2018<科技英汉互译教程>上篇期末考试范围
P.23例2
This type of spring is extensively used in electrical instruments, and deserves special consideration.
这种弹簧广泛应用于电工仪表中，因此值得专门考虑一下。
P.24 例3
If the reaction took hours, and not seconds, the fuel costs would be prohibitive.
如果这一反应要花费数小时，而不是几秒钟，燃料费就太高了。
例7
Keep the batteries in dry places, and electricity may not be made to leak away.
（如果）把蓄电池放在干燥的地方，就不会漏电。
这种句式中，祈使句表示条件，and后面的句子表示结果，可译为“如果……，就……”，或者“……就”。
P.25例12
In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.
换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上，但须经过挖握、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。
例14
The solar wind grossly distorts the earth's magnetic field, dragging it out to a long tail.
太阳风使地球磁场的形状发生很大的变化，将它向外拉牵，扯出一条长尾。
译文中将分词短语译成了动词并列式分句（或后续分句），即在一个主语下使用两个或两个以上的并列动词，用逗号隔开。
P.26 例17
The substitution of some rolling friction for sliding friction results in a very considerable reduction in friction.
用滚动摩擦代替滑动摩擦，会大幅度减少摩擦力。
例20
An understanding of the essential character of scientific investigation is best acquired from the study of a representative particular science.
要了解科学研究最本质的特点，最好是对特定的典型学科进行研究。
P.27 例23
The moon is a world that is completely and utterly dead, a sterile mountainous waste on which during the heat of the day the sun blazed down with relentless fury, but where during the long night the cold is so intense that it far surpasses anything ever experienced on the earth.
月球完全是一个毫无生气的世界，是一片多山的不毛之地。在酷热的白昼，太阳向它倾泻着无情的烈焰，而浸长的严寒却远远不是我们在地球上所能体验到的。
原句中含有4个分句：由关系代词that引导的定语从句，修饰a world；介词on+关系代词which引导的定语从句，修饰a world的同位语a sterile mountainous waste；关系副词where 引导的定语从句，也修饰a sterile mountainous waste；so…that引导的结果状语从句。
例24
Computing machines are essentially machines for recording numbers, operating with numbers, and giving the result in numerical form.
计算机本质上是一种记录数字、运算数字并给出数字结果的机器。
原句中有三个介词，其中介词for省略不译。
P.29 例29
The ON condition makes the data equipment ready to the communication equipment to be connected to the communication channel.
数据（存储）设备在接通状态时通过通道与通信设备连接。
原句中的on指设备的接通状态，使句子形象、简洁，很容易理解。
例30
Then the surgeon cut him open and took out the appendix and stitched him up again
医生切开他的腹部，制除了阑尾，又把他腹部缝好。
原文中使用him以全部代替部分，译为“他的腹部”为妥。
P.30 例32
It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and takes everything literally.
这就像和一丝不苟的机器人说话，机器人只有很少的词汇，而且你怎么说他就怎么做。
原句中的robot是无生命的机器，不是人，在此采取拟人手法，用副词literally修饰，生动、形象。
P.32 例5
Design is a series of operations involved in taking a product from a conceptual stage to a form that meets both company goals and customer expectations.
设计是一系列的操作，包含该产品从构思阶段到同时满足公司目标和客户期望的结构样式。例8
After the spring has been close to its solid height, the compressive force is removed.
弹簧被压缩到接近并紧高度（压并高度）之后就没有压力了。
原句中solid height的意思在汉译时做了技术性引中，翻译为“并紧高度”。
P.33例12
Dimensioning is a complicated work and long experiences are required for the mastering of it.
尺寸标注是一项复杂的工作，需要有长期经验才能完成。
英语中的动名词是由动词变形而来的，其动作性已经高度抽象化，在汉译时应该增加表动作的动词。原句中的dimensioning就是抽象化了的动名词，在翻译时增加“进行”二字。
例14
Semiconductors devices have no filament or heaters and therefore require no heating power or warmed up time.
半导体器件没有灯丝，因此不需要加热功率或加热时间。
原句中的heaters属于重复性词语，在汉译时省略了heater。
例15
The diameter and the length of the wire are not the only factors to influence its resistance.
导线的直径和长度不是影响电阻的唯一因素。
原句中的物主代词its在汉译时省略，属于省译法。
P.34 例20
As noted previously, the catalyst in the first reactor can be divided into two beds, with an intermediate liquid quench, where high reactivity of the charge makes close temperature control mandatory.
前面已经指出，在电荷具有很高反应能力而必须严格控制温度的场合，第一反应器中的催化剂可以分为两层，并在中间采用液体冷却。
原句中斜体部分是where引导的地点状语。英语中习惯将状语放在句子后面，而汉语则恰恰相反，因此，汉译时语序进行了调整，状语从句位于句首。
例21
These waves, which are commonly called radio waves, travel with the velocity of light.
这些电波一般以光的速度进行传播，它们通常被称为无线电波。
汉译时调整了which引导的非限制性定语从句的位置，将其放在句末单独成为一个小分句，对前面的内容进行补充。
例22
To picture the stress state, select the original a reference system at the center of the contact area with x parallel to the cylindrical axes, y perpendicular to the plane formed by the two cylinder axes, and z in the plane of the contact force.
为描述应力状态，选择参考坐标系，原点选在接触面的中心，x轴平行于圆桂体的轴线，y 轴垂直圆柱体轴线所形成的平面，z轴处于接触力所在的平面上。
2018<科技英汉互译教程> 中篇期末考试范围
中篇第一章
P.42 例5
The new medicine will expire in 2 years.
新药的有效期为两年。
例10
The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.
操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能
P.43 例17
This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processing route.
对确定最佳工艺流程而言，这次实验是绝对必要的。
例20
Employers by and large are resistant to mediation.
从总体上说，雇主是抵制调解的。
P.44 例26
This metal is less hard than that one.
这种金属的硬度比那种差。
例30
This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the solubility.
对确定溶解度来说，这次试验是绝对必要的。
原句中的名词necessity转换成汉语中的形容词“必要的”，原句中的形容词absolute 转换汉语中的副词“绝对”。
P.45 例37
It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.
