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文化对国际营销的影响 文献综述(英)

文化对国际营销的影响 文献综述(英)
文化对国际营销的影响 文献综述(英)

西南财经大学Southwestern University of Finance and Economics

学期课程论文

课程名称:International Marketing

论文题目:Cultural Environment and International

Marketing

学生姓名:高明云

学号:41012219

学院/专业:工商管理学院

工商管理双语实验班

Cultural Environment and International Marketing [Abstract] International Marketing is a cross-border business activity, so the face of different cultural environments is inevitable. China has become a formal member of the WTO, which means that there will be more enterprises to go abroad, to participate in international competition in the market. However,in international marketing, cultural environment is very important but easily overlooked factors: some marketing strategies maybe effective in a particular cultural environment, but in another cultural environment it may not have any effect.Therefore cultural differences are often easy to form the invisible barriers to international trade, which also are the biggest obstacle in international marketing. Pay attention to the cultural environment, survive in the international market for land; otherwise, be fail.

[Key Words] Cultural environment Cultural difference International marketing Influence Impact

With the accelerated process of economic globalization, especially after China's accession to the WTO, more and more Chinese companies change from the "inward looking" to the "export-oriented" , and actively explore the international market and participate in business activities. While the cores of these activities is marketing. How to be stay an invincible position in the highly competitive international market is the most attentive realitic issue and major strategic issue. The biggest difference between this cross-border business activities and domestic marketing is: dealing with people of different cultural backgrounds. Because of different cultural backgrounds, values, the way of thinking, customs, aesthetic taste, even religion and other aspects will be different. Therefore, not only the demand for goods and services, but also the idea for the same sentence, the same action, the same thing are often different, even diametrically understanded . That is to say, effective marketing strategy, which is for one cultural environment, enter another cultural environment, not only there will be no effect, but will sometimes cause misunderstanding, friction or even conflict. Therefore, in order to truly carry out marketing activities in the international market, the first thing is to grasp the cultural differences.

Explanation of some W ords

Marketing is a social and managerial process whereby individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others (Philip Kotler,2008).

International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company`s goods and services to consumers or users in more than one nation for a profit (Philip R. Cateora,2009).

Compared with the domestic marketing, international marketing has three characteristics: international, exotic, multi-national nature. Because of these characteristics, international marketing is a cross-border business activities, and

cross-border activities is certain to face different cultural environments.

Culture is the sum of the values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation. Origins of culture are geography, history, the political economy, technology and social institutions (family, religion,school, the media, government and corporations). Elements of culture are cultural values, rituals, symbols (language and aesthetics as symbols), beliefs and thought processes (Philip R. Cateora,2009). Cultural environments is the spiritual wealth created by human beings in the social history of the development process.Which have an impact on international marketing are language, religion, customs, values, educational level and aesthetic taste (Y ang Qunqun,2001).

When designing a product, the style, uses, and other related marketing activities must be made culturally acceptable (i.e., acceptable to the present society) if they are to be operative and meaningful. In fact, culture is pervasive in all marketing activities ——in pricing, promotion, channels of distribution, product, packaging, and styling——and the marketer`s efforts actually become a part of the fabric culture (Mary C. Gilly,2009).

Ⅰ The objective existence of cultural differences

All cultures are unique and different among each other (Deng Y anchang, Liu Runqing,2003). Culture is jointly enjoyed by every member of a society, and the cultures of different socials are also different. In other words, almost every country in the world have a different social culture. International marketers should pay attention to the cultural differences of the two categories: one is due to the different cultural environment, customer demands for necessary goods are different. In France and Italy, the average household consumption of wine is 100 Ls, which in Germany and the Netherlands is less than 10 Ls; Beer consumption in Germany is an average of 120 Ls per person, which is less than 20 Ls in Italy.

