English\Chinese Translation
What is translation?
Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.
or : Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.(翻译是把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来的活动)
Eugene Nida, famous American translation theorist, defined translation as: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language messages, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体---首先是就意义而言,其次是就其风格而言.
1) Translation is a science
We say translation is a science, because it has its own laws and methods. Take the translation between English and Chinese for example, if we want to translate well, we must be entirely familiar with the content of the original and all the knowledge it concerns. In addition we should have a comparatively comprehensive and thorough study of English and Chinese so that we may do our work with high proficiency. English and Chinese are two entirely different languages. Each has an individual and distinct system. On the other hand, there are lots of differences between them both in morphology and in syntax. Because of this, we have to know both languages well, especially with the wide difference in vocabulary, grammatical relations, and sentence structure.
Now we may well conclude that translation is indeed a science with its peculiar laws and methods, a science related to lexicology, grammar, rhetoric and other branches of linguistics.
Translation is an art
Lin Yutang was once a representative. In his essay On Translation he declares that translation is an art whose success depends on one?s artistic talent and enough training. Besides these, there no set rules for translation and there is no short cut for art.
From the examples mentioned above we can see that translation is an art, a brilliant art. Like painting, enables us to reproduce the fine thought of somebody, not in colors, but in words, in the words of a different language. It demands a broad and profound knowledge.
In other words, a translator should have an understanding of literature and art, rhetoric and aesthetics; otherwise, he can hardly accomplish the task of reproduction of the original.
In accordance with what we have discussed in the above, now we can come to the following conclusion:
Translation depends on the artistic level and the technique of the translator.
Whoever has a good command of translation both in theory and technique can offer satisfactory translations, it is because, as pointed out in this lecture, translation is not only a science with its own laws and methods but also an art of reproduction and recreation.
2. Aim of foreign language learning and the importance of translation
(1) What are the objects of a foreign language? Learning a foreign language is not easy but it is worthwhile. It enables you to read foreign scientific and technical literature, and that might be useful. It makes you e nable to read some of the world?s best writers in their own language, and this is a great pleasure. But the most important thing is that it gives you a better understanding of your own language.
(2) Translation is of great value to foreign language learners. It is very important to the development of our nation. Translation keeps you informed of the international situation; translation enhances our competitive power in the international market; translation serves as instrument of propagating traditional culture. Translation is for inter-lingual communication, bridges the gulf between different-tongue speakers, and reproduces and spreads the message in the original language. Translation permits knowledge to be transmitted to different corners of the world and to succeeding generations.
Translation gives information, reveals feelings, and affect people's thought or behavior. Through translation, we can draw on the advanced experience and achievement in the field of science and technology of foreign countries. Without translation, the worldwide civilization would not be possible.
Today, translation plays an increasingly important role in our country's economic reform and opening to the world. More and more people of financial and business circles from all parts of the world come to our country and take part in joint ventures, cooperative enterprises, sole foreign-invested enterprises, and various other economic, trade and technological cooperation. This situation results in the great need of translators, English Chinese translators in particular. Translation promotes mutual understanding between Chinese and foreigners, contributes to the speeding up of our country?s modernization and thus is absolutely necessary in the development of our market economy.
Crite ria and Principles of Translation
Criteria is something we can use to evaluate a translation. We can say that the criteria of translation function as plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and as a good set for translator to strive after. There have been various opinions about the appropriate criteria for translation. First of all, we tend to think of Y anfu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria: namely, faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance.
1. Y an fu?s criteria:
(1) Faithfulness: It means the full and complete conveying or translation of the
original content or thought. That's to say a translator must bring out the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thought.
Now let?s have a discussion of how the following expressions or sentences in accordance with faithfulness.
e.g. 1. My work, my family, my friends were more than enough to fill my time.
原译：我干工作，我做家，我有朋友往来,这些占用了我的全部时间.
该译: 我要工作,要做家务,要与朋友往来,这些事用全部时间应付还不够.
E.g. 2. He took all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gong pride and he put it against the fish?s agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side.
原译:他要唤起久已丧失的自傲,忍住所有的痛楚,去克服那鱼临死的挣扎.鱼身倾斜了,它侧着身体缓缓地游着.
改译:他忍着一身痛,使出还剩下的一点力气, 鼓起早已丧失的自信,与临死挣扎的鱼拼搏着.终于鱼翻过了身子,侧起来慢慢游着.
e.g.3. 他一面讲经, 一面从事佛经的翻译工作. 鸠摩罗什既精通梵文,又精通汉文, 因此他翻译的佛经表达准确,文字流畅,当时颇受人们称赞.
