第一章绪论
A.Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration.
1. linguistics
2. langue
3. parole
4. arbitrariness
5. displacement
6. language
7. design features 8. performance 9. competence 10. semantics
B.Fill in each blank with one word.
1.Linguistics is the scientific study of ＿＿＿.
2.In professional usage, the ＿＿＿is a scholar who studies language objectively,
observing it scientifically, recording the facts of language, and generalizing from them.
3.When the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of use, it
becomes another branch of linguistic study called ＿＿＿.
4.The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society from the
core of the branch is called ＿＿＿.
5.If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is ＿＿
＿.
6.The branch of study related to sounds is called ＿＿＿.
7.＿＿＿relates the study of language to psychology. Modern linguistics carried out in
the century is mostly ＿＿＿, it differs from the linguistic study normally known as “grammar”.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/665889753.html,nguage refers to the ＿＿＿linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.
9.Chomsky defines ＿＿＿as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language and
＿＿＿of the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
10.Five of the design features of human language are ＿＿＿, ＿＿＿, ＿＿＿, ＿＿＿,
＿＿＿.
C.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
1.The study of language as a whole is often called ＿＿＿.
A. general linguistics
B. sociolinguistics
C. psycholinguistics
D. applied linguistics
2.The study of language meaning is called ＿＿＿.
A. syntax
B. morphology
C. semantics
D. pragmatics
3.The description of a language at some point in time is a ＿＿＿.
A. diachronic
B. synchronic
C. descriptive
D. prescriptive
4.＿＿＿made the distinction between langue and parole.
A. Chomsky
B. Sapir
C. Hall
D. Saussure
5.Which of the following isn’t the design features of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Performance
C. Duality
D. Displacement
6.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of some practical
problems, the study of such applications is known as ＿＿＿.
A. anthropological linguistics
B. computational linguistics
C. applied linguistics
D. mathematical linguistics
7.＿＿＿refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.
A. Parole
B. Langue
C. Speech
D. Writing
8.The definition “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of
communicat ing ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”
was proposed by ＿＿＿.
A. Sapir
B. Hall
C. Chomsky
D. Bloomfield
9.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good
illustration of the ＿＿＿nature of language.
A. arbitrariness
B. productivity
C. duality
D. cultural transmission
10.Which of the following isn’t a major branch of linguistics?
A. Phonology
B. Syntax
C. Pragmatics
D. Speech
D.Indicate the following statements true or false.
1.Linguistics studies a particular language.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/665889753.html,nguage is an isolated phenomenon.
3.The language a person uses often reveals his social background.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/665889753.html,nguage is human-specific.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/665889753.html,nguage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, and it is possible for
linguists to deal with it all at once.
6.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
7.The study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society is called
sociolinguistics.
8.Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically prescriptive, so modern
linguistics is mostly prescriptive.
9.In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
10.The distinction between langue and parole is the same as the distinction between
competence and performance.
11.Linguists Sapir and Hall both treated language as a purely human institution.
12.“lblk” is not a possible sound combination in English.
参考答案：B. 1. language 2. linguist 3. pragmatics 4. sociolinguistics
5.descriptive
6. phonology
7. psycholinguistics, descriptive
8. abstract
9. competence, performance 10. arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement,
cultural transmission
C. 1-5ACBDB 6-10CBAAD
D. 1-5FFTTF 6-10TTFTF 11-12TT
第二章音系学
A.Define the following terms, giving examples if necessary:
1.Phonetics
2.Stops
3.Voicing
4.Allophone
5.Suprasegmental features
6.Phonology
7.Tone
8.Consonant
9.Vowel
10.Narrow transcription
B.Indicate the following statements true or false:
1.Of the media of language, writing is more basic than speech.
2.There have been over 5,000 languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not
had written form.
3.Speech sounds are limited in number.
4.Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most
highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.
5.Sound [l] in the word leaf is a dark [\].
6.Sound [p] in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop.
7.In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels.
8.Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a language; it aims to discover how
speech sounds form patterns and how they differ from each other.
9.In English, the position of word stress distinguishes meaning.
10.English is a typical tone language.
11.Phonetics is of a general nature.
12.Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense and
loose vowels.
C.Fill in each of following blanks.
1.In linguistic evolution, ＿＿＿prior to writing.
2.The three branches of phonetics are: ＿＿＿phonetics, ＿＿＿phonetics and ＿＿
＿phonetics.
3.The major suprasegmental features in English are: ＿＿＿＿＿＿, ＿＿＿＿＿＿
and ＿＿＿.
4.The major rules in phonology are ＿＿＿rule, ＿＿＿rule, and ＿＿＿rule.
5.Clear [l] and dark [\] are the ＿＿＿of the phoneme [l].
6.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called ＿＿＿.
7.The transcription with letter-symbols only is called ＿＿＿＿＿, the transcription with
diacritics is called ＿＿＿＿＿＿.
8.In English these are two affricates, ＿＿＿and ＿＿＿.
9.All the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are ＿＿＿.
10.＿＿＿can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.
D.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1.The ＿＿＿is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation
than any other.
A. lips
B. nasal cavity
C. tongue
D. oral cavity
2.Liquids is classified in the light of ＿＿＿.
A. manner of articulation
B. place of articulation
C. place of tongue
D. none of the above
3.In English, there is only one glottal. It is ＿＿＿.
A. [l]
B. [h]
C. [k]
D. [f]
4.The phonetic symbol for “voiced, labiodental, fricative” is ＿＿＿.
A. [v]
B. [d]
C. [f]
D. [m]
5.The difference between [u] and [u:] is caused by ＿＿＿.
A. the openness of the mouth
B. the shape of the lips
C. the length of the vowels
D. none of the above
6.What kind of tone is used when what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact
statements?
A. The rising tone
B. The falling tone
C. The fall-rise tone
D. None of the above
7.In a sentence, which of the following is usually not stressed?
A. Nouns
B. Demonstrative pronouns
C. Personal pronouns
D. All of the above
8.Which of the following is a typical tone language?
A. English
B. Chinese
C. French
D. All of the above
9.Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in ＿＿＿.
