近五年来我国英国文学研究述评
李 纲 刘剑锋
英国文学研究以其雄厚的科研力量、丰硕的学术成果成为我国外国文学研究的一个重要领域。本文拟对近五年来我国英国文学研究的状况进行评述,力求比较全面地反映世纪之交我国英国文学研究的新成果、新特点、新趋势。
一、小说研究
小说研究历来都是文学研究的重点。在细读文本、深入挖掘材料的基础上,对经典作家和作品做出新的分析阐释,是近五年来我国英国小说研究的总体倾向。就研究对象而言,二十世纪小说最受研究者的青睐,十九世纪小说也受到了一定的重视,但对古典小说的研究相对来说比较薄弱。
劳伦斯是最受关注的二十世纪作家,近五年共发表相关研究论文一百余篇。劳伦斯对现代工业文明的批判、对两性关系的思考等经典论题仍是人们探讨的重点。研究者们认为,“极端仇视破坏大自然的工业文明,反金钱,反机械,反异化”是劳伦斯“终身的主题”,“舍弃工业文明、金钱、异化,而选择自然的,审美的生活”是劳伦斯的基本价值取向,而“健康和自然的性爱”、“建立一种自然完美的两性关系”在作家看来有助于“摆脱资本主义工业社会对人性的压抑”,是“生命意识复归的重要途径”。①作为英国现代文学的代表作家,劳伦斯小说的现代艺术特征也受到了研究者的高度重视,相关论文有刘维荣的《浅析D?H?劳伦斯小说中象征手法的运用》、张中载的《独特的劳伦斯,独特的〈虹〉》、熊沐清的《传统与现代的冲突及糅合劳伦斯叙事的二重性特征》②等。此外,女性主义批评也在劳伦斯研究中得以广泛运用,如高万隆的《劳伦斯的回应:妇女问题与妇女解放论劳伦斯早期小说中的女性形象》、赵红英的《论劳伦斯的女性观》,葛伦鸿的《查太莱夫人的女性主义解读》等。③
除劳伦斯外,研究福斯特、康拉德和毛姆的论文也较多,如杨汨,朱望的《论〈印度之行〉的反欧洲民族中心主义观》,李建波的《跨文化障碍的系统研究:福斯特国际小说的文化解读》,赖辉的《论黑暗之心的叙述者、叙述接受者和“陌生化”》,高继海的《从〈"水仙"号船上的黑水手〉及其〈序言〉看康拉德的艺术主张与实践》,刘绪华的《威廉?萨默塞特?毛姆短篇小说初探》,刘萍的《从〈刀锋〉论毛姆对现实主义的跨越》等④。
在十九世纪小说家中,哈代最受中国学者们青睐,近五年共发表研究论文八十余篇。哈代小说中的乡土气息和悲剧色彩是最受关注的话题,研究者认为哈代的乡土精神从本质上看是一种文化精神,哈代的农村主题强化了小说的悲剧意义。我国研究哈代的专家聂珍钊教授继92年出版专著《托玛斯?哈代小说研究:悲戚而刚毅的艺术家》之后,近年来又发表论文,将哈代小说悲剧主题的发展划分为三个阶段,“第一个阶段描写宗法制农村社会的美好以及不断出现的矛盾冲突;第二个阶段描写这个社会由于资本主义的入侵而毁灭的悲剧性过程,第三个阶段描写宗法制农村社会的毁灭和农民阶级的消亡而给破产的威赛克斯农民带来的悲剧性后果”,并指出“哈代
小说经历了三个发展阶段,最终才完成了对以他的故乡为基础的在小说中被称为威赛克斯的宗法制农村社会毁灭的悲剧性主题。”⑤作者的另一篇论文《哈代的小说创作与达尔文主义》用大量的事实证明,哈代在描写社会的变迁和发展时,运用进化论的科学思想揭示威塞克斯农村社会和农民阶级在社会演化的过程中的悲剧性历史命运。⑥
哈代小说的叙事技巧和现代派风格也引起了学者们的研究兴趣,相关论文有张群的《独特的方阵、别样的巧合论哈代小说的叙事结构》、吴笛的《文学与音乐的奇妙结合-论哈代文学作品中的音乐性》和刘永权的《哈代小说的现代派风格》等⑦。
与哈代研究的蓬勃兴旺相比,对十九世纪其他经典作家如司各特、狄更斯、萨克雷的研究则出现萎缩趋势,论文数量较少,有新意的成果不多。同样的问题也存在于古典小说研究方面。笛福是被研究得最多的古典小说家,但相关论文也仅有十余篇,研究班扬、菲尔丁等作家的论文更是不足十篇。在文化生产市场化的今天,学术研究的衰弱实际上是读者阅读兴趣转移的反映,如果任其发展,一些优秀的古典文学作品将会逐渐被读者所遗弃。看来,如何以新的时代精神重读古典名著,使经典作品焕发新的活力,重新进入广大读者的阅读视野,是我国英国文学研究者们当前亟需解决的问题。
研究理论多元化,是近五年来英国小说研究的一个显著特征。女性主义批评方法被研究者们广泛加以采用。近五年来勃朗特姐妹,简?奥斯丁,曼斯菲尔德,吴尔夫等女性作家受到广泛关注,在很大程度上得益于女权主义批评的盛行。这类研究主要集中于对女性文学的女性意识、审美心理、写作立场以及文化境遇的探讨,论文如黄学军的《从简?奥斯丁到夏?勃郎特英国小说中女性主义的声音》、宋晓萍的《双重流放者:曼斯菲尔德的漫游和写作》、柴平的《女性的痛觉:孤独感和死亡意识萧红与伍尔夫比较》、杨莉馨的《论英国女性小说的命运及文化处境》,李利的《试析〈简?爱〉的女性叙事方式》等⑧。此外,新历史主义、后殖民主义批评方法也被研究者们熟练地加以运用,如陈蕾蕾的《乔治?艾略特早期作品的新历史主义解读》、崔少元的《文化冲突与文化融通〈印度之行〉:一个后殖民主义读本》、刘须明的《两难的选择劳伦斯北美时期作品的后殖民主义阅读》等⑨。
二、戏剧研究
与小说研究的多点开花相比,近五年来我国英国戏剧研究的研究对象比较集中。98年以来迄今共发表莎士比亚戏剧研究论文180余篇,超过研究其他剧作家的论文数量之和。萧伯纳、王尔德、品特也受到了一定的关注,其他剧作家则少被论及。
作品研究是我国莎评的主流。《哈姆雷特》是研究得最多的作品,以下依次为《麦克白》,《威尼斯商人》,《李尔王》和《奥赛罗》。研究者们在精研文本的基础上,对莎剧进行了多视角、深层次、跨学科的新颖诠释,如有学者认为《金枝》中记叙的阿里奇亚丛林中的仪式与《哈姆雷特》之间存在诸多暗合之处,“阿里奇亚丛林中的原始意象……不仅凝结于莎士比亚的艺术创作过程中,而且已经成为剧中丹麦王国的子民乃至整个人类的心理凝结物”βκ。还有论者借用“能指的过剩”、“语言先于现实”、“语言的悖论”等现代西方语言哲学的理论解读《麦克白》,认为《麦克白》形象地描述了一场“语言的悲剧”。同类论文还包括黄必康的《哈姆雷特:政治意识形态阴影中追踪死亡理念的思想者》、赵炎秋的《细微之处见神奇:奥菲利娅民歌试析》、肖四新的《恐惧与颤栗〈麦克白〉悲剧内核新探索》、韩旭的《安东尼对抗夏洛克重读〈威尼斯商人〉》、罗益民的《从动物意象看〈李尔王〉中的虚无主义思想》、李毅的《奥赛罗的文化认同》、丁淑红的《不同文化语境中的
埃及女王形象莎士比亚和埃及文学家邵基笔下的克娄巴特拉》等。βλ这些论文视野开阔、论述精当、结论新颖,显示了我国莎学研究者良好的学术素养。除了对具体文本的阐释发微之外,研究者还就莎剧的艺术特色、思想内涵、版本考证以及莎士比亚在中国的传播与接受等诸多问题进行了广泛的探讨。在艺术特色方面,有学者分析了莎剧中“超自然因素”在推动情节发展、刻画人物形象,增强艺术感染力等方面所起的重要作用,认为这些超自然因素“把真实和虚幻巧妙地结合起来”,不仅“对他作品中的现实主义基石并无秋毫损伤”,而且还“丰富了作品的表现层面”。βμ在版本考证方面,有学者对四部新近被英美收入莎士比亚全集的莎翁佚作进行了评述,并对由此引起的版本研究上的争议进行了评介。还有学者运用比较研究的方法,以详实的材料证明了“莎剧与中国戏曲有不少相似之处”,因而具备“可比性”,同时分析了“莎剧在中国舞台并不走俏”的原因。βν相关莎评论文还有肖锦龙的《莎士比亚妇女观之人文主义说质疑》、王木春的《莎士比亚戏剧艺术的哲学根源》、魏兰的《从莎士比亚的后期剧作印证其宗教情结》、刘琛的《简述莎士比亚的社会秩序观及其对莎剧人物塑造的影响》、焦尚志的《曹禺与莎士比亚悲剧观念之比较》等。