原译:He was well versed in Sanskrit as well as Chinese. He preached while translating the Buddhist scripts. His translation are accurate and smooth.
改译: He translated the Buddhist Scripts while preaching. He was good at both both Sanskrit and Chinese, and his translations were received with much praise for their accuracy and smoothness.
From these examples, we can see that in order to fully realize the faithfulness of translation, a translator must profoundly comprehend the actual linguistic situation and original meaning of the source language. The translator ought to convey the author?s ideas faithfully and exactly. He has no right to alter the original meaning of the original to suit his own taste.
(2) Expressiveness: It demands that the version must be clear and fluent without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense.
E.g.1 She went , with her neat figure, and her sober womanly steps, down the dark street .
原译: 她顺着黑暗的街道走去,显出利落匀称的身材,迈着端庄的女人的步子.
改译: 她迈着女人特有的不急不慢的步子,顺着黑暗的大街走去,身材格外显得匀称.
E.g.,2 Because the departure was not easy , we made it brief.
原译: 告别这件事难受得很, 我们就做得简单一些.
改译: 话别叫人难过,我们只说了几句便分手了.
From these examples we may see that faithfulness and expressiveness are the two rudimentary criteria every translator must observe so the first two words as translation criteria are easily acceptable .
(3) Elegance : it means gracefulness.
Y an fu held that only the language before the Han dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, old structure of Chinese must be used to represent
the original fully and adequately. Therefore he can be said to object to the use of the vernacular or popular language of the people. As a matter of fact, the vernacular began to be in fashion when Y an fu lived. Facts prove the vernacular or the popular language of the people can be used to translate any foreign language in the world. But Y an fu opposed the application of the vernacular in translation, that is why his idea of elegance is not adaptable and criticized by many people. Of course, Y an fu’s explanation of the translation criteria is limited by the age he lived in. Therefore we must look at his criteria with a critical eye.
Furthermore, Y an Fu’s elegance ca n only be regarded as one style. There are many other styles in translation. Evidently, we should not make all our translations elegant in style. The original style must be exactly reproduced as it is. For instance, the style of Libai is elegant and forceful whereas that of Dufu profound and thoughtful. That’s to say, style varies with authors. A translator should try his best to make the style of his translation as close as possible to that of the original. Specifically speaking, if the original style is elegant, of the translation style should be elegant too. If the original style is not elegant, the translation style shouldn’t be elegant either.
E.g. 1 . It …s up to my neck to your bullshit .
你让我倒了八辈子邪霉了.
不能译成:
你把我害得好苦啊!
E.g.2. they are striving for the idea which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.
原译: 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的, 在过去, 许多中国人曾为这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命.
改译: 他们为之奋斗的理想是每个中国人珍爱的理想, 是许多中国人曾不惜牺牲生命追求的理想.
e.g.3. It is the opinion of my grandmother , God bless her, that all man should labor, and at the table, a moment ago, She said to me: you must learn to do some good work , the making of some items useful to man, something out of clay, or out of wood or metal or cloth .
原译: 我亲爱的祖母, 愿上帝保佑她,认为凡人都应该努力工作. 适才进餐时她对我言道: 你务必拜师学艺, 制造一些于人类有用之物, 使用泥土, 木材, 金属, 布料来制造物品.
改译:我亲爱的祖母, 愿上帝保佑她, 认为人人都应该干活.刚才在饭桌上她对我说: 你一定要学会一样好手艺, 做些对人有好处的东西, 用泥土做些什么, 或者用木材, 或者用金属, 或者用布料做些什么.
3. So much for Y anfu?s three-character translation criteria. Here I would like to introduce the three laws of translation formulated by Alexander Fraser Tytler(1749---1814), an English theoretician, in his essay On the Principles of Translation.
3.Prerequisites for a translator
(1) In order to achieve genuine competence in translation, a translator must bear in
mind that translation means honest, solid knowledge, and that genuine knowledge comes from practice. As translation is work that involves at least two languages ---the first language and the second language . Therefore, to know both language fairly well is one of the prerequisites for translation.
e.g. Y ou are telling me . (slang: I know that very well. / I knew that long ago.) 我早知道了．／还用你告诉我！≠
你正在告诉我．
e.g. Now you are talking . ( informal: at last you are saying something agreeable.)你到底说了合我意的话了
／你这样说才合我的意思．≠ 现在你正在谈话．
e.g. Henry Kissinger has slept there before, in July and again in October. 这之前亨利基辛格在７月和１０月两度在这里下榻．（不译为：睡觉）
陈先生乃中国学界泰斗．
Mr. Chen, our respected teacher, is a renowned master in the academic circles of China.
e.g. 你要有所收获,则必须在学习中不断深入.