A. phonemic contrast
B. complimentary distribution
C. minimal pair
D. None of the above
10.The sound [v] can be described as ＿＿＿.
A．voiced, labiodental, fricative
B．voiceless, labiodental, affricate
C．voiced, alveolar, fricative
D．None of the above
参考答案: A. 1-5 FTTFF 6-10TTFTF 11-12TF C. 1-5 CABAC 6-10 BCBBA
B. 1. speech 2. articulatory, auditory, acoustic 3. word stress, sentence stress,
intonation 4.sequential, assimilation, deletion 5. allophone 6. voicing 7. broad
transcription, narrow transcription 8. [ ] [ ]9. rounded 10. Phone
第3章形态学
A.Decide whether each of the following statements is T (true) or F (false).
（）1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
（）2. Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub-branches of morphology.
（）3. The structure of words is not governed by rules.
( ) 4. A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology.
( ) 5. Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.
( ) 6. Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.
( ) 7. There is only one type of affixes in the English language.
( ) 8. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
( ) 9. Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
( ) 10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
B.Fill in each blank below with one word.
1. __________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
2. The affix "-es" conveys a __________ meaning.
3. __________ morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by
themselves.
4. __________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as
number, degree, and case.
5. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called __________.
6. The combination of two or sometimes more that two words to create new words is called
__________
7. Semantically, the meaning of a __________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total
of the meanings of its components.
8. __________ morphology studies word-formation.
9. A __________ can never stand by itself although it bears clears, definite meaning.
10. __________ are added to the end of stems.
C.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can
best complete the statement.
( ) 1. The word "boyish" contains two ____________.
A. phonemes
B. morphs
C. morphemes
D. allomorphs
( ) 2. Inflectional ____________ studies inflections.
A. derivation
B. inflection
C. phonology
D. morphology
( ) 3. ____________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free
B. Bound
C. Root
D. Affix
( ) 4. ____________ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes
B. Suffixes
C. Roots
D. Affixes
( ) 5. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ____________to from
a new word.
A. root
B. affix
C. stem
D. word
参考答案：A．1-5 TTFTF 6-10 FFTFT
B. 1. Morpheme 2. grammatical 3. Free 4. Inflectional
5. prefixes
6. derivation
7. compound
8. Derivational
9. root 10. Suffixes
C．1-5 CDBAC
第5章语义学
A．Indicate the following statements T (true) or F (false).
( ) 1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of
meaning they are linked through the meditation of concepts in the mind.
( ) 2. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.
( ) 3. There are words with more or less the same meaning based in different regional dialects. ( ) 4. Componential analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can not be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
( ) 5. One advantage of componential analysis is that by specifying the semantic features of certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning. ( ) 6. Among the approaches to the study of meaning, the naming theory is better than others.
( ) 7. Kid and child are stylistic synonyms.
( ) 8. "furniture" is the superordinate of "bed".
( ) 9. Antonyms contrast each other only on a single dimension, such as "live" and "die".
( )10. "Cold" and "hot" are complementary antonyms.
( )11. In English, there is no argument in some sentences.
( )12.The sentence "Tom, smoke!" and "Tom smokes." have the same semantic predication. ( )13. The sentences that contain the same words are same in meaning.
( )14. The meaning of a word is the combination of all its elements, and so is the sentence. ( )15. The meaning of the word we often use is the primary meaning.
( )16. Meaning is central to the study of communication.
( )17. The naming theory of meaning was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.
( )18. In the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is directly related to the referent.
( )19. Sense and reference are the same.
( )20. Complete synonyms are rare in language.
( )21. Stylistic synonyms differ in style because they come from different regions.
( )22. Polysemy is the same as homonymy.
( )23. Homophones are words which are identical in sound.
( )24. The superordinate term is more general in meaning than its hyponyms.
( )25. In a pair of gradable antonyms, the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other.
( )26. In componential analysis, the plus sign is used to indicate that a certain semantic feature is present.
( )27. The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality.
( )28. All the grammatically well-formed sentences are semantically well-formed.
( )29. A predicate is something said about an argument.
( )30. There is only one argument in the sentence "Kids like apples".
B. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word.
1.In semantic analysis, ___________ is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
2.___________ restrictions are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
3.___________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into
meaning components
4.___________ is a relation of inclusion.
5.For ___________ antonyms, it is a matter of either one or the other.
6.There are often intermediate form between the two members of a pair of ___________
antonyms.
7.The various meanings of a ___________ word are related to some degree.
8.Synonyms which differ in the words they go together with are called
___________synonyms.
9.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different ___________ in different
situations.
10.___________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
11.___________ is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from observable
contexts.
12.There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to according to the
___________ view.
13.According to Wittgenstein, for a large class of cases, the meaning of a word is its
___________ in the language.
14.In the study of meaning, ___________ focus their interest on understanding the human mind
through language.
15.According to the ___________ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be
labels of the objects they stand for.
16.Autumn and Fall are two ___________ ___________.
17.The words of English are classified into ___________ words and ___________ words.
18.Hyponymy is the relation of ___________, superordingate entails all ___________.
19.“Father” and “son” are ___________ ___________.
20.In the sentences of entailment, if X is true, Y is ___________.
21.___________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
22.___________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
23.The same one word may have more that one meaning, this is what we called ___________,
and such a word is called ___________ word.
24.___________ refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a
more specific word.
25.In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called ___________.
C．Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
( ) 1. “Lorry” and “truck” are ____________.
A. dialectal synonyms
B. stylistic synonyms
C. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaning
D. none of the above
( ) 2. Which pair is the emotive synonyms ____________.
A. dad, father
B. flat, apartment
C. mean, frugal
D. charge, accuse
( ) 3. In the collocational synonyms, "rebuke" is collocated by ____________.
A. with
B. for
C. of
D. against
( ) 4. The noun tear and the verb tear are ____________.
A. homophones
B. homographs
C. complete homonyms
D. none of the above
( ) 5. The sentence John likes ice-cream contains ____________ arguments.
A. one
B. two
C. none
D. three
( ) 6. The classic semantic triangle reflects ____________.
