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英语写作基本句型+从句

英语写作基本句型+从句
英语写作基本句型+从句

一.五种基本句型

The sun rose.

He smiled.

“How long can I keep the book?” Harry asked

2.主语(S) +谓语(V) + 宾语(O):谓语动词具有实义,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟一个宾语作为动作的承受者,才能使句子意思完整。宾语可以是名词,代词,动名词(v-ing),不定式(to do)。

I love Chinese food.

3.主语(S) + 系动词(V) + 表语(P):

系动词有以下几类:

①表示主语的状态,特征:be, feel, look, sound, taste, smell, seem, appear等。

To do this job is not easy.

The cat is under the table.

In fact, fossil fuel is in a terrible short supply.

Seeing is believing.

The meal looks delicious.

This medicine tastes bitter.

He seemed to be feeling very exhausted last week.

She appears (to be) a very pious person.

There appears to be a misunderstanding.

②表示主语从一种状态变成另一种状态:go, come, turn, become, grow, fall, get 等

His hair turned grey in a few days.

Global shortage of fresh water has become a heated topic.

The professor got angry.

The boy fell asleep quickly.

The leaves turned yellow.

P.S: go作为系动词时一般表贬义,如go hungry/ mad/ crazy/ bad/ sour/ wrong等。而come作为系动词一般表褒义,如come true/ right.

③表示主语保持某种状态:remain, keep, stay, stand

The door remained closed.

Please remain seated and keep silent.

He stayed single.

4.主语(S) + 谓语(V) + 间接宾语(Oi)+ 直接宾语(Od): 两个宾语都和动词有关系,都是动词的发生对象,但两个宾语之间无逻辑关系

They offered me the job.

She ordered herself a new dress.

She cooked her husband a delicious meal.

He bought you a dictionary.

I gave my car a wash.

P.S: 此句型往往可以改成S + V + Od + to / for + Oi的句型

与介词to搭配的常见动词:give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach等。

与介词for搭配的常见动词:make, do, spare, order, cook, sing, buy, find, get等。

5.主语(S) + 谓语(V) + 宾语(O) + 宾语补足语(C):此句型的特点是动词虽然是及物动词,但只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使句子意思完整。宾补即是用来补充说明宾语的,在逻辑上与宾语形成主谓关系。能作宾补的有:名词,形容词,介词短语,不定式短语,分词短语,副词等。

The war made him a soldier.

New methods make the job easy.

I often find him at work.

The teacher asked the student to close the windows.

I saw a cat running across the road.

Please keep the dog out.

He made the boy laugh

They made him president.

Exercise

按指定结构来翻译以下句子。

1. 网络使得人们无需出门就可以得到放松。(SVOC)

2. 语言是人类交流的主要手段。(SVP)

3. 大众媒体包括电视,广播,报纸,杂志和网络。(SVO)

4. 旅游业对很对国家来说都是至关重要的。(SVP)

5. 有些人认为人口过多是个巨大的问题。(SVOC)

6. 我们的经济政策注重消费。(SVO)

7. 现在,越来越少的人喜欢写信了。(SVO)

8. 新发明大幅度地增长。(SV)

9. 我们必须阻止野生动物灭亡。(SVOC)

10. 电脑可以教会学生一些简单的学科知识。(SVOO)

二.并列句

由并列连词连接的两个或两个以上独立分句的句子就是并列句。

1. 并列连词

1)并列连词and

名词或名词短语并列:

An aging population and a declining birth rate constitute a serious problem for the domestic employment market.

We will sooner or later confront / face such two major problems as the exhaustion / use-up of natural resources and the ecological unbalance.

动词短语并列:

We need to take effective measures to preserve the existing natural resources on earth and protect the ecological balance.

To some extent, increasing the price of petrol can save energy, cut carbon dioxide emission and improve the traffic situation.

Increasing the price of petrol could make profound changes in modern life style and bring people a lot of inconvenience.

形容词或形容词短语并列:

One of the pressing problem facing our nation today is overcoming differences in urban and rural income levels.

Superficially, the proposal sounds attractive and sensible.

Your advise is far from being reasonable and practical.

并列完整句子:

The government has attached greater importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being terminated.

Fuel-efficient motor vehicles must be developed to reduce oil consumption and alternative energy sources must be found to replace coal.

Our government should take some effective countermeasures to ban such illegal thing from spreading and some related laws or regulations should be laid down in no time.

2)并列连词but

The computer may communicate concrete knowledge, but only the teacher is able to

build self-confidence, and to make one think creatively.

In the past, populations were partly regulated by fluent wars and widespread disease, but in recent years the effects of those factors have been diminished.

3)并列连词or

Nowadays, many students always go into rapture at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college.

