2020年武汉大学行政管理考博参考书及考
博真题解析
2019年8月22日
一、2020年行政管理考博参考书及考博参考书解读
育明教育石老师研究发现，北大人大清华北师大北航南开中山武大复旦等院校行政管理考博越来越趋向于考察热点问题，尤其是政策热点问题，比如产业政策争论、垃圾分类、放管服改革等，所以，大家一定要多看一些热点方面的参考书，如下所示：
《公共管理学》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2018年版；
《公共政策分析》，李国正，首都师范大学出版社，2019年版；
《公共管理学：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；
《公共政策分析：考点热点与真题解析》，首都师范大学出版社，2020年版；
二、行政管理考博真题热点总结
大部制及大部制改革
育明教育解析：“大部制”改革是近几年比较热点的问题，建议大家在复习行政管理的时候，要多留意。以下几个问题弄明白了，关于“大部制”的问题就可以迎刃而解了。
（一）含义
大部制即为大部门体制，特点是扩大一个部所管理的业务范围，把多种内容有联系的事务交由一个部管辖，从而最大限度地避免政府职能交叉、政出多门、多头管理，从而提高行政效率，降低行政成本。
（二）目前我国行政机构存在的问题
大部制改革的核心是转变政府职能。
行政职能的错位和交叉，不仅造成了部门之间扯皮现象多，行政效能低下，过多经济资源被行政机构自身消耗掉；更重要的是，它无法履行宏观经济管理、市场监管、社会管理等职能，无法向民众提供合格的公共服务和社会保障等。因此，必须对现有政府机构进行有效整合，改变政府机构繁多、职能交叉的现象，通过减少机构数量，降低各部门协调困难，使
政府运作更有效率，更符合市场经济的宏观管理和公共服务的角色定位。
总之，大部制是社会大转型中政府保障服务性功能突出、行政色彩淡化的必然选择。而一个整合了不同部门利益的强势大部委，其职能也应该适应和体现市场经济发展和公共行政的管理需求。随着两会的来临，有关大部制改革将会受到社会的更多关注，笔者衷心地希望这次大部制改革能够收到扎扎实实的成效，政府部门都能成为一个个办事干练、勤政为民的（三）推行大部制改革的意义
大部制是一种政府政务综合管理组织体制，其特征是“大职能、宽领域、少机构”，政府部门的管理范围广，职能综合性强，部门扯皮少。
1.有利于减少职能交叉，完善行政运行机制
我国目前政府组织机构设置存在的突出问题是部门过多、职能交叉、权责脱节。职能交叉还损害了国家整体利益的实现，严重影响了经济社会统筹发展。实行“大部制”，能适应信息技术发展带来的由传统的以职能为中心的职能导向型政府转向建设以流程为中心的流程导向型政府，有利于整合政府资源，再造工作流程，确保全面履行政府职能，为公众提供便利和高质量的公共服务，最终“整合不同的体制，提供无缝隙的服务”。
2.有利于落实“问责制”，建设责任政府
部门过多必然造成职能分散、政出多门，既不利于集中统一管理和加强政府应有权威，又不利于落实“问责制”和建设责任政府。大部制强调的是部门职能的有机统一和综合管理，能够较好地协调职能机构统一和专业分工的关系，对于协调部门关系、强化政府权威和落实责任追究具有重要意义。
3.有利于行政体制改革的突破和深化，是加快行政管理体制改革的关键环节
大部制将是未来行政管理体制改革的重点和亮点，应当将大部制改革放到整个行政管理体制改革的全局来定位和设计，综合考虑政府改革的系统配套问题，将组织重建、体制变革、机制创新、职能转变、流程再造、管理方式创新以及相互关系的调整有机结合起来，以全方位推进我国政府组织变革。
（四）推行大部制改革的原则
1.回应性调适原则。一要回应市场经济发展的需要。强化宏观决策，加强市场监管，弱化微观管理，同时兼顾我国在经济转型中培育市场、促进特殊行业发展、有效管理骨干国企的需要。
2.回应社会发展的需要。扩展社会职能，保障基本公共服务的均等化，充分培养社会的
自治精神和能力。三要回应利益多元的需要。充分考虑地方利益、地区利益和行业利益的平衡，既要合理配置利益机制，又要防止追逐违法利益。四要回应技术发展的需要。减少管理层级，实行扁平化管理。
3.总体性统筹原则。一要总体统筹职能设置。构建经济调节、市场监管、社会管理、公共服务职能错落有致的服务型政府职能架构。二要总体统筹权力配置。加强国务院最高领导层对各部门的统筹能力，同时合理划分国务院与地方政府人权、财权、事权的权限。三要总体统筹各种关系。统筹城乡发展、区域发展、经济社会发展、人与自然和谐发展、国内发展和对外开放，统筹中央和地方关系，统筹个人利益和集体利益、局部利益和整体利益、当前利益和长远利益。四要总体统筹府际改革，形成国务院机构改革与地方政府机构改革的协调张力。
4.系统性集中原则。一是整合职能。有机合并相近职能，避免职能交叉，相互扯皮。二是整合权责。健全政府权责体系，形成部门间和层级间合理的权责构成。三是整合机构。减少管理环节和层次，优化结构。四是整合机制。整合大部门内部的运行机制，降低协调成本，提高行政效能。
5.制约性协调原则。一是国务院整体（国务院和部门及部门之间）决策权、执行权与监督权的制约性协调。二是部门内部的决策权、执行权与监督权的制约性协调。三是中央与地方政府之间的决策权、执行权与监督权的制约性协调。
6.总揽性分别原则。一是要进行改革的总体设计，形成包括中央和地方政府，近期和远期改革的整体方案。二是要实行分层要求，对国务院和省市以下政府改革既要明确共同性，又要有不同针对性。三是要实行分类指导，对东部、西部、中部和东北地区政府改革提出适应地区经济社会发展状况的指导。四是要实行分步实施，既要考虑改革目标的实现，又要考虑改革的现实可操作性，尽可能减少改革所带来的负面效应和消极成本。