The other is due to the differences of cultural environment leading to different peoples` values and behavior patterns. It is acceptable that members of a culture is the same kind of behavior , members of another culture does not understand and accept. In other words, that is, people from different countries often have different and even opposite understanding on the same sentence, the same action and the same thing . Late for an business appointment is considered rude and uneducated in Japan, the United States and Germany;but it is normal in Italy, Brazil and India. For the truth, the Germans say: Truth is truth; While Chinese people say: there is no absolute truth. Arabs and Latinos talking with others like to stand very close with the distance is less than 0.5 m; The distance is much wider and more comfortable between the Americans, nearly 1 m; But for the Chinese people, 0.5 to 1 meter is usually the right distance. Doing business with Americans should be straight to the point. They pay attention to efficiency and hope that all agreements can be signed for one day. Fly come today, and fly away tomorrow; To do business with the Arabs, involving business problems directly is very rude. They liking talking about social issues and other issues with you, sometimes you may talk for a few hours. If the performance of impatience is appeared,

your efforts will in vain.

As international marketers, we must admit the objective existence of cultural differences and understand these cultural differences. Otherwise, it may make us misunderstood and can not be accepted, resulting in the marketing failure.

1、Language

The importance of understanding the language of a country cannot be overestimated.The language reflects an essence of the culture and values, the best one show the differences between cultures. The successful international marketer must achieve expert communication, which requires a thorough understanding of the language as well as the ability to speak it (John L. Graham,2009). When enterprises carry out international marketing activities, you must pay full attention to the language differences in the impact on customer buying behavior. Specifically, the impact of language on customer buying behavior is mainly manifested in two aspects: (1)Communication of information

To understand customers` needs, introduce businesses and products to the customers; to understand customers' views and reflect on the business or product and to know market information well, etc., all of these require marketers to master the language which customers familiar with to communicate. Otherwise, communication will have obstacle, and it is difficult to achieve the goal of marketing campaigns. (2)Translation of the brand and advertising

The translation is actually two kinds of cultural exchanges, the slightest mistake could make big error. When Coca-Cola Company of the United States in the early 1920s tried to enter the Chinese market for the first time, according to Coca-Cola pronunciation, the company transliterated"口渴口蜡"as the Chinese brand. The sales was very low. Because a lot of people understood it as " drink wax when you thirsty", immediately organized the activity which was renamed for the product in Chinese. They studied on the basis of the 40,000 Chinese characters, and determine the finalization of the similar pronunciation and subtle meaning "可口可乐" as the Chinese brand, and then the success is well known. Chinese "红豆" brand clothing, not literally translated as "RED SEED", but translated into "LOVE SEED "——" the seeds of love ", which included the"红豆" culture, and this brand is popular in the overseas. The above example shows that marketers must be aware of various language features, taboo on the expression, metaphor in international marketing. So the target market country customers can understand spoken and written language to convey corporate information, product information (Qu Yifan,Zou Fengling,2002). 2、Religion

Religion is one of the cultural elements. It has a profound effect on people's beliefs, values and the way of life. The influence of religion in international marketing in the following five areas:

(1)Religious requirements or taboos on people's consumption patterns

The most obvious example about religion in international marketing is the Middle East——the prohibition to eat pork products and drinking alcohol beverages; for poultry exports to Muslim countries, the animal must be slaughtered in a special way. Devout Muslims in the Arab countries wherever he goes must kneel and pray to the

direction of the holy city of Mecca. Belgian carpet merchant V andeweghe put flat, pointing to Mecca compass embedded in the carpets, which are in short supply in all Muslims living region. In addition, the Hindus are vegetarians, so there is a vast market of fruit and vegetable products company; Catholics requires to buy a lot of fish on Friday, so it is a good opportunity for sales of fish and fish products.

(2)Religious festivals on the impact of marketing strategies and marketing plans Each religion has its own festival, and religious festivals vary markedly among countries. There are differences not only between different religions, but also between the different countries of the same religion. For example, the Christian countries accustome to have Christmas, and exchange gifts on December 24th or 25th; While Dutch exchange gifts on December 6th; Russian on January 1st. In Muslim countries, to most people, religious activities occupy an important position to affect all aspects of life. No matter how important the business is, it cannot be done in the month of Ramadan. In addition, the demand of goods is often like a roller-coaster around festivals. According to statistics, in many Christian countries, a month's retail sales before Christmas are often higher than in other months several times. International marketers when making a marketing plan must be taken local cultural festivals into account, in particular, to consider the factors of religious activities.