已经证实，粉尘具有极大的危害。
例41
Chlorine is very active chemically.
氯的化学性能很活跃。
P.46 例46
The government is behind this project.
政府支持这个项目。
The frequency, wave length and speed of sound are closely related.
频率、波长和声速三方面是密切相关的。
P.48 例61
The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt the metal.
这种加工方法所需的温度要低于熔化该金属的温度。
例70
Carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon oxides.
碳与氧化合后便构成各种碳氧化合物。
P.49 例77
These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.
这些早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率低下。
译文中在形容词前分别加上了三个名词：“速度”、“行动”、“效率”。既使译文意思明确，又使其形成四字词组，匀称整齐。
P.50 例91
The resistance of a given section of an electric circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through this section of the circuit.
电路某一段的电阻等于其电压与流过该段电路的电流之比。
P.51 例98
Since copper possesses good conductivity, it is widely used in electrical engineering.
由于铜具有良好的导电性，所以被广泛应用于电气工程。
原句中作主语的it在译文中省译。
P.52 例105
Finally, this condensate is pumped back into the boiler and the cycle repeats itself.
最后，冷凝水被泵回锅炉，这种循环重复进行。
P.53 例114
Therefore the transformer can be used to step up or step down alternating voltage.
因此，变压器可用来升降电压。
译文中并列连词or可以省略不译。
例119
Stainless steel possesses good hardness and high strength.
不锈钢硬度大、强度高。
P.54 例123
Strain Gauge Technology, which grew out of Applied Science Publishers Developments in Stress Analysis scries, does not replace or supersede existing textbooks and reference books
《应变仪技术》一书，虽是从应用科学出版家公司出版的《应力分析之进展》丛书中产生的，但它并不能取代现有的教科书和参考书。
原句中动词replace和supersede都是“替代”、“取代”的意思，译文中只译出一个，省译另一个。
P.55 例135
Machines used for making plastic objects are very different from those used for manufacturing articles of wood or metal or other natural materials.
用来加工塑料制品的机器同那些用来加工木制品、金属制品和其他天然制品的机器是十分不同的。
Gas, oil, and electric furnaces are most widely used in industry.
工业上广泛应用的是煤气炉、油炉和电炉。
原句中gas, oil和electric三个形容词同时修饰furnaces，但在译文中必须“油”和“电“连用才能使意思明确。
P57 例144
There are some partly mechanized versions of the process, however, in which higher current and deposition rates can be used.
但是这种（焊接）方法有些已经部分地机械化了，所以能使用较强的电流和较高的焊着率。例146
Increasingly sophisticated computer-controlled robots are entering industry to cut down production costs, time and labor requirements.
日益完善的由计算机控制的机器人正在进入工业领域，以降低成本、缩短生产时间、减少劳动力。
P.58 例149
Being very small, this force may be neglected.
这个力很小，所以可以忽路不计。
原向中的分词题语可分译成表示原因的分句，译为“这个力很小”。
P.59 例158
Plastics is made from water which is a natural resource inexhaustible and available everywhere, coal which can be mined through automatic and mechanical processes at less cost, and lime which can be obtained from the calcinations of limestone widely present in nature
塑料是由水、煤和石灰制成的。水是取之不尽的到处可以获得的天然资源；煤是用自动化和机械化的手段开采的，成本较低；石灰是由煅烧自然界中广泛存在的石灰石得来的。
例161
Generally speaking, the typical metal conducts electricity and heat. It shows lustrous surface, usually with white, or so-called metallic luster. It is ductile and malleable.
一般来说，典型的金属能导热导电，表面有光泽，具有延展性和可煅性。
P.60 例163
The circulating water system of this power plant is a closed-cycle type of cooling system which consists of cooling tower, basin, pump house and supply / return pipelines.
该电厂循环水系统是由冷却塔、水池、泵房以及供水/回水管路组成的闭式循环冷却系统。P.61 例169
This type of "early discovery" of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be the most effective form of therapy, is often bubbled by diverse biologic behaviors in the rate and direction of the growth of cancer.
人们希望“早期发现”肺癌，随后进行外科治疗，因为外科治疗可能是效果最好的办法。然而，由于肺癌生长速度和生长方向等生物学特征有很大差异，早期发现的希望往往落空。P.62 例172
Water is a substance suitable for preparation of hydrogen and oxygen.
水是适于制取氢和氧的一种物质。
P65 例187
In 1951,Harvard University undergraduate Marvin Minsky built a learning machine out of vacuum tubes and motors based on the McCulloch-Pitts neuron model.
1952年，哈佛大学的研究生Marvin Minsky，根据McCulloch-Pitts的神经模型，采用真空管和电动机制作出了一台学习机。
中篇第二章（共30个）
P.69 例6
When an acid reacts with a base, a neutral product usually results, and we call it a salt.
当一种酸和一种碱起反应时，通常形成一种中性产物，我们称之为盐类。
base一词的基本含义是“基础”，是一个概括性较强的词。但在以上例句中，都因不同的学科分类而转化为不同的含义，在机械术语中译为“底座”，在数学术语中译为“底数”；在化学术语中译为“碱”。
P.73 例32
When an acid reacts with a base, a neutral product usually results, and we call it a salt.
当一种酸和一种碱起反应时，通常形成一种中性产物，我们称之为盐类。
base一词的基本含义是“基础”，是一个概括性较强的词。但在以上例句中，都因不同的学科分类而转化为不同的含义，在机械术语中译为“底座”，在数学术语中译为“底数”；在化学术语中译为“碱”。
P.74 例36
The closed loop system protects the operator from liquor contact and hazard from the same.
此闭环系统能保护操作工，使之不与液体接触，免受液体危害。
原句中的same的照应词是liquor，正因为有了liquor的照应，才使得same有确定的充分的词义，即“液体”。
P.75 例45
Ideal voltage and current sources are active circuit elements, while resistors and conductors are passive elements.
理想电压源和电流源都是有源元件，而电阻和导体都是无源元件。
原句中active和passive的本义为“积极的”和“消极的”，根据句子的语境，引中为“有源”“无源”，更符合技术概念的语言规范。
P.76 例56
The critical pressure is the pressure at which a gas can be liquefied.