（五）推行大部制改革需要重点研究的若干问题
1.决策、执行、监督的分离与协调问题
目前我国决策职能与执行职能和监督职能不分现象突出，监督流于形式，使决策部门普遍受到执行利益的干扰，导致问责更加困难，国家利益部门化。解决这个问题，就是要探索建立决策、执行、监督既相互协调又适度分离的行政运行机制，实现决策科学、执行顺畅、监督有力。
2.在大部制改革中还需要着力解决市场监管体制问题。
我国市场监管部门过多、多头执法、交叉执法的问题非常突出。例如，对食品的监督管理。为了从根本上完善市场监管体制，必须按照市场统一、开放、竞争的要求，将现行涉及市场监管的有关机构整合，统一行使市场监管职能，以增强监督的统一、公正和有效。
3.综合管理部门与专业管理部门的关系问题
我国目前综合管理职能与专业管理职能配置不科学。综合管理部门权力过于集中，行业或产业管理部门的行政管理职能不到位、权力分割，项目立项、资金支配等事项都要经过综合管理部门的层层审批，统筹协调困难，对一些问题难以及时出台有效的政策。因此，必须进一步理顺综合部门与专业管理部门的关系，做到各负其责、相互协作。
4.推行大部制改革的法律保障问题
我国相当程度上存在一个部门一套法律体系，大部制改革后，有关执法主体、诉讼管辖和法律适用可能会出现一定的问题，必要时可以由全国人大常委会作出有关机构改革中法律适用问题的决定予以解决。同时，大部制改革必然涉及到现行法律法规的修改问题，应当以此为契机，增强我国法律体系的协调统一和实行综合立法。
5.与其他改革相配套问题
大部制改革作为行政管理体制改革的关键环节，涉及到复杂的利益关系和权力关系的调整，是一项系统工程，必须坚持整体配套改革的原则，使大部制改革与其他改革相互协调、彼此促进。当前特别重要的是应当以政府机构改革为契机，加快推进事业单位分类改革，创新公共产品的提供机制，重视公益性事业单位在提供公共产品和公共服务中的重要作用，还可以更多地采取购买服务的提供方式。
6.加强对大部制改革的理论研究
我国以往的机构改革往往是迫于形势压力，临时应付，一般是从政策阐释的角度提出改革主张，缺乏指导改革实践的较为系统和理性的、前瞻性的理论阐释，导致改革的系统性、科学性和前瞻性不够。换言之，理论滞后于实践的问题正在日益成为制约我国政府改革的突出问题。当前，在新形势下加快行政管理体制改革和推行大部制，应当着重对我国政府改革进行理性的反思，从价值选择的角度讨论政府改革与发展市场经济、实现制度创新、提高政府能力的关系。
专题5 事业单位分类改革
育明教育解析：事业单位改革是当今时政热点，考生在备考时应多加留意。而且还要注意
把握事业单位的定位，它是指由政府利用国有资产设立的，从事教育、科技、文化、卫生等活动的社会服务组织。事业单位接受政府领导，是表现形式为组织或机构的法人实体。事业单位一般是国家设置的带有一定的公益性质的机构，但不属于政府机构，与公务员是不同的。答题要侧重于第9章第三部门管理和非营利组织等方面的知识点的综合运用，可适度结合政府改革的大趋势，但切忌大谈特谈政府改革方面的内容，注意篇幅限制。这一部分内容可以参考李国正主编《公共管理学》。
事业单位改革是行政管理体制改革的重要组成部分。推进事业单位改革关键要从体制机制入手，转变政府职能和管理方式，调整和规范政事关系。2011年4月初，中央已经确定了一张事业单位分类改革的时间表，共涉及到超过126万个机构，4000余万人。该表预计到2015年，中国将在清理规范基础上完成事业单位分类；到2020年，中国将形成新的事业单位管理体制和运行机制。2012年4月16日，《中共中央国务院关于分类推进事业单位改革的指导意见》发布。
一、改革背景
面对新形势新要求，我国社会事业发展相对滞后，一些事业单位功能定位不清，政事不分、事企不分，机制不活。公益服务供给总量不足，供给方式单一，资源配置不合理，质量和效率不高。支持公益服务的政策措施还不够完善，监督管理薄弱。
有的事业单位对部门利益和个人利益的追求，偏离了公共服务这个公共机构的基本价值取向。此外，已经形成的部门利益和个人利益结构在改革中很难被打破，成为事业单位改革的最大阻力。这些问题影响了公益事业的健康发展，迫切需要通过分类改革加以解决。“事业单位改革的实质性推进，与‘十二五’时期切实解决与百姓利益直接相关的医疗、卫生、教育等民生难题，以及‘民富’战略相吻合、相呼应。”汪玉凯说。
改革后的事业单位，即从事公益服务的事业单位，应成为建设服务型政府的重要组织支撑，成为提供基本公共服务的主力军，以实现政府公共服务的核心职能。
二、改革内容
事业单位管理体制改革涉及面广，内涵丰富，包括政府的职责定位，政府与事业单位的关系、政府与社会的关系、政府对事业单位管理的创新等，要按照政事分开、事企分开和管办分离的原则，着力转变政府职能，创新管理方式，可重点研究以下五个方面的问题：
1.转变政府职能。
如何明确政府与事业单位的职责划分，切实保证政府与事业单位在职能、机构和运行机
制上的分开；如何收回和整合事业单位行使的行政职能，实现行政职能的有机统一，规范依法行政行为；如何加强政府的宏观管理和行业管理，减少对事业单位的行政审批和直接干预。
2.明确事业单位功能定位。
如何根据事业单位的不同属性，实施分类改革，将主要承担行政职能和主要从事生产经营活动的事业单位分离出去；如何从财政投入、税收政策、资产管理、人事管理、社会保障等制度方面促进事业单位强化公益属性；如何进一步落实事业单位的用人权、薪酬分配权、职称评聘权、经费设施使用权、自主运营权等法人自主权。
3.创新政府管理方式。
