一各单元Structure部分
Page 13:
While may mean “during the time that”, “although”, “whereas”, “as long as”
1.1)While the other boys and girls were playing on the sports ground, she alone remained in the classroom reading.
during the time that
当其他的男生、女生在操场上玩时，她自己呆在教室里读书（while为连词，意为“在某段时间内，当...时候”）1.2)While there is life there is hope.
As long as 只要有生命，就有希望
1.3)While David loves his daughter, he is strict with her.
Although 虽然戴维很爱他的女儿，但是他对她很严厉。
1.5)I have no money to spend, while you have nothing to spend money on.
Whereas我没有钱可花，而你却没有地方花钱（while表示对比、转折意思的变化，意为“然而，但是”）2. Model: He knows the commotion would frighten the cobra into strik ing.
2.1）frighten … into, tell the truth
The wicked man frightened the woman into telling the truth as to the whereabouts of her husband 那个坏人恐吓那个妇女，让她说出她的丈夫在什么地方。
2.2）trick … into, marry
The girl tricked the young man into marrying her by claiming that she was pregnant
她用假装怀孕的来诱惑那个年轻人与他结婚。
2.4)talk … into, accept
The negotiator finally talked the other party into accepting the terms his party offered
那个谈判者后来劝说另一个组织接受他的组织所提供的条款。
Page 14:
3. Model : The meeting was to be held the following week.
I will count three hundred and not one of you is to move a muscle
3.1) Guests must be back in the hotel by twelve o’clock.
Guests are to be back in the hotel by twelve o’clock. 客人们应该在12点之前回到旅馆
3.2)It is arranged that an investigation will be made next week.
An investigation is to be made next week. 下周将开展一项调查。
Page 39:
2. Model : He did not fear new ideas, and he did not fear the future.
He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future.
2.5)Cathy had hardly said a word since supper, and her husband had not said anything either.
Cathy had hardly said a word since supper, nor had her husband
晚饭后凯西几乎一句话都没有说，她丈夫也是。
2.6)Mr. Owen didn’t know then what had happened, and he never found out.
Mr. Owen didn’t know then what had happened, nor did he ever find out.
奥文先生不知道那时候发生了什么，他也没有找出来发生什么。
3. Model : Conflict keeps freedom alive.
It is conflict that keeps freedom alive.
3.3）Miss White found the child lying dead on the beach.
It was on the beach that Miss White found the child lying dead.
怀特小姐是在沙滩上发现这个死了的孩子
3.4）We could not cross the river because the water had risen.
It was because the water had risen that we could not cross the river.
是因为水上涨了，我们才不能过河。
3.6)Mrs. Williams didn’t know anything about it until I told her.
It was not until I told her that Mrs. Williams knew anything about.
直到我告诉她，威廉斯夫人对它了解了一些。
Page 62:
1.1)His surprise (surprise)recovery delighted every one of us.
他令人吃惊的康复了，这使我们每个人都很高兴。
1.2)When I entered the room, I noticed a surprised (surprise) look come over her face.
我走进屋子时，看到她脸上留露出吃惊的表情。
1.3)The excited(excite) crowd rushed into the mayor’s office and interested(interest) passer-by soon gathered around
the building.
激动的人群冲进市长的办公室，感兴趣的行人很快的在大楼周围围了起来。
1.4)The frightened (frighten) children burst into tears.吓坏了的孩子们哭了起来
1.5)Nearly half of the bored (bore) audience had left the meeting before the closing (close) address.
几乎有一半讨厌了的听众在致大会闭幕式前就离开了
1.6)The talks were held behind closed(close) doors.谈话是在紧闭门后进行的。
1.7)The schoolboys were frozen into complete silence as they saw the frightening(frighten) look on their master’s face.男生
们看到老师脸上可怕的表情后，立即安静了下来。
1.8)To prepare for the interview, he had put on his best suit and polished his shoes, and now, as he entered the office, he
wore a winning(win) smile on his face. 为了准备面试他穿上了最好的衣服，擦亮了鞋，在他走进办公室时脸上带着胜利的微笑。
1.9)The film, though amusing (amuse), is not likely to engage the attention of a thinking (think) audience.
