机械设计专业术语英语翻译
A
阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm
安全系数safety factor; factor of safety
安全载荷safe load
凹面、凹度concavity
B
扳手wrench
板簧flat leaf spring
半圆键woodruff key
变形deformation
摆杆oscillating bar
摆动从动件oscillating follower
摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear
摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile
摆线运动规律cycloidal motion
摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel
包角angle of contact
保持架cage
背对背安装back-to-back arrangement
背锥back cone ;normal cone
背锥角back angle
背锥距back cone distance
比例尺scale
比热容specific heat capacity
闭式链closed kinematic chain
闭链机构closed chain mechanism
臂部arm
变频器frequency converters
变频调速frequency control of motor speed 变速speed change
变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel
变位齿轮modified gear
变位系数modification coefficient 标准齿轮standard gear
标准直齿轮standard spur gear
表面质量系数superficial mass factor
表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness
并联式组合combination in parallel
并联机构parallel mechanism
并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism
并行工程concurrent engineering
并行设计concurred design, CD
不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance
不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)
不平衡量amount of unbalance
不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing
波发生器wave generator
波数number of waves
补偿compensation
C
参数化设计parameterization design, PD
残余应力residual stress
操纵及控制装置operation control device
槽轮Geneva wheel
槽轮机构Geneva mechanism; Maltese
cross
槽数Geneva numerate
槽凸轮groove cam
侧隙backlash
差动轮系differential gear train
差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism
差速器differential
常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use
车床lathe
承载量系数bearing capacity factor
承载能力bearing capacity
成对安装paired mounting
尺寸系列dimension series
齿槽tooth space
齿槽宽spacewidth
齿侧间隙backlash
齿顶高addendum
齿顶圆addendum circle
齿根高dedendum
齿根圆dedendum circle
齿厚tooth thickness
齿距circular pitch
齿宽face width
齿廓tooth profile
齿廓曲线tooth curve
齿轮gear
齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes
齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack
齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter
齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter
齿轮机构gear
齿轮轮坯blank
齿轮传动系pinion unit
齿轮联轴器gear coupling
齿条传动rack gear
齿数tooth number
齿数比gear ratio
齿条rack
齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter 齿形链、无声链silent chain
齿形系数form factor
齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism
插齿机gear shaper
重合点coincident points
重合度contact ratio
冲床punch
传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio 传动装置gearing; transmission gear
传动系统driven system
传动角transmission angle
传动轴transmission shaft 串联式组合combination in series
串联式组合机构series combined mechanism
串级调速cascade speed control
创新innovation ; creation
创新设计creation design
垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load
唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal
磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing
从动带轮driven pulley
从动件driven link, follower
从动件平底宽度width of flat-face
从动件停歇follower dwell
从动件运动规律follower motion
从动轮driven gear
粗线bold line
粗牙螺纹coarse thread
D
大齿轮gear wheel
打包机packer
打滑slipping
带传动belt driving
带轮belt pulley
带式制动器band brake
单列轴承single row bearing
单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing
单万向联轴节single universal joint
单位矢量unit vector
当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear
当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth
当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction
当量载荷equivalent load
刀具cutter
导数derivative
倒角chamfer
导热性conduction of heat
导程lead
导程角lead angle
等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion
等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion
等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam
等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam
等效构件equivalent link
等效力equivalent force
等效力矩equivalent moment of
force
等效量equivalent
等效质量equivalent mass
等效转动惯量equivalent moment of
inertia
等效动力学模型dynamically
equivalent model
底座chassis
低副lower pair
点划线chain dotted line
（疲劳）点蚀pitting
垫圈gasket
垫片密封gasket seal
碟形弹簧belleville spring
顶隙bottom clearance
定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes
动力学dynamics
动密封kinematical seal