Today’s TV programs often provide either some superficial information or some distorted representations of the reality.

2.注意:所有状语从句引导词都是连词,如时间状从中的when、as、while,原因状语从句中的because、for、as ,条件状语从句中的if,、unless,让步状语从句中的though、even though、while等。

副词逻辑词

表因果therefore、thereby, hence, thus

表转折however, nevertheless

表此外moreover, furthermore

断句连接句子

He is very nice, thus we all like him.

We had lunch together, then we went home by bus.

三.插入语

插入语是指插在句子中的短语或句子,其位置比较灵活,通常被逗号、破折号或句子的其他部分分开,与句子的其他部分之间没有语法上的关系。

插入语种类:

1.副词(短语)作插入语

常见的有:however,indeed, obviously,actually, similarly等。

This argument, however, doesn’t hold water.

It will be meaningful, however, to discuss the phenomenon briefly.

Tourism, frankly, may promote mutual understanding among nations.

Obviously, immediate action is needed to extricate 80 million Chinese people from the grips of poverty in order to remove the danger of social unrest and ensure

continuing stability.

2.介词短语作插入语

常见的有:in conclusion, above all / first of all, in a word,in short,in one’s view/opinion,in addition,as a matter of fact等。

In conclusion, I tend to believe that the downside of using mobile phones far exceeds its merits.

In a word, the increase of price of petrol is the last choice for us to control air pollution and improve traffic situation.

In my opinion, the government should take pains / make great efforts to educate people and make related rules or favorable policies to prevent water resources from pollution.

Environment, in my view, has a far-reaching influence on one’s personality.

In addition, more attention should be paid to expanding our education.

3.不定式短语作插入语

常见的有:to be short, to sum up, to be sure,to begin/start with等。这些插入语表示说话人的态度,在句中作独立成分。如:

To be sure, community service can aid reemployment.

To start with, China is ready strengthen scientific and technological cooperation with many countries.

To sum up, overpopulation exerts many negative / detrimental / baneful influences on underdeveloped and industrialized nations.

第四章从句

名词性从句:主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句

形容词性从句:定语从句

副词性从句:状语从句

第一节名词性从句

1. 陈述句作句子成分:把一个完整的陈述句当作名词使用时,需在陈述句句首

加上that,然后加上陈述句分别充当另一个句子的主语,宾语,表语或同位语。

e.g., That English is important is an undoubted fact.

I’ve learned (that) love, not time heals all wounds.

My idea is that the child should be sent to school.

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everyone.

2. 一般疑问句作句子成分:当把一个一般疑问句当作名词使用时,先将疑问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序,并在句首加上whether或if (if 只能用在宾语从句中) 来引导。

e.g., Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me.

I don’t know if / whether he needs my help.

My question is whether people will live on the moon someday.

Scientists have argued over the question whether there is life on other planets. 3. 特殊疑问句作句子成分:当把一个特殊疑问句当作名词使用时,先将特殊疑

问句的倒装语序变成陈述句语序,再充当另一个句子的成分。

e.g., Why dinosaurs became extinct is still a mystery.

I don’t know how many letters there are in the English alphabet.

Money is what we are badly in need of.

There arose the question where we could get loan.

p.s: 特殊疑问词作主语时,无需调整语序而直接作句子成分。

e.g., Who will chair the meeting has not been decided yet.

一. 主语从句:

1. 陈述句作主语:

①That 引导:that 不作任何成分

e.g., That the seas are being overfished has been known for many years.

That the plates are moving is not beyond disputed.

That he doesn’t understand English is obvious.

That the moon itself doesn’t give off light is common knowledge.

②用it作形式主语置于句首,而将主语从句放在句末。

e.g., It has been known for many years that the sea are being overfished.

It is not beyond dispute that the plates are moving.

It is obvious that he doesn’t understand English.

It is common knowledge that the moon itself doesn’t give off light.

p.s: 常见主语从句句型:

It is + 过去分词+ that 从句→It’s reported/ believed/ said/ generally thought/ estimated that…; It should be/ has been/ must be…

It is + 形容词+ that 从句→It is clear/ possible/ likely/ natural/ certain/ strange/ necessary/ fortunate/ true that…

It is + 名词+ that 从句→It is a pity/ a fact/ a good thing/ good news/ no wonder/ a shame/ an honour/ a miracle/ my belief that…

2. 一般疑问句作主语:将一般疑问句变成陈述句,并用whether来引导,充当句子的主语。

3. 特殊疑问句作主语:

e.g., What we need is wholly new kind of police force.

When the meeting is to be held has not been decided.

Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.

How a person masters his life is more important than what his life is.