尽管这部电影很逗乐，但是不可能吸引住善于思考的观众。
1.10）It’s no use thinking too much about one’s lost（lose）youth.
过多的回想已逝去的青春年华是没有用的
Page 63:
2. Model : Jane, talented actress-----Jane proved (to be) a talented actress.
Tom, brave, battle------------Tom proved (to be) very brave in battle.
2.3) student, brighter than, first, appear
The student proved（to be）much brighter than he had first appeared.
这个学生证明他比他最初看起来聪明得多
2.4) experiences on the farm, turning point, writing career
His experiences on the farm proved （to be）a turning point in writing career
他在农场上的经历证明了是他写作事业的转折点。
Page 64:
4. Model : His study, judging by the crumbs on the carpet, was also his dining-room.
4.3) Judging by the depressed look on his face, he might have failed in his English exam.
4.4) Judging by the response of the audience, the performance must be a great success.
Page89:
1. Model : What the professor said made me feel at ease.
I was made to feel at ease.
1.1)They saw Joe’s father return after dark.
Joe’s father was seen to return after dark.有人看见乔的父亲天黑之后回家的
1.2)I heard the wind roar through the trees.
The wind was heared to roar through the trees. 风呼啸着穿过树林。
1.3)I don’t think the boss can make Tom take his orders.
I don't think Tom can be made to take the boss' orders.
我认为汤姆不会被迫接受老板的指示
2. Model : I suggested taking the toy apart to see how it did work.
I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work.
2.1)The doctor advised Mike to stay in hospital until he was fully recovered.
The doctor advised that Mike stay in hospital until he was fully recovered.
医生建议麦克在完全恢复之前都要在医院里
2.2)Cathy’s father insisted on her taking a two-week rest before going back to work.
Cathy’s father insisted that she take a two-week rest before going back to work.
凯西的父亲坚持让她休息两周之后再去工作
2.3)The chairman of the Trade Union suggested setting up a special committee to look into the problem.
The chairman of the Trade Union suggested that they set up a special committee to look into the problem. 商会的主席建议他们最好建立特殊委员会调查此事。
2.4)The commander ordered our company to start the attack before dawn.
The commander ordered that our company start the attack before dawn.
指挥员下令我们连队在天黑之前开始进攻
2.5)Knowing Jack to be dishonest, I demanded his telling me nothing but the truth.
Knowing Jack to be dishonest, I demanded that he tell me nothing but the truth.
知道杰克不诚实，所以我要求他讲出真相。
2.6)The dean of the philosophy department requested the visiting scholar to give a lecture on Sartre.
The dean of the philosophy department requested that the visiting scholar give a lecture on Sartre.
哲学系主任要求来访的学者做一个关于披萨的讲座
Page149:
1.1)Once a good beginning is made (a good beginning ,made), the work is half done.
一旦有个好的开始工作就完成一半了
1.4) The stories you have just told us are both interesting and instructive.Once put down in black and white
(put down in black and white), they will be very popular.
2. Model : used to have trouble, during the first few months of his residency, Dr. Nolen, getting back to sleep
Dr. Nolen used to have trouble getting back to sleep during the first few months of his residency.
2.4）In his class, to the teacher’s surprise, had little difficulty, most of the students, working out the hard maths problems To the teacher’s surprise, most of the students in his class had little difficulty working out the hard maths problems.
2.5）Prof. Nolen wanted, did, have any trouble, you, finding the butterfly specimen
Did you have any trouble finding the butterfly specimen Prof. Nolen wanted?
Page200:
1. Model : I employed someone to paint my house..
I had my house painted.
His watch was stolen.---------He had his watch stolen.
1.1)Helen will ask someone to alter that dress to fit her.
Helen will have that dress altered to fit her. 海伦要让人把那件裙子给改改
1.4)Three of his teeth were knocked out in the fight.
