sauce；夫妻肺片译为pork lungs in chili sauce，这个译法的译者应该不明白此菜的来历和主料，夫妻肺片根本不是用猪肺做成的，而且和肺一点都不沾边，此菜的主料都是用牛内脏，所以这个译发讲不通。对于以上的翻译错误我们不能只是一笑而过，我们应该感受到菜名翻译的难度，从而思考怎样才能更好的翻译来达到最佳的效果。
专业英语大作业 一：英译汉 翻译范围TCP/IP Illustrated, V olume 1: The Protocols 5.1~5.5 15.1~15.2 第5章RARP：逆地址解析协议 5.1简介 5.2 RARP报文格式 5.3 RARP示例 5.4 RARP服务的设计 5.5小结 练习 5.1简介 一个拥有本地磁盘的系统通常是从磁盘文件读取配置文件中获取其IP地址。但一个没有磁盘的系统，如X终端或无盘工作站，需要一些其它方式去获得其IP地址。 每个系统在网络上都有一个唯一的硬件地址，由网络接口的制造商分配。 RARP的原则是无盘系统从接口卡上读取其独特的硬件地址，并发送RARP请求（网络上的广播帧）要求别人对无盘系统的IP地址（使用RARP回应）进行应答。 虽然这个概念很简单，执行往往比ARP更难，在本章后面会描述其原因。 RARP的正式规范是RFC 903。 5.2 RARP报文格式 RARP报文的格式几乎与ARP报文是相同的（图4.3）。唯一的区别是，RARP 的请求或应答帧类型为0×8035，并且在操作层RARP请求值为3、RARP应答值为4。 图4-3 ARP在网络上请求与应答报文的格式 与ARP一样，RARP服务器请求是广播和RARP应答通常是单播。 5.3 RARP示例 在我们的网络，我们可以强制sun主机从网络引导，而不是它的本地磁盘。 如果我们在主机bsdi上运行RARP服务器和tcpdump，我们得到如图5.1所示的输出。我们使用-e参数去标记tcpdump的打印硬件地址：
图5.1 RARP请求和应答。 该RARP请求是广播（1号线）的，第2行的RARP应答是单播的。第2行的输出，“at sun”,意味着RARP应答包含了主机sun（140.252.13.33）的IP地址。 在第3行，我们看到，一旦sun接收其IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP读请求（RRQ）的文件8CFCOD21.SUN4C。（TFTP是简单文件传输协议，我们在第15章进行详细描述）。在文件名中的8个十六进制数字是sun主机的IP地址140.252.13.33的十六进制表示形式。这是在RARP应答中返回的IP地址。该文件名的其余部分，后缀SUN4C表示系统正在引导的类型。 Tcpdump表示第3行是一个长度为65的IP数据报，而不是一个UDP数据报（实际上它确实是），因为我们运行tcpdump命令使用-e参数，看硬件级别的地址。另一点，在图5.1要注意的是在第2行的以太网帧的长度似乎比最小较短（我们所说的是在4.5节60字节）。原因是我们的系统，该系统上运行的tcpdump 发送该以太网帧（BSDI）。该应用程序rarpd，写42字节到BSD分组过滤器装置（14字节的以太网报头和28字节的RARP应答），这是什么的tcpdump收到的副本。但以太网设备驱动程序垫这个短帧的最小尺寸为传输（60 ）。如果我们在另一个系统上已经运行的tcpdump ，长度会是60。 我们可以看到在这个例子，当这种无盘系统接收在RARP应答它的IP地址，它会发出一个TFTP请求来读取一个引导映像。在这一点上，我们不会进入其他详细介绍无盘系统是如何引导自己。（第16章介绍了使用RARP ，BOOTP和TFTP无盘X终端的引导顺序。） 图5.2表示出了如果有在网络上没有RARP服务器所得到的数据包。每个数据包的目的地址为以太网的广播地址。以太网地址跟随的是目标硬件地址，并按照发送端的硬件地址发送。
全国农业推广硕士专业英语作业题 Part One Vocabulary and Structure Fill in the balnks with words or expressions chosen from the following list. Change the form where necessary. speculate specify commitment despite desirable access contribution adolescent banish inhabitant identify frustration impact sanction impressive hit upon switch correspond to obligation various 1、The U.N would impose economic against the offending nations or government. 2、The boys and girls are fond of behaving differently from seniors. 3、I a satisfactory explanation. 4、Man on the origin of the universe since the beginning og the human history. 5、You can from your mind the idea of holding a party during
the examination week. 6、The company that we would have one subject to another. 7、The American Congree the British Parliament. 8、We are trying to find some people who have a real sense of to the job. 9、the sandstorm, the Johnsons drove to the xilla to celebrate their 25th anniversary of marriage. 10、You are under no to pay for goods which you did not order. 11、Men still hold the vast majority of the least- or modt-dangerous jobs, such as loggers and miners. 12、He doesn’t expect to see changes overnight. 13、Students must have to good books.