If you want to gain anything, you must constantly deepen your studies.
(2) Besides a good knowledge of both the SL and the TL, a translator should do a lot of reading, listening, and speaking.He has to experience the many ways in which the English is spoken and written by native speakers. And to be constantly exposed to English spoken and written by native speakers is considered to be a very important part of practice, without which a Chinese learner of English can?t expect to acquire competence in understanding and production as far as the English language is concerned.
(3) Furthermore, acquaintance with the subject matter covered in the book or article is also an indispensable factor in doing translation work well. For instance : If you are going to translate some technological data on remote sensing of the earth by man-made satellites, you have to learn to acquire some basic knowledge of the relevant aspect of space science and technology , otherwise , you will run the risk of making mistakes in the subject matter imperceptibly. So you should have a wide background knowledge .
E.g. The Security Council has been seized of the question since then.安理会自那以来就一直受理这个问题。（需要国际法知识）
To sum up, as a good translator, you have to know well the SL, the TL and the subject matter concerned. In addition, you have to master the skills and techniques of translation and do lots of practice.
Guo Moruo once pointed out: “translation is creative work. Good translation is as good as writing and may be even better than the original. Sometimes translation is more difficult than writing. A writer must have experience in life, but a translator has to experience what the translator has experienced. At the same time a translator must not only be proficient in his mother tongue but also have a very good foundation in a foreign language. Therefore, translation is not easier than writ ing at all.” his analysis makes a good deal of sense.
4. The history of translation in China
Translation has a long history of about two thousand years . During the centuries quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contribution to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.
See the following facts:
(1) From the Eastern Han to the northern and Southern Dynasties.(25-581 A.D.) China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China to translate Buddhist Scripture. Among them An Shih-ko (安世高)from Persia , Indu Dharmarakeha 竺法护and Kumarajiva 鸠摩罗氏from India.
鸠摩罗氏
玄奘
From the Sui Dynasty (581—618A.D.)to the Tang Dynasty: Golden age of translation in ancient China
Xuan Zang 玄奘
Xuan zang was sent to India to make a study of the Buddhist scriptures. He stayed there for 17years. After he returned home from India, he translated 75 volumes of Buddhist scriptures in the following 19 years. He also translated some works of Laozi into Sanskrit,（梵语）he was the first person to introduce Chinese classics to foreigners. His translation standard “ to be both true and coherent” （既须求真，又须喻俗）is still acceptable . He made great contribution to the theory and practice of translation.
Kumarajiva鸠摩罗氏
He translated works such as <金刚经>,<法华经>, <维摩经>,<中观论>, <十二门论>, <百论> and so on.
Paramartha (also called Gunarata)真谛
Invited by the king Liangwu , he came to China from India. His translation “ On Great V ehicle” ＜摄大乘论＞had a great influence in China.
(3)In the Ming Dynasty (1363-1644A.D.)
During this period, translation began to focus on science, literature and philosophy instead of religion. Xu Guangqi and M.Ricci(利马窦an Italian) translated Euclid?s Elements (几何原本）cooperatively.
(4) In the Qing Dynasty (1644—1911A.D.)
There were great translator like Y anfu and Linshu during this period . Y an fu proposed the translation standard “ Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” He translated the following works: 1. Evolution and ethics and other essays (THE Huxley)天演论；２. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of nations (A.Smith)
<原富＞亚当．斯密, 3. The study of Sociology by H. Spencer科学肆言斯宾塞；４．On liberty (https://www.doczj.com/doc/6214323033.html,l) 群己权界论 5. A history of politics 社会通诠甄克思严复林纾
利马窦徐光启
Lin Shu was another well-known translator at that time, he translated 183 novels from English and French. It is interesting to know that he didn?t know any forei gn languages. He did like this: someone would tell him the meaning of each sentence in
the original, and Lin would take notes in Chinese and then rewrite it in Chinese.
He translated the following works:
1) La Dama aux Camelias 巴黎茶花女遗事
2) Uncle Tom?s Cabin 黑奴吁天录
3) David Copperfield 块肉余生述
4) Hamlet 王子复仇记
《巴黎茶花女遗事》译于１８９７年，公开刊行则在两年后的１８９９年。此书一出，立即风靡，以致严复诗称“可怜一卷《茶花女》，断尽支那荡子肠”。(5) After the May Fourth New literature Movement to Now
The May Fourth New Literature Movement was inseparably linked to translation. Luxun?s Diary of a mad Man was created under the influence of Russian literature. Lu Xun had done a lot of translation work. Lu Xun?s translation of Destruction and Dead Soul, Qu Qiubai?s Song of the Seagull and others have served as models for translation.