He had three of his teeth knocked out in the fight 他在那次打架中被人打掉了三颗牙。
2. Model : As students gain confidence in themselves, it is less likely that they will cheat.
As students gain confidence in themselves, they are less likely to cheat.
2.3）It is very likely that these old buildings will be knocked down in a year or two.
These old buildings are very likely to be knocked down in a year or two.
在一两年之内这些老房子很有可能被拆掉。
2.5）It was even less likely that the old lady would survive the operation if she got any worse.
The old lady was even less likely to survive the operation if she got any worse.
如果她的情况恶化的话，这老妇人不可能活过这次手术了。
3.Model 1: What was the purpose of the campaign?
(catch, students who took tests for other students).
The purpose of the campaign was to catch students who took tests for
Other students.
Model 2: Their intent was to catch everyone, wasn’t it?
(not, catch everyone, but rather, catch enough, to spread the word).
No. Their intent was not catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word.
3.1）What is the wish of the scientists ?
(find new resources, for mankind)
The wish of the scientists is to find new resources for mankind.
科学家们的愿望是为人类发现新资源。
3.2）What is her goal in life ?(work hard, for the happiness of all people in the world)
Her goal in life is to work hard for the happiness of all people in the world.
她生活的目的就是努力为世界上所有人的幸福而工作。
3.3）What was the object of your visit ?
(consult your uncle, as to how I could learn English better)
The object of my visit was to consult your uncle as to how I could learn English better。
我拜访的目的是请教叔叔你，我怎么才能把英语学得更好。
3.4）What was Jefferson’s purpose in making on-the-spot observations of the James River ?
(find out, whether its South Branch was deep enough to be used by large boats)
His purpose in making on-the-spot observations of the James River was to find out whether its South Branch was deep enough to be used by large boats.
他在詹姆士河作现场调查的目的是为了查明它的南支流是不是不够深可以容纳大船。
3.5）Your approach is to learn everything about something, isn’t it ?
(not, learn everything about something, but rather, learn something about everything)
No.My approach is not to learn everything about something but rather to learn something about everything.
不，我的方法不是要了解某件事物的所有方面，而是要了解所有事物的某个方面。
Page255:
2.Model : The teacher should not drown students’ compositions in critical red ink. He should try to find one or
two things which have been done better than last time and comment favorably on them.
Instead of drowning students’ compositions in critical red ink, the teacher should try to find one or two things which have been done better than last time and comment favorably on them.
2.2)Helen did not go straight home after school. She went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
Instead of going straight home after school. Helen went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.
放学后海伦没有直接回家，而是去餐馆打工当服务员。
2.6)The news did not disturb Cathy. It had a strangely calming effect on her mind.
Instead of disturbing Cathy,the news had a strangely calming effect on her mind.
这个消息没有使凯西不安，却对她的精神有种奇怪的镇静作用。
3.1) Our classroom is much bigger than theirs.
3.2) This text is a little more difficult than the one we learned last week.
3.3) Business prospects are slightly more encouraging now than they were six months ago.
3.4) Sam would have got far more constructive results if he had listened to the workers.
3.5) The present system is considerably more efficient than the old one.
3.6) The world output of crude oil that year was 25 percent higher than the previous year.
二、英译汉部分
Page 16:
IX.3) 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。
Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.
IX.6) 南希虽然很想参加辩论，但腼腆得不敢开口。
While she felt like joining in the argument，Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.
Page 42:
IX.3) 他很可能会因视力不好而被拒绝入伍。
It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight.
Page 66:
IX.5) 由于缺乏资金，他们正在设法吸引外资(attract foreign capital)。
Being short of funds,they are trying to attract foreign capital.
IX.7) 就业余爱好而言，珍妮和她妹妹几乎没有什么共同之处。
As far as hobbies are concerned,Jane and her sister have little in common.
IX.8) 不言而喻，青年人的教育对于一个国家的未来是至关重要的。
It is self-evident that the education of the young is vital to the future of a country.
Page92:
IX.7) 这学期我们都学习得不错，我真不明白为什么我们的英语老师单单表扬了班长一个人(single out)。
I really don't see why our English teacher should single out our monitor for praise since we have all done
quite well this term.