临界压力指液化气体所需的压力。
原句中形容词critical原义是“关键的”、“紧急的”。在翻译时进行了引中处理，译为“临界的”。P.77 例58
The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.
导线越粗，就越容易导电。
例64
The chief problem with brush-type motors is the low reliability of the commutator-and-brush assembly.
电刷型电动机的主要问题是换向器一电刷组合体的可靠性低。
P.78 例71
The shunt motor operates nearly at constant speed.
并励电动机差不多恒速运行。
P.79 例82
The fence by the cable ditch is too low.
电缆沟旁设置的栅栏太矮了。
P.80 例89
With its great potential, the wide use of optical communications will not come overnight.
虽然光通讯有巨大的发展潜力，但它不会在一夜之间就得到广泛的应用。
原句中的介词with表示伴随状态，汉译成连词“但是”。
P.81 例101
It is through this interface that the substation operator must control and monitor the entire substation.
变电站运行人员正是通过这个界面控制和监视整个变电站的。
P.82 例113
If we permit the current to flow longer, more heat will be produced.
如果让电流通过的时间长一些，产生的热就会多一些。
P.83 例123
The choice of material in construction of bridges is basically between steel or concrete and main trouble with concrete is that its tensile strength is very small.
桥梁建筑材料基本上仍在钢材和混凝土之间选择，而混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度低。P.84 例128
The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions.
两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。
P.86 例155
As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater.
温度增高，水的体积就增大。
P.87 例158
The materials are excellent for use where the value of the work pieces is not high.
如果零件价值不高，最好使用这种材料。
原句中的从属连词where 转译为“如果”，表示条件。
例160
Every object, large or small, has a tendency to move toward every other object.
每一物体，不论大小，都有向其他物体移动的倾向。
原句中的并列连词or转译为“不论”，表示让步。
P.88 例167
The electricity crisis can be solved as long as low-cost power is available.
只要能获得低成本的电力，电力紧张问题就会解决。
例173
The dielectric material is not perfect, so a small leakage current will flow through it.
电容电介材料是不完全绝缘的，因而会有少量的泄漏电流流出。
not perfect指的是materials在绝缘性方面的特性，所以译文中要将此名词增译出来。
P.89 例180
The force necessary to stretch the spring is great.
拉伸弹簧所需的力很大。
P.90 例184
This is the key for the extremely low D.C. power achievable.
这是获得极低直流功率的关键。
例191
He is quite ignorant of electromagnetics.
他对电磁学很不了解。
P.91 例197
Traditionally, our society has trained men to be comfortable with competition and uncomfortable with intimacy.
社会培养男性的传统模式使得他们能够从容地面对竞争，面对亲情却无所适从。
P.92 例211
The AC and DC components can be treated separately.
交流和直流分量可以分别加以处理。
P.93 例223
The absence of atmosphere in space will allow the space telescope to show scientists light sources as far as 14-billion light years away.
真空中大气的缺失现象使得科学家们可以通过太空望远镜观察到距我们远达140亿光年的光源。
P.94 例232
Going through the process of heat treatment, metals become much stronger and more durable.
金属经过热处理后，强度更大，更加耐用。
原句中process在汉语中不宜照译出来，因此省去不译。
例234
While small generators frequently have revolving armatures, large machines usually have stationary armatures and revolving fields.
小型发电机常采用旋转电枢，而大型发电机常采用静止电枢，旋转磁场。
原句中为了避免重复generators，后面使用拼写不同，但与其意思相近的名词machines替代，译为“发电机”。
P.95 例241
Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the form of steel.
现代工业对这种金属的需求量很大，无论是铁的形式还是钢的形式。
P.97 例258
This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper, but its quality is quite good.
这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸的一半，可是质量相当好。
P.99 例270
The minimum clearance path is the minimum distance that must be provided between conducting surfaces which differ in voltage.
在给定电压下，每个绝缘层都要求有最小间距和最短的漏电路径。
原句中形容词minimum分别修饰distance 和clearance path，根据汉语词语对应关系的需要，分别译成“最小”和“最短”。
中篇第三章（共15个）
P.104 例7
Knowing the properties of the material, we can make full use of it.
知道这种材料的特性后，我们就能充分利用它了。
例10
Using a transformer, power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage.
如果使用变压器，低电压的电力就能转换成高电压的电力。
例13
Copper has less resistance than aluminum for the same size wire, but aluminum,being much
lighter in weight, has less resistance per unit of weight.
对于同样粗细的电线来说，铜比铝的电阻小，但由于铝的重量很轻，所以它单位重量的电阻较小。
P.105 例19
Being stable in air at ordinary temperature, mercury combines with oxygen if heated.
即使常温下水银在空气中是稳定的，但给它加热它就会与氧化合。
P.107 例30
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.
电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。
P.109 例46
With the base grounded, transistor Q4 is a very high impedance.
当基极接地时，晶体管Q4便成为一个非常高的阻抗。
介词短语作状语，译为时间状语，并置于句首。
P.110 例55
It is necessary to prevent induction motors against overload and under voltage.
必须保护感应电动机，以防止过载和欠压。
原句中的介词短语against....voltage翻译为“以.…欠压”，在句中作宾语induction motors的补足语。
P.111 例64
Transistors, integrated circuits, and the chip itself only came about because materials scientist learned how to process silicon from common beach sand.
晶体管、集成电路以及芯片本身，都是由于材料科学家学会了利用沙滩上的普通沙子加工硅的方法之后才出现的。
P.112 例72
When the effect of inductance is such as to cause an induced voltage in the same circuit in which the changing current is flowing, the term self-induction is applied to the phenomenon.
当电感效应在变化的电流流过的同一电路里足以引起感应电压时，我们就用“自感”这个词来描述这一现象。
原句中the effect of inductance是when引导的时间状语从句的主语，它是不定式短语to cause an induced voltage动作的发出者，两者之间形成主谓关系。
例73
Another important factor to be taken into consideration is that current strength is equal at certain points in a series circuit.