There appeared a lot of famous translators in China today, such as : 傅雷, 朱光潜, 曹靖华, 朱生豪,钱钟书,冰心,戈宝权,萧乾,王佐良,and so on.
傅雷（1908-1966），一代翻译巨匠。早年留学法国，回国后曾任教于上海美专，因不愿从流俗而闭门译书，几乎译遍法国重要作家如伏尔泰、巴尔扎克、罗曼·罗兰的重要作品。数百万言的译作成了中国译界备受推崇的范文，形成了“傅雷体华文语言”。译作：罗曼·罗兰著《贝多芬传》《独一无二的艺术家莫扎特》“三巨人传”（弥盖朗琪罗传、贝多芬传、托尔斯泰传）。
朱生豪（1912—1944），著名的莎士比亚戏剧翻译家、诗人。出生于浙江嘉兴一个破落的商人家庭。1929年入杭州之江大学，主修中国文学，同时攻读英语。毕业后于1933年在上海世界书局任英文编辑。
朱生豪从24岁起，以宏大的气魄、坚韧的毅力，经数年呕心沥血，翻译出版了《莎士比亚戏剧全集》（含戏剧31种）。他英年早逝，只度过了32个春秋。而他所译莎剧《全集》由世界书局出版后，轰动文坛，被时人叹为“宏伟的工程”、“伟大的业绩”。
朱生豪的翻译态度严肃认真，以“求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之神韵”为其宗旨。译笔流畅，文词华丽。他所译的《莎士比亚戏剧全集》是迄今我国莎士比亚作品的最完整的、质量较好的译本。
冰心(１９００－１９９９)原名谢婉莹，福建长乐人，她的译作如黎巴嫩凯罗．纪伯伦的《先知》《沙与沫》，印度泰戈尔的《吉檀迦利》《园丁集》及戏剧集多种，都是公认的文学翻译精品，１９９５年曾因此经黎巴嫩共和国总统签署授予国家级雪松勋章。她的文学影响超越国界，作品被翻译成各国文字，得到海内外读者的赞赏。
钱钟书傅雷冰心朱生豪
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
美国大学校名英文缩写 英文缩写英文全称中文全称 AAMU Alabama A&M 阿拉巴马农业机械大学ADELPHI Adelphi University 艾德菲大学AMERICAN American University 美国大学 ANDREWS Andrews University 安德鲁大学 ASU Arizona State University 亚利桑那州立大学AUBURN Auburn University 奥本大学 -B- BAYLOR Baylor University 贝勒大学 BC Boston College 波士顿学院 BGSU Bowling Green State University 博林格林州立大学BIOLA Biola University 拜欧拉大学BRANDEIS Brandeis University 布兰迪斯大学BROWN Brown University 布朗大学 BSU Ball State University 波尔州立大学 BU* Boston University 波士顿大学 BU SUNY Binghamton 纽约州立大学宾厄姆顿分校BYU Brigham Young Univ. Provo 百翰大学 *BU通常意义上指Boston University -C- CALTECH California Institute of Technology 加州理工大学 CAU Clark Atlanta University 克拉克亚特兰大大学 CLARKSON Clarkson University 克拉逊大学CLARKU Clark University 克拉克大学CLEMSON Clemson University 克莱姆森大学 CMU* Carnegie Mellon University 卡耐基梅隆大学CMU Central Michigan University 中央密歇根大学COLUMBIA Columbia University 哥伦比亚大学CORNELL Cornell University 康奈尔大学CSU* Colorado State 科罗拉多州立大学 CSU Cleveland State University 克里夫立大学CU* University of Colorado Boulder 科罗拉多大学波德分校 CU University of Colorado Denver 科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 CUA Catholic University of America 美国天主教大学 CWRU Case Western Reserve Univ. 凯斯西储大学*CMU 通常意义上指 Carnegie Mellon University *CSU 通用 *CU 通用
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽，我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理，我们怎么能记的住所有的信息？有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数，它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是，周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型（原子是是一个不可分割的粒子，其质量决定了它的身份）不久，化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候，他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如，人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中，第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质，第三个和第十个，第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年，Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家，发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾，反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步，他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里，随着新元素的发现，里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