A. the naming theory
B. the conceptual view
C. the contextualist view
D. the behaviorist view
( ) 7. ____________ concerns with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it's abstract and de-contextualized.
A. Reference
B. Semantic
C. Sense
D. none of the above
( ) 8. The same word may have more than one meaning, which is called ____________.
A. synonymy
B. homonymy
C. hyponymy
D. polysemy
( ) 9. ____________ analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning.
A. Componential
B. Predication
C. Syntactic
D. none of the above
( )10. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called ____________.
A. selectional restrictions
B. grammatical rules
C. phrase structure rules
D. all of the above
( ) 11. Semantics can be defined as the study of ____________.
A. naming
B. meaning
C. communication
D. context
( ) 12. In the study of meaning, the ____________ are interested in understanding the relations between linguistic expressions and what they refer to in the real world.
A. linguists
B. philosophers
C. psychologists
D. phoneticians
( ) 13. The linguistic ____________ is sometimes known as co-text.
A. context
B. situation
C. contextualization
D. situation of context
( ) 14. Bloomfield drew on _____________ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.
A. contextual
B. conceptualist
C. behaviorist
D. naming
( ) 15. Sense and reference are two related ______________ different aspects of meaning.
A. but
B. and
C. or
D. as well as
( ) 16. ____________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world.
A. Sense
B. Reference
C. Meaning
D. Semantics
( ) 17. Dialectal synonyms are synonyms used in different ____________ dialects.
A. personal
B. regional
C. social
D. professional
( ) 18. Hyponyms of the same ____________ are co-hyponyms.
A. word
B. lexical item
C. superordinate
D. hyponymy
( ) 19. Words that are opposite in meaning are ____________.
A. synonyms
B. hyponyms
C. antonyms
D. homophones
( ) 20. An ____________ is a logical participant in a predication.
A. argument
B. predicate
C. predication
D. agent
D. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration.
1. semantics
2. the naming theory
3. superordinate
4. complete homonym
5. hyponymy
参考答案：A. 1-5 TTTFT 6-10 FFTFF 11-15 TTFFF 16-20 TTFFT
21-25 FFTTF 26-30 TTFTF
B. 1. predication 2. Selectional 3. componential 4. Entailment
5. complementary
6. gradable
7. polysemic
8. collocational
9. references 10. Sense 11. Contextualization 12. conceptualist
13. use 14. psychologists 15. naming 16. stylistic synonyms
17. native, loan 18. entailment, hyponyms 19. relational opposites
20. true 21. Sense 22. Reference 23. polysemy, polysemic
24. Hyponymy 25. predication
C. 1-5 ACBBB 6-10 BCDBA 11-15 BBACA 16-20 BBCCA
第6章语用学
A．Decide whether each of the following statements is T (true) or F (false). ( ) 1. The contextualist view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.
( ) 2. Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics.
( ) 3. The notion of context is not important to the pragmatic study of language.
( ) 4. All utterances take the form of sentences.
( ) 5. Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s of
the 20th century.
( ) 6. Grice made a distinction between what he called "constatives" and "performatives". ( ) 7. A locutionary act is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology.
( ) 8. In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the
hearer.
( ) 9. Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.
( ) l0. The Cooperative Principle was proposed by John Searle.
( ) 11. There are four maxims under the Cooperative Principle.
( ) 12. The violations of the maxims make our language indirect.
( ) 13. All the utterances take the form of sentences.
( ) 15. According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic
communication consists of a sequence of acts.
( ) 16. All the acts that belong to the same category of illocutionary act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force.
( ) 17. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form.
( ) 18. Conversation participants nearly always observe the CP and the maxims of the CP. ( ) 19. A sentence is a grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.
( ) 20. Utterance is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication or simply in a context.
( ) 22. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.
( ) 23. Gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
( ) 24. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
( ) 25. Without the shared knowledge both by the speaker and the hearer, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge,
linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a semantic sense. ( ) 26. An perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention.
( ) 27. According to Paul Grice's idea, in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. ( ) 28. An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.
B. Fill each of the following blanks with one word.
1. The shared knowledge which constitutes context is of two types; the knowledge of the _____
they use, and the knowledge about the _____, including the general knowledge about
the word and specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication
is taking place.
2. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it
becomes an _____, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually
used.
3. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be
willing to _____; otherwise, if would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. The
general principle is called the ______ ______, abbreviated as CP.
4. There are four maxims under the CP: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of ______, the
maxim of relation and the maxim of ______.
5. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be ______.
6. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain
context, ______can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.
7. If ______ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted to the area of traditional
semantics.
8. The meaning of an _______is concrete and context-dependent.
9. An ______ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted to the area of traditional
semantics.
10. According to Searle, ______ acts fall into five general categories.
11. ______ are those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of
action.
12. To ask someone to pass a book is obviously a ______.
13. According to Paul Grice, in making ______, the participants must first of all be willing to
cooperate.
14. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to ______ implicatures.
15. The significance of Grice’s ______ Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible for the
speaker to convey more than is literally said.
C．There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
( ) 1. __________ resulted mainly from the expansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.
A. Pragmatics
B. Pragmatism
C. Phonology
D. Practicalism
( ) 2. Once the notion of __________ was taken into consideration, semantics spilled into pragmatics.
A. meaning
B. context
C. form
D. content
( ) 3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes __________.
A. a sentence
B. an act
C. a unit
D. an utterance
( ) 4. A __________ analysis of an utterance will reveal what the speaker intends to do with it.
A. semantic
B. syntactic
C. pragmatic
D. grammatical
( ) 5. __________ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.
A. Speaking
B. Speech
C. Sound
D. Spoken
( ) 6. __________ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.
A. A locutionary
B. An illocutionary
C. A perlocutionary
D. A speech
( ) 7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of __________ acts.
A. Iocutionary
B. illocutionary
C. perlocutionary
D. speech
( ) 9. All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their __________ form.
A. syntactic
B. semantic
C. grammatical
D. pragmatic
( ) 10. The Cooperative Principle is proposed by __________.
A. John Searle
B. John Austin
C. Paul Grice
D. John Lyons
( ) 11. Linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the __________ of language use was left unconsidered.