(3)The influence of r eligious organizations on the purchasing decisions and purchasing activities

Religious organizations often play a considerable role in economic affairs. First of all, the religious organization itself is a big buying groups; Second, religious organizations are influencers for believers to make a purchase decision. Churches and other religious institutions find that some new products, new technologies pose a threat of religion, they are often able to effectively resist and restrict these. Conversely, if the religious organizations think that a product or technology will be good for religion, they can call on followers to use and purchase.

(4)The impact of religious denomination on marketing activities and marketing strategies

Religion lead to the risk of common political risk. The opposition between the different religions, and between the different factions in the same religion, will bring many difficulties to the international marketing. For example, in Northern Ireland, Catholic and Protestant have serious opposition; conflict between Muslims and Hindus in the Indian peninsula led that it had to be divided into two separate countries - Pakistan and India; in Lebanon, Catholicism and Islam co-exist, so there are many occurrences of religious and political conflicts; Catholic and Protestant have its own political parties and newspapers in the Netherlands. These affairs caused by religious contradictions often bring difficulties to the international marketing activities and personnel management. Under normal circumstances, the religious differences may make the market differences, and different religious groups may think that the different sub-markets, then companies can lay a different marketing strategy.

(5)The influence of religion on the status of women

In d ifferent cultures, the status of women are very different, which often has a direct relationship with religion. For example, in the Islamic Middle East countries,

women are discriminated against. They can neither work, nor decide to purchase. Therefore, enterprises should be based on the level and the role of the status of women in the target market and make the appropriate adjustment of marketing strategy. If a woman has no say in society, we should make men as the goal to promote when trying to do product promotion , instead of spending energy to persuade housewives (Zhao Jie,1999).

3、Custom

Customs is the ideas and norms of behavior from generation to generation in the human society, and a form of consumers. The taboo is a special form of expression about the customs. Successful marketing activities are always linked to the understanding ,analysis, research of the customs of consumers in the target market. For example, the merchants of different countries have different business practices etiquette, and negotiating style. Americans like to talk over dinner, so doing business with the Americans are mostly at the table. German is very decent, paying attention to form, but lacking of flexibility. Business cards in Japan and Singapore is paramount to the commercial transaction. When you submit a business card, you should use your both hands, go a slight bow and enjoy looking at it with a look of gratitude. Only to understand that, it may bring the convenience of business contacts(Gong Ping,1998).

4、Values

V alues are the criteria about things, such as time, risk, change and innovation, attitude to achievement, and so on. The values are the fundamental distinction of different cultures, different societies, different groups, even different individuals. Thus, it is the core content of the culture and the outward manifestation of all activities. There are considerable differences in the values of people from different cultural backgrounds, such as the Japanese pay attention to detail; Americans are good at the competition and innovation; The highest level of Buddhist is no desire, so the life is relatively modest. For different values, the enterprise should adopt a different strategy(Zhang Shujun,2000).

5、Educational level

Education is the means to transfer production, knowledge and experience of life. It is also the guarantee to continue the social and cultural conditions. It largely determines the knowledge, skills, values and lifestyles of the citizens, and thus to some extent, it determine consumer choices and consumption habits, too. Thus it influence and restrict the marketing activities. The impacts of education on the international marketing are the following four aspects:

(1)Education is one of the criteria for market segmentation;

Different countries is at different levels of education, so the level of purchase is different to consumers.

(2)The impact of marketing research;

For example, in the countries with lower levels of education, to find the right local researchers for conducting a market survey , and to exchange views with consumers are more difficult.

(3)The level of education the company's marketing staff has a great impact on marketing decisions;

In general, the staff with the low level of education are often only the implementations of marketing decisions; With being highly educated, knowledgeable and able to make more reasonable decisions, these people tend to hold in the rights of enterprise`s marketing management.

(4)Different levels of education determine the requirements of local users of the products.

It is often one of the reasons for the implementation of the strategy of product diversification in the international market. For example, Japan has traditionally attached great importance to education, children enrollment rate is 100%, 90% of junior high school graduates to high school, 40% of the people can enter universities. Naturally, Japanese have rich knowledge of goods, so the requesting for product is high, making the Japanese market buy only high-quality goods(Wang Fanghua,2009).