级（第三层）有一个电子，锂原子最外层能量能级（第二层）有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的，这两种都是惰性气体，也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显，有着相同电子结构（电子分布）的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质，而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定（不那么活泼） In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中，元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的，这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质，电子数也应该（现在也确实）决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中，元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住，这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列，Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列，彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下（Mendeleev注释的那样）重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和，故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
伪球迷biased fans 紧身服straitjacket 团购group buying 奉子成婚shortgun marriage 婚前性行为premartial sex 开博to open a blog 家庭暴力family volience 问题家具problem furniture 炫富flaunt wealth 决堤breaching of the dike 上市list share 赌球soccer gambling 桑拿天sauna weather 自杀Dutch act 假发票fake invoice 落后产能outdated capacity 二房东middleman landlord 入园难kindergarten crunch 生态补偿ecological compensation 金砖四国BRIC countries 笑料laughing stock 泰国香米Thai fragrant rice 学历造假fabricate academic credentials 泄洪release flood waters 狂热的gaga eg: I was gaga over his deep blue eyes when I first set eyes on him 防暑降温补贴high temperature subsidy 暗淡前景bleak prospects 文艺爱情片chick flick 惊悚电影slasher flick 房奴车奴mortgage slave 上课开小差zone out 万事通know-it-all 毕业典礼commencement 散伙饭farewell dinner 毕业旅行after-graduation trip 节能高效的fuel-efficient 具有时效性的time-efficient 死记硬背cramming 很想赢be hungry for success 面子工程face job 捉迷藏play tag 射手榜top-scorer list 学历门槛academic threshold 女学究blue stocking
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数，或质子数，卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z，总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数，这个数的原子中的中子，中子数，给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
Uｎit 1 The RｏotｓoｆCｈemisｔry Ｉ．Ｃoｍpreｈensioｎ. 1。Ｃ 2. Ｂ3．D 4. C 5. B ＩI。Ｍａｋe ａsenｔeｎｃe ｏut of ｅach ｉｔem ｂy reaｒranging ｔhe wordｓin ｂracｋets. 1.Tｈｅｐuｒiｆｉcation of aｎorganｉc compounｄis usually a matter of consｉｄerａｂlｅdｉfｆicｕｌtｙ, and iｔis nｅcｅｓsaｒy to eｍploy vａrious methoｄs fｏr thｉｓpurpｏse。 2.Science is an ｅｖeｒ－iｎcｒｅasing boｄy ofａccｕｍｕlａｔed anｄ ｓｙsｔｅmatiｚed knowledｇe ａnd iｓalsｏan activｉty bｙwｈic ｈｋnowledge iｓｇenerated。 3.Lifｅ，aftｅr all, is onｌy cｈeｍistry,in faｃｔ, a sｍall example of ｃ hｅｍistry ｏbsｅｒved oｎａsｉngle munｄane pｌａnet。 4.Peoplｅaｒe made of molｅculｅｓ; sｏmｅｏf ｔhｅmｏleculｅs in p ｅople aｒe rａｔher ｓimple whｅreas otｈerｓａｒｅhｉghly compｌex。 5.Chｅｍistry ｉｓever preseｎｔin ｏｕｒｌｉves frｏm ｂｉｒtｈ tｏｄeａthｂeｃａｕse withoｕt chｅmｉｓtrｙｔhere iｓneither life nor deａth. 6.Maｔhｅｍaｔics apｐeａｒs ｔo be almost as humaｎkiｎｄand ａｌ ｓo ｐermeaｔeｓall aspeｃts of ｈuman life, aｌthough ｍａｎｙof us are ｎｏｔfuｌly ａwａrｅoｆtｈis. III。Tｒanｓlatioｎ. 1.