A. brevity
B. context
C. accuracy
D. none of the above
( ) 12. Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the __________.
A. locutionary act
B. perlocutionary act
C. illocutionary act
D. none of the above
( ) 13. The maxim of quantity requires: __________
A. make your contribution as informative as required.
B. do not make contribution more informative than is required.
C. do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
D. Both A and B.
( ) 14. The maxim of quality requires: do not say what you believe to be __________.
A. false
B. true
C. brief
D. orderly
( ) 15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to __________.
A. utterance meaning
B. speech act theory
C. conversational implicature
D. all of the above
( ) 16. The significance of Grice's CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey __________ is literally said.
A. more than
B. less than
C. the same as
D. none of the above
D. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration:
1. context
2. utterance meaning
3. locutionary act
4. illocutionary act
5. perlocutionary art
参考答案：A. 1-5 TTFFT 6-10 FTFTF 11-16 TTFTT 16-20 FTFTT 21-25 FTFTF 26-28 FTF
B. 1. language, world 2. utterance 3. cooperate, Cooperative Principle
4. quality, manner
5. relevant
6. pragmatics
7. context
8. utterance 9. illocutionary 10. speech 11. Commissives
12. directive 13. conversation 14. conversational 15. Cooperative
C. 1-5ABDCB 6-10 CBCAC 11-15 BCDAC 16 A
第一章语言和语言学 第一节语言的客观存在形式 一、语言： 1．语言是一种社会现象，不是一种物质实体。 2．言语交际是一个编码（说话）和解码（听话）的过程。 （语言的客观存在形式首先表现为人与人之间的口头交际行为，有声的口头语言，即口语） 3．语言的客观存在形式跟语言学家研究的语言是不完全一模一样的。 二、口语和书面语的主要差别： 1．口语：是有声的口头语言。 2．书面语：是经过加工提炼和发展了的口语书面形式。 3．口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。 4．书面语比口语更精练、更精确。 5．书面语比口语省略成份少一些。（多了一些成份） 三、口语与书面语的关系： 1．口语是第一性的，书面语是第二性的。 2．书面语反过来影响和促进口语的发展。 3．口语、书面语基本是一致的。（一般情况下） 四、书面语产生具有重大的历史意义： 书面语的产生克服了口语的时间、空间的限制，是人类进入文明社会的标志。 五、语言和民族： 1．语言是民族的重要标志，但不是最可靠的标志。 （1）在绝大多数情况下一个民族使用一种语言。 （2）也有一个民族使用多种语言。（犹太民族） （3）不同民族使用同一种语言。（满族、汉族） （4）尽管语言是最直观的，最容易识别民族的标志，从目前了解到的情况来看，“共同的历史文化传统和由此产生的民族认同感”，也许是维系一个“民族”的最根本的因素。 因而也是确定一个民族的最根本的标准。不能单凭“互相理解程度”来区分语言和方言。（） 六、语言与种族的关系： 语言和种族没有必然的联系，但不是完全没有联系。特别就“语系”而言，两者之间的联系还是比较明显的。（汉语、汉藏语系都有声调） 七、语言和种族没有必然联系的根本原因是：语言能力和生理因素、心理因素有关，但是语言不是一种生理现象，也不是一种心理现象，不是先天遗传的，它是一种社会现象，完全是在一定的语言环境中后天获得的，所以语言和种族没有必然联系。 八、语言的客观存在形式：口语、书面语。语言的客观存在形式首先表现为有声的口头语言即口语， 而当出现了文字以后，又表现为有形的书面语言即书面语。 口语和书面语都有两个方面：一方面是表示一定意义的声音或图形，这是一种物理现象；另一方面则是由声音或图形（字）表示的意义，那是一种心理现象，或者说是思维活动的结果和感情流露。 第二节语言的性质 一、语言和言语 瑞士语言学家索绪尔是杰出的代表和集其大成的学者。 他的《普通语言学教程》（1916）开创了20世纪现代语言学的新局面。 1．什么是语言、言语？ （1）言语：指说话这种行为和说出来的具体的话。 特色：a.具有个人因素（嗓音、用词等）。
《语言学概论》复习要点 重点名词概念：语言学、普通语言学、专语语言学、共时语言学、历时语言学 一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务 二、语言学在科学体系中的地位 三、语言学的基本类别 根据研究的对象的不同，语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学。 四、语言学流派 各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可，注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派（也称美国描写语言学）都属于结构主义学派，是这一学派的三个分支。关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述，不作考试要求。 第一章言语的社会功能 本章须明确两个大的要点：语言的社会功能，即交际工具和思维工具；语言是一种社会现象。 主要名词概念：语言、社会、社会现象 第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具 一、语言是人类社会的交际工具 1．语言的交际功能：语言是人类区别于其它动物的一个重要标志。语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带，是社会成员互相之间交际和交流思想的工具，也是协调社会成员行动一致的工具。 2．语言是一种社会现象：语言是一种社会现象，和人类社会有着十分紧密的联系，没有人类社会，就没有语言，人类社会以外的社会无所谓语言。所谓社会现象是指那些与人类共同体的产生、存在和发展等活动密切联系的现象。