6、Aesthetic taste

Aesthetic ideas are also a form of expression of the values. It is the view that people judge things is or not beautiful, how beautiful standard. It is reflected in the numbers, colors, patterns and music preferences and taboos what people like. For example, for Japanese and European people, the white represents purity, light, frank, great; While it represents humble in Indian eyes.

Ⅱ The equality of cultural environment

The cultures of the countries in the world are different, but no better."Any kinds of culture is the product of human mental activity. It is one aspect of human civilization. As the human existence, the existence of a nation is no better than non-divided. If we respect people, recognize that each person has the right to survive and develope, then we should recognize the rationality of the existence of every culture. "(Chen Rongjie,2000). Only in this way, we can transcend the obstacles of cultural education, religion, customs, values, and understand and respect other countrys` culture.

Of course, in real life, it is not easy for us to must understand and respect the culture of another country, because every nation has the ethnocentrism. The people of each country think of themselves as the best, the most intelligent one from the bottom of their heart. Americans believe that America is the largest, best, latest and richest country in the world; Spaniards consider themselves as the most courageous people; Japanese consider themselves as the most polite people; Chinese people think that they own the oldest and most brilliant history and culture; German think that they are the most stringent on the work; Italy people think that they are the most humble. However, as an international marketer, you must abandon the ethnocentrism to overcome the narrow ideology and to accept the world culture with broad minded and tolerant attitude. Only by recognizing the equality of cultural differences, you can really understand and respect foreign cultures. So marketing activities can proceed in a harmonious and friendly atmosphere, marketing will be successful.

Ⅲ The superiority of the cultural differences

A successful international marketer is familiar with not only the objectivity of the cultural environment, the equality of cultural environment, but also the superiority of

cultural environment. This advantage is reflected in the cultural environment`s adaptability and learning. To adapt to the cultural environment, it is necessary to discard preconceived ideas, to play to their strengths. For example,Italians like to talk, but the Finns think that silence is golden; when conducting business communication, Italian monologue is about 90% of the time, Finns content with silent, then they are happy and play their own strengths, this is the cultural adaptation.

Every coin has two sides, and cultural environment is a "double-edged sword". It is inconvenient, but it also give us the opportunity. If it is used properly, it can bring the enterprise development opportunities.

In summary, international marketing is the cross-border business activities. It has to face different operating environment, while the largest difference is different cultural environment. Different cultural environments lead to different customer needs, different ways of thinking, different values. The influence of the cultural environment is a comprehensive, system-wide, the whole process. In order to marketing success, it should be "Into the country, then know the prohibition and custom". [References]

[1]Philip R. Cateora, Mary C. Gilly, John L.Graham; International Marketing [M]. Beijing, the Publishing House of Chinese People Univercity, 2009

[2]Warren J.Keegan, Mark C.Green; Global Marketing [M]. Beijing, the Publishing House of Chinese People University, 2009

[3]Wang Fanghua, Fu Baohui, Xiao Zhibing; Culture and Marketing [M]. Shanxi, the Publishing House of Economy of Shanxi, 1998

[4]Gong Ping; The Impact of the Cultural Environment of International Marketing [J]. Heilongjiang, Foreign Economic, Freb. 1998

[5] Shao Jie; The impact of the social Culture of International Marketing [J]. Hebei, the Newspapers of the University of Hebei, March 1999

[6]Qu Yifan, Zou Fengling; The Cultural Adaptation [J]. Jiangsu, Taught, July 2002