有些以莎评为研究对象的论文也颇为引人注意。如区钅共的《透过莎士比亚棱镜的本土意识折光》以法、俄、德、美、中等国对莎士比亚的不同评价为切入点,比照分析以“时代意识、主体意识和民族文化意识”为主要内容的“本土意识”在文学接受过程中所起的重要作用。βο张琦的《不能完成的颠覆论莎士比亚的女性批评》在考察了80年代英美女性主义莎评的基础上,指出女性主义批评在莎剧阐释中体现出一种“温和”的态度并分析了其原因。βπ这些论文不仅有助于我们加深对莎士比亚及其作品的理解,也为我们反思自己的研究工作提供了很好的参考。
在萧伯纳研究方面,近五年来也发表了十余篇论文,主要集中在对他的“社会问题剧”的分析上,比较具有代表性的论文有易晓明的《从社会问题剧看萧伯纳的思想倾向》、何其莘的《萧伯纳和他的社会问题剧》、李详林的《萧伯纳戏剧中的历史与现代》、谢江南的《肖伯纳戏剧创作主题的嬗变》等。此外,我国研究者对王尔德和品特也有所关注,论文有杨霓的《论王尔德喜剧中的花花公子》、胡捷的《试论〈送菜升降机〉的艺术风格》和王岚的《〈山地语言〉中的女英雄兼评品特戏剧中的女性形象》等。βθ
三、诗歌研究
与小说和戏剧研究相比,诗歌研究以往一直是我国英国文学研究的一个薄弱环节。近五年来,这种状况已经得到很大改观。仅以华兹华斯研究为例,1998年发表论文仅2篇,1999年达到了8篇,2000年,2001年分别为13篇,14篇,2002年截至上半年,发表相关论文已有8篇。从数字上的变化便可看出我国英诗研究强劲的发展势头。
在古典诗歌研究方面,莎士比亚和弥尔顿最受学者们的青睐。对莎士比亚十四行诗的研究主要围绕着艺术技巧与主题思想两个层面展开,如吕中舌的《暗喻在莎士比亚第三十三首十四行诗中的妙用》、陈观亚的《莎士比亚十四行诗的矛盾修辞法》以及吴迪的《论莎士比亚十四行诗的时间主题》βρ。弥尔顿研究则集中于宗教思想对弥尔顿创作的影响及其在作品中的体现,这类论文有张伯香、曹静的《〈失乐园〉中的基督教人文主义思想》,肖明翰的《〈失乐园〉中的自由意志与人的堕落和再生》和刘立辉的《弥尔顿两首早期诗歌的宗教解读》βσ等。此外还有一些研究乔叟和约翰?多恩的论文如肖明翰的《乔叟对英国文学的贡献》、张德明的《玄学派诗人的男权意识与殖民话语》βτ等。
浪漫主义诗歌是我国英诗研究的一个重点,华兹华斯是被研究得最多的浪漫主义诗人。学者
们针对华兹华斯诗歌中的泛神论思想和自然观指出,华兹华斯的泛神论思想是时代的产物,认为“从对大自然的情感发展到对人生善德恶行的剖析,这即是诗人一生探索的历程,也是诗人一生探索的归宿”χκ。在华兹华斯诗歌的艺术特点方面,有论者认为华兹华斯“主要借助对时间进行种种处理,而日常情感得以净化与升华”,从而将“诗人的自我情感”转化为“能使人产生共鸣的艺术情感”。χλ在诗论研究方面,研究者认为“在华兹华斯的诗学中,‘合情合理’应是诗的最高标准”,“‘情’是个人情感与人类共同情感的融合,并借助于语言文字而外显为艺术作品”,“‘理’……起着对‘情’的‘过滤’、与干扰作用”,“华兹华斯试图协调二者,这一协调的中介就是沉思。”χμ研究华兹华斯的论文还有刘新民的《华兹华斯儿童理念初探》、赵娟,刘永权的《平平淡淡才是真
华兹华斯诗作中的语言风格管窥》、郑长天的《心性自然与神性自然:华兹华斯与陶渊明之比较》、王洁群的《论华兹华斯的情感范畴》χν等。济慈、雪莱也是被研究较多的浪漫主义诗人,主要论文有罗益民的《济慈颂歌的神话思维结构》、黄晓艳的《谈济慈的"否定能力"》、秦丽萍的《论雪莱诗歌的乌托邦内涵》等。
我国英诗研究的另一个重点是象征主义诗歌,最受关注的象征主义诗人是艾略特。陆建德在剖析了艾略特诗歌独特的表现形式后指出,“艾略特是集字和集句艺术的大师,他能把他从前人作品中窃取的东西熔化于一种全新的、独一无二的感觉之中”。蒋岱在《现代神话的错位呼应:从〈荒原〉走进〈四个四重奏〉》中则针对艾略特作品的思想及艺术特质进行了比较深入的分析。对艾略特诗论的研究主要集中在他的“非个性化”理论上,如张松建的《艾略特的‘非个性化’理论溯源》和应燕的《艾略特‘非个性化诗论’探析》。χο除此之外,蒋洪新的《论托?斯?艾略特的社会文化批评》、刘燕的《T?S?艾略特与中国现代诗学》、吴玲英的《从“意想”统计和分析看艾略特诗歌的风格特点》χπ等论文也都对艾略特进行了多方位的深入研究。
除艾略特外,学者们较为关注的二十世纪诗人还有哈代、塔特?休斯和威廉?布莱克,相关论文有李珠的《质朴的语言、真挚的情感从哈代三首诗的论析看其人其诗》、颜学军的《论哈代的自然诗》、李成坚的《后现代视域下的浪漫主义精神复归塔特?休斯诗歌意义的再诠释》和刘朝晖的《“影”之迷:对布莱克的女性主义研究》χθ等。
纵观近五年来我国在英国文学研究领域取得的丰硕成果,我们可以归纳出以下几个特点:第一、作家作品研究是近年来我国英国文学研究的主流。学者们以文本分析为基础,或深入挖掘,独辟蹊径,充分显示了我国学者严谨务实的治学态度与灵活多变的研究思路。第二、在传统的研究方法得以沿用的同时,一些现代西方学术理论及研究方法也被广泛地加以采用,跨文化、跨学科的研究也日趋成熟。学者们博采众长、锐意开拓,为我国的文学研究注入了新的活力。第三,研究对象趋于集中化,少数作家作品吸引了多数的研究目光。在研究日益深入的同时,也出现了一些不应有的学术空白,一些在文学史上产生过重要影响的作家如德莱顿、梅瑞狄斯,近年来尚无专门的研究论文。但也正是这些空白的存在为我们提供了有待开拓的广阔空间。随着文化交流的日益频繁、学科建设的日益完善、研究视野的不断开拓。我们完全有理由相信,我国的英国文学研究事业必将在新世纪里取得更加辉煌的成就。
①黄宝菊:《论劳伦斯小说中马和月亮的象征意义》,《外国文学研究》,2000年第3期。
②分别刊于《语文学刊》,1999年第4期;《外国文学研究》,2000年第4期;《外国文学研究》,2001年第2期。
③分别刊于《国外文学》,1999年第2期;《外国文学研究》,2001年第2期;《武汉大学学报》(人文科学版),
2001年第4期。
④分别刊于《国外文学》,1999年第3期;《外国文学评论》,2000年第4期;《外国文学研究》,1999年第2期,《外国文学评论》,2001年第2期;《外国文学研究》,1999年第4期;《松辽学刊》(社会科学版),2000年第1期。