动能dynamic energy
动力粘度dynamic viscosity
动力润滑dynamic lubrication
动平衡dynamic balance
动平衡机dynamic balancing machine
动态特性dynamic characteristics
动态分析设计dynamic analysis design
动压力dynamic reaction
动载荷dynamic load
端面transverse plane
端面参数transverse parameters
端面齿距transverse circular pitch 端面齿廓transverse tooth profile
端面重合度transverse contact ratio
端面模数transverse module
端面压力角transverse pressure angle
锻造forge
对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress
对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower
对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower
对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower 对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism
多列轴承multi-row bearing
多楔带poly V-belt
多项式运动规律polynomial motion
多质量转子rotor with several masses
惰轮idle gear
E
额定寿命rating life
额定载荷load rating
II 级杆组dyad
F
发生线generating line
发生面generating plane
法面normal plane
法面参数normal parameters
法面齿距normal circular pitch
法面模数normal module
法面压力角normal pressure angle
法向齿距normal pitch
法向齿廓normal tooth profile
法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm
法向力normal force
反馈式组合feedback combining
反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics
反转法kinematic inversion
反正切Arctan
范成法generating cutting
仿形法form cutting
方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD
防振装置shockproof device
飞轮flywheel
飞轮矩moment of flywheel
非标准齿轮nonstandard gear
非接触式密封non-contact seal
非周期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation 非圆齿轮non-circular gear
粉末合金powder metallurgy
分度线reference line; standard pitch line
分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle
分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder
分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder
分母denominator
分子numerator
分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone 分析法analytical method
封闭差动轮系planetary differential
复合铰链compound hinge
复合式组合compound combining
复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train 复合平带compound flat belt
复合应力combined stress
复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism 复杂机构complex mechanism
G
杆组Assur group
干涉interference
刚度系数stiffness coefficient
刚轮rigid circular spline
钢丝软轴wire soft shaft
刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism
刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)
刚性转子rigid rotor
刚性轴承rigid bearing 刚性联轴器rigid coupling
高度系列height series
高速带high speed belt
高副higher pair
格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law
根切undercutting
公称直径nominal diameter
功work
工况系数application factor
工艺设计technological design
工作循环图working cycle diagram
工作机构operation mechanism
工作载荷external loads
工作空间working space
工作应力working stress
工作阻力effective resistance
工作阻力矩effective resistance moment
公法线common normal line
公共约束general constraint
公制齿轮metric gears
功率power
功能分析设计function analyses design
共轭齿廓conjugate profiles
共轭凸轮conjugate cam
构件link
鼓风机blower
固定构件fixed link; frame
固体润滑剂solid lubricant
关节型操作器jointed manipulator
惯性力inertia force
惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force
惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force 惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia
惯性主失resultant vector of inertia
冠轮crown gear
广义机构generation mechanism
广义坐标generalized coordinate
轨迹生成path generation
轨迹发生器path generator
滚刀hob
滚道raceway
滚动体rolling element
滚动轴承rolling bearing
滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller
滚针轴承needle roller bearing
滚子roller
滚子轴承roller bearing
滚子半径radius of roller
滚子从动件roller follower
滚子链roller chain
滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling
滚珠丝杆ball screw
滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch
过度切割undercutting
H
函数发生器function generator
函数生成function generation
含油轴承oil bearing
耗油量oil consumption
耗油量系数oil consumption factor
赫兹公式H. Hertz equation
合成弯矩resultant bending moment
合力resultant force
合力矩resultant moment of force
黑箱black box
横坐标abscissa
互换性齿轮interchangeable gears
花键spline
滑键、导键feather key
滑动轴承sliding bearing
滑动率sliding ratio
滑块slider
环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm 环形弹簧annular spring
缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber
灰铸铁grey cast iron
回程return
回转体平衡balance of rotors
混合轮系compound gear train
J
积分integrate
机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design