不同的民族有不同的语言，不同的地域有不同的语言，同时社会的变化也给语言以极大的影响，而离开了人类社会，就无所谓语言可言了。总之，语言就是一种社会现象，同社会的关系非常密切，其产生、发展等都要受到社会的影响。 语言不是自然现象，一方面，语言同社会有着十分紧密的联系，社会的发展变化直接影响着语言的发展变化，也就是说，语言的发展变化是受制于社会的；另一方面，从语言的音义联系看语言不是自然现象，而是社会约定俗成的，没有必然的本质的联系，如果语言是自然现象，世界上的语言应该一样的，没有区别的，而实际上世界上的语言多种多样，而且许多语言中还有方言，这说明语言决不是自然现象。 3．语言是一种特殊的社会现象：语言不但是社会现象，而且是一种特殊的社会现象。语言作为社会现象的特殊性主要表现在，社会现象可分为经济基础和上层建筑两大类，任何一种社会现象，要么属于经济基础，要么属于上层建筑，而语言既不属于经济基础，也不属于上层建筑，这两者的变化都不会从本质上影响语言。所以，从本质上看，语言是人类共同的交际工具，不分阶级、阶层，一视同仁地为全社会的成员服务，没有阶级性，具有全民性特点。4．语言没有阶级性：可从这样几个方面思考，首先是看语言工具的服务对象，是为特定的阶级服务还是为大众服务。其次是结合语言自身的结构考察，观察语言在哪一方面体现了阶级性特征没有。再次是看语言产生的社会环境，语言产生于没有阶级的社会，社会上连阶级都没有，语言作为社会的产物更谈不上有阶级性了。 二、语言是人类最重要的交际工具 人类传递信息，进行交际和交流思想，除了使用语言外，还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等，在一定场合使用，可以弥补语言的一些不足，但是这些交际工具使用范围有限，有的仅用于特定的范围，最重要的是，这些交际工具，都离不开语言，都是在语言的基础上产生的，是辅助语言进行交际的，没有语言，这些手段的存在没有任何意义。 一般掌握：语言和说话的关系 第二节语言是思维的工具 一、语言和思维的关系 语言不但是人类的交际工具，同时也是人类思维的工具，是认识成果的贮存所。思维过程离不开语言，需要借助语言来进行比较、分析、综合等一系列活动，需要借助语言来形成思想，利用语言把它储存在头脑中，再借助语言把思想表达出来，传达给听话人，同时使听话人产生思想。而且人类思维的成果－概念，还可以通过词语固定下来。总之，思维活动的过程不可能离开语言而单独进行，思维离不开语言，必须借助语言材料才能进行。语言也离不开思维，二者是互相依存，共同发展的。 二、思维能力是全人类共同的，语言是各民族不同 思维能力没有民族性，全人类都有，但不同民族的思维方式是不同的，有差别的，这从不同民族的语言的差异方面可以看出来。不同的语言之间很少有意义、功能、色彩等都完全对应等同的词语。第二章语言是符号系统 本章要注意语言是符号、语言符号的任意性特点、语言的层级体系三大要点。 主要名词概念：符号、语言符号、任意性、线条性、二层性、组合关系、聚合关系 第一节语言符号的性质和特点 一、什么是符号 1．符号的含义：符号就是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记，包括形式和意义两个方面，其作用是指称现实现象。2．符号的构成：符号是由形式和意义两个部分构成的结合体。形式就是符号外在的形状、结构，它是以某种物质的方式存在的，或者是声音，或者是线条，或者是色彩，等等。意义就是符号所代表的具体内容，任何一个符号，都有一定的意义，形式和意义在一定的符号系统中是密不可分的统一体，不能割裂二者之间的关系。形式和意义互相依存，谁也离不开谁。 二、语言符号及其特点 1．语言符号：从本质上看，语言也是一种符号，也有形式和意义两个方面，具有符号的一切特点。 语言符号又不同于一般符号。可从以下几个方面认识理解，首先，语言符号是声音和意义的结合体，是说的和听的；其次，一般符号的构成比较简单，而语言符号却是非常复杂的，可分不同的层级；再次，一般符号由于构造简单，因而只能表达有限的内容，而且这种内容是简单而固定的，语言符号则可以表达丰富多彩的意义；最后，语言符号具有以少驭多的生成机制，具有生成新的结构
一、填空题:（每空1 分，本大题共10 分） 1. （）语言学是在19世纪逐步发展和完善的，它是语言学 走上独立发展道路的标志。 2. 人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制（ 掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。 3. 进入20世纪以后，语言研究的主流由历史比较语言学转为 （）。 4. 俄语属于印欧语系的（ 5. 一个音位包含的不同音素或者具体表现出来的音素叫做 （）。 6. 语言中最单纯、最常用、最原始和最能产的词是（ 7. 现代大多数国家的拼音文字的字母，大多直接来源于（）字 母。 8. 言外之意之所以能够被理解是因为（）起了补充说明的 作用。 9. 方言在社会完全分化的情况下，有可能发展成（? ）?； 在社会高度统一的情况下，会逐渐被共同语消磨直到同化。 10. 南京方言的“兰”、“南”不分，从音位变体的角度来说，[n ]和[l]是 属于（）变体。 二、单项选择题: 码填在题干上的括号内。（每小题1 分，本大题共15 分）
1. 在二十世纪，对哲学、人类学、心理学、社会学等学科产生重大影响 的语言学流派是（） A.历史比较语言学 B.心理语言学 C.结构主义语言学 D.社会语言学 2. “人有人言，兽有兽语”中的“言”属于（） A.语言 B.言语 C.言语行为 D.言语作品 3. “我爱家乡”中“爱”和“家乡”（） A.是聚合关系。 B.是组合关系。 C.既是聚合关系又是组合关系。 D. 4. 一种语言中数量最少的是 A.音素 B.音位 C.语素 D.音节 5. 英语的man—→men采用的语法手段是 A. 屈折变化 B.变换重音的位置 C. 变化中缀 D.异根 6. 在汉语普通话中没有意义区别功能的声学特征是（） A.音高 B.音强 C.音长 D.音质 7. [ε]的发音特征是 A.舌面前高不圆唇 B.舌面后高不圆唇 C.舌面前半高不圆唇 D.舌面前半低不圆唇 8. 构成“语言、身体”这两个词的语素的类型（） A.都是成词语素 B.都是不成词语素 C.“语”和“言”是成词语素，“身”和“体”是不成词语素 D.“语”和“言”是不成词语素，“身”和“体” 9. 广义地说，汉语动词词尾“着”、“了”、“过”属于语法范畴中的 （）
名词解释 1、词汇 是一种语言中所有的词和成语等固定用语的总汇 2、音位的自由变体 有些音位在同一语言环境中，可以自由替换，而又不能区别词义，不受前面其他音位的影响，没有任何条件的限制 3，语言 语言是社会现象，是社会交际工具。同时是心里现象，是人类思维的工具 4，自源文字 是在某种语言的基础上自发产生并逐步完善的文字 5，同化和异化 同化现象是指，一个音位受相邻音位的影响儿而又在某个区别特征或音位整体上的趋同现象；异化现象，是指两个本来相同或相近的音位，如果连着发音有困难，则其中一个发生变化，变得跟邻近的音不同或不相近 6，黏着语 没有词的内部屈折，每一个语法范畴义都有一个粘附语素来表示，而一个粘附语素也只表示一种语法范畴义的语言类型 7，语音 即语言的声音，是语言符号系统的载体，人的发音器官发出，负载着一定的语言定义。语言依靠语音实现他的社会功能 8音质音位 以因素为材料，从音质的角度分析音位 9形态 同一个词与不同的词组合就有不同的变化。这些不同的变化形成一个聚合，叫做词形变化，或者叫做形态 10仿意词 是分别将外语中的构词材料按外语中的次序译成本民族语，使构词成分的选择和构词结构的选择与外语一一对应 12区别特征 具有区别音位的语音特征叫区别特征，也叫区别性特征 13符号 社会全体成员共同约定，用来表示某种意义的记号、标记、它包括形式和内容两个方面。它的作用是指称社会现实现象 14，小学 中国传统文学又称小学，包括分析字形的文字学，研究字音的音韵学，解释字义的训诂学，它们是围绕解释和解读先秦典籍展开研究的，因此又被称为经学的附庸 15，言内意外 用语言表达思想时留下的一些意义空白或将真实意义隐含在另一种说法中，或用一种意义采用不同说法以获取不同的效果 16文字 有两个意思，一个是指一个一个的字，一是指语言的视觉符号体系 17国际音标 是国际语音协会于1888年制定并开始使用的，不带民族特色。它的制定原则是：