电大资源网《人文英语（2）》形成性考核册参考资料 《人文英语（2）》是国家开放大学 2017 年春季新开的课程之一，对国家开放大学的文科专业学生进行统一考试。该资料对学生完成学习任务起着一定的辅助作用。电大资源网还有国家开放大学其他课程的参考资料，可以参考。 注：本科目已按字母排版整理成期末考试小抄 作业 1 一、交际用语（每小题 2 分，共 10 分） 1-5 题：选择正确的语句完成下列对话，并将答案序号写在题前括号内。 1.-Would you like me to help you make a plan for the summer vacation? B - . A.No, I already have my plans. B.I’d love to, but I’m busy today. C.I’m ill, so I shouldn’t go out. 2.-Can I take your order, madam? A - . A.Yes. I’d like an Italian soup to start with. B.Yes, it’s as quiet as we expected. C.No, the price’s reasonable. 3.-What are you going to do in the 2022 Winter Olympics? B - . A.Yes, I have been there. B.I’m going to be a volunteer. C.I am traveling abroad. 4.-I’d like to invite you to my birthday party on Saturday evening. A - . A.Thank you for your invitation. B.I don’t want to join your party. C.I did not go to the party that night. 5.-Do you think you are the suitable person for this position? C - . A.I’m not sure if I will be here for the task. B.I don’t think Xiao Ming is the right person to count on. C.Yes. I’m hard working and I think I am suitable for this position. 二、选择填空（每小题 2 分，共 30 分） 6-20 题：阅读下面的句子，从 A、B、C 三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项，并将答案序号写在题前括号内。 6.I think I am C for this position. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6614180047.html,plete B. confident C. competent 7. A successful cover letter will make a great B. A.progress B. impression C. contribution 8.Will the AIDS patients benefit A the new drug? A.from B. by C. of 9.You can B some bottles of wine, or some chocolates, or a bunch of flowers. A. bring up B. bring along C. bring down 10.I’m A because there are so many options. I can’t make a decision. A.puzzled B. excited C. depressed 11.If there is any change about the time of the meeting, please notify us C. A.in time B. on time C. in advance 12.There must be something wrong with my computer，C there? A.mustn’t B. needn’t C. isn’t
桂林理工大学土木与建筑工程学院 土木工程专业英语外文翻译，中文翻译 姓名：马凤志 专业：土木应用 班级：10级9班 学号：3100510939
原文
中文翻译 The Influence of Concrete Compaction on the Strength of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes 压实混凝土对混凝土强度的影响 Lin-Hai Han School of Civil Engineering, Harbin University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Haihe Road 202, PO Box 689, Harbin 150090, P.R. China 韩林海，哈尔滨建筑大学，土木与建筑工程学院，海河路202号，邮政信箱，689，哈尔滨，150090 中国 ABSTRACT: Tests on twenty-one concrete filled steel tubes to investigate the influence of compaction methods on the strength of concrete filled steel tubular members are reported. 摘要：测试二十一钢管混凝土试验，研究了钢管对混凝土构件强度压实方法的影响报告。 Two parameters were investigated, including slenderness ratio and load eccentricity. 对两个参数进行研究，包括长细比和荷载偏心。 It was found that better compaction of concrete resulted in higher values of the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel
《自动化专业英语》翻译大作业 所选文字出处：选自论文《PLC的发展和应用》 班级：学号：姓名：成绩： PLC全名为可编程控制器，定义是种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境应用而设计的，主要结构由电源，中央处理单元，存储器，输入输出接口电路，功能模块，通信模块组成。PLC具有通用性强、使用方便、适应面广、抗干扰性强、编程简单等特点，在军事、国防、航空航天、交通、工业生产中的地位，在可预见的将来中是无法取代的。PLC有很多流派，我国的PLC研发、生产和应用发展很快，尤其在应用方面更为突出。 PLC的发展历程和主要流派 在工业生产过程中，大量的开关量顺序控制，它按照逻辑条件进行顺序动作，并按照逻辑关系进行连锁保护动作的控制，及大量离散量的数据采集。传统上，这些功能是通过气动或电气控制系统来实现的。1968年美国GM（通用汽车）公司提出取代继电气控制装置的要求，第二年，美国数字公司研制出了基于集成电路和电子技术的控制装置，首次采用程序化的手段应用于电气控制，这就是第一代可编程序控制器，称Programmable Controller（PC）。个人计算机（简称PC）发展起来后，为了方便，也为了反映可编程控制器的功能特点，可编程序控制器定名为Programmable Logic Controller（PLC），现在，仍常常将PLC简称PC。PLC的定义有许多种。国际电工委员会（IEC）对PLC的定义是：可编程控制器是一种数字运算操作的电子系统，专为在工业环境下应用而设计。它采用可编程序的存贮器，用来在其内部存贮执行逻辑运算、顺序控制、定时、计数和算术运算等操作的指令，并通过数字的、模拟的输入和输出，控制各种类型的机械或生产过程。可编程序控制器及其有关设备，都应按易于与工业控制系统形成一个整体，易于扩充其功能的原则设计。上世纪80年代至90年代中期，是PLC发展最快的时期，年增长率一直保持为30~40%。在这时期，PLC在处理模拟量能力、数字运算能力、人机接口能力和网络能力得到大幅度提高，PLC逐渐进入过程控制领域，在某些应用上取代了在过程控制领域处于统治地位的DCS系统。在世界上200多家PLC厂商，400多品种的PLC产品大体可以按地域分成三个流派：一个流派是美国产品，一个流派是欧洲产品，还有一个流派是日本产品。同一地区的产品相互借鉴的比较多，相互影响比较大，技术参透比较深，面临的主要市场相同，拥护要求接近，这一切就使得同一地域的PLC产品表现出比较多的相似性。美国PLC技术的形成与欧洲PLC技术的形成是在相互隔离的情况下，独自研究开发获得的，因此美国的PLC产品与欧洲的PLC产品常表现出来明显的差异性。日本的PLC技术是由美国引进的，因此日本的产品对美国的产品有一定的继承性。世界上比较先进的PLC生产厂家有德国的的西门子、日本的三菱、美国的A-B公司等等。
1、A VPN is physically public but virtually private 2、Set is a secure protocol jointly designed by Mastercard and Visa with the backing of Microsoft, Netscape, IBM, GTE, SAIC, and other companies. 3、 The physical components of a computer are collectively called hardware 4、The term payment card refers to Credit card 、Charge card 5、The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,are being developed and perfected now. 6、In the future, we may eliminate the needs for physical money.Indeed ,we would exchange digital cash For goods and services. 7、The basic input device on a small computer is a keyboard 8、You must have seen her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks. 9、The ability to store knowledge makes computers different from every other machine ever invented. 10、The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,are being developed and perfected now. 11、DigiCash or E-cash is an electronic payment system developed by Dr.David Chaum, who is widely regarded as an inventor of digital cash. 12、Transaction changed to your telephone bill are called E-charge payments 13、Smart cards are cards that look like credit cards, but store information on a microprocessor chip instead of magnetic strips. 14、https://www.doczj.com/doc/6614180047.html, is a free service that earns a profit on the transaction cost, which is money that is deposited in PayPal accounts 15、This ticket entitles you to a free meal in our new restaurant 16、Program that can destroy another computer’s programs are called viruses 17、Data and program instructions are stored in storage 18、Electronic wallets that store digital certificates are particularyly handy when you shop at a site that requests user authentication information. 19、The percentage of times an ad is clicked on based on the number of times it’s viewed is called CTR 20、The purpose of input device is to enter commands .、to input data
计算机专业英语作业答案（供参考） 计算机专业英语作业1 第1－3章作业一．( 词汇) (一)．(写出下列词组的汉语。) 1．（）中央处理器 2 标题栏 3．操作系统4．个人计算机 5．菜单栏6．桌面排版 7．电子表格8．硬盘 9．数据库10．光标 (二)．.(根据汉语写出相应的英语缩写。) 1．随机存储器2．只读存储器 3．传输控制协议P 4．数字视频光盘5．通用串行总线6．计算机辅助设计7．计算机辅助制造8．中央处理器 (三)．.(根据汉语写出相应的英语。) 1．键盘2．鼠标3．扫描仪 4．打印机5．输入6．输出 7．显示器8．存储器9．数据库 10．操作系统11．应用软件 12．字处理器13．网络浏览器 二．(T) (F).(判断正误。) 1．, . (√)
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2. b a 3. c 4 d a 0 1 5. e a 6. f 7. g 8. h a 9. i a 1．d 6. a 2．g 7．f 3．h 8. c 4．b 9. e 5．i 四．, . （从下面方框中选择合适的词或表达，以其适当的形式填空。） 1． () . , a . , . , , . , . 2. , , . , a a a , a , a , a . , , . a , , a . , 1-2-3 . a , a ( ) . 3.