机构mechanism
机构分析analysis of mechanism
机构平衡balance of mechanism
机构学mechanism
机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism 机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism 机构综合synthesis of mechanism
机构组成constitution of mechanism
机架frame, fixed link
机架变换kinematic inversion
机器machine
机器人robot
机器人操作器manipulator
机器人学robotics
技术过程technique process
技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation
技术系统technique system
机械machinery
机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD
机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD
机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery 机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery 机械动力学dynamics of machinery
机械的现代设计modern machine
design
机械系统mechanical system
机械利益mechanical advantage
机械平衡balance of machinery
机械手manipulator
机械设计machine design; mechanical
design
机械特性mechanical behavior
机械调速mechanical speed governors
机械效率mechanical efficiency
机械原理theory of machines and
mechanisms
机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of
speed fluctuation
机械无级变速mechanical stepless
speed changes
基础机构fundamental mechanism
基本额定寿命basic rating life
基于实例设计case-based design,CBD
基圆base circle
基圆半径radius of base circle
基圆齿距base pitch
基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle
基圆柱base cylinder
基圆锥base cone
急回机构quick-return mechanism
急回特性quick-return characteristics
急回系数advance-to return-time ratio
急回运动quick-return motion
棘轮ratchet
棘轮机构ratchet mechanism
棘爪pawl
极限位置extreme (or limiting) position
极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions
计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD
计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM
计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS
计算力矩factored moment; calculation
moment
计算弯矩calculated bending moment
加权系数weighting efficient 加速度acceleration
加速度分析acceleration analysis
加速度曲线acceleration diagram
尖点pointing; cusp
尖底从动件knife-edge follower
间隙backlash
间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism
减速比reduction ratio
减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear
减速器speed reducer
减摩性anti-friction quality
渐开螺旋面involute helicoids
渐开线involute
渐开线齿廓involute profile
渐开线齿轮involute gear
渐开线发生线generating line of
involute
渐开线方程involute equation
渐开线函数involute function
渐开线蜗杆involute worm
渐开线压力角pressure angle of
involute
渐开线花键involute spline
简谐运动simple harmonic motion
键key
键槽keyway
交变应力repeated stress
交变载荷repeated fluctuating load
交叉带传动cross-belt drive
交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears
胶合scoring
角加速度angular acceleration
角速度angular velocity
角速比angular velocity ratio
角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing
角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing
铰链、枢纽hinge
校正平面correcting plane
接触应力contact stress
接触式密封contact seal
阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft
结构structure
结构设计structural design
截面section
节点pitch point
节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth
节线pitch line
节圆pitch circle
节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle
节圆直径pitch diameter
节圆锥pitch cone
节圆锥角pitch cone angle
解析设计analytical design
紧边tight-side
紧固件fastener
径节diametral pitch
径向radial direction
径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent
radial load
径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load
径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating
径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating 径向接触轴承radial contact bearing
径向平面radial plane
径向游隙radial internal clearance
径向载荷radial load
径向载荷系数radial load factor
径向间隙clearance
静力static force
静平衡static balance
静载荷static load
静密封static seal
局部自由度passive degree of freedom
矩阵matrix
矩形螺纹square threaded form 锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form
矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch
绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor
绝对运动absolute motion
绝对速度absolute velocity
均衡装置load balancing mechanism
K
抗压强度compression strength
开口传动open-belt drive
开式链open kinematic chain
开链机构open chain mechanism
可靠度degree of reliability
可靠性reliability
可靠性设计reliability design, RD
空气弹簧air spring
空间机构spatial mechanism
空间连杆机构spatial linkage
空间凸轮机构spatial cam
空间运动副spatial kinematic pair