⑤聂珍钊:《论哈代悲剧主题的发展》,《华中师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2001年第6期。
⑥聂珍钊:《哈代的小说创作与达尔文主义》,《外国文学评论》,2002年第2期。
⑦分别刊于《外国语》,2000年第4期;《浙江大学学报》,2001年第1期;《河北大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1999年第3期。
⑨分别刊于《宁夏大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2001年第3期;《外国文学研究》2000年第三期;《外国文学研究》,2000年第4期;《安徽大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2001年第3期。
⑨分别刊于《外国文学研究》,2002年第1期;《国外文学》,2000年第1期;《徐州师范大学学报》,2000年第4期。
βκ袁宪军:《〈哈姆雷特〉与阿里奇亚丛林中的仪式》,《外国文学评论》,1998年第3期。
βλ分别刊于《外国语》,2000年第4期;《外国文学研究》,2000年第4期;《国外文学》,1999年第3期;《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期;《北京大学学报》,1999年第1期;《外国文学评论》,1998年第2期;《国外文学》, 2001年第三期。
βμ谢江南:《超自然因素在莎士比亚戏剧中的功用》,《戏剧》,1999年第三期。
βν李万均:《比较文学视点下的莎士比亚与中国戏剧》,《文学评论》,1998年第3期。
βο区钅共:《透过莎士比亚棱镜的本土意识折光》,《外国文学评论》,1999年第4期。
βπ张琦:《不能完成的颠覆论莎士比亚女性主义研究》,《外国文学研究》,2001年第4期。
βθ分别刊于《外国文学研究》,1999年第三期;《解放军外国语学院学报》,2001年第4期。
βρ分别刊于《外语与外语教学》,1998年第2期;《外国文学研究》,1999年第3期;《外国文学评论》,2002年第3期。
βσ分别刊于《外国文学研究》,1999年第1期;《外国文学评论》,1999年第1期;《外国文学研究》,2001年第2期。
βτ分别刊于《外国文学评论》,2001年第4期;《浙江大学学报》,2001年第5期。
χκ聂珍钊:《论华兹华斯的诗》,《中南民族学院学报》(哲学社会科学版),1998年第1期。
χλ易晓明:《论华兹华斯诗歌情感的时间建构》,《外国文学研究》,2000年第1期。
χμ苏文菁:《情与理的平衡对华兹华斯诗论的反思》,《外国文学评论》,1999年第3期。
χν分别刊于《外国文学研究》,1999年第2期;《西安外国语学院学报》,2000年第2期;《中国韵文学刊》,2000年第2期;《四川外语学院学报》,2001年第5期。
χο分别刊于《外国文学评论》,1999年第3期;;《天津外国语学院学报》,2001年第2期。
χπ分别刊于《外国文学评论》,1999年第3期;《理论与创作》,1999年第3期;《外语与外语教学》,2000年第2期。
χθ分别刊于《徐州师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),1998年第3期;《外国文学评论》, 2002年第1期;《外国文学研究》,2002年第3期;《外国文学研究》,2000年第1期。
(作者单位:华中师范大学文学院 邮编:430079
西北师范大学外国语学院 邮编:730070)
责任编辑:章柳
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement. 1. The long poem ______ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Paradise Lost C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Fairy Queen 2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ______. A. Romanticism B. Renaissance C. medieval period D. Anglo-Saxon period 3. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of____. A. Piers Plowman B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. Confessio Amantis D. The Canterbury Tales 4. _______ is regarded as the father of English poetry. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Edmund Spenser C. John Milton D. W. Wordsworth 5. It is _____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Martin Luther C. William Shakespeare D. John Gower 6. One of Chaucer’s main contributions to English poetry is ______. A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetry B. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his country C. he wrote in blank verse D. he was the first to write sonnet 7. During the Renaissance, _______ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry. A. Chaucer B. John Donne C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 8. During the Renaissance, _______ wrote the first English blank verse. A. Chaucer B. Edmund Spencer C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement？ A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology C. The Glorious revolution D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion 10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event? A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B. England’s domestic rest C. New discovery in geography and astrology. D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion. 11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries. A. 14th...mid-17th B. 14th...mid-18th C. 16th...mid-18th D. 16th...mid-17th 12. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is_______. A. science B. philosophy C. arts D. humanism 13. _______ frequently applied conceits in his poems. A. Edmund Spenser B. John Donne C. William Blake D. Thomas Gray 14. _______ is known as “the poet’s poet”. A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Edmund Spenser D. John Donne 15. Romance，which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of____ adventures or other heroic deeds，is a popular literary form in the medieval period. A. Christian B. knightly C. pilgrims D. primitive 16. ________ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism. A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe B. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
Part One Early and Medieval English Literature Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. 1. In 1066, ____, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England. A. William the Conqueror B. Julius Caesar C. Alfred the Great D. Claudius 2. In the 14th century, the most important writer (poet) is ____ . A. Langland B. Wycliffe C. Gower D. Chaucer 3. The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is ____. A. novel B. drama C. romance D. essay 4. The story of ___ is the culmination of the Arthurian romances. A. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight B.Beowulf C. Piers the Plowman D. The Canterbury Tales 6. After the Norman Conquest, three languages existed in England at that time. The Normans spoke _____. A. French B. English C. Latin D. Swedish 9. The theme of ____ to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. A. loyalty B. revolt C. obedience D. mockery 11. ______, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London in about 1340. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Dryden 12. Chaucer died on October 25th, 1400, and was buried in ____. A. Flanders B. France C. Italy D. Westminster Abbey 15. Chaucer composes a long narrative poem named _____ based on Boccaccio’s poem “Filostrato”. A. The Legend of Good Women B. Troilus and Criseyde C. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D. Beowulf Key to the multiple choices：1-5 ADCAB 6-10 ACBAB 11-15 ADAAB Ⅱ. Questions 1.What are the features of Beowulf? https://www.doczj.com/doc/6c16193460.html,ment on the social significance and language in The Canterbury Tales. Part Two The English Renaissance Ⅰ. Match the writer and his works. 1.Thomas More 2.Holinshed 3.Hakluyt 4.Richard Tottel 5.Philip Sidney 6.Walter Raleigh 3