如何根据事业单位公益属性的不同，实施分类管理；如何实现政府管理职能和出资举办职能的适度分离；积极探索管办分离有哪些有效的实现形式；如何建立完善事业单位法人治理结构；如何加强对事业单位国有资产的管理。
4.完善政府投入机制。
如何加大投入力度、改革投入方式、完善投入监督机制，形成职权明确、分级负担、财力与事权相匹配的事业单位投入机制；如何明确不同层级政府的公益服务责任，举办相应事业单位。
5.积极促进社会力量参与公益服务。
一方面，如何营造良好的政策环境，打造政策平台，降低市场准入门槛，鼓励支持社会力量参与公益服务的提供；另一方面，如何加强对社会公益组织行为规范的监管，完善有关收费标准、资产处置、收益分配、服务质量等政策，规范社会力量的公益服务行为。
三、存在问题
目前中国事业单位存在的许多矛盾和问题，都与政府对事业单位管理体制不完善密切相关，概括起来主要有以下几点：
1.政事不分。
事业单位隶属于政府部门，政事边界不清，功能定位不明，政府对事业单位管理既存在“越位”又有“缺位”问题，对事业单位行业发展规划、政策标准、行为规范的宏观管理不足，事业单位法人自主权落实不够，公共服务效率不高。
2.管办不分。
政府主管部门通过举办事业单位直接提供公益服务，并实行监督管理，既履行社会管理职责，又履行出资人职责，造成“管”、“办”的职责不明确，主管部门专注于直属事业单
位的管理，对全社会、全行业事业单位提供公平环境的关注不够，缺乏有效的监督管理。
3.投入机制不健全。
各级政府投入责任不明确，公益事业投入方式单一，对公益事业的投入存在地区和城乡分布不均衡，同时，对投入效益监督不够，难以保证资金使用效益。
4.政府对社会力量投入公益服务的组织管理不规范。
社会力量举办公益事业在税收优惠、贷款融资、职称评聘等政策方面不能与事业单位享受同等待遇，不利于鼓励社会力量参与举办公益机构，发展公益服务事业。
四、改革目标
到2020年，建立起功能明确、运行高效、治理完善、监管有力的事业单位管理体制和运行机制，构建政府主导、社会力量参与的公益服务新格局，形成基本服务优先、供给水平适度、布局结构合理、服务公平公正的中国特色公益服务体系。按照政事分开、事企分开和管办分离的要求，以促进公益事业发展为目的，以科学分类为基础，以深化机制体制改革为核心，总体设计、分类指导、因地制宜、先行试点、稳步推进，进一步增强事业单位活力，不断满足人民群众和经济社会发展对公益服务的需求。
武汉大学 2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 （满分值100分） 科目名称：英语科目代码：1101 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth. Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.
武大考博辅导班：2019武大新闻与传播学院考博难度解析及经验分 享 武汉大学是教育部直属的重点综合性大学，是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校，涵盖哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、艺术学等12个学科门类。学校现有46个一级学科具有博士学位授予权，235个二级学科专业具有博士学位授予权；博士专业学位授权点3个；博士后科研流动站42个，博士生导师1600余人 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于武汉大学新闻与传播学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 武汉大学新闻与传播教育始于1983年的新闻系，2000年12月新闻与传播学院成立。 学院现设新闻学、广播电视、广告学、网络传播四个系；6个本科专业和专业方向：新闻学、传播学、广播电视新闻学、广告学、播音与主持艺术、广告设计方向；拥有新闻传播学一级学科博士学位授予权，五个二级学科博士学位授予权：新闻学、传播学、跨文化传播学、广告与媒介经济、数字媒介；五个硕士学位授权点：新闻学、传播学、数字媒介、广播电视艺术理论、新闻与传播硕士专业学位；一个新闻传播学博士后科研流动站；一个省级一级学科重点学科：新闻传播学；拥有一个教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地武汉大学媒体发展研究中心、一个国家级实验教学示范中心：武汉大学新闻传播学实验教学中心。一个教育部、财政部支持的人才培养模式创新实验区：多媒体时代记者型主持人培养模式创新实验区。 学院现有专任教师54人，教授21人（含博导17人）、副教授19人、讲师14人；90%以上的教师具有博士学位以及在国外或境外学习、访问、交流、讲学经历；有1位国家级教学名师、1位入选国家第一批“万人计划”、4位教育部新世纪优秀人才、3位享受国务院政府特殊津贴、2位珞珈杰出学者、1位楚天学者特聘教授、2位珞珈学者特聘教授、3位珞珈青年学者。此外，学院还聘请了50多位海内外知名的新闻传播学者和业界人士担任学院的兼职教授或客座教授。 二、招生信息