广州大学 2012年研究生入学考试试题（全日制专业学位硕士） 招生领域：教育硕士 科目名称：语言学基础 科目代码：928 Ⅰ.Define the following terms (4 points each, 20%) 1. functional linguistics 2. minimal pair 3. consonant 4. syntax 5. synonymy Ⅱ. Indicate whether the following statements are true or false (1 point each, 10%) 1. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. 2. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 3. The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate. 4. The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph. 5. Human language is arbitrary. 6. All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language. 7. In most cases, the illocutionary force of “freeze!” is a warning. 8. Linguistics is the course of language. 9. In English, pitch and length constitute intensity which seems to determine stress. 10. Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning. 1
英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.
27.书面语：书面语是用文字记录的语言形式，它是文字产生或在口语的基础上产生的，书面语是经过加工、提炼和发展了的口语的书面形式。 26.口语：就是有声的口头语言，任何一种语言都有口头存在形式。它是书面产生的基础。 28．语言相关论：语言相关论是萨丕尔和沃尔夫提出的关于语言与思维关系的观点，主张语言决定思维，不同的语言就有不同的思维方式。 29．大脑语言功能临界期：大脑语言功能临界期是指大脑的单侧化，大脑左半球的分区以及语言的遗传机制，都只提供人具有语言能力的潜在可能性，这些潜能必须在一定期限内被一定的语言环境激活才可能起作用。26．语言符号的所指 :语言符号的所指是符号的形式所指的意义内容。 29．机器翻译：通过计算机把一种语言自动翻译成另一种或多种自然语言的信息处理技术。 26.语音：语音是人的发音器官发出的、用于人与人之间交际并表达一定意义的声音。 27.词：词是最小的、有意义的、能够独立运用的语言单位。 28.语用：语用指语言运用，即人们在一定的交际环境中对语言的实际运用。 29.文字：文字是记录语言的书写符号系统。 27．单纯词：单纯词是由一个构词语素构成的词。 29．屈折：屈折是通过词的内部发生语音的交替变换来改变词的语法意义的手段。 28．意译词：是用本族语言的构词材料和规则构成新词，把外语中某个词的意义翻译过来。 27.仿译词：是用本族语言的语素逐个对译外语原词的语素造成的词，它不仅把原词的词义翻译过来，而且保持了原词的内部构成方式。 29．主谓词组：两个成分之间具有被说明和说明关系的词组是主谓词组。 27．复辅音：一个音节内处于同一个肌肉紧张的渐强阶段或渐弱阶段上的两个或两个以上辅音的组合。 27.双语现象：某一言语社团使用两种或多种语言的社会现象，具体而言是社团内的全体成员或部分成员双语并用的现象。 28.亲属语言：从同一种语言中分化出来的各个语言叫亲属语言，亲属语言之间具有历史同源关系。 26．调位：利用音节内的音高差别来起辩义作用的语音单位叫做调位，调位是一种非音质音位，依附在音位的组合序列上。 29.词组：实词与实词之间具有直接联系的相对独立的词群。 28．语素：语素是语言中音义结合的最小单位。 28．词尾：附着在词干后的，能改变词的语法形式，但不能构成新词的语素。 29．语素：音义结合的最小语言单位。 26．词类：词类是词在语法上的分类。它指可以替换出现在语法结构某些共同组合位置上的词的类，即具有聚合关系的词的类。 27．词法：（1）词法主要描写词的形态特征和词形变化规则。例如，俄语的名词在形式上有单数和复数的区别，有阳性、阴性、中性等性的区别，有主格、宾格、属格等格的区别，这些都是典型的词法现象。（2）由于印欧语言中构词单位、构词方式和词类都与词的形态变化相关，因此构词和词类问题也成为词法的一部分。27．语法意义：语法意义是语法形式所体现的意义，是语言中通过一类形式或功能所获得的意义。二者相辅相成，不可分离。如“动词+名词”有动宾关系的意义，汉语所有的同类组合都是如此，这种意义就是一种语法意义。 27.语法形式：语法形式就是能体现表达某种语法意义的形式。表示某一类语法意义或者有共同作用的形式，如词类形式、组合形式、虚词形式，就是语法形式。语法形式不是个别的语音形式和词语形式，但能产生某一类意义或者有共同作用的语音表现形式或者词形变化形式也是语法形式。 27.语法手段：根据语法形式的共同特点所归并的语法形式的基本类别叫做语法手段。语法手段可分为词法手段和句法手段两大类。通过词形的变化来表现语法意义的形式是词法手段；通过结构的变化来表现语法意义的形式是句法手段；例如英语名词后加s表示复数，英语动词后面加ed表示过去时，就是词法手段中的词形变化。 28．自源文字：自源文字指独立发展起来的文字。如古埃及文字、苏美尔文字、汉字，这些文字的形体、体系都是由最早使用该文字的人们独创的。 29．语音合成（1）语音合成是语音信息处理研究中的主要工作。 （2）语音合成就是让计算机模拟人的发音器官的动作并发生类似的声音。如汉语的语音合成目前已初步实现自动生成声韵调结合的音节。 26．句子:句子是词或词组按一定规则组合成的、能表达相对完整的意义、前后有较大停顿并带有一定的语气和句调的语言单位。 27．异化：语流中两个相同或相近的音，其中一个因受另一个影响而变得不相同或不相近。