September 11 2001, started out as an ordinary day, but what happened that morning will be forever etched.

二. 宾语从句:

1. 陈述句作宾语:“that + 陈述句”置于宾语位置。

e.g., We know (that) the world is round.

I think (that) a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing. p.s: 只有宾语从句中的that 才可以省去(在不影响对句意的理解的情况下),而主语从句,表语从句和同位语从句中的that一般不能省去。

2. 一般疑问句作宾语:“whether/ if + 陈述句”置于宾语位置。

e.g., No one knew whether or not interest rates would rise.

3. 特殊疑问句作宾语:

e.g., I have not decided whom I should vote for.

No one knows exactly how speech began.

Could you tell me where the post office is?

We don’t know why he didn’t come yesterday.

They gave who came to the meeting a booklet.

You should vote for which candidate you assume best.

The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.

三. 表语从句:

1. 陈述句作表语:“that + 陈述句”置于表语位置。

e.g., My idea is that the child should be sent to school.

The reason that I was late this morning was that my car broke down on the way.

2. 一般疑问句作表语:“Whether + 陈述句”置于表语位置。

e.g., My concern is whether he comes or not.

The question is whom will chair the meeting.

3. 特殊疑问句作表语:

e.g., Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative. Change is what keeps us from

getting stale. Change is what keeps us young.

Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That is why it is called the present.

The point is when you will become rich.

This is where our basic interest lies.

四. 同位语从句:

所谓同位语,即用来补充说明名词的成分。被补充说明的名词,叫作先行词。同位语从句即用一个完整的句子来补充说明名词。

1. 陈述句作同位语:“that + 陈述句”

e.g., He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights would fall to the

ground at the same time.

The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everyone.

The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

p.s: 同位语从句可能与其修饰的名词被其他成分隔开,e.g.:

They spread the lie everywhere that Tom was guilty of theft.

A saying goes that practice makes perfect.

Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities.

2. 一般疑问句作同位语:“whether + 陈述句”

e.g., They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.

3. 特殊疑问句作同位语:

e.g., The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration.

I have no idea when he will return.

Exercise

1. 众所周知,在上海老龄化是个不可避免的趋势。

2. 他控制不了他内心的恐惧,他怕有一天被解雇。

3. 克隆技术带给人类的影响依旧不确定。

4. 我不明白为什么他要这么做。

5. 有人建议应该在公共场合禁止吸烟。

6. 广告告诉我们可以在哪些地方买到这种产品。

7. 问题是大学教育能否教给学生有用的技能。

8. 这就是为什么我们需要扩大就业。

9. 对你生病这件事,他们都很焦虑。

10. 我同意他的观点,即政府应该把更多的钱花在医疗和教育上。

第二节形容词性从句

定义:用来修饰某个名词或名词短语的从句。

p.s: 先行词:被定语从句所修饰的对象。

关系词:重复指代先行词,起连接主句和从句的作用,并在定语从句中充当一定成分(e.g., 主语;动词的宾语;介词的宾语;宾语的关系词)的连接词。

1. 关系词作从句的主语:

e.g., The woman who lives next door is a famous dancer.

I like guys who have a good sense of humor.

Anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments

He who is not handsome at 20, not strong at 30, nor rich at 40, nor wise at 50, will never be handsome, strong, rich or wise.

The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page.

I like guys who are not too serious and who have a good sense of humor.

2. 关系词作从句中动词的宾语:

e.g., He is the best grammar teacher (who) I have ever seen.

He is the student (who) the teachers like to praise for his hard work.

3. 关系词作从句中介词的宾语:

e.g., I am talking about friends (who) you can share almost everything with.

I hope I never have a boss (who) I can’t talk about my problems.

I like the people (who) I work with.

I’d prefer someone (who) I have something in common with --- who I could talk to easily.

p.s: 作宾语的关系词可以省略。

限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区别:

限制性定语从句:不用逗号隔开。用来对一个名词提供必要的信息,以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性质,或用来限制先行词所指的范围。

非限制性定语从句:用逗号隔开。是用来提供附加的而非必要的信息,只是对先行词进一步的解释,补充或说明。

Exercise

1. 选择职业是人一生中所做的最重要的决定之一。

2. 大城市的交通事故时司空见惯的事,是由多种因素造成的。

3. 旅游业促进旅店和旅游设施的发展,这反过来为当地人创造了就业机会。

4. 我们应该多开发那些寓教于乐的电影、电视节目和电脑软件。

5. 应当教给学生怎样生存,怎样彼此相处,这比读和写更重要。

第三节副词性从句

副词性从句:即是状语从句,它起到副词或副词短语的作用,在句中修饰动词。可分为九种,包括时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、比较、让步、条件。

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