空间运动链spatial kinematic chain
空转idle
宽度系列width series
框图block diagram
L
雷诺方程Reynolds‘s equation
离心力centrifugal force
离心应力centrifugal stress
离合器clutch
离心密封centrifugal seal
理论廓线pitch curve
理论啮合线theoretical line of action
隶属度membership
力force
力多边形force polygon
力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism
力矩moment
力平衡equilibrium
力偶couple
力偶矩moment of couple
连杆connecting rod, coupler
连杆机构linkage
连杆曲线coupler-curve
连心线line of centers
链chain
链传动装置chain gearing
链轮sprocket ; sprocket-wheel ; sprocket gear ; chain wheel
联组V带tight-up V belt
联轴器coupling ; shaft coupling
两维凸轮two-dimensional cam
临界转速critical speed
六杆机构six-bar linkage
龙门刨床double Haas planer
轮坯blank
轮系gear train
螺杆screw
螺距thread pitch
螺母screw nut
螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear
螺钉screws
螺栓bolts
螺纹导程lead
螺纹效率screw efficiency
螺旋传动power screw
螺旋密封spiral seal
螺纹thread (of a screw)
螺旋副helical pair
螺旋机构screw mechanism
螺旋角helix angle
螺旋线helix ,helical line
绿色设计green design ; design for environment
M 马耳他机构Geneva wheel ; Geneva gear
马耳他十字Maltese cross
脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes 脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress
脉动载荷fluctuating load
铆钉rivet
迷宫密封labyrinth seal
密封seal
密封带seal belt
密封胶seal gum
密封元件potted component
密封装置sealing arrangement
面对面安装face-to-face arrangement
面向产品生命周期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC
名义应力、公称应力nominal stress
模块化设计modular design, MD
模块式传动系统modular system
模幅箱morphology box
模糊集fuzzy set
模糊评价fuzzy evaluation
模数module
摩擦friction
摩擦角friction angle
摩擦力friction force
摩擦学设计tribology design, TD
摩擦阻力frictional resistance
摩擦力矩friction moment
摩擦系数coefficient of friction
摩擦圆friction circle
磨损abrasion ;wear; scratching
末端执行器end-effector
目标函数objective function
N
耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance
耐磨性wear resistance
挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements
挠性转子flexible rotor
内齿轮internal gear
内齿圈ring gear
内力internal force
内圈inner ring
能量energy
能量指示图viscosity
逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)
啮出engaging-out
啮合engagement, mesh, gearing
啮合点contact points
啮合角working pressure angle
啮合线line of action
啮合线长度length of line of action
啮入engaging-in
牛头刨床shaper
凝固点freezing point; solidifying point 扭转应力torsion stress
扭矩moment of torque
扭簧helical torsion spring
诺模图Nomogram
O
O形密封圈密封O ring seal
P
盘形凸轮disk cam
盘形转子disk-like rotor
抛物线运动parabolic motion
疲劳极限fatigue limit
疲劳强度fatigue strength
偏置式offset
偏 ( 心 ) 距offset distance
偏心率eccentricity ratio
偏心质量eccentric mass
偏距圆offset circle
偏心盘eccentric
偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower 偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower
偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching
评价与决策evaluation and decision
频率frequency
平带flat belt
平带传动flat belt driving
平底从动件flat-face follower
平底宽度face width
平分线bisector
平均应力average stress
平均中径mean screw diameter
平均速度average velocity
平衡balance
平衡机balancing machine
平衡品质balancing quality
平衡平面correcting plane
平衡质量balancing mass
平衡重counterweight
平衡转速balancing speed
平面副planar pair, flat pair
平面机构planar mechanism
平面运动副planar kinematic pair
平面连杆机构planar linkage
平面凸轮planar cam
平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism
平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears
普通平键parallel key
Q
其他常用机构other mechanism in common use 起动阶段starting period
启动力矩starting torque
气动机构pneumatic mechanism
奇异位置singular position
起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact 气体轴承gas bearing
千斤顶jack
嵌入键sunk key
强迫振动forced vibration
切齿深度depth of cut
曲柄crank
曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law
曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism
曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism
曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism
曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear
曲率curvature
曲率半径radius of curvature
曲面从动件curved-shoe follower
曲线拼接curve matching
曲线运动curvilinear motion
曲轴crank shaft
驱动力driving force
驱动力矩driving moment (torque)
全齿高whole depth
权重集weight sets
球ball
球面滚子convex roller
球轴承ball bearing
球面副spheric pair
球面渐开线spherical involute
球面运动spherical motion
球销副sphere-pin pair
球坐标操作器polar coordinate manipulator
R
燃点spontaneous ignition
热平衡heat balance; thermal equilibrium 人字齿轮herringbone gear