2015年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part ⅠReading Comprehension (2×20=40分) Directions: In this part for the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression “an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth.”That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. T o make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who had committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题 及详解
2008年武汉大学博士研究生入学英语试题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension (40%, 1=2 points) Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the following passage: Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-room to make offers, or "bids", for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods. This is called "knocking down" the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called a rostrum. （definition）→ what The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin Autcio, meaning "increase". The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war; these sales were called sub hasta, meaning "under the spear", a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, goods were often sold "by the candle": a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.（history）→ how Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit and vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction-rooms as Christie's and Sotheby's in London and New York are world-famous. （goods/items）→ how An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. I f the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案 注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。 Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points) Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire. On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average. Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong
武大考博辅导班：2019武大国家网络安全学院考博难度解析及经验 分享 武汉大学是教育部直属的重点综合性大学，是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校，涵盖哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、艺术学等12个学科门类。学校现有46个一级学科具有博士学位授予权，235个二级学科专业具有博士学位授予权；博士专业学位授权点3个；博士后科研流动站42个，博士生导师1600余人 下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于武汉大学国家网络安全学院考博相关内容。 一、院系简介 武汉大学一直以来引领我国信息安全专业建设，实现了安全领域人才培养的多项“第一”：2001年设立了全国第一个信息安全本科专业，首批入选“国家级特色专业建设点”，制定出全国第一个信息安全本科专业课程体系、教学计划和课程大纲，出版了国内第一套信息安全系列教材，创建了国内第一个信息安全专业实验室，打造了一支高素质的具有强专业实践能力的教学团队，理清了本学科的知识结构和学科特点，“创建信息安全专业培养体系，引领信息安全专业建设”获得了国家级教学成果一等奖，为我国网络空间安全学科的创建积累了重要前期经验。2016年武汉大学成为首批获得网络空间安全一级学科博士授权点的高校之一，同年武汉大学积极响应国家网络空间安全战略部署，成立国家网络安全学院，并与武汉临空港经济技术开发区签约合作打造国家网络安全人才与创新基地，创建极具特色的“网络安全学院+网络安全产业谷”模式。2017年9月，武汉大学国家网络安全学院获批国家一流网络安全学院建设示范项目，成为中国网络安全高层次人才培养的“国家示范”。 二、招生信息
