一、听力
听力满分不容易，听力满分完全可以。唯二的诀窍之一就是做到“有准备的听”。听力考试开始之后，只看听力题！
例如：2019年江苏省听力的第一题。问的是“对话在哪里发生”，关键地点有三个“教室、医院、博物馆”。于是你就知道，你听的时候重点是听出三个地点的特点，这样你对听力的对话有了预见。当你听到W: Excuse me, sir, visiting hours are over. Now your wife must get some rest. M: Oh, I'm sorry, doctor. I didn't hear the bell or I would have left earlier。
不要在听力之间做单选题，因为人的思维是有惯性的，回神过来时，轻舟已过万重山。
【2019年的听力句子一观】
I didn't hear the bell or I would have left earlier.
I need to get in shape. How do I register for the classes?
...the position is still open. Do you have any openings?
Did you know James went out of business?（lose one's job; be out of work; be unemployed; be between jobs）
Life must be pretty tough.
Dear listeners, for today's show I have with me my colleague Mary Lee.
My father always told me that an education was one of the greatest advantages I could have. One that would always stay with me.
Plus, having the doctor tell us to get two and a half hours of exercise a week doesn't really help our motivation much.
Don't be discouraged. Now, a new study suggests getting benefits from exercise doesn't have to be that demanding. （promising, inviting, trying）
唯二的诀窍之二是stay focused.
【注意审题】
例如：What will the man do?
A. Change the plan.
B. Wait for a phone call.
C. Sort things out.
原文：M: What time are we leaving for the outing?
W: I'll phone you tomorrow. I should have everything sorted out by then.
二、单选
问：单项填空用多少时间？
答：一般7-8分钟
问：临阵变化？
答：事有反常必出妖
单项填空考的是“富有时代气息充满正能量的语言表达的一般规律”。在答题时不要钻牛角尖，不要碰到简单的题你就自问：“不会这么简单吧，肯定有陷阱”，这不是理性判断问题的方式。
【词汇】
If you fail to get along well with your husband, you can become more mentally _____than physically worn out.
A.drained
B. defeated
C. drilled
D. declined
---Jimmy is always busy and never helps his wife with housework.
---It would be ______to say that he is lazy, for he won't do it even if he is free.
A. untrue
B. absurd
C. unfair
D. accurate
【时态和语态】
(2018) 30. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years.
A. had been carried out
B. would be carried out
C. is being carried out
D. has been carried out
(2019) 22. The musician along with his band members _______ ten performances in the last three months.
A. gives B has given C. have given D.give
【三大从句】
World Environment Day falls on June 5, _______ theme this year is “Beat Air Pollution”.
A.which
B. of which
C. whose
D. when
The most exciting moment in my life was ________ I was admitted to my ideal university.
A.which
B. that
C. when
D. why
The knot is tied in such a way ______it can't be untied.
A. as
B. that
C. in which
D. which
【非谓语动词】
________ the food,the foreign guests did enjoy the dinner for the Spring Festival.
A．Eat up B. Eaten up C.To eat up D. Having eaten up
【情态动词】
It's strange that he______have taken the books without the owners permission.
A. would
B. should
C. could
D. might
【虚拟语气】
So many people in the U.S. have lost their lives due to Covid-19. If only measures to contain it _______in the first place!
A. were taken
B. had been taken
C. would have been taken
D. could have been taken
【交际用语】
Honesty is the best policy. If you make a mistake, don't just _____ . It's always better to admit it.
A. sweep it under the carpet
B. fly off the handle
C. scratch the surface
D. wash your hands
---It shouldn't take long to prepare the party if everyone is involved.
---You bet!________.
A. Many hands make light work
B. Make hay while the sun shines
C. Birds of a feather flock together
D. Two heads are better than one
三、完形填空
完型填空不需要创新，不是原创，是复原！高考是选择最佳答案，不是选择正确答案！
第一步big picture, 第二步detailed picture, 第三步complete picture.
一篇完形填空，大概270词，留出20个空格，所以，必须耐心，此处可以“细嚼慢咽”。
用近几年高考题来设定自己的思维模式，可以把答案先填上，再去思考，为什么是这个答案。
2019
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their 38 . Emma, a female crane, has been in their care since she arrived in 2004…
She refused to live with male cranes, and even had a 44 for killing some of them, which made it impossible for her to become a mother…
The two keepers are proud of their productive work. But before they can be 49 , more efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline…
Chris and Tim offered us the answer: human beings took it for granted that their brains held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a better 55 .
38. A. abortion B. recreation C. reproduction D. administration
44. A. gift B. skill C. concern D. reputation
49. A. defeated B. grateful C. assured D. tolerant
55. A. guide B. treat C. example D. companion
2018
During the journey, Raynor began a career as a nature writer. She writes, " 52 had taken every material thing from me and left me torn bare, an empty page at the end of a(n) 53 written book. It had also given me
a 54 , either to leave that page 55 or to keep writing the story with hope. I chose hope.”
52. A. Doctors B. Hiking C. Lawyers D. Homelessness
53. A. well B. partly C. neatly D. originally
54. A. choice B. reward C. promise D. break
55. A. loose B. full C. blank D. missing
2017
For a long time Gabriel didn't want to be involved in music at all．In his first years of high school, Gabriel would look pityingly at music students, 36 across the campus with their heavy instrument cases…
With a sinking feeling，he realized that he actually enjoy doing it．He tried to hide his obvious pleasure from the music teacher, who had 45 over to listen. He might not have done this particularly well, 46 the teacher told Gabriel that he had a good 47and suggested that Gabriel go into the music store-room to see if any of the instruments there 48 him.