冗余自由度redundant degree of freedom 柔轮flexspline
柔性冲击flexible impulse; soft shock
柔性制造系统flexible manufacturing system; FMS
柔性自动化flexible automation 润滑油膜lubricant film
润滑装置lubrication device
润滑lubrication
润滑剂lubricant
S
三角形花键serration spline
三角形螺纹V thread screw
三维凸轮three-dimensional cam
三心定理Kennedy`s theorem
砂轮越程槽grinding wheel groove
砂漏hour-glass
少齿差行星传动planetary drive with small teeth difference
设计方法学design methodology
设计变量design variable
设计约束design constraints
深沟球轴承deep groove ball bearing
生产阻力productive resistance
升程rise
升距lift
实际廓线cam profile
十字滑块联轴器double slider coupling; Oldham ‘s coupling
矢量vector
输出功output work
输出构件output link
输出机构output mechanism
输出力矩output torque
输出轴output shaft
输入构件input link
数学模型mathematic model
实际啮合线actual line of action
双滑块机构double-slider mechanism, ellipsograph
双曲柄机构double crank mechanism
双曲面齿轮hyperboloid gear
双头螺柱studs
双万向联轴节constant-velocity (or double) universal joint
双摇杆机构double rocker mechanism
双转块机构Oldham coupling
双列轴承double row bearing
双向推力轴承double-direction thrust bearing 松边slack-side
顺时针clockwise
瞬心instantaneous center
死点dead point
四杆机构four-bar linkage
速度velocity
速度不均匀 ( 波动 ) 系数coefficient of speed fluctuation
速度波动speed fluctuation
速度曲线velocity diagram
速度瞬心instantaneous center of velocity
T
塔轮step pulley
踏板pedal
台钳、虎钳vice
太阳轮sun gear
弹性滑动elasticity sliding motion
弹性联轴器elastic coupling ; flexible coupling 弹性套柱销联轴器rubber-cushioned sleeve bearing coupling
套筒sleeve
梯形螺纹acme thread form
特殊运动链special kinematic chain
特性characteristics
替代机构equivalent mechanism
调节modulation, regulation
调心滚子轴承self-aligning roller bearing
调心球轴承self-aligning ball bearing
调心轴承self-aligning bearing
调速speed governing
调速电动机adjustable speed motors
调速系统speed control system
调压调速variable voltage control
调速器regulator, governor 铁磁流体密封ferrofluid seal
停车阶段stopping phase
停歇dwell
同步带synchronous belt
同步带传动synchronous belt drive
凸的，凸面体convex
凸轮cam
凸轮倒置机构inverse cam mechanism
凸轮机构cam , cam mechanism
凸轮廓线cam profile
凸轮廓线绘制layout of cam profile
凸轮理论廓线pitch curve
凸缘联轴器flange coupling
图册、图谱atlas
图解法graphical method
推程rise
推力球轴承thrust ball bearing
推力轴承thrust bearing
退刀槽tool withdrawal groove
退火anneal
陀螺仪gyroscope
V
V带V belt
W
外力external force
外圈outer ring
外形尺寸boundary dimension
万向联轴器Hooks coupling ; universal coupling
腕部wrist
往复移动reciprocating motion
往复式密封reciprocating seal
网上设计on-net design, OND
微动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism
位移displacement
位移曲线displacement diagram
位姿pose , position and orientation
稳定运转阶段steady motion period
稳健设计robust design
蜗杆worm
蜗杆传动机构worm gearing
蜗杆头数number of threads
蜗杆直径系数diametral quotient
蜗杆蜗轮机构worm and worm gear
蜗杆形凸轮步进机构worm cam interval mechanism
蜗杆旋向hands of worm
蜗轮worm gear
涡圈形盘簧power spring
无级变速装置stepless speed changes devices 无穷大infinite
X
系杆crank arm, planet carrier
现场平衡field balancing
向心轴承radial bearing
向心力centrifugal force
相对速度relative velocity
相对运动relative motion
相对间隙relative gap
象限quadrant
橡皮泥plasticine
细牙螺纹fine threads
销pin
消耗consumption
小齿轮pinion
小径minor diameter
橡胶弹簧balata spring
修正梯形加速度运动规律modified trapezoidal acceleration motion
修正正弦加速度运动规律modified sine acceleration motion
斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear
斜键、钩头楔键taper key
泄漏leakage
谐波齿轮harmonic gear 谐波传动harmonic driving
谐波发生器harmonic generator
斜齿轮的当量直齿轮equivalent spur gear of the helical gear
心轴spindle
行程速度变化系数coefficient of travel speed variation
行程速比系数advance-to return-time ratio
行星齿轮装置planetary transmission
行星轮planet gear
行星轮变速装置planetary speed changing devices
行星轮系planetary gear train
形封闭凸轮机构positive-drive (or form-
closed) cam mechanism
虚拟现实virtual reality
虚拟现实技术virtual reality technology,
VRT
虚拟现实设计virtual reality design,
VRD
虚约束redundant (or passive)
constraint
许用不平衡量allowable amount of
unbalance
许用压力角allowable pressure angle
许用应力allowable stress; permissible
stress
悬臂结构cantilever structure
悬臂梁cantilever beam
循环功率流circulating power load
旋转力矩running torque
旋转式密封rotating seal
旋转运动rotary motion
选型type selection
Y
压力pressure
压力中心center of pressure
压缩机compressor
压应力compressive stress
压力角pressure angle
牙嵌式联轴器jaw (teeth) positive-contact coupling 雅可比矩阵Jacobi matrix
摇杆rocker
液力传动hydrodynamic drive
液力耦合器hydraulic couplers
液体弹簧liquid spring
液压无级变速hydraulic stepless speed changes
液压机构hydraulic mechanism
一般化运动链generalized kinematic
chain