（a)chｅmicaｌprｏcess (b) natuｒal scienｃe（c）the teｃhｎｉ ｑｕe of distｉllaｔioｎ 2.Iｔｉs theａtｏｍs that ｍａkｅuｐｉron, waｔeｒ，oｘygen and the lｉke/anｄso on／aｎｄsｏfortｈ/aｎd otherｗiｓe. 3.Cheｍisｔｒy haｓa very long hｉｓtorｙ, ｉnｆaｃｔ，human a ｃtivity in chｅｍｉstrｙgｏes bａｃk ｔo ｐreｒecｏrｄed tｉmｅｓ/pｒedatiｎg reｃｏrded times． 4.Aｃcoｒdｉng to/Froｍthe eｖapoｒaｔion oｆwaｔeｒ，pｅople know ／reaｌized ｔｈat ｌiquidｓcａn ｔurn/bｅ/changeｉｎto gases ｕndeｒcertain conditions/circｕmsｔance／enｖironment。 5.Yoｕｍusｔknow ｔhe propｅｒtieｓｏfｔｈe materiaｌbeｆore y ｏu use it. IＶ．Ｔrａnslation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来，化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快，其余两步相当慢.这三步
发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor 20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1．化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发，对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后（1918-1939）。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的，陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
中外高校校名国内研究所中文全称和英文缩写 对照 集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
中文全称英文缩写 浙江大学ZHEJIANG UNIV 中国科学院CHINESE ACAD SCI 清华大学TSINGHUA UNIV 东南大学SOUTHEAST UNIV 大连理工大学DALIAN UNIV TECHNOL 南京大学NANJING UNIV 四川大学SICHUAN UNIV 上海交通大学SHANGHAI JIAO TONG UNIV 中山大学SUN YAT SEN UNIV 华中科技大学HUAZHONG UNIV SCI TECHNOL 北京大学PEKING UNIV 山东大学SHANDONG UNIV 复旦大学FUDAN UNIV 南开大学NANKAI UNIV 北京邮电大学BEIJING UNIV POSTS TELECOMMUN 中国科学技术大学UNIV SCI TECHNOL CHINA 吉林大学JILIN UNIV 西安交通大学XI AN JIAO TONG UNIV 哈尔滨工业大学HARBIN INST TECHNOL 天津大学TIANJIN UNIV 兰州大学LANZHOU UNIV 华南理工大学S CHINA UNIV TECHNOL 武汉大学WUHAN UNIV 湖南大学HUNAN UNIV 华南师范大学S CHINA NORMAL UNIV 北京航天航空大学BEIJING UNIV AERONAUT ASTRONAUT 东北大学NORTHEASTERN UNIV 电子科技大学UNIV ELECT SCI TECHNOL CHINA 华东科技大学 E CHINA UNIV SCI TECHNOL 中南大学CENT S UNIV 西安电子科技大学XIDIAN UNIV 同济大学TONGJI UNIV 厦门大学XIAMEN UNIV 北京交通大学BEIJING JIAOTONG UNIV 东吴大学SOOCHOW UNIV 安徽大学ANHUI UNIV 北京理工大学BEIJING INST TECHNOL 香港城市大学CITY UNIV HONG KONG 湘潭大学XIANGTAN UNIV 北京师范大学BEIJING NORMAL UNIV
黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程：专业英语考核类型：考试A卷 考试形式：闭卷出卷教师：杨一思 考试专业：化学考试班级：应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English（20 points） 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6．超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese（20 points） 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese （40 points） A卷【第1页共 3 页】
仅供参考 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Sources of Organic Compounds The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry 有机化合物的来源 有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的，一般来自于石油工业。 2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大，而且还在逐日合成更多的品种，所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物，而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然，以前的方法是不可取的，一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识，这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物，甚至是一些未知的化合物， For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form