需要考虑在内的另外一个重要因素是电流强度同串联电路中的某些点的强度处处相同。
原句中的不定式短语to be....consideration插入在主语another important factor与系动词is之间作后置定语。两者构成汉语中的动宾关系“考虑因素”。
P.113 例79
To allow our silicon crystal to conduct electricity, we must find a way to allow some electrons to move from place to place within the crystal.
为了让硅晶体导电，我们必须寻找一种方法让一些电子在品体内移动。
P.115 例90
It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.
必须着重指出，电源只不过是使电流沿着电路流动的一种装置。
原句中it是形式主语，替代that引导的主语从句。不定式短语to move....circuit作宾语electricity的补足语。
例93
A minimum electric power system is shown in Fig.1, a combination of an energy source, a prime mover, a generator, and a load.
最小的电力系统如图1所示，它由能源、原动机、发电机和负载构成。
原句中的同位语成份较长，表达的含义也较多，因此译为汉语的简单句更符合汉语的表达习惯。
P.116 例99
The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy.
电工学主要关注的是通过输送能量做功的情况。
原句中electrical engineering与主导词concern在逻辑上是主谓关系，汉译时也要按照主谓关系翻译，即将名词concern转译为动词“关注”，与主导词“电工学”构成主谓关系“电工学主要关注”。
P.117 例105
The gear teeth should have the strength sufficient to operate.
齿轮的齿必须具有足够的强度来运转。
原句中sufficient to operate是“形容词+不定式”构成的形容词短语，在汉译时将形容词sufficient 译为前置定语“足够的”，不定式to operate译为宾语的补足语。
中篇第四章（共15个）
P.122 例13
The last 10 years witnessed the great changes in the development of hydroelectric power in China. 最近10年，中国在水力发电方面取得了重大进展。
当英语用表达时间的词作主语，用witness，see，notice, find等词作谓语时，将主语转译为汉语的状语，使译文通顺。
P.123 例21
It concentrated on installing radio system in power plants.
它主要为电厂安装无线电系统。
P.124 例30
The function of a fuse is to protect the circuit.
电熔丝的作用是保护电路。
P.125 例35
The new equipments provide a relatively small loss of energy.
新设备的能耗较小。
原句中宾语loss of energy转译为主语“能耗”，主语汉译时转译为该词的定语“新设备的”，宾语的定语译为形容词作谓语“较小”。
P.127 例47
Hydroelectric stations offer quite a number of advantages over their thermal and nuclear counterparts.
与火电厂和核电厂相比，水电厂有很大的优势。
原句中作状语的介词短语中的over 转译成表示比较关系的状语短语。
P.129 例60
Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for
which it has strong affinity.
铝总是和其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是和氧结合在一起，因为铝对氧有很强的亲和力。由于这个原因，在自然界中任何地方都找不到游离状态的铝；所以一直到十九世纪人们才知道有铝。
P.130 例66
Great efforts will be made to achieve advancement and independent innovation of technology, which will lead to improved safety and cost-efficiency of nuclear power reactors and competitiveness of nuclear power.
我们将更努力实现先进的技术和技术的自我更新，这将提高核反应堆的安全和成本效益及核电的综合性能。
原句中which引导的定语从句没有采用内嵌法翻译，而是将其译成一个独立的分句，与主句呈顺承关系。
例67
When you use a computer to process information, you must have input, which is the data you will deal with; you must process the data, which is the act of doing something with data according to instructions, and you must have output, which is the result of your processing.
使用计算机处理信息时，必须输入所要处理的数据；同时必须按工作指令处理这些数据；最后，还必须有输出，即处理的结果。
P.132 例79
The equivalent circuits, being descriptive and simple, are very useful for the solution
to a number of problems.
由于该等值电路表达清楚、结构简单，因此对求解许多问题非常有用。
原句中being descriptive and simple表原因，故可转译为原因状语分句“由于……”。
P.133 例84
Wherever conductors are needed, insulators will be indispensable.
凡是需要导体的地方，就缺不了绝缘体。
原句中的地点状语从句根据汉语表达的需要，转换为汉语中作主语的名词词组“……的地方”。
例85
The amount of deformation is directly proportional to the applied stress provided the force does not exceed a certain limit.
如果外力不超过某一限度的话，那么形变量与外力成正比。
P.134 例97
The advantage of rolling bearing is that they cause less friction.
滚动轴承的优点是它产生的摩擦力较小。
P.135 例104
The possibility that a circuit breaker may fail to perform its function, when instructed to do so, is higher than for protection and trip circuit.
这样做以后，断路器失灵的可能性高于保护和跳闸回路失灵的可能性。
P.136 例111
Scientists have already known that under the extreme temperatures,say 260℃, metal presents zero resistance, that is, superconductivity of metal.
科学家们已经了解到，在极端的温度下，比如零下260℃，金属呈零电阻，也就是说，金属具超导性。
P.137 例115
The principal objection to arc lighting was its high intensity, making it unsuitable for most indoor applications.
人们反对弧光灯，主要是由于其灯光强度高，因而，不适用于大多数的室内照明。
中篇第五章（共10个）
P.141 例15
This extraction rate was confirmed in batch tank tests.
这一提取速度已为分批槽内试验所证实。
P.142 例27
The newly-found electrical material is widely used home and abroad.
国内外广泛采用这种新型电工材料。
译法的特点是，把原句中作状语的介词结构中的宾语译成主语，同时把原句的主语译成宾语。P.143 例31
It should be noted that increasing the length of the wire will increase its resistance.
应当注意，增加导线长度会增加其电阻。
P.145 例44；
But for friction, the driving wheel would not run the belt, neither would the belt run the wheel to be driven.
要是没有摩擦力，主动轮就不能带动皮带，皮带也就不能带动被动轮。
例47
It is by the use of steam-jackets that a reduction in condensation is achieved.
正是使用蒸汽套才可以削弱冷凝作用。
P.146 例54
Should the current be cut off, coil would return to its original position.
如采切断电流，线圈即恢复原来位置。
P.147 例61
Heat the substances and they will have the tendency to expand.
如果把物质加热，它就有膨胀的趋势。
P.148例68
He developed a computer model based on the data accumulated in these studies.