IX.8) 我相信比较高级的(higher)动物是由比较低级的(lower)动物进化而来(develop from)的这一学说。
I believe in the theory that the more higher animals developed from the lower ones
Page152:
IX.1) 只要你不断努力，你迟早会解决这个难题的。
As long as you keep trying，you will be able to resolve the difficult problem.
IX.4) 汤姆起初认为，凭他的知识、技术和经验，一定能够找到一份称心如意的工作。
At first Tom thought that with his knowledge,skill and experience,he was bound to find a satisfactory job. IX.8) 你不必再去多想那些判断上的失误了。重要的是尽量避免再犯。
You needn ' t dwell on your mistakes in judgement any more.What ' s important is to try your best to avoid repeating them。
Page204:
IX.3) 成功在于勤奋(diligence)，诺兰医生就是一个很好的例证。
Success lies in diligence.Dr.Nolen is a case in point.
IX.5) 有迹象表明，不少工厂正面临着十分困难的局面。
There are indications that numerous factories are faced with a very difficult situation.
Page230:
IX.3) 我挑出几条英语习语(idiom)，考了一下我的同班同学。
I picked out some English idiom and tried them on my classmates
IX.5) 这对我们来说是个很小的损失，不要大惊小怪。
It is a very small loss,Don't make such a fuss over it .
Page257:
IX.4) 我们常常发现运用一个规律比懂得它要难得多。
We often find it much more difficult to apply a rule than to know it.
IX.7) 我们班上有不少学生因为没有按时交作文而受到老师的当众批评。
Quite a few students in our class were publicly criticized by the teacher for failing to hand in their compositions on time.
Page135:
46. If you love plants, the chances are you buy them on B and then wonder where to put them.
A) purpose B) impulse C) display D) cue
翻译假如你喜欢植物,你都可能出于一时冲动买下来,之后又不知道该把它们置于何处。
47. If you have to go through a smoke-filled area, you’d better A with your head low.
A) crawl B) retreat C) proceed D) drag
如果你必须要经过一烟雾弥漫的区域,你最好爬将你的头低。
48. Mother B my brother to keep his voice down but he ignored her.
A) remarked b) motioned C) shrugged D) impressed
母亲示意我兄弟保持他的声音,但是他对她视而不见。
49. If doing one thing gives you an unpleasant feeling, the normal C would be to stop doing it.
A) perspective B) emotion C) reaction D) function
如果做一件事会让你感到不舒服,正常反应会停止做它。
50. Among these articles, which do you think are most D to interest our students？
A) unexpected B) awkward C) competent D) likely
在这些文章,你认为哪些最可能吸引我们的学生吗?
51.Long after even the latest apple tree had finally broken into leaf, the mulberry’s branches remained stubbornly B .