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
2018年自学《英国文学选读》试题及答案 1. What are Shakespeare ’s achievements? a. Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to de desires and aspirations of the people. b. Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time, Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age. c. Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in his characterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. d. Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sources that were known to his audienc e. But his plays are original because he instilled into the old materials a new spirit that gives new life to his plays. e. Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, but also a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry. f. Shakespeare as master of the English language. 2. What are the basic characteristics of ballads? a. The beginning is often abrupt. b. There are strong dramatic elements. c. The story is often told through dialogue and action. d. The theme is often tragic, though there are a number of comic
Instructions： This examination consists of 5 parts， and the total time for the examination is 2 hours. All the answers should be entered onto the Answer Sheet. Part I：Multiple Choices （10%） Choose the best answer to the following sentences. 1.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Beowulf？ A. Alliteration B. Anglo-Saxons’ early life in England C. Germanic language D. The national epic of Anglo-Saxon people 2.English Renaissance Period was an age of. A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads and songs 3.The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest. Besides him， there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and. A. the lake poets B. the university wits C. the Metaphysical poets D. the Romantic poets 4. Pamela is widely considered to be the first novel and was written by ___________. A. Thomas Hardy B. James Joyce C. Samuel Richardson D. Henry Fielding 5.The publication of， which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge， marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England. A. Don Juan B. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner C. Lyrical Ballads D. Queen Mab 6.Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are， W. M. Thackeray， Bronte sisters， etc. A. Joseph Conrad B. Henry Fielding C. Charles Dickens D. D. H. Lawrence 7.In James Joyce’s ____________ the story “Eveline” paints a portrait of a young woman from Dublin deciding whether or not to leave her hometown. A. Ulysses B. Orlando C. Dubliners D. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 8.In the 18th century England， satire was much used in writing. Literature of this age produced some excellent satirists， such as Jonathan Swift， Henry Fielding and.