2003年武汉大学考博英语真题及详解 Part I Reading Comprehension（30%） Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: We are told that the mass media are the greatest organs for enlightenment that the world has yet seen; that in Britain, for instance, several million people see each issue of the current affairs program, Panorama. It is true that never in human history were so many people so often and so much exposed to many intimations about societies, forms of life, attitudes other than those which obtain in their local societies. This kind of exposure may well be a point of departure for acquiring certain important intellectual and imaginative qualities; width of judgment, a sense of the variety of possible attitudes. Yet in itself such exposure does not bring intellectual or imaginative development. It is no more than the masses of stone which lie around in a quarry（采石场）and which may, conceivably, go to the making of a cathedral. The mass media cannot build the cathedral, and their way of showing the stones does not always prompt others to build. For the stones are presented within a self-contained and self-sufficient world in which, it is implied,
2019年武汉大学考博英语真题精选及详解 PartⅠReading Comprehension(2’×20=40points) Directions:In this part for the test,there will be5passages for you to read.Each passage is followed by4questions or unfinished statement,and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C and D.You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One Mount Vesuvius,a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum,has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions.The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A.D.79. The volcano had been inactive for centuries.There was little warning of the coming eruption,although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night.Early the next morning,the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum,completely burying the city and filling in the harbor with coagulated lava. Meanwhile,on the other side of the mountain,cinders,stone and ash rained down on Pompeii.Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops https://www.doczj.com/doc/6b10918805.html,rge portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration.Fire,however, was not the only cause of destruction.Poisonous sulphuric gases saturated the air.