A) empty B) bare C) stale D) dumb
甚至在一段时间后的最新苹果树终于闯入了叶、桑树的分支机构仍固执的光秃秃的
52. These schools come under the supervision of locally A committees.
A) appointed B) rotated C) consisted D) composed
这些学校的监督下来的局部任命委员会。
53. We should see ourselves as part of nature rather than in C with it.
A) argument B) connection C) conflict D) crash
我们应该把自己看作是自然的一部分,而不是在冲突与它。
54. These rows of small trees growing close together D living walls for shelter and privacy in the garden.
A) obtain B) breed C) arrange D) create
这些行小小的树木生长期中合在一起创造生活的墙壁庇护所和隐私在花园里。
55. Don’t A to let me know if there’s anything I can do for you.
A) hesitate B)reject C) puzzle D) thrill
别再犹豫了,我想知道有什么我可以为你做的。
56. During the nine months before her baby is born, her face is one C smile.
A) humble B) exclusive C) perpetual D) modest
在9个月婴儿出生之前,她的脸是永久的笑容。
57. Traditional Chinese food is far B to McDonald’s and KFC or any other fast foods I know.
A) immune B) superior C) essential D) similar
传统的中国食物远比我知道的麦当劳和肯德基或任何其他快餐食品要好。
58. Under this law, consumers have the right to B faulty goods and demand a refund.
A) resent B) reject C) object D) replace
在这个法律下,消费者有权拒绝次品,要求退钱。
59. I was shocked by the conditions in the factory, which A definite health and safety hazards.
A) constituted B) masked C) enclosed D) consolidated
我大为震惊的工厂条件构成明确的健康和安全危险。
60. His bedroom B a single bed with a small television at its foot.
A) makes up B) consists of C) lays out D) serves as
他的卧室由一个单一的床上和在角落一个微小的电视组成
61. Linda is 35 years old and, after two close relationships, the prospect of staying single B her.
A) impresses B) depresses C) threatens D) stuns
琳达35岁,经过两次亲密的情侣关系之后,选择单身的前景使她沮丧。
62 Lucy, who did not even to grade school, had no C of a job at the time.
A)Interview B) pressure C) prospect D) application
露西甚至连小学都没有毕业，不可能有很前途工作。
63. The workers in the factory stopped working in A against their foreman using bad language.
A) protest B) threat C) conflict D) criticism
这个厂的工人停止工作,抗议他们的领班使用不良语言。
64.This technique is traditionally thought to be of Chinese A .
A) origin B) architecture C) source D) civilization
这一技术是传统上认为是中国制造
65. The rise in unemployment B the government’s plans for economic recovery.
A) converted B) frustrated C) collapsed D) dismayed
失业率的上升,挫败了政府的上市计划经济复苏。
66. Henry seemed B by this completely unexpected turn of events.
A) consumed B) bewildered C) liberated D) melted
亨利似乎有些迷惑,这完全意想不到的事件。
67. Andrew was determined to C a computer career after graduation.
A) apply B) shave C) pursue D) select
安德鲁下定决心毕业后要追求计算机生涯。
68. The D to this problem is anticipation, that is preventing it from developing by thinking ahead and taking action early. A) action B) ambition C) strategy D) solution
解决这个问题的办法是猜想,是防止它开发超前思维和行动早。
69. Henry’s actually A of telling lies, pretending to be sick when he’s healthy.
A) capable B) spontaneous C) competent D) export
70. As a teacher, he thinks his business is to stir up B in his students rather than insist on obedience.
A) observation B) curiosity C) superiority D) judgment
作为一名教师,他认为他的生意是要激起学生的好奇心,而不是坚持顺服。
71.As a matter of fact, all those countries with whom we are failing to B invest more in education than we do.
A) balance B) compete C) emerge D) involve
作为一个事实,所有的这些国家却没有叫我们与他竞争、更多地投资于教育竞争。
72. That’s just a(n) A nobody really knows what the figure is because nobody bothers to calculate it.
A) estimate B) range C) balance D) factor
这仅仅是估算没有人知道自己身材,因为没人困扰计算它。
73. The body cannot store vitamin C so it is A to have a fresh supply every day.
A) essential B) visible C) ultimate D) profound
身体不能存储维生素C，因此每一天必须要有更新供应的。
74. More and more people are taking to their bikes as a(n) C to driving or using public transport.
A) choice B) opportunity C) alternative D) rejection
越来越多的人开始喜欢自行车作为替代驾驶汽车或乘坐公共交通工具中的一个。
75. My uncle lived in a comfortable home B from farm buildings some 15 miles to the northwest of the city.
A) constituted B) converted C) stretched D) acquired
Page274:
36. In view of global warming, coastal buildings should B sea-level rise.
A) prevent B) anticipate C) discourage D) prompt
针对全球变暖、沿海建筑都应该预见海平面上升。
37.I feel D you will extend a helping hand to those who are suffering from cold and hunger.