___________ I. Multiple Choice: from a, b, c or d, choose the best one to complete the statements below. (1×50, 50 points) 1.---- ----- is the first important religious poet in English literature. a. John Donne b. George Herbert c. Caedmon d. Milton 2.The literature of the Anglo-Saxon period falls naturally into two divisions, ---------- and Christian. a. Pagan b. Roman c. French d. Danish 3.“----------” is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the surviving epic in the English language. a. Beowulf b.Sir Gawain and Green Knight c. The Canterbury Tales d. Hamlet 4.Fielding has been regarded by some as the “----------” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. a.Best Writer of English Novel b. Father of English Novel c. Father of English Poetry d. Father of English Essay 5.All of the following three writers except---------- are the most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England. a.Marlowe b. Shakespeare c. Bacon d. Thomas Kyd 6.Byronic Hero was created by Lord Byron in one of his following works ---------. a. Don Juan b. Ode to the West wind c. She Walks in Beauty d. Daffodils 7.Which play is not Shakespeare’s tragedy? ---------- a.Othello b. The Merchant of Venice c.Romeo and Juliet d. King Lear 8.The literary form of The Faerie Queen is ----------. a. lyric poem b. narrative poem c. epic poem d. elegy 9.Which of the following cannot correctly describe the English Enlightenment Movement ----------? a.It flourished in France. b. It was a furtherance of the Renaissance. c.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole worl d. d. It emphasized “reason & order.” 10.“Blindness, partiality, prejudice and absurdity” in the novel Pride and Prejudice are most likely to be the characteristics of ----------. a. Elizabeth b. Darcy c. Mrs. Bennet d. Lydia 11.The prevailing form of Medieval English literature is the
En glish Lite ra ture a nd the Se le cte d Re adings Developmentof EnglishLiterature 1.EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature(- 1485)2.TheEnglishRenaissance(1550-1642?) 3.The17thCentury–ThePeriodofRevolutionandRestoration 4 . The 1 8 thCentury–T h e AgeofEnlightenm ent 5.TheRomanticPeriod(1798- 1832)6.TheVictorianAge(1832-1901) 7.Th e20t hCen t uryLit erat ure–Mod ern is man dPo st-Mod ern ism Chapter1EarlyandMedievalEnglishliterature 一．Epic （史诗） Apoemthatcelebrateintheformofacontinuousnarrativetheachievementsofone ormoreheroicpersonagesof historyortradition. AmongthegreatepicsoftheworldmaybementionedtheIliad,OdysseyandAeneidof classical. Be owulf 1.HistoricalBackground 1)) Thre e Invasions: A.The Rom a n Conq u e st ( 5 5 B. C - 4 10 A.D) B.The English Conqu e s t ( The Anglo-Sa xon Period) C.TheNormanConquest(TheAnglo-NormanPeriod) 2)) Tw o Wars: A.TheHundredYearsWar(1337-1453) B.TheWarof theRose(1455-1485) a.Anglo-SaxonPoetry: Pagan(异教的）&ChristianBeowulf /worksofCaedmonandCynewulf. b.Anglo- NormanPoetry:Romance c.Poe try in Age of Cha u cer： d..PopularBallads:BalladsofRobinHood2. 