Analog computers are analog devices. That is, they have continuous states rather than discrete numbered states. An analog computer can represent fractional or irrational values exactly, with no round-off. Analog computers are almost never used outside of experimental settings. 模拟计算机是模拟设备。也就是说，他们是连续状态而不是离散的有限状态。一个模拟计算机可以精确代表小数或无理数，没有舍入。模拟计算机几乎从不被使用在实验设置以外。 A processor typically contains an arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), control unit( including processor flags, flag register, or status register), internal buses, and sometimes special function units( the most common special function unit being a floating point unit for floating point arithmetic). 一个处理器通常包含一个算术/逻辑单元（运算器），控制单元(包括处理器标志，标志寄存器，或状态寄存器)，内部总线，有时特殊功能单元(最常见的特殊功能单元作为一个浮点单元用于浮点运算)。 CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Mainframe computers and minicomputers were CISC processors, with manufacturers competing to offer the most useful instruction sets. Many of the first two generations of microprocessors were also CISC. CISC代表复杂指令集计算机。大型计算机和小型计算机是CISC处理器，与制造商竞争提供最有用的指令集。微处理器的前两代中许多也是CISC。 Lesson 2 Supercomputer is a broad term for one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense mounts of mathematical calculations (number crunching). 超级计算机是一个广泛的术语，因为它是目前可用的最快的计算机之一。超级计算机是非常昂贵的，并且它被用于需要大量的数学计算（数字运算）的专门应用。 It is a midsize computer. In the past decade, the distinction between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstation. But in general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting up to 200 users simultaneously. 它是一个中型计算机。在过去的十年中，大的小型机和小的大型机之间的区别已经模糊，然而，有小的小型机和工作站之间的区别。但在一般情况下，一个小型机是一个能够同时支持多达200个用户的多处理系统。 Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution graphics screen, a large amount of RAM, built-in network support, and a graphical user interface. Most workstations also have a mass storage device such as disk drive, but a special type of workstation, called a diskless workstation, comes without a disk drive. 工作站一般都配有一个大的，高分辨率的图形屏幕，大量的内存，内置网络支持以及一个图形用户界面。大多数工作站也有一个大容量存储设备如磁盘驱动器，但是一种特殊类型的工作站，被称为无盘工作站，是不带磁盘驱动器的。
1、(5) Which of the following is not true? ADick stayed at a nice hotel in the center of the city. BDick didn't work on the first night of his arrival. CDick forgot to send his wife a telegram. DDick wanted to go back to his hotel in a taxi. 正确答案C 2、题目Reading comprehension 1(4) Who would send him the name and address of his hotel? AThe manager of his hotel. BThe police office. CThe taxi driver. DHis wife.
正确答案D 3、题目Reading comprehension 1(3)Where did Dick stay in New York? A In the center of the city. BIn a hotel. CIn a restaurant. DAt his friend's house. 正确答案B 4、题目Reading comprehension 1(2) Why did his wife want a telegram from him? ABecause she didn’t know his address yet
BBecause she wanted to go to New York, too CBecause she might send him another telegram DBecause she couldn't leave her husband by himself in New York. 正确答案A 5、1) Dick flew to New York because _________. Ahe went there for a holiday Bhe had work there Che went there for sightseeing D his home was there 正确答案B
1. 获取更多信息如摘要的格式和类别,请参考附上的“提交摘要说明”。 For more information such as the format and the categories of the abstract, please refer to the attached “Instructions for Submission of Abstracts”. 2. 随信寄上两份论文摘要和一份个人简历，请查收。请便中告知我是否有资格申请大会的资助。 We are enclosing two copies of paper and a resume, please check. Please inform me if there are eligible to apply for funding of the conference. 3.非常感谢你的信息和对GEC2004感兴趣。不幸的是我们对参与者不提供任何财务援助。对组织会议有很大帮助的人将会提供一些金融帮助,例如给主题演讲或教程,组织一个邀请会话等。 Thank you very much for your message and for your interest in GEC2004. Unfortunately we can’t offer any financial assistance for regular participants. There will be some financial help available only for people who give considerable help in organizing the conference, e.g. giving a keynote lecture or a tutorial, organizing an invited session, etc. 4. 感谢你的8月15日来信，邀请我去参加2003年1月25日至28日在密歇根州的Bellaire即将举行的“2003国际会议比较文学”。