[7]Liu Baiyu; Cultural Difference and International Marketing [D]. May 2005

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市场营销论文参考文献精选3篇 市场营销论文参考文献精选1篇 [1] 左仁淑 . 关系营销 : 服务营销的理论基础 . 大学学报 , 2004,(4): 19-23 [2] 科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 3 版. :中国人民大学, 2004, 15-35 [3] Heide J B, George J. Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 1992, 56(2): 32-44 [4] 绍福, 徐宝瑞. 现代医院创新经营. 中国医院管理, 2001, 21(11):60-62 [5] 英. 现代医院应树立的十大营销观念. 中国卫生产业, 2004, (2):76-78 [6] 贾守营 . 金牌医院商务策划 . : 华南理工大学 , 2005,188-193 [7] 科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理(亚洲版). 第 2 版. :中国人民大学, 2001, 55-56 [8] Frank H, Andreas H, Robert E M. Gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 2005, 22(6): 23-24 [9] 丁桂兰. 医疗机构营销. : 清华大学, 2005, 107-113 [10] Christian Gro nroos. Strategic Management and Marketing in the Service Sector. Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1983,85-88 [11] Parasuraman A, Valarie A Zeithaml, Leonard L Berry. SERVQUAL: A Multiple-Item Scale for Measuring Customer Perceptions of Service Quality, Cambridge. Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1986, 30-32 [12] Liljander Veronica. Comparison Standards in Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsho gskolan, 1995 [13] Strandvik, Tore. Tolerance Zones In Perceived Service Quality. Helsingfors: Svenska Handelsh gskolan, 1994 [14] 菲利普科特勒 . 营销管理 . 第九版 . : 人民 ,217-218 [15] Gronroos C. Internal Marketing-Theory and Practice, in American1999 Marketing Association Services Marketing ConferenceProceedings, 1981, 41-47

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关于服务营销的论文参考文献 [1] 左仁淑 . 关系营销 : 服务 营销的理论基础 . 四川大学学报,XX,: 19-23 [2] 科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理. 第 3 版. 北京:中国人民 大学出版社, XX, 15-35 [3] heide j b, george j. do norms matter in marketing relationships. journal of marketing, 1992, 56: 32-44 [4] 陈绍福, 徐宝瑞. 现代医院 创新经营. 中国医院管理, XX, 21:60-62 [5] 张英. 现代医院应树立的十 大营销观念. 中国卫生产业, XX, :76-78 [6] 贾守营 . 金牌医院商务策 划 . 广州 : 华南理工大学出版社, XX,188-193 [7] 科特勒, 洪瑞云, 梁绍明等. 市场营销管理. 第 2 版. 北京:中国人民 大学出版社, XX, 55-56

[8] frank h, andreas h, robert e m. gaining competitive advantagethrough customer value oriented management. journal o f consumer marketing, XX, 22: 23-24 [9] 丁桂兰. 医疗机构营销. 北京: 清华大学出版社, XX, 107-113 [10] christian gro nroos. strategic management and marketing in the service sector. cambridge. mass: marketing science institute, 1983,85-88 [11] parasuraman a, valarie a zeithaml, leonard l berry. servqual: a multiple-item scale for measuring customer perceptions of service quality, cambridge. mass: marketing science institute, 1986, 30-32 [12] liljander veronica. comparison standards in perceived service quality. helsingfors: svenska handelsho gskolan, 1995 [13] strandvik, tore.

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[5]张英.现代医院应树立的十大营销观念.中国卫生产 业,2004,(2):76-78 [6]贾守营.金牌医院商务策划.广州:华南理工大学出版 社,2005,188-193 [7]科特勒,洪瑞云,梁绍明等.市场营销管理(亚洲版).第2版.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001,55-56 [8]FrankH,AndreasH,RobertEM.Gainingcompetitiveadvantaget hroughcustomervalueorientedmanagement.JournalofConsumerMark eting,2005,22(6):23-24 [9]丁桂兰.医疗机构营销.北京:清华大学出版社,2005,107-113 [10]ChristianGronroos.StrategicManagementandMarketingint heServiceSector.Cambridge.Mass:MarketingScienceInstitute,19 83,85-88 [11]ParasuramanA,ValarieAZeithaml,LeonardLBerry.SERVQUAL :A Multiple-ItemScaleforMeasuringCustomerPerceptionsofServiceQuality,Ca mbridge.Mass:MarketingScienceInstitute,1986,30-32 [12]https://www.doczj.com/doc/6b18516669.html,parisonStandardsinPerceivedServ iceQuality.Helsingfors:SvenskaHandelshogskolan,1995 [13]Strandvik,Tore.ToleranceZonesInPerceivedServiceQuali ty.Helsingfors:SvenskaHandelshgskolan,1994 [14]菲利普科特勒.营销管理.第九版.上海:上海人民出版 社,217-218 [15]GronroosC.InternalMarketing- TheoryandPractice,inAmerican1999MarketingAssociationService sMarketingConferenceProceedings,1981,41-47

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