评价 1）Beowulfisanationalepic（史诗）ofEnglishpeople. 2）ItistherepresentativeworkoftheearlyEnglishliteraturewith3000lines.3） Itswriterisunknown. 4）BeowulfisafolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAngloSaxonfromtheirprimitiveNorthernEurope.5）Beowulfwaspasseddownfrommouthtomouth. 6） Beowulfwaswrittendowninthe10th century.3.Charactersint hestory: Beowulf:anephewofkingofGents,apeopleinDenmark.Hrothgar:kin gofDenmark. Gre nde l: a m onster. She-monster(女妖怪):Grende l’s mother.Dra go n: a fire dra gon, a m onster. 4.OutlineofTheSongofBeowulf Te u tonic(日耳曼的） h e ro Be ow u lf, the ne phe w of the king of the Ge a t la nd, he lpe d Hrothga r kill them onste r ha lf-hu m a n ,Gre nd e l a s w e ll a s his viciou s m oth e r. W ith his he roic de e ds, he w a s m a de the kingofScyldings(Sweden)for50years.
英国文学选读练习题含 答案 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
Exercise for English Literature (2) Choose the best answer for each blank. 1.________, the “father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London about 1340. A.Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C.Francis Bacon D. John Dryden 2.Chaucer died on the 25th October 1400, and was buried in ________. A.Flanders B. France C.Italy D. Westminster Abbey 3.The progress in industry at home stimulated the commercial expansion abroad. ________ encouraged exploration and travel, which were compatible with the interest of the English merchants. A.Henry V B. Henry VII C.Henry VIII D. Queen Elizabeth 4.Except being a victory of England over ________, the rout of the fleet “Armada” (Invincible) was also the triumph of the rising young bourgeoisie over the declining old feudalism. A.Spain B. France C.America D. Norway 5.At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist ________ wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s suffering and put forward his ideal of a future happy society. A.Thomas More B. Thomas Marlowe C.Francis Bacon D. William Shakespear 6.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of Queen ________. A.Mary B. Elizabeth C.William D. Victoria 7.English Renaissance Period was an age of ________. A.prose and novel B. poetry and drama C.essays and journals D. ballads and songs 8.From the following, choose the one which is not Francis Bacon’s work: ________. A.The Advancement of Learning B. The New Instrument C.Essays D. The New Atlantics E.Venus and Adonis 9.“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” This is the beginning line of one of Shakespeare’s ________. A.songs B. plays https://www.doczj.com/doc/6c16193460.html,edies D. sonnets 10.The heroines of Shakespeare’s great comedies, ________ are the daughters of the Renaissance, whose images and stories will remain a legacy to readers and audiences of all time.