他根据研究中积累的数据研制了一个计算机模型。
例70
If broken anywhere, the electric circuit will immediately stop carrying a current.
不论在什么地方切断，电路都会立即停止通电。
例73
One China-made 300MW PWR reactor and turbogenerator unit has been installed at Qinshan in Zhejiang province.
一套国产的30万压水堆发电机组已安装在浙江省的秦山。
四六级翻译——科技类词汇 1.科技园science and technology park 2.高新技术开发区high-tech industrial zones 3.信息产业IT (Information Technology) 4.电器设备electrical appliance 5.电子设备electronic device 6.电子商务e-commerce 7.人工智能artificial intelligience 8.先进技术advanced technology 9.尖端技术state-of-the-art technology 10.载人航天飞行manned space flight 11.发射成功successful launch 12.自然科学natural science 13.新兴学科new branch of science 14.科技成果research achievements 15.科学发展观concept of scientific development 16.科教兴国revitalize China through science and education 17.可持续发展战略strategy of sustainable development 18.科技基础设施science and technology infrastructure 19.专利，专利权patent 20.生态农业environmental-friendly agriculture 21.物种起源origin of species 22.生物工程bio-technology 23.基因工程genetic engineering 24.转基因食品GM food (genetically modified food) 25.技术产权technology property right 26.科技含量technology content 27.电脑病毒computer virus 28.黑客hacker 29.垃圾邮件junk mail 30.数码科技digital technology 31.虚拟社区virtual community 32.网络空间cyber space 网络文化cyber culture 33.网民netizen 34.克隆cloning 激光laser 35.纳米nanometer 粒子particle 36.太阳能/ 核能/ 原子能solar/ nuclear/ atomic energy 37.突飞猛进advance by leaps and bounds 38.技术创新technological innovation 39.中国科学院the Chinese Academy of Science 40.科学技术是第一生产力Science and technology constitute the foremost productive forces. 41.科技前沿the forefront of science and technology 42.科技发明的传播和交流dissemination and exchanges of advanced scientific and technological inventions
Unit 1 Electronics:Analog and Digital 1.As with series resonance, the greater the resistance in the circuit the lower the Q and, accordingly, the flatter and broader the resonance curve of either line current or circuit impedance. 对于串联谐振，电路中的电阻愈大Q值就愈低，相应地线路电流或电路阻抗的谐振曲线也就愈平、愈宽。 2.A wire carrying a current looks exactly the same and weighs exactly the same as it does when it is not carrying a current. 一根带电的导线其外表与重量都与不带电导线完全一样。 3.Click mouse on the waveform and drag it to change the pulse repetition rate, or directly enter a new value of the period in the provided dialogue box, while keeping the pulse width unchanged. 在波形上点击鼠标并拖动来改变脉冲重复频率，或者在提供的对话框中直接输入新的周期值，而保持脉冲宽度不变。 4.Electronics is the science and the technology of the passage of charged particles in a gas, in a vacuum, or in a semiconductor. Please note that particle motion confined within a metal only is not considered electronics. 电子学是一门有关带电粒子在气体、真空或半导体中运动的科学技术。注意，在本书中粒子运动仅限于金属的情况不属于电子学。 5.Hardware technologies have played vital roles in our ability to use electronic properties to process information, but software and data processing aspects have not developed at the same speed. 硬件技术在我们使用电子特性来处理信息的能力中一直起着重要作用，而软件及数字处理方面却没能与硬件同步发展。 6.However, in a properly designed DC amplifier the effect of transistor parameter variation, other than Ico, may be practically eliminated if the operation point of each stage is adjusted so that it remains in the linear operation range of the transistor as temperature varies. 然而在设计得当的直流放大器中，若调节每一级的工作点使之在温度变化时保持在晶体管线性区，就能在实际上消除Ico以外的晶体管参数变化所造成的影响。
1.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 这里，由于地心的剧烈活动，使山脉和火山升出水面。 2.After the Australian Taxation Office made its taxation forms simpler, it actually received praise from taxpayers who could finally understand it. 澳大利亚税务局将其表格文字简化后，受到了纳税人的广泛称赞，因为他们终于能看懂这些表格了 3.Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence, and then to interdependence. Losers do not. 虽然人们生来要成功，然而，他们同样生来就是无助的，完全依靠环境。成功者成功地从完全不能自立过渡到了独立，然后过渡到相互依靠。失败者则不然。 4.Darwin was convinced that the loss of the tastes in music and drawing was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文认为，失去对音乐和绘画方面的兴趣，不仅失去了幸福，而且还可能损伤智力，甚至可能会伤害道德。 5.No eating tools on the Chinese dinner table are more magical and distinctive than the chopsticks. 中餐桌上最神奇,最有特色的用餐工具莫过于筷子. 6.It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky. 然而，浩瀚的太平洋最精美之处不在其大陆海岸，也不在沿海诸岛，而是在远离陆地的海域。在那里，富有神奇色彩的南太平洋诸岛像天上的繁星一样散布在广阔的海面上。 7.Circumstances and people are constantly changing. Some friendship last “forever”; others do not. 环境与人都在不断地改变。有些友谊地久天长，有些则如昙花一现。
Part I: Translate the Chinese in the brackets into English. (15%) 1. ____________________(爱因斯坦相对论)is the only one which can explain such phenomena. 2. Rate of penetration was found to ____________________ (与……成正比) the net pressure applied by the tool. 3. Being a ______________(非良导体/绝缘体), rubber is often used in cables. 4. Properly speaking, ___________(并非所有的物质) exist in three states. 5. An electric current produces ______________(磁场) around it. 6. With the result of automation, productivity has ___ ___________ (增加了5倍) in that factory. 7. Copper and aluminum are the best conductors of electric current ______________(仅次于银). 8. The neutron has __________________(既不带正电荷，也不带负电荷). 9. When the water temperature is increased, it vaporized more quickly until it reaches ________（沸点）. 10. A __________(变压器) is a very useful device, even though it can be sued only with alternating current. Part Ⅱ: Choose the better rendition for each of the following sentences.(20%) 1.由于我在会上发表论文，如蒙介绍有关会议的详细情况，不胜感激。 A) Because I will deliver a thesis at the conference, I shall appreciate it very much if you could introduce to me the detailed condition of the meeting. B) As I will present a paper at the conference, I will be grateful if you could supply me with detailed information about the meeting. 2. 西安附上我提供会议的论文，题目是“动物克隆在中国”，一式三份，如果要发电子邮件以转录软盘，我可以立即发出。 A) I am enclosing herewith my paper of the topic of “Animal Cloning in China” one form in three B) I am enclosing, in three copies, my paper entitled “Animal Closing in China” for the conference. If req uired, I can send an e-mail for the disk right away. 3．