语言学概论(本科)期末复习要点 导言部分 一、语言学、语言学的对象和任务 1．语言学是以语言作为研究对象的科学，它以人类的语言为研究对象。语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律，具体地说，语言学研究语言的性质、作用、结构，语言的发展变化，使人们懂得有关语言的理性知识，从而提高学习语言和运用语言的水平。 2．中国、印度、希腊－罗马是语言学的三大发源地。 3．我国的小学：小学是我国古代语文学的统称，由训诂学、文字学、音韵学三部分组成。训诂学解释字义，文字学分析字形，音韵学研究字音。 二、语言学在科学体系中的地位 1．语言的研究和其它科学的关系十分密切，不仅与社会科学有联系，而且与自然科学也有十分密切的联系。语言学是一门古老的科学，又是一门年轻的科学。 2．语言交际的过程：语言交际过程可分“编码－发送－传递－接收－解码”五个阶段。 三、语言学的基本类别 根据研究的对象的不同，语言学可以分为以下几类：共时语言学和历时语言学、专语语言学和普通语言学、。各类语言学下面还可以进一步细分，如专语语言学下面可分汉语语言学（例如现代汉语、古代汉语、近代汉语、汉语史等）、英语语言学、俄语语言学等等，普通语言学下面可分语音学、词汇学、语义学、语法学、修辞学等等。 四、语言学流派 比较重要的语言学流派主要有：历史比较语言学、结构语言学、布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派、美国描写语言学派、转换-生成学派、系统-功能学派、社会语言学。各个语言学流派的观点、代表人物有所了解即可，注意布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国结构语言学派（也称美国描写语言学）都属于结构主义学派，是这一学派的三个分支。关于语言学流派的具体内容阐述，请浏览《语言学网络课件》中的“望远镜”板块。 第一章语言的社会功能 本章需要明确的要点是：第一，语言的两大社会功能；第二，语言是一种社会现象。第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具1．语言的交际功能：语言是联系社会成员的桥梁和纽带。 2．语言是一种社会现象：弄清楚语言是一种社会现象的内涵，语言不是自然现象，而是社会现象，是一定社会的产物，同社会的关系非常密切。 3．语言是一种特殊的社会现象：没有阶级性，具有全民性特点。语言是人类最重要的交际工具 第二节语言是思维的工具 1．语言和思维的关系 思维活动的过程不可能离开语言而单独进行，思维离不开语言，语言也离不开思维，二者是互相依存，共同发展的。 2．思维能力是全人类共同的，语言是各民族不同 本节其它一些问题可一般了解：一、儿童学习语言的过程，二、思维不能离开语言的实验根据，三、关于聋哑人的思维，聋哑人失去语言能力对他的思维能力的发展产生了严重的消极影响，四、人类思维在机器中的再现。 第二章语言是符号系统 本章有三大要点：语言是符号、语言的任意性特点、语言的层次性第一节语言符号的性质和特点一、什么是符号 1．符号的含义：符号是人们用来指代某种事物的标记。符号是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记，它包括形式和意义两个方面，指称现实现象。如： 2．符号的构成：符号是由形式和意义两个部分构成的结合体。 二、语言符号及其特点 1．语言符号：从本质上看，语言也是一种符号，也有形式和意义两个方面。注意语言符号同一般符号的区别。 2．语言符号的特点：语言符号具有任意性和线条性的特点 第二节语言符号的系统性一、语言的层级体系 弄清楚语言层级，各个层级的构成及其特点，以及语言二层性的核心。 二、组合关系和聚合关系 1．组合关系：组合关系就是两个同一性质的结构单位（比如音位和音位、词与词等）按照线性的顺序组合起来的关系，也
2019广州大学考研619汉语综合考试与827阅读与写 作复习全析（含真题） 《2019广州大学考研619汉语综合考试复习全析（含历年真题，共三册）》由鸿知广大考研网依托多年丰富的教学与辅导经验，组织官方教学研发团队与广州大学优秀研究生共同合作编写而成。全书内容紧凑权威细致，编排结构科学合理，为参加2019广州大学考研的考生量身定做的必备专业课资料。 《2019广州大学考研619汉语综合考试复习全析（含历年真题）》全书编排根据广州大学考研参考书目： 1．《语言学纲要》，叶蜚声、徐通锵，北京大学。 2、《现代汉语》（增订版），黄伯荣、廖序东主编，高等教育出版社。 3、《古代汉语》，王力主编，中华书局。 结合提供的往年广大考研真题内容，帮助报考广州大学考研的同学通过广大教材章节框架分解、配套的课后/经典习题讲解及相关985、211名校考研真题与解答，帮助考生梳理指定教材的各章节内容，深入理解核心重难点知识，把握考试要求与考题命题特征。 通过研读演练本书，达到把握教材重点知识点、适应多样化的专业课考研命题方式、提高备考针对性、提升复习效率与答题技巧的目的。同时，透过测试演练，以便查缺补漏，为初试高分奠定坚实基础。 适用院系： 人文学院：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学 资料选购适用科目：
619汉语综合考试（自命题） 本书包括以下几个部分内容： Part 1 - 考试重难点与笔记： 通过总结和梳理《现代汉语》（黄伯荣增订五版）、《古代汉语》（王力校订重排本）、《语言学纲要》（叶蜚声、徐通锵北大修订版）各章节复习和考试的重难点，建构教材宏观思维及核心知识框架，浓缩精华内容，令考生对各章节内容考察情况一目了然，从而明确复习方向，提高复习效率。该部分通过归纳各章节要点及复习注意事项，令考生提前预知章节内容，并指导考生把握各章节复习的侧重点。 Part 2 - 教材配套课后/经典习题与解答 针对教材《现代汉语》（黄伯荣增订五版）经典课后习题配备详细解读，以供考生加深对教材基本知识点的理解掌握，做到对广大考研核心考点及参考书目内在重难点内容的深度领会与运用。 Part 3 - 名校考研真题详解汇编： 根据教材内容和考试重难点，精选本专业课考试科目相关的名校考研真题，通过研读参考配套详细答案检测自身水平，加深知识点的理解深度，并更好地掌握考试基本规律，全面了解考试题型及难度。 Part 4 - 广州大学历年考研真题： 汇编广大考研专业课考试科目的2014-2017年考研真题试卷，方便考生检查自
I.第一单元 A定义 1Design features of language. The features that define our human languages can be called design features, including arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement. 2. Functions of language Informative, Interpersonal（maintain social relations）, Performative, Emotive, Phatic communion寒暄语，Recreational，Metalinguistic元语言功能 3.Main branches of linguistics Phonetics: the description, classification and transcription of speech sounds语音学 Phonology: the study of speech sounds of a language as a system音系学 Morphology: the internal structures of words形态学 Syntax: the internal structures of sentences.句法学 Semantics: the study of meaning as encoded in language.语义学 Pragmatics: the study of language use, meaning in context.