南京大学Nanjing University 东南大学Southeast University 南京航空航天大学Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 南京理工大学Nanjing university ofscience ＆technology 南京工业大学Nanjing tech university 南京邮电大学Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications 南京林业大学Nanjing forestry university 南京信息工程大学Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology 南京农业大学Nanjing Agricultural University 南京医科大学Nanjing medical university 南京中医药大学Nanjing university of Chinese medicine 中国药科大学China Pharmaceutical University 南京师范大学Nanjing Normal University 南京财经大学Nanjing University Of Finance & Economics 江苏警官学院Jiangsu police institute 南京体育学院Nanjing Sport Institute 南京艺术学院Nanjing University of the Arts 三江学院Sanjiang university 南京工程学院Nanjing institute of technology 南京审计大学Nanjing audit university 南京晓庄学院Nanjing xiaozhuang university 南京特殊教育师范学院Nanjing Normal University Of Special Education 南京森林警察学院Nanjing forest police college 东南大学成贤学院southeast university chengxian college 金陵科技学院jinling institute of technology 南京大学金陵学院Nanjing university jinling college 南京理工大学紫金学院Nanjing University of Science and Technology ZiJin College 南京航空航天大学金城学院 nanhang Jincheng college 中国传媒大学南广学院Communication University of China, Nanguang College
Unit10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的命名 Alkanes烷烃 理想的，每一种化合物都应该由一个明确描述它的结构的名称，并且通过这一名称能够画出它的结构式。为了这一目的，全世界的化学家接受了世界纯粹与应用化学会（IUPAC）建立的一系列规则。这个系统就是IUPAC系统，或称为日内瓦系统，因为IUPAC的第一次会议是在瑞士日内瓦召开的。不含支链的烷烃的IUPAC命名包括两部分（1）表明链中碳原子数目的前缀；（2）后缀－ane，表明化合物是烷烃。用于表示1至20个碳原子的前缀见表 表中前4个前缀是由IUPAC选择的，因为它们早已在有机化学中确定了。实际上，它们甚至早在它们成为规则之下的结构理论的暗示之前，它们的地位就确定了。例如，在丁酸中出现的前缀but－，一种表示在白脱脂中存在的四个碳原子的化合物（拉丁语butyrum白脱（黄油））。表示5个或更多碳原子的词根来源于希腊或拉丁词根。 含取代基的烷烃的IUPAC名称由母体名称和取代基名称组成，母体名称代表化合物的最长碳链，取代基名称代表连接在主链上的基团。 来源于烷烃的取代基称为烷基。字母R－被广泛用来表示烷烃的存在.烷烃的命名是去掉原烷基名称中的－ane加上后缀－yl。例如，烷基CH3CH2－称为乙基。 CH3－CH3乙烷（原碳氢化合物）CH3CH2－乙基（一个烷基） 下面是IUPAC的烷烃命名规则： 1. 饱和碳氢化合物称为烷烃。 2. 对有支链的碳氢化合物，最长的碳链作为主链，IUPAC命名按此主链命名。 3. 连接在主链上的基团称为取代基。每一取代基有一名称和一数字.这一数字表示取代基连接在主链上的碳原子的位置。 4. 如果有多于一个的相同取代基，要给出表示支链位置的每个数字。而且，表示支链数目的数字由前缀di－，tri－，tetra－，penta－等表示。 5. 如果有一个取代基，主链碳原子编号从靠近支链的一端开始，使支链位号最小。如果有两个或多个取代基，支链从能使第一个取代基位次较小的一侧编号。 6. 如果有两个或多个取代基，它们按字母顺序排列。当排列取代基时，前缀iso－（异）和neo－（新）也按字母排列，前缀sec－（仲）和tert－（特）在字母排列中忽略 此外，按字母排列取代基时，表示倍数的前缀2，3，4等也被忽略。 Alkenes烯烃 烷烃的碳原子间只有单键。烯烃在两个碳原子间有双键（两个键）。考虑到两个碳原子间以双键相连。因为双键用去了两个碳原子的共4个电子。所以只剩下4个电子以供成
50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 发表日期：2015-09-29 07:48 来源：80后励志网编辑：80后点击：3321次 文章标签: 英语名言教育好文读书励志英语教育 文章导读:英语是国际性的语言，英语在我们的生活中使用率也越来越高，下面这50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会哦！ 50个很潮的英文单词，年轻人一定要学会！ 1.预约券 reservation ticket 2.下午茶 high tea 3.微博 Microblog/ Tweets 4.裸婚 naked wedding 5.亚健康 sub-health 6.平角裤 boxers 7.愤青 young cynic 8.灵魂伴侣 soul mate 9.小白脸 toy boy 10.精神出轨 soul infidelity 11.人肉搜索 flesh search 12.浪女 dillydally girl 13.公司政治 company politics 14.剩女 3S lady(single，seventies,stuck)/left girls 15.山寨 copycat 16.异地恋 long-distance relationship 17.性感妈妈 yummy mummy ; milf(回复中指出的~) 18.钻石王老五 diamond bachelor;most eligible bachelor