核能发电，是在20世纪才发展起来的新事物。不幸的是，建立和维持核发电厂的成本很高，使得建设速度要比原先预料的慢许多。---中国的第一座核发电厂，是于20世纪后期建立在深圳，靠近香港。 A) Using nuclear energy to generate electricity is a new thing developed in the 20th century. What is unfortunate is that the costs of building and maintaining a nuclear power plant are very high, making the speed of construction much slower than previously predicted. ----China’s first nuclear power plant was built in the late 20th century at Shenzhen near Hongkong. B) The production of nuclear power is a new development of the 20th century. Unfortunately, the high costs of building and maintaining a nuclear power plant have led to a much slower rate of growth than was predicted. -----China’s first nuclear power plant was built in the late 20th century at Shenzhen near Hongkong. 4. 不少科学家论证说，三国演义里所说的“木牛流马”，可能是一些有相当复杂性的机器，其工作原理可说类似于今天的某些器械装置。 A) Quite a few scientists say by reasoning that the “wooden cows, running horses” described in the Romance of the Three Kingdo ms could be rather complex machines whose working principles can be said to be like certain mechanical devices of today. B) Quite a few scientists argue that the “wooden cows, running horses” described in the Romance of Three Kingdoms could be machines of sufficient complexity working on principles supposedly similar to certain present-day mechanical devices. 5. 摘要：本文简单叙述和分析了本实验室最近对猪流感病毒所作的两次实验的成果。 A) Abstract: The results of two experiments on swine flu virus are briefly described and analyzed. B) Abstract: this article simply states and analyzes the results of two experimental tests this laboratory recently performed in the research on swine flu virus. 6. 珠江三角洲在中国的南部，气候良好，交通系统效率高，一向工农业都在快速发展。 A) The Pearl River Delta is to the south of China. It has a nice weather and a highly efficient communication system. Both of its industry and agriculture
《信息科技英语翻译》期末考试A卷参考答案 一、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 1.所谓翻译就是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的语言转换过程，是通过译 者在不同语言之间进行的一种语言交流活动。 A. 形式/内容 B. 增译/省译 C. 转换/交流 D. 直译/意译 2.著名的“信达雅”三字翻译标准是清末启蒙思想家严复所提出的。 A. 玄奘 B. 严复 C. 傅雷 D. 钱钟书 3.翻译中所谓的“忠实”，首先是指忠实于原文的内容。 A. 原文 B. 译文 C. 原语 D. 译语 4.信息科技英语的翻译标准应该是：准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰。 A. 忠实、通顺 B. 意美、形美、音美 C. 传神、化境 D. 准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰 5.信息科技英语翻译中所谓的准确，就是忠实地、不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容。 A. 信息 B. 意义 C. 风格 D. 思想 6.要做好科技英语的翻译工作，通常要求译者具有较高的英语水平、汉语水平、科技知识水平和翻译 理论水平。 A. 口头表达能力 B. 书面表达水平 C. 英语水平 D. 思维能力 7.信息科技英语文体的特点是第三人称多，被动语态多，专业名词、术语多，非谓语动词多，长句子 多。 A. 第一人称 B. 第二人称 C. 第三人称 D. 三种人称 8.信息科技英语翻译中直译法是最常见的译法之一。 A. 直译法 B. 意译法 C. 合译法 D. 分译法 9.英语中的同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往有不同的含义，常常要求译者根据上下文的联系， 以及句型来确定某个词在特定场合下的词义。 A. 词语 B. 词汇 C. 词序 D. 词义 10.所谓增译就是在译文中添加英语原文省略、或原文中无其词而有其意的词语。 A. 省译 B. 增译 C. 顺译 D. 倒译 二、是非题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分） 1.由于英汉两种语言结构与表达方式的不同，有些句子在汉译时不能逐词对译。（是） 2.英语中有大量动词派生的名词和具有动词意义的名词，均不可以转译为汉语的动词。（非） 3.英语定冠词the表示某一类特定的人或事物中的“某一个”，不可译为“该”、“这个/种”、“那个/种” 等。（非） 4.在代词的翻译中，所谓互换，就是将英语原文句子中的名词（即先行词）与代替该名词的代词，在 翻译时进行相互换为。（是） 5.信息科技英语中理解和翻译数词本身并不难，但当数字在句子中表示各种概念时，要理解和翻译一 些数量概念的句型结构时可能就会遇到困难，甚至有时出现误解、误译等现象。（是） 6.大多数作前置定语和少数作后置定语的形容词以及表语形容词，在翻译时一般可以直接译出，即译 为汉语的定语“的”字结构，也可省略“的”字。（是） 7.当英语的动词转译成汉语的名词时，修饰该英语动词的形容词往往转译成汉语的副词。（非） 8.英语介词在古英语中属于动词，因此在翻译时可将英语介词译为汉语动词。（是） 9.英语的连词从形式上可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。（非） 10.英语动词有限定性动词与非限定性动词之分，而不定式、动名词和分词三种限定性动词在科技英语 翻译中应引起我们高度重视。（非） 三、句子英汉翻译（本大题共20小题，每小题2分，共40分） 1.Packaged software is developed to serve the specific needs of one user. 软件包的开发只是为某一用户的特定需要服务。 2.After the spring has been closed to its solid height, the compressive force is removed. 弹簧被压缩到并紧高度之后，就没有压力了。 3.The longest light waves we can see are red, the shortest violet, and in between are other colors. 可见光波中最长的是红色，最短的光波是紫色，其他颜色的光波介于这二者之间。 4.Both pumps offer excellent metering performance, high vacuum lift, dry priming capability and no possibility of back-flow. 两类泵还具有良好的计量、高真空提升、干启动以及防回吸等功能。 5.Once it is combined, nitrogen is not chemically inert any longer. 氮气一经化合，在化学上它就变得活泼了。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十六 一、将以下指示与说明文体译成汉语 1. Important safety instructions 1) AC extension cords are not recommended for use with this product. If an extension cord must be used, be sure it is an approved type and has sufficient current-carrying capacity to power this product. 2) NEVER operate this product with any covers removed. 3) NEVER wet the inside of this product with any liquid. 4) NEVER pour or spill liquids directly into this unit. 5) NEVER block air flow through ventilation slots or heat sinks. 6) NEVER bypass any fuse. 7) NEVER replace any fuse with a value or type other than those specified. 8) NEVER attempt to repair this product. If a problem occurs, contact your local retailer. 9) NEVER expose this product to extremely high or low temperatures. 10) NEVER operate this product in an explosive atmosphere. 11) ALWAYS keep electrical equipment out of the reach of children. 二、将以下某款前置放大器使用说明译成汉语 1) DISPLAY INTENSITY BUTTON Cycles among four levels of brightness (including “off”）for the display, allowing adjustment for various ambient lighting conditions. When “off”, the display will turn on for a few seconds whenever a setting is changed. When used in conjunction with certain compatible ABC components, this button will control the display intensity of all lin ked components. (For more information, see “Linked Functions.”) 2) MODE INDICATORS Three LEDs give visual confirmation of the Operational Mode the preamplifier is in at any moment. 3) MODE BUTTON Cycles among the three primary Operational Modes of the preamplifier: Monitor (the source being listened to); Record Select (the source being provided to the Record Outputs); and Balance (the relative volumes of the Left and Right channels). Confirmation of these operating modes is given by the Mode Indicators below the