语用学 B 填空 1 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2 Langue vs parole (Saussure) C 翻译terms D topic Qs 1 Important distinction in linguistics Descriptive (native speakers) vs prescriptive （rules for correct uses of language）studies Synchronic (used at a particular point) vs diachronic studies (changes over time) Langue vs parole (Saussure)--Langue (language) is the language system: social, essential, stable; Parole (speech) is the actual use of the language system: individual, accidental, unstable Competence vs performance--Competence is the underlying knowledge about one’s language; Performance is the actual use of that knowledge in language use situations. Syntagmatic （组合关系）vs paradiamatic relations（聚合关系） Modern linguistics 第二课 QUESTIIONS 1Phonetics (divisions; speech organs;) The three branches of phonetics Articulatory phonetics: the study of sound production
第一章语言的社会功能 语言的功能与语言学的功用要区分开来。 向外看：交际工具 向内看：思维工具 第一节语言是人类最重要的交际工具 一、语言和说话（言语） 句子的数目可以无限。 句子的长度可以无限。（我知道你不知道我知道你不知道……） 无限的句子中包含着有限的词和为数不多的规则，学话就是掌握这套材料和规则。 说话的单位是句子，语言的单位是从音位到句子的各级单位。 二、语言是人类社会的交际工具 社会：生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。 没有社会，语言就失去了存在的价值和基础。没有语言，人与人之间的联系就会中断，社会就会解体。 三、语言是人类最重要的交际工具 文字是记录语言的工具，是辅助性的。 旗语，一些代码或标志是在语言文字基础上的交际工具，具有特定的服务领域，如红绿灯之于交通。 表情、身体姿势以及身体距离等也能传达一定的信息，这种信息的不以语言为基础，在交际中也有重要作用，可以补充语言的不足。 当人在谈话时，如果他把双臂抱在胸前，就说明他想要在自己和对方之间设立“障碍”，是一种抗拒的表示。动物式的领地观念仍然存在于人类头脑中，在公共场合人们都会尽量保持“安全距离”。在两个人说话时，如果一个人一只脚前伸，另一个人两脚平放，说明前者处于支配地位，因为他侵入了后者的“地盘”。在饭馆里，人们喜欢背靠墙壁，而面对开阔的位子，是因为他们喜欢“背后被保护”，同时视野开阔，“利于逃跑”。 手语分两种，如果是作为第一语言来使用，比如聋哑人，属于语言；如果只是暂时的方便使用，仍有自己的第一语言，属于辅助语。 第二节语言是思维的工具 萨丕尔——沃尔夫假说认为语言决定思维，但现在一般认为语言与思维是互相独立的，语言是思维的工具，而且是最主要的工具。要注意区分工具和行为本身。作为工具，语言对思维有非常重要的作用。 一、思维离不开语言 一般认为，东亚国家（中日韩）的小孩数学水平要高于欧洲国家，许多人从家庭教育、教学方法等方面找原因。有实验显示这与这些语言的不同的组织数字方式有关：
精品文档 Linguistics: I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets 1. ( ) The study of language as a whole is often called __________ linguistics. A. particular B. general C. ordinary D. generative 2. ( ) __________ can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A. Phones B. Sounds C. Phonemes D. Speech sounds 3. ( ) The two clauses in a __________ sentence are structurally equal parts of the sentence. A. simple B. complete C. complex D. coordinate 4. ( ) The goal of __________ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of speech communities and indifferent social situations. A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics 5. ( ) A __________ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle 6. ( ) The open, back and long vowel is __________. A.［ɑ：］ B.［?：］ C.［?：］ D.［u:］ 7. ( ) Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable extent __________. A. regular but not systematic B. irregular and systematic C. regular and systematic D. irregular but systematic 8. ( ) A scientific study of language is based on the __________ investigation of language data. A. symbolic B. systemic C. systematic D. system 9. ( ) __________ are sometimes called “semivowels”. A. vowels B. fricative C. glides D. nasals 10. ( ) __________ is a typical tone language. A. English B. Chinese C. French D. American English 11. ( ) A sentence is considered __________ when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 12. ( ) The number of the lexical items in the minor lexical categories is __________ and no new members are allowed for. A. large B. small C. limitless D. fixed 13. ( ) Human beings are the only species that learns and acquires language__________ explicit instruction. A. with B. without C. within D. through 14. ( ) According to F. de Saussure, __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all