移动从动件reciprocating follower
移动副prismatic pair, sliding pair
移动关节prismatic joint
移动凸轮wedge cam
盈亏功increment or decrement work
应力幅stress amplitude
应力集中stress concentration
应力集中系数factor of stress concentration 应力图stress diagram
应力-应变图stress-strain diagram
优化设计optimal design
油杯oil bottle
油壶oil can
油沟密封oily ditch seal
有害阻力useless resistance
有益阻力useful resistance
有效拉力effective tension
有效圆周力effective circle force
有害阻力detrimental resistance
余弦加速度运动cosine acceleration (or simple harmonic) motion
预紧力preload
原动机primer mover
圆带round belt
圆带传动round belt drive
圆弧齿厚circular thickness
圆弧圆柱蜗杆hollow flank worm
圆角半径fillet radius
圆盘摩擦离合器disc friction clutch
圆盘制动器disc brake
原动机prime mover 原始机构original mechanism
圆形齿轮circular gear
圆柱滚子cylindrical roller
圆柱滚子轴承cylindrical roller bearing
圆柱副cylindric pair
圆柱式凸轮步进运动机构barrel
(cylindric) cam
圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧cylindroid helical-coil extension spring
圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring
圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧cylindroid helical-coil compression spring
圆柱凸轮cylindrical cam
圆柱蜗杆cylindrical worm
圆柱坐标操作器cylindrical coordinate manipulator 圆锥螺旋扭转弹簧conoid helical-coil compression spring
圆锥滚子tapered roller
圆锥滚子轴承tapered roller bearing
圆锥齿轮机构bevel gears
圆锥角cone angle
原动件driving link
约束constraint
约束条件constraint condition
约束反力constraining force
跃度jerk
跃度曲线jerk diagram
运动倒置kinematic inversion
运动方案设计kinematic precept design
运动分析kinematic analysis
运动副kinematic pair
运动构件moving link
运动简图kinematic sketch
运动链kinematic chain
运动失真undercutting
运动设计kinematic design
运动周期cycle of motion
运动综合kinematic synthesis
运转不均匀系数coefficient of velocity fluctuation 运动粘度kenematic viscosity
Z
载荷load
载荷-变形曲线load-deformation curve
载荷-变形图load-deformation diagram
窄V带narrow V belt
毡圈密封felt ring seal
展成法generating
张紧力tension
张紧轮tension pulley
振动vibration
振动力矩shaking couple
振动频率frequency of vibration
振幅amplitude of vibration
正切机构tangent mechanism
正向运动学direct (forward) kinematics
正弦机构sine generator, scotch yoke
织布机loom
正应力、法向应力normal stress
制动器brake
直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear
直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear
直角三角形right triangle
直角坐标操作器Cartesian coordinate manipulator 直径系数diametral quotient
直径系列diameter series
直廓环面蜗杆hindley worm
直线运动linear motion
直轴straight shaft
质量mass
质心center of mass
执行构件executive link; working link
质径积mass-radius product
智能化设计intelligent design, ID
中间平面mid-plane 中心距center distance
中心距变动center distance change
中心轮central gear
中径mean diameter
终止啮合点final contact, end of contact 周节pitch
周期性速度波动periodic speed fluctuation 周转轮系epicyclic gear train
肘形机构toggle mechanism
轴shaft
轴承盖bearing cup
轴承合金bearing alloy
轴承座bearing block
轴承高度bearing height
轴承宽度bearing width
轴承内径bearing bore diameter
轴承寿命bearing life
轴承套圈bearing ring
轴承外径bearing outside diameter
轴颈journal
轴瓦、轴承衬bearing bush
轴端挡圈shaft end ring
轴环shaft collar
轴肩shaft shoulder
轴角shaft angle
轴向axial direction
轴向齿廓axial tooth profile
轴向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent axial load
轴向当量静载荷static equivalent axial load
轴向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic axial load rating
轴向基本额定静载荷basic static axial load rating
轴向接触轴承axial contact bearing
轴向平面axial plane
轴向游隙axial internal clearance
轴向载荷axial load
轴向载荷系数axial load factor
轴向分力axial thrust load
主动件driving link
主动齿轮driving gear
主动带轮driving pulley
转动导杆机构whitworth mechanism
转动关节revolute joint
转轴revolving shaft
转子rotor
转子平衡balance of rotor
装配条件assembly condition
锥齿轮bevel gear
锥顶common apex of cone
锥距cone distance
锥轮bevel pulley; bevel wheel
锥齿轮的当量直齿轮equivalent spur gear of the bevel gear
锥面包络圆柱蜗杆milled helicoids worm
准双曲面齿轮hypoid gear
子程序subroutine
子机构sub-mechanism
自动化automation
自锁self-locking
自锁条件condition of self-locking
自由度degree of freedom, mobility
总重合度total contact ratio
总反力resultant force
总效率combined efficiency; overall
efficiency
组成原理theory of constitution
组合齿形composite tooth form
组合安装stack mounting
组合机构combined mechanism
阻抗力resistance
最大盈亏功maximum difference work between plus and minus work
纵向重合度overlap contact ratio 纵坐标ordinate
组合机构combined mechanism 最少齿数minimum teeth number 最小向径 minimum radius
作用力 applied force
坐标系 coordinate frame