A) unlike B) complacent C) apparent D) confident
我相信你会对那些饥寒交迫的人伸出援助之手
38. The book is written so that a reader will benefit in a future A with a work of art.
A) encounter B) conflict C) investment D) evaluation
这本书是用使读者将有利于在未来碰上了的艺术作品。
39. My attitude to ageing is that it’s A so there’s very little we can do about it.
A) inevitable B) psychological C) contagious D) steady
我对老化的态度是它的不可避免的，因此我们对此无能为力。
40. We had better move forward, for it will not do us any good to B the past.
A) shrug off B) dwell on C) live on D) single out
我们最好向前迈进,因为这不指示我们甚麽好处沉湎于过去。
41. They took emergency steps to protect themselves from the B disease.
A) conveyed B) dreaded C) dispersed D) exploded
他们把紧急措施保护自己免受可怕的疾病。
42. The spending cuts made it impossible to fill the posts left C by retired teachers.
A) depressed B) jealous C) vacant D) dissatisfied
削减开支的无法填补空缺的职位退休教师了。
43. Can you list a few problems likely to B the human race in the next few decades ?
A) fracture B) confront C) occupy D) frustrate
你能列举一些的问题,可能面对人类在未来的几十年里吗?
44. More than $10 million in research costs has been lost on a(n) A nuclear safety program.
A) abandoned B) deduced C) melted D) resolved
在1000万美元的研究经费已经被丢在一个(n)放弃核安全程序。
45.They will give presentations on those aspects of engineering that are having an D on the development of military equipment.
A)application B) indication C) intent D) impact
他们会给聆听这些方面有工程的发展影响军事装备。
46.They got on to the airfield that night and started to place their bombs, but as the aircraft were widely B , this took time in the dark. A) reinforced B) dispersed C) relayed D) displayed
他们上了机场开始把那夜,但他们的炸弹就像飞机大肆传播,该花时间在黑暗中。
47. Disposable income is steady and consumption has barely fallen, though people have become more A about buying luxuries.
A) cautious B) dreary C) reluctant D alert
可支配收入稳定和消费几乎没有下降,虽然人们变得更加谨慎购买奢侈品。
48. The new project designed to create more jobs for the laid-off has been B quietly and without fuss.
A) applauded B) launched C) established D) criticized
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak
2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析 Section I Use of English 一、文章题材结构分析 本文是取材于新闻报道，叙述了猪流感的爆发，产生的严重影响以及政府采取的针对性措施。首段和第二段简 述了猪流感的爆发引起世界各国的重视。第三段引用专家的观点，认为瘟疫并不严重。第四段和第五段以墨西哥及 美国的情况为例，说明了猪流感的严重性和致命性。第六段叙述了联邦政府针对猪流感的具体措施。 二、试题解析 1.【答案】D 【解析】上文提到“…was declared a global epidemic…”，根据declare 的逻辑（“宣布为”），可知应该选D 项 designated“命名，制定”，而不是C 项commented“评论”，这是典型的近义词复现题目。2．【答案】C 【解析】本题目可依据“句意”找到意思线索，选出答案，难度在于出处句是个长难句。本句的理解应该抓住alert、 meeting 和a sharp rise 三者的关系，根据after a sharp rise 可知是rise（“病例数的增加”）是meeting（“日内瓦专家 会议”）的原因，由此可推导出alert 并非是meeting 的原因，而是结果，即meeting 使得alert 升级。根据上述分析 可以排除B、D 选项，B 项activated“激活，激起”，D 项“促使，引起”，此两项的选择都在讲alert 导致了meeting 的召开。而C 项followed 意思是“紧随，跟在……之后”，体现出after 的逻辑，完全满足本句rise 之后是meeting， meeting 之后是alert 的逻辑，所以是正确项。而A 项proceeded“继续”，属不及物动词，不可接宾语，用法和逻辑 用在此处都不合适。 3．【答案】B 【解析】本题目应该关注并列连词and，从并列呼应来看：空格后的表达in Britain…对应前面的in Australia， 所以空格处rising _____ 应该对应a sharp rise in cases（“病例数的剧增”），因此空格处是“数量”的逻辑才对。A 项 digits“（阿拉伯）数字”，不表示数量，不能与rising 形成搭配；C 项amounts“数量”，常修饰不可数名词（此处指 的是cases，可数名词）；D 项sums“金额，款项”，不能用于表达“病例数”。B 项numbers “数量”，修饰可数名词（如： large numbers of cases 大量的病例），符合题意。 4．【答案】A 【解析】此处句子开头的“But”是重要的逻辑线索，与上文意思（第二段）形成对比反差。上文的关键性表达 如“heightened alert”、“emergency meeting”和“a sharp rise in cases”都在讲述猪流感的严重性，所以根据But 和in
Unit 11 Cyber World A Famous Quote The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. - Bill Gates Bill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. Text A Cyber Love Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop your friendship? 2. What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet? Thanks to the late 20th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijin of Holland met on a chatline. For months they’ve talked and sent letters to each other with the help of their computers as they found themselves falling head over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, not only the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and his lady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a success and Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They’ve created a home page to let the world know how they’ve found happiness via the Internet and introduce couples who’ve met under similar circumstances. Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to find each other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and to others it is a natural way for the 90’s to meet potential mates. Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes taking several months. “Love at first byte” is rare although there are examples. The initial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generally followed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the two strangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche of e-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messages are even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reach
Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.