2009-2010学年第2学期 《实用科技英语翻译》期末考试题型和复习题 I Answer the following questions related to EST Translation (30’)（2个题） 1. What’s the definition of EST (English of Science & Technology)? EST (English for Science & Technology or Technical English or Scientific English) is a special language variety widely used in the fields of science and technology. It’s believed that it first came to being in the 1950s along with the rapid development of science and technology, and it many researchers and scholars began to conduct investigation of this common feature of this special genre including reading comprehension, writing and even translation. 2. What are stylistic features of EST? Completely different from other genres such as everyday English, literature English, EST has its own stylistic features due to the specialty in content, field and discourse functions, and partly due to the unique habits of EST writers, which are mostly represented in lexical level and syntactical level. 3. What are the general features of Compound Technical Terms? A. accuracy（确切性）: accurately reflect the nature of the concept B. monosemy（单义性）: one sense for one word C .systematization（系统性）:the individual technical terms in a given field should be in a specific level so as to constitute a common system D. linguistically correct（语言的正确性）: in accordance with the word-formation in the same language E. conciseness（简明性）: concise and easy to remember F. motivation（理据性）: just as the name implies, one can know the meaning of the word.
科技英语翻译复习范围(DOC)
1. 科技英语的语言特点具体表现 一、大量使用名词化结构 《当代英语语法》（A Grammar of Contemporary）在论述科技英语时提出，大量使用名词化结构（Nominalization）是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。 Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies. 阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理。句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构，一方面简化了同位语从句，另一方强调displacement 这一事实。 The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night. 地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句，而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。 If you use firebricks round the walls of the
boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced. 炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。 科技英语所表述的是客观规律，因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称；此外，要使主要的信息置于句首。 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves. 电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。 名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实，而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。 二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计，科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态，例如： Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说：You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注
科技英语翻译 1.1 翻译的标准 第1节翻译练习1 The power plant is the heart of a ship. The power unit for driving the machines is a 50-hp induction motor. 动力装置是船舶的心脏。 驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。 第1节翻译练习2 Semiconductor devices, called transistors, are replacing tubes in many applications. Cramped conditions means that passengers’ legs cannot move around freely. All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space. 半导体装置也称为晶体管，在许多场合替代电子管。 我们知道，所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。 空间狭窄，旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。 第1节翻译练习3 The removal of minerals from water is called softening. A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts: blade and petiole. 去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。 双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成：叶片和叶柄。 1.2 对译者的要求 第4节翻译练习1 Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. All four (outer planets) probably have cores of metals, silicates, and water. 爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。（直译） 这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。（意译） The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. Part adjustment and repair must be performed on regular basis if an acceptable printed product is to be the end product. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。（意译） 要使印刷品的质量达到要求，部件调试及修理就必须定期进行。（意译） 第4节翻译练习2 The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. The doctor analyzed the blood sample for anemia. The apparent change in size of the sun is caused by dust in the air near the horizon.植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。（合译） 太阳的大小看起来有变化，这是由于靠近地平线的空气中有尘粒而引起的。（分译） 医生对血样作了分析，看是不是贫血症。（分译） These fragments of rock and iron range from thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.这些石块和铁块的碎片大小不等，大的直径有1000公里，小的不到1公里。（分译） 制造过程可以分为单件生产和大量生产。前者指的是生产少量的零件，后者则是指生产大量相同的零件。（分译） 第4节翻译练习3 Cartography is the science of making maps. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. 制图学是研究绘制地图的科学。（增译） 人们发现，自然界里许多元素，都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。（增译） The two units used most frequently in electricity are ampere and volt: this is the unit of voltage and that of current. That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. 电学上最常用的两个单位是安培和伏特：后者是电压的单位，前者是电流的单位。（增译） 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸是电学的一个基本规律。（省译） 第4节翻译练习4 Almost any insulated body processes to some extent the ability to retain for a time an electric charge. The angular contact bearing provides a greater thrust capacity. The properties of the weld can be altered by varying the grain orientation. 几乎任何一种绝缘体都多少具有保留电荷一段时间的能力。 向心推力轴承有较大的轴向承载能力。 通过改变晶粒的方向可以改变焊缝的性能。 