PCB 专业术语中英文翻译 很多PCB 的书上使用的是英文，但是大多数的人又看不懂英文， 这时候怎么办呢，我们需要翻译，但是如果每看到一个不会的词 儿就去翻译，那么就太耗费时间了，所以我们捷多邦总结了一些 常用的专业术语的中英文对照，希望能对大家有用。 1.印制电路：printed circuit 2.印制线路：printed wiring 3.印制板：printed board 4.印制板电路：printed circuit board (pcb) 5.印制线路板：printed wiring board(pwb) 6.印制元件：printed component 7.印制接点：printed contact 8.印制板装配：printed board assembly 9.板：board 1 10.表面层合电路板：surface laminar circuit (slc) 11.埋入凸块连印制板：b2it printed board 12.多层膜基板：multi-layered film substrate(mfs) 13.层间全内导通多层印制板：alivh multilayer printed board 14.载芯片板：chip on board (cob) 15.埋电阻板：buried resistance board 16.母板：mother board 17.单面印制板：single-sided printed board(ssb) 、管路敷设技术通过管线不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理。、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行 高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况 ，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。
Counter bored hole 沉孔 Chamfer 倒斜角 Fillet 倒圆角 padding block垫块 stepping bar垫条 upper die base上模座 lower die base下模座 upper supporting blank上承板 upper padding plate blank上垫板 spare dies模具备品 spring 弹簧 bolt螺栓 document folder活页夹 file folder资料夹 to put file in order整理资料 spare tools location手工备品仓 first count初盘人 first check初盘复棹人 second count 复盘人 second check复盘复核人 equipment设备 waste materials废料 work in progress product在制品 casing = containerization装箱 quantity of physical inventory second count 复盘点数量 Quantity of customs count 会计师盘,点数量 the first page第一联 filed by accounting department for reference会计部存查 end-user/using unit(department)使用单位 Summary of year-end physical inventory bills 年终盘点截止单据汇总表 bill name单据名称 This sheet and physical inventory list will be sent to accounting department together (Those of NHK will be sent to financial department) 本表请与盘点清册一起送会计部－(NHK厂区送财会部) Application status records of year-end physical inventory List and physical inventory card 年终盘点卡与清册使用－状况明细表 blank and waste sheet NO. 空白与作废单号
附录 科技译文： Numerical Control Numerical Control(NC) is a method of controlling the movements of machineComponents by directly inserting coded instructions in the form of numerical data(numbers and data ) into the system.The system automatically interprets these data and converts to output signals. These signals ,in turn control various machine components ,such as turning spindles on and off ,changing tools,moving the work piece or the tools along specific paths,and turning cutting fluits on and off. In order to appreciate the importer of numerical control of machines ,let’s briefly review how a process such as machining has been carried out traditionally .After studying the working drawing of a part, the operator sets up the appropriate process parameters(such as cutting speed ,feed,depth of cut,cutting fluid ,and so on),determines the sequence of operations to be performed,clamps the work piece in a workholding device such as chuck or collet ,and proceeds to make the part .Depending on part shape and the dimensional accuracy specified ,this approach usually requires skilled
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
陶瓷 ceramics 合成纤维 synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion 车架 automotive chassis 悬架 suspension 转向器 redirector 变速器 speed changer 板料冲压 sheet metal parts 孔加工 spot facing machining 车间 workshop 工程技术人员 engineer 气动夹紧 pneuma lock 数学模型 mathematical model 画法几何 descriptive geometry 机械制图 Mechanical drawing 投影 projection 视图 view 剖视图 profile chart 标准件 standard component 零件图 part drawing 装配图 assembly drawing 尺寸标注 size marking
技术要求 technical requirements 刚度 rigidity 内力 internal force 位移 displacement 截面 section 疲劳极限 fatigue limit 断裂 fracture 塑性变形 plastic distortion 脆性材料 brittleness material 刚度准则 rigidity criterion 垫圈 washer 垫片 spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮 straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮 helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮 straight bevel gear 运动简图 kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条 pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮 worm and worm gear 虚约束 passive constraint 曲柄 crank 摇杆 racker 凸轮 cams
附录 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology,
使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的