2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析 Section I Use of English 一、文章题材结构分析 本文是一篇说明性的文章，主要讨论了互联网上的身份验证问题。作者首先提出，由于网络用户的匿名现象带 来的隐私泄露和网络犯罪问题，然后针对这些问题介绍了一种称为“自愿信任身份识别”系统的解决方法，并对这种 方法做了评述。 二、试题解析 1.【答案】A 【解析】本题目考生需要关注两点：（1）空格前的主语（2）空格后的介词短语。鉴于此，考生需要从四个选项 中选出一个不及物动词，能与空格前的主语that（指代the explosion of cyber crime 网络犯罪的激增）构成主谓逻辑， 并与空格后的介词短语across the Web 构成动宾逻辑。A 项swept（打扫，席卷）可以做不及物动词，并能与空前 的主语和空后的介词短语构成顺畅的逻辑关系，即在文中表示“匿名制是造成网络犯罪席卷互联网的原因”，故A 为正确答案。 B 项skip 意为“跳过，掠过”； C 项walk 意为“走，步行”； D 项ride 意为“骑，乘，驾”虽可做不及物动词，但 与空前主语和空后介词短语不构成完整的主谓搭配和动宾搭配，都是干扰项。 2.【答案】C 【解析】本题目考生需要重点关注空格后的状语从句，状语从句引导词的选择主要考虑从句与主句之间的语意关 系。空格所在句子的主句是privacy be preserved（隐私得以保护），从句是省略了主语和助动词的bringing safety and security to the world（带来网络世界的安全），由此可以推断本句是要表达“在给世界带来安全保障的同时，隐私是 否能够得以保护呢？”，C 项while 意为“在……的同时，当……的时候”，可以表示伴随关系，故为正确答案。 A 项for 表示因果关系； B 项within 表示“在……里面，不超出”；D 项though 表示让步关系；在搭配上与doing 并无典型用法，此外带入空格，整个句子逻辑也很不通顺，故为干扰选项。 3.【答案】B 【解析】空格中需要填形容词和seems 构成系表结构，并能说明主语that（指代 a world）的特点。鉴于此，考生 可在上文寻找有关a world 的文字表述，并可找到bringing safety and security to a world“给这个世界带来安全和保障” 的信息，表明当前世界需要“安全保障”，即当前世界的特点是“不安全，缺乏保障”，由此可以推断空格中需要“不 安全，缺乏保障，混乱”等类似语意。选项 B 意为“无法无天的，失去法律控制的”，故为正确答案。
Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges A Famous Quote: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), he led the nation out of the Great Depression and later into World War II. Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including establishment of the United Nations. His presidency is widely regarded as one of the greatest in US history. Text A: 300 Hurdles Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever done hurdles? What do you think of it? 2. What kinds of difficulties and challenges have you ever met in your life? Life may give you negative, but don’t despair – it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like. The first thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and forget about it? In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little. Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone. This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times. Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. This symbolizes that at times in everyone’s lives we worry about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If anyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring. Now comes the first hurdle. This hurdle is the easiest to get over because you are not worn out from running. We all make it over this hurdle with ease. This symbolizes those obstacles in life that we struggle to get over, but we
Unit 1 1.她连水都不愿喝一口，更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) She wouldn't take a drink, much less would she stay for dinner. 2.他认为我在对他说谎，但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth. 3.这个星期你每天都迟到，对此你怎么解释？(account for) How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5.这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6.我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力，所以我们只能继续。(pour into) We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. Unit 2 1.尽管她是家里的独生女，她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 2.迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会，也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) Mike didn't come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 3.坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说，但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 4.他对足球不感兴趣，也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses. 5.经理需要一个可以信赖的助手，在他外出时，由助手负责处理问题。(count on) The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. Unit 3 1.你再怎么有经验，也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) You are never too experienced to learn new techniques. 2.还存在一个问题，那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) There remains one problem, namely, who should be sent to head the research there. 3.由于文化的不同，他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences. 4.虽然他历经沉浮，但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) Though he has had ups and downs, I believed all along that he would succeed someday. 5.我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) I have some reservations about the truth of your claim.