专业英语翻译作业译文 1.科学家们认为，这样微弱的粒子正则轨道实际上是不存在的。的想法现在已被事实否定了。 2.虽然小行星很小很微弱，天文学家已经知道很多关于它们的大小，形状和组合物，通过使用各种直接和间接的技术。例如，它是已知的许多小行星的亮度的周期性变化。 3.随着疾病的进展，大肌肉也稳步增长疲软。如果不治疗，患者变得瘫痪有呼吸非常困难，并最终死亡。 4.将信息从计算机的一部分转移到另一个取决于电流进行了线。 5.只有两件事是天文观测----站立的地方和地方看需要。 6.太阳风严重扭曲地球磁场，把它拖了一个长长的尾巴。 7.使用计算机，我们组成了一系列的合成歌曲的混合自然音节为不同的模式。 8.苍头燕雀的显示，找出正确的声音模仿的本能，这表明本能学习鸟类作为他们发展他们的歌曲一样重要。 9.We know from the fossil record that our ancestors and other intelligent creatures,the australopithecines,branched off from an apelike creature 2.5 million to 3 million years ago ,and coexisted until the australopithecines died out a little less than a million years ago.Stone tools and other evidence at campsites that date form about 2,000,000 B.C.indicate that some form of australopithecine performed human activities ------ making tools,sharing food and working together. 我们知道从化石记录我们的祖先和其他智能生物，猿，分枝从远古的生物2500000到3000000年前，南方古猿和共存直到死了比一百万年前少了一点。石器和露营地，日期约2000000 b.c.表明某种形式的南方古猿表现人类活动------制作工具的其他证据，分享食物，一起工作。 10.properties of metals Metals are of great use to mankind because of their useful engineering properties. Strength is one of the important properties of metals .It enables them to resist external loads without incurring structural damages.Metals, possessing toughness, a property of absorbing considerable energy before fracture,bend rather than break. Another property of metals is elasticity.Because of their elasticity,metals subjected to an external load are distorted or stained, and return to their original dimensions when the load is released if the load is not too great. Ductility is the capacity of a metal to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking. That is why some metals, such as copper and aluminum, can be drawn erom a large into a smaller diameter of wire.
PART1: Reading How to quickly read an English paper? Metalworking Glossary Cutting Tool Engineering, November, 2000, 209-238 The metalworking glossary defines terms common to those who cut and grind metals and other materials. The terms are divided into 11 categories: 1.Manufacturing Definitions; 2.Machining Operations; 3.Machine Tools and Ancillary Equipment; 4.Cutting Tools and Related Terminology 5.Coolants, Lubricants, and Related Terminology 6.Accessories and Attachments; 7.Alloys, Coatings, Material Compositions, and Related Terminology; 8.Heat-treating and Special Processes; 9.Inspection, Measurement, and Quality Control; 10.Robotics and Automated Assembly; 11.Nontraditional Machining How to Make Use of the Linguistic Features of Scientific Papers (科技论文的语言特点) 1.Linguistic Style(语体) 科学技术领域，科技工作者的任务： 描述自然现象 分析自然现象产生的规律 研究自然现象应用于人类生产实践 的方法 表达所取得的成果及其应用 思维形式：概念、公式或公式化的概念 思维活动的语言表达：按照严格的逻辑程序导 出的判断和推理，科技文体具有抽象性、概念 性和高度的逻辑性 内容：写实 语言风格：准确严谨、合乎逻辑，非形象性(理 性)、客观性、无明显感情色彩、简洁明快。Literature 1.Conference paper 2.Journal paper 3.Lecture 4.Book (Dissertation or Thesis) 5.Report (News) 6.Manual and Specification Paper and Experimental Report: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Results and Analysis, Conclusion and Discussion Book & Lecture: Title, Author(s), Name of the process or publisher, Name of the printing House, Name of the distributor, Date of publication, Date of printing, Synopsis, Note by the publisher, International Standard Book Number, Preface or Foreword, Acknowledgements, Contents, Text of the book, Appendix or Supplement, Index, Epilogue Manual and Instructions, Directions: Principle, Operation, Maintenance 2.Vocabulary Typically Professionalized Terms Whenever a force acts on a body so as to make the body move through some distance, it is said to have done work. Body n. 身体, 肉体, 人, 尸体, 主要部分, 团体, 大量vt. 赋以形体 机械专业n. 车身,机身