市场营销专业术语中英文对照标准翻译 本文为市场营销中经常用到的一些中文与英文互译的标准用语，希望对市场营销从业人员有所帮助。 《财富》杂志Fortune 案头调研Desk Research 奥美公司Ogilvy & Mather 白色商品White Goods 百乐门Parliament 百威啤酒Budweiser 包裹销售法Banded Pack 宝洁公司Procter & Gamble 宝丽来Polaroid 宝马BMW 边际成本Marginal Cost 边际收益Marginal Benefit 标准差，均差Standard Deviation 别克Buick 波立兹调查公司Alfred Politz Research, Inc 波旁王朝Ancient Age Bourbon 波特福洛分析Portefolio Analysis 产品差异Product Differentiation 产品生命周期Product Life Cycle 产品系列Product Line 产品组合Product Mix 阐述Presentation 超级市场Supermarket 成对比较法Paired Comparisons 成功的理想主义者Successful Idealist 承诺型消费者Committed Buyer 程度测试Tachistoscope 橙色商品Orange Goods 冲动购买Impulse Buying 重叠率Duplication 抽样Sampling 传销Pyramid Selling 传阅发行量Pass-on Circulation 词语联想法Word Associaton 刺激营销Incentive Marketing 促销Promotion 达彼思广告公司Ted Bates & Copany 大卫·奥格威David Ogilvy 戴比尔斯De Beers
外文翻译 英文原文 Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed，belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive cost．Conveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do so．Nowadays，bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)．The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors’ performance．An efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth，soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limits．For load sharing on multiple drives．torque and speed control are also important consideratio ns in the drive system’s design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology，at present many more reliable．Cost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems cov ering a wide range of power are available for customers’ choices[1]. 1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies 1．1 Direct drives Full-voltage starters．With a full-voltage starter design，the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear drive．Direct full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyors．With direct fu11-voltage starters．no control is provided for various conveyor loads and．depending on the ratio between fu11- and no-1oad power requirements，empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full load．The maintenance-free starting system is simple，low-cost and very reliable．However, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque；therefore．they are
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
机械专业相关词汇中英文翻译大全 单价unit price 工日合计Man-day total/work-day total 人工费cost of labor 材料费materials expenses 机械的mechanical 检查接线connection test 发电机generator 调相机phase regulator 周波cycle 减负荷装置 load-shedding equipment 断路器柜circuit breaker cabinet 单母线single busbar 互感器transformer 每相电流Current by Phase 封闭式插接close type socket joint 发电机控制面板generator control panel 分级卸载sorted unloading 同步控制synchronization control 调速器 speed governor 信号屏signal screen 继电器relay 高压柜high pressure cabinet 油浸电力变压器oil-immersed power transformer 空气断路器air circuit breaker 控制屏control panel 直流馈电屏direct current feed control panel 电容器electric condenser 计量盘metering panel 成套配电箱whole set of distribution box 落地式floor model 控制开关Control switches 铜芯电力电缆Copper core power cable 控制电缆actuating cable 热缩式电力电缆终端头pyrocondensation power cable terminal 钢结构支架配管steel structure bracket tubing 万用槽钢versatile U-steel 电缆托架 cable bracket 钢制托盘式桥架steel Tray-type cable support system waterproof socket 防水插座 防爆插座Explosion-proof socket 接地绞线earthing twisted pair 接地母线 earthing bus
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
理工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 专业：热能与动力工程 姓名：赵海潮 学号：09L0504133 外文出处：Applied Acoustics, 2010(71):701~707 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 基于一维CFD模型下汽车排气消声器的实验研究与预测Takeshi Yasuda, Chaoqun Wua, Noritoshi Nakagawa, Kazuteru Nagamura 摘要目前，利用实验和数值分析法对商用汽车消声器在宽开口喉部加速状态下的排气噪声进行了研究。在加热工况下发动机转速从1000转/分钟加速到6000转/分钟需要30秒。假定其排气消声器的瞬时声学特性符合一维计算流体力学模型。为了验证模拟仿真的结果，我们在符合日本工业标准（JIS D 1616）的消声室内测量了排气消声器的瞬态声学特性，结果发现在二阶发动机转速频率下仿真结果和实验结果非常吻合。但在发动机高阶转速下（从5000到6000转每分钟的四阶转速，从4200到6000转每分钟的六阶转速这样的高转速范围内），计算结果和实验结果出现了较大差异。根据结果分析，差异的产生是由于在模拟仿真中忽略了流动噪声的影响。为了满足市场需求，研究者在一维计算流体力学模型的基础上提出了一个具有可靠准确度的简化模型，相对标准化模型而言该模型能节省超过90％的执行时间。 关键字消声器排气噪声优化设计瞬态声学性能 1 引言 汽车排气消声器广泛用于减小汽车发动机及汽车其他主要部位产生的噪声。一般而言，消声器的设计应该满足以下两个条件：（1）能够衰减高频噪声，这是消声器的最基本要求。排气消声器应该有特定的消声频率范围，尤其是低频率范围，因为我们都知道大部分的噪声被限制在发动机的转动频率和它的前几阶范围内。（2）最小背压，背压代表施加在发动机排气消声器上额外的静压力。最小背压应该保持在最低限度内，因为大的背压会降低容积效率和提高耗油量。对消声器而言，这两个重要的设计要求往往是互相冲突的。对于给定的消声器，利用实验的方法，根据距离尾管500毫米且与尾管轴向成45°处声压等级相近的排气噪声来评估其噪声衰减性能，利用压力传感器可以很容易地检测背压。 近几十年来，在预测排气噪声方面广泛应用的方法有：传递矩阵法、有限元法、边界元法和计算流体力学法。其中最常用的方法是传递矩阵法（也叫四端网络法）。该方