武汉大学考博英语真题核心词汇集锦 1.blackboard['bl?kb?:d]n.黑板 2.blackmail['bl?kmeil]n.讹诈，敲诈，勒索;胁迫，恫吓 3.blade[bleid]n.刀刃，刀片;桨叶;草叶，叶片 4.blame['bleim]"v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备" 5.blank[bl??k]"a.空白的,空着的;失色的n.空白;表格" 6.blanket['bl??kit]n.毯子(可数);厚厚一层(可数)vt.铺上一层 7.blast"['bai?u,bl?st]"n.一阵(风);爆炸冲击波;管乐器声v.爆炸 8.blaze[bleiz]"n.火焰;火光;闪光,光辉v.燃烧,冒火焰" 9.bleak[bli:k] a.荒凉的;冷酷的;没有希望的 10.bleed[bli:d]"vt.使出血，榨取vi.出血,流血" 11.blend[blend]"n.混合(物)v.混和,混杂" 12.bless[bles]"v.祝福,保佑"需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。 13.blame['bleim]"v.责备;怪,把…归咎于n.责任,过错;责备" 14.blind[blaind] a.盲的，瞎的;盲目的vt.使失明n.百叶窗 15.block[bl?k]"n.大块木(石)料;街区;障碍物v.阻塞,拦阻" 16.blood[bl?d]n.血液，血;血统，血亲;血气 17.bloody['bl?di]"a.流血的,血腥的" 18.bloom[blu:m]n.花(朵);开花(期)v.开花 19.blossom['bl?s?m]n.花(簇);花期;青春vi.开花;展开;繁荣 20.blouse[blauz]n.女衬衣，短上衣，宽阔的罩衫
2016武大博士生英语入学考试真题答案 I．Reading Comprehension(40分)(黄老师提供) BCAD ACBA DDCA DCAB CCBA Part II English-Chinese Translation(5*4=20分)（方老师提供：标答） 1. 如果我们的时间使用得当，就能生产出有用和重要的产品，在市场上买得一定的价钱；或者充实我们的经验，增长我们的才干，待到适当时机我们就能挣到金钱。 2. 我们想到死便震惊不已，因而不惜一切努力、麻烦和费用以保全生命。可是我们对于损失一个钟头或者一天时间往往漠不关心，忘记生命原来就是我们生活的每一天、每一小时的总和。 3. 现在如果从我们的寿命中减去所有这些岁月，我们将发现，能让我们用于有效工作的时间大概是15或20年左右。谁能记住这一点，就不会心甘情愿地浪费他生命的每时每刻。 4. 如果我们让生命的早晨时光悄悄溜走而未加利用，我们将永远无法弥补这种损失。等我们长大了，获得知识的能力就变得迟钝了，因此在童年和青年时期没能获得的知识或技能将永远不能获得了。 Part III Chinese-English Translation(20分)（方老师提供：标答） We are not sure what “intelligence” is, not what is passed on. However, the fact does not prevent us from finding it a very useful concept, and placing a certain amount of reliance on tests which “measure” it. In an intelligence test we take a sample of an individual’s ability to solve puzzles and problems of various kinds, and if we have taken a representative sample, it will allow us to predict successfully the level of performance he will reach in a wide variety of occupations. The Education Act 1944 passed by the British parliament made secondary
武汉大学 2015年博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题 一、阅读理解 Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality, we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth." That is, the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence, society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due. Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered, the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed, provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separated front the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual, not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this, it should be administered. However, the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part. 1. The best title for this selection is （） A. Fitting Punishment to the Crime B. Approaches to Just Punishment C. Improvement in Legal Justice D. Attaining Justice in the Courts 2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective jus
武汉大学博士英语期末考试资料整理(2018.6.5更新) 1．段落分析 Developing Paragraph/Body（正文/主体） 1. Unity (一致性)—topic sentence切题，与开篇提出的论点相关 2. Development (发展性)—supporting sentences no more than 5 aspects论据是否充分 Common Methods of Development exemplification 例证 1)facts事实 2)citation引证 3)comparison and contrast比较与对比 4)analysis分析 5)classification分类 3. Coherence (连贯性):主要指段落中的句子与句子之间在逻辑上和结构上的相互连贯—条理清楚、层次分明、衔接自然。 General rule by classification总原则：from the most important to the least important or versa vice 由重到轻，反之亦然（由轻到重：hierarchical structure/build-up expansion） 1)by transitions/signposts过渡词/路标词 2)by repetition of key words 3)by synonyms or variations of key words 4)by reference words (e.g.: this, these, that, those, one, ones) 5)from material to spiritual aspects从物质到精神 6)from physical to psychological aspects从身体到心理 7)from individual to social aspects从个体到社会 8)from oneself to others从自身到他人 9)from direct to indirect aspects从直接到间接 10)from physical environment to economic, social and cultural structure从地理环境到社会、 经济和文化结构 Concept-defining 1. Content 内容（from paragraph level 段落） Topic 话题—笼统→ Perspective 角度—抽象→ Aspect 方面—具体 1）Topic 话题：what to write – general 笼统（topic sentence） 2）Perspective (point of view/viewpoint) 角度/视点→ 展开素材 3）Aspect (part/side) 方面/层面→ 体现素材(supporting sentences)