2.1 词义的选择 第1节翻译练习1 The spindle rotates simultaneously round two axes at right angles to each other. The earth isn’t completely round; it is slightly flattene d at the poles. In each round of operation the particle picks up energy from the oscillating electric field. 锭子同时绕两个互相垂直的轴旋转。（介词） 粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。（名词） 地球并非完全是圆的，它的两极略扁平。（形容词） An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom. Her waist measures forty inches round. 电子是绕原子核转动且带有负电荷的极其微小的粒子。（动词） 她腰围40英寸。（副词） 第1节翻译练习2 Rate of penetration was found to be proportional to the net pressure applied by the tool. Scientists are constantly striving to find fast and convenient way of obtaining quantitative data. To find the area of a square or oblong, you merely multiply its length by its width. Certain isotopes are not found in nature. 人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。 求一正方形或长方形的面积，你只需将其长度乘以宽度。 科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。 有些同位素在自然界中并不存在。 New fibers find expanding applications in engineering and industry. Kangaroos are found in Australia. This plant is found in the sea near the mouth of rivers. Microcomputers have found their application in the production of genius sensors. Plastics find wide application in our daily life. 大袋鼠产于澳大利亚。 这种植物生长在近河口的海中。 新发明的纤维在工程和工业领域得到越来越广泛的应用。 微型计算机已经应用于智能传感器的生产中。 塑料在我们的日常生活中得到广泛应用。 第2节翻译练习1 The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. Traditionally, NC programming has been performed offline with the machine commands The occurrence of large mats of floating algae may result in the death of many fish from lack of oxygen. 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。（技术性引申） 通常，数控机床的编程是脱机完成的，指令载于穿孔带上。（技术性引申） 大片大片漂浮的藻类的出现导致很多鱼因缺氧而死亡。（修辞引申） The splitting of the uranium or plutonium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amount of energy. The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor. The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. Just as different solids and liquids vary in density, so do gases and vapors. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。（具体化引申） 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。（具体化引申） 随着铀核和钚核的裂变，会有极其巨大的能量释放处理。（修辞性引申） 正像不同的固体和液体的密度不同一样，不同的气体和蒸汽的密度也不同。（具体化引申） The Curies believed that there was something in nature that gave out radiation. Obviously, there is much room for the improvement in the structure. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. The facts have been set down in black and white. 显然，其结构还有较大的改进余地。（抽象化引申） 目前，煤是火电厂最常用的能源。（抽象化引申） 居里夫妇坚信，自然界中有一种物质能放出辐射能。（具体化引申） 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。（抽象化引申） 2.3 词类的转换 第3节翻译练习1 Each time a sample was drawn for color determination. What is certain is that the oil spill has delivered a devastating blow to the ecology of the Persian Gulf. We should get familiar with different systems of units. 每次取一个标本测定颜色。 可以肯定，这场石油泄漏事件对波斯湾的生态是个惨重的打击。 我们应该熟悉各种（计量）单位制。 These decision-making processes are applicable to the entire field of engineering design--- not just to mechanical engineering design. Hydrogen instead of air is frequently used for cooling large turbogenerators. When the war was over, it was discovered that the Germans were nowhere near success in developing nuclear weapons. 常以氢气代替空气来冷却大型汽轮发电机。 第二次世界大战结束后，人们发现德国人在研制核武器方面离成功还很远。 这些判定过程可以应用于工程设计的整个领域，而不仅仅限于机械工程设计。 Various precautions have been taken against leakage. Once inside the oven, panels are subjected to a temperature of 365°F. Value is defined as a numerical ratio, the ratio of the function, or performance, to the cost. This new model should appeal to potential buyers. 一旦进入烘干炉，板材就处于365华氏度的温度条件下。 价值的定义是功能或性能与成本的数值比。 已采取了各种措施防止渗漏。 这种新式样对潜在的买主肯定有吸引力。 Galileo’s experiments are not difficul t, nor is there any evidence that he performed them with exceptional skill. Sometimes a scientist observes an object and its features, for example a star or a bird; sometimes he observes an event, which is something that happens at a particular time. Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions. 有时科学家观察一物体及其特征，例如一颗星或一只鸟；有时科学家观察某一事件，即在一特定时间所发生的事。 地震对于生命的破坏通常大于火山爆发。 伽利略的实验并不难，也没有证据表明他是以非凡的技能来做实验的。 Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating. How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air. This is why a coil is often referred to as an inductor. 一种燃料燃烧的速度有多快，取决于它与氧气或空气混合的均匀程度。 这就是线圈常被叫做电感器的原因。 应当慢慢加热，以避免发生局部过热现象。 第3节翻译练习2 Practically all of the useful properties of materials are strongly dependent on their internal structure. The metal casts well. A wire for conducting electric current is covered with plastic; the plastic is insulation round the wire. 几乎材料的一切有用特性都与其内部的结构有密切的关系。 这种金属有良好的铸造性能。 传导电流的导线包有塑料，该塑料便是导线周围的绝缘材料。 There are many ways of determining the distribution of the magnetism about a magnet. Good lubrication keeps the bearings from being damaged. Safety in a power plant is of great importance. Most modern transmitters employ solid state circuits. 安全在电厂是非常重要的。 现代发报机大多采用固体电路。 有许多方法来确定磁场周围的磁力分布状况。 润滑良好可保护轴承不受损伤。 E-Chemmerce now offers two main levels of online business intelligence on chemical, plastic and energy e-commerce. These images tend to exaggerate the robot’s similarity to human anatomy and behavior. Aluminum remained an expensive rarity till the discovery of the electrolytic process for reducing aluminum in 1886. 这些概念常常夸大了机器人与人类在形体和行为方面的相似之处。 《电子化工商务》目前主要提供两个层次的有关化学、塑料和能源电子商务的在线商务信息服务。 直到1886年人们发现电解法还原铝之前，铝一直是一种昂贵的珍品。 Since some materials are not damaged easily as others, the possibility exists of developing radiation-resistant parts. 由于有些材料不像另一些那样容易被损坏，所以有可能研制出防辐射的零件。 2.4 词的增译 第4节翻译练习2 第4节翻译练习1 This action externally appears like the discharge of a capacitor. Once out of the earth’s gravity, an astronaut is affec ted by still another problem--- weightlessness.