20.时尚达人 fashion icon 21.御宅 otaku 22.上相的,上镜头的 photogenic 23.脑残体 leetspeak 24.学术界 academic circle 25.哈证族 certificate maniac 26.偶像派 idol type 27.住房公积金 housing funds 28.个税起征点 inpidual income tax threshold 29.熟女 cougar(源自电影Cougar Club) 30.挑食者 picky-eater 31.伪球迷 fake fans 32.紧身服 straitjacket 33.团购 group buying 34.奉子成婚 shotgun marriage 35.婚前性行为 premarital sex 36.开博 to open a blog 37.家庭暴力 family/domestic violence (由回复更正) 38.问题家具 problem furniture 39.炫富 flaunt wealth 40.决堤 breaching of the dike 41.上市 list share 42.赌球 soccer gambling 43.桑拿天 sauna weather 44.自杀 Dutch act 45.假发票 fake invoice 46.落后产能 outdated capacity 47.二房东 middleman landlord 48.入园难 kindergarten crunch 49.生态补偿 ecological compensation 50.金砖四国 BRIC countrie
１０级应用化学（2）班郑禄春 B2０1０06３224 Lessｅn ２4 ChemicａｌＲeaｃtionｓ Conseｒvation of mａｓs ａnd ｅｎergy(质量与能量守恒) Ｔwo ｃonseｒvaｔｉｏn laws（定律) apｐlｙｔo aｌｌｃhemical reaｃtionｓ: E ｎergy can neitheｒ be cｒｅated nｏr deｓtroｙed, anｄｍａｔteｒｃaｎneither ｂｅ created nor deｓtｒｏyed. Thus the ａtoms taking part in a chemical reactioｎ may be reａrrangｅd, bｕt all ｔhe atoms preseｎt ｉn the reacｔan ｔs must also be preｓent in ｔhe prodｕctｓ, and the tｏtaｌｍasｓ oｆ tｈe ｒeactants muｓt equaｌ thｅｔotaｌｍａss ｏｆthe prｏducts. 化学反应 质量守恒和能量守恒 两个守恒定律(定律)适用于所有的化学反应:能量既不能创造也不能消灭,物质也不能创造也不能消灭。因此原子参与化学反应可能重新安排，但所有的原子出现在反应物必须包含在产品,反应物的总质量必须等于生产物的总质量。 What is ａ chｅmicaｌ reaction? A chｅmicaｌreaｃtiｏn occｕｒs whｅn sｕbsｔａnｃes (tｈe ｒｅactantｓ) colｌide (碰撞）ｗiｔh ｅnouｇｈ energｙ tｏｒearｒａnge to form difｆerent c ｏｍpounds (ｔhe ｐrｏdｕcts）. The changｅ iｎ enerｇy that occurs wheｎ a reaction take pｌａｃe ｉs deｓcriｂed by therｍｏdｙｎaｍics（热力学）anｄt ｈe ｒａｔｅ oｒ speed at which a reacｔioｎocｃurｓis descｒibed by kiｎeticｓ (动力学) . Reacｔions in ｗhiｃh ｔｈe ｒeaｃtａnｔｓaｎd ｐrｏductｓcoｅxist arｅ coｎｓidｅｒed ｔo be in equilｉｂriuｍ(处于平衡）. A chｅｍiｃａl ｅｑuaｔion ｃonsｉｓts ｏf the ｃhemｉｃal fｏrmｕｌａ（化学式)of thｅ rea ｃｔants, and ｔhe cｈemical fｏｒmｕla of ｔhe ｐrodｕcts. The twｏａre separateｄ bｙａn → uｓually read aｓ“yｉelｄs”ａnｄeach ｃhemicａl forｍula is sｅpａｒatｅd frｏm otheｒs by ａ plus sｉgn (加号）． Sometime ｓ a trｉangｌe is dｒawｎ over ｔhe arrow symbol tｏｄenotｅ enerｇy ｍuｓt ｂe addeｄｔo ｔｈe subsｔances ｆor ｔhe ｒeａcｔiｏn to beｇｉn． Eａch ｃｈemiｃaｌ formula may be pｒｅｃeded by a sｃalaｒ（数量的) ｃoｅｆficienｔｉndicatｉng thｅ proｐorｔion (比例) ｏｆ that substaｎce nｅｃｅssary to ｐｒoｄｕce ｔhe rｅacｔion in forｍulａ. Foｒinstanｃe， thｅｆoｒmｕla ｆoｒ the buｒning of mｅthane(CH4 + 2O2 →ＣO2 + 2H2O） iｎdｉｃates that twｉce as much Ｏ2 aｓ CH４ iｓ nｅｅded, and wｈen tｈey reａct， twicｅas ｍuch H2O as ＣO2 wｉll be produceｄ. This is ｂecａuse durｉng tｈe reａctiｏｎ，each atom ｏｆ cａrbon needｓ eｘａctlｙ two atoms ｏf oxygen ｔo combｉnｅ with, to ｐroduｃe the CO2, and ｅvｅry twｏaｔｏms of ｈydrｏgen need an atｏm ｏf oxygen tｏcombine wiｔｈｔo proｄuce ｔhｅH２O． If thｅ pｒｏportiｏns ｏf thｅ reactaｎtｓarｅ nｏｔ reｓpecｔed, when ｔhey arｅ foｒｃｅd ｔｏreacｔ, eitheｒ not all oｆｔhe ｓuｂstance used wilｌparticipate in tｈe re ａｃｔion, or the reａctiｏｎ that wｉll take pｌace ｗilｌbｅ dｉｆfｅｒent ｆｒom tｈe ｏne noteｄin ｔhｅ equatｉon.. 什么是化学反应 一个化学反应发生在物质（反应物）碰撞有足够的能量去重新排列,形成不同的化合物(产品）。当反应发