2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）真题 Section I Use of English Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work. Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danahe r says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring 2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty 3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured 5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom 6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless 7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated
Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses． 从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history．Consequently， the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few． 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我 们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说， 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English．Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she"，for the two words sound the same，though，different in written forms in Chinese．As a result， some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes．But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins．The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values，to a certain extent， affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he／she reads and hears．Only by developing an understanding and tolerance（忍受）of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers． 英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管 字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all，of course!)in learning English．Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write．This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech， the amount of information conveyed， and，above all，the quality of communication． 学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交 流的质量。 The above is，not wholly，how difficult English is．Some native speakers might have said，"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying．"Why should l?"1 would protest，though．Still，I have to keep asking myself：Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this．Linguists are working on this problem in two ways．First，they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language． 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面， 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak．Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage．This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that， along with many other things，they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language，and a little help from their parents，they are able to learn to speak．Another group of linguists does not think this is correct． 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力， 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents．They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language．When children know some words，their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences．These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language．Instead， parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case，the environment is their family and their home. As you see，the first group of linguists disagrees． 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为， 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language．Many people are studying the process of language learning by children．This work is being done in many countries．Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process．Many psychologists，doctors， and parents are also interested．People who teach foreign languages are interested, too． 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason．If they knew how children learn their native language，perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults， as well as children, a second language．This is a very interesting idea．Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children．These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom．They will not talk to students in the native language．They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible．They do not teach them any rules for using the language．Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage，either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly．Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students，this method is successful．They learn to speak quickly and easily．They seem to enjoy using the language，and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say．Some students, however，cannot learn a language this way．Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language． 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外 语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式， 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方 法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method，the rule-learning method，sometimes works better with these students．Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language．They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly．These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn．Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again．The students are encouraged to make up new sentences， using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know． 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练 习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method．They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it，too．For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language．For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class， hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it．These people are rare． 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用 所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方 法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily．Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language．Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language． 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States．I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about． 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦，自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States．I was eager to see my parents， my brothers and sisters，and my friends． 几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived．Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago．Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it．My elementary school was gone．The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings． 到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city，however，was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home．My family greeted me warmly when I arrived．While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor，the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States．I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after，but then I began to feel that something was wrong．I noticed that my family， especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking．They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me，and I became uncomfortable and confused as to（至于）why they were behaving that way. 但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人， 尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来， 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother．She asked me，“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home．You talk when you should remain silent．You speak on matters that are of concern only to men．You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires．That’s not the way of a Chinese woman．We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves．” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候， 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke，I realized what had happened to me．American including American women，are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings．Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject．They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion．I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years，，I had gradually adopted some of their ways． 听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My family remained distant from me．They could no longer accept me fully as one of them．I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country． 接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女 性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在， 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States．But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more confused than before．I now feel homeless．I don’t feel like an American．Americans haven’t accepted me．The women I work with at the store are polite enough，but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them．During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping．On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night．My accent，my name，and 1