36．A．travelling B．marching C．pacing D．struggling
45．A．run B．jogged C．jumped D．wandered
46．A．because B．but C．though D．so
47．A．ear B．taste C．heart D．voice
48．A．occurred to B．took to C．appealed to D．held to
【练习】
Retailers(零售商) closed more than 9,000 stores in 2019. Some people call what has happened to the shopping landscape “the retail 36 .” It is easy to chalk it up to the rise of e-commerce, which has thrived while physical stores struggle. But this can be 37 . Online sales have grown tremendously in the last 20 years, 38 Internet shopping still represents only 11 percent of the entire retail sales total. Collectively, three major 39 forces have had an even bigger impact on brick-and-mortar retail than the Internet has.
To begin with, we have changed 40 we shop — away from smaller stores like those in malls and toward stand-alone “Big Box” stores, which is a greater problem for most physical stores.
Also, Rising income 41 has left less of the nation's money in the hands of the middle class, and the traditional retail stores that 42 them have suffered. It is estimated that since 1970, the share of the nation's income earned by families in the middle class has fallen from almost two-thirds to around 40 percent. As the 43 of income at the top rises, overall retail suffers simply because high-income people save a much larger share of their money. The government reports 44 for different income levels in the official Consumer Expenditure Survey. In the latest data, people in the top 10 percent of income 45 almost a third of their income after taxes. People in the middle of the income 46 spent
100 percent of their income. 47 , as the middle class has been squeezed and more has gone to the top, it has meant higher saving rates 48 .
Lastly, We have spent 49 less of income on things and more on services. Since 1960, we went from spending 5 percent of our income on health to almost 18 percent, government statistics show. We spend more on education, entertainment, business services and all sorts of other products that aren't 50 in traditional retail stores. Economists debate theories of why we have 51 to services and away from goods but no one 52 that it has happened. It means that over time, retailers selling 53 will have to run harder and harder just to stay in place.
In short, the broad 54 hitting retail are more a lesson in economics than in the power of 55 . It's a lesson all retailers will have to learn someday.
36. A.business B.disaster C.investment D.strategy
37. A.advanced B.confirmed C. overstated D.undervalued
38. A. and B. so C. thus D. but
39. A.economic B.legal C.physical D.political
40. A.how B.what C.where D.why
41. A.distribution B.inequality C.level D.tax
42. A.aim at B.approve of https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f8660974.html,pete with D.stem from
43. A.concentration B.influence C.security D.source
44. https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f8660974.html,cation B.employment C.housing D.spending
45. A.concealed B.donated C.earned D.saved
46. A.reception B. distribution C. classification D. addition
47. A.Instead B.However C.Moreover D.Therefore
48. A.though B.overall C.regardless D.particularly
49. A.cautiously B.intelligently C.proportionately D.prospectively
50. A.available B.insufficient C.popular D.uncommon
51. A.applied https://www.doczj.com/doc/6f8660974.html,mitted C.shifted D.tied
52. A.wonders B.questions C.ensures D.confirms
53. A.ideas B.patents C.services D.things
54. A.strengths B.forces C.energies D.senses
55. A.consumption B.habit C.income D.technology
四、阅读理解
高考阅读理解高分的前提是读懂和读通。
读懂，就是对文章中的词、句、段的理解，并且读懂问题和答案。
读通，就是以全文为中心，对全文观点和主旨的理解，上下贯通。
从几年高考阅读理解的命题方式来看，A篇一般是比较直接的信息比对，基本策略就是在文章中找fact。B篇与C篇一般是科普文和议论文。你也许比较怕科普文，因为词汇量比较大，而且内容离我们的生活比较远，基本没有多少背景知识。其实，科普文是纸老虎，貌似凶恶。你再看一下这几年的高考试卷，科普文的问题设计都比较简单，而且都一般按照“问题---原因----解答”的套路，只要读懂科普文的80%左右就基本可以解决问题了。最重要的是D篇，体裁说不准，可能是议论文，也可能是传记、记叙文或其他，细节题多。65—70题按照文章的顺序来命题的，所以，65题必定依照文章前端找线索，到69题或70题才是全文贯通，可能是标题，也可能是总结或概括。
考前建议：1. 五年真题，读懂文章、读懂问题、读懂答案。2. 向高考的命题思路靠拢！想通为什么没有争议！每天去阅读，每天做阅读，每天思考阅读！
【猜测词义】
2019B
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone.
A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon.
B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph.
D. Bird's view.
2017D
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate Assessment says that: “There is no ‘one-size fits all’ adaptation.” Nevertheless, there are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
65．The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies．
A．adaptation is an ever﹣changing process
B．the cost of adaptation varies with time
C．global warming affects adaptation forms
D．adaptation to climate change is challenging
【细节理解】
2019C
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
2019D
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts, Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni called him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve’s favorite, and most personal songs. With Naomi’s help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing Steve’s songs. Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn’t.
68. Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower," his wife Joni _______.
A. thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B. didn’t expect the damage the disease brought about
C. didn’t fully realize the value of her husband’s music
D. brought her husband’s music career to perfection
2017B
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity…
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in need?” Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”
59．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on？
A．Similarities between the calls moms and chicks．
B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia．
C．The data collected from Queensland's locals．
D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds．
60．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which．
A．can receive quality signals
B．are in need of training
C．fit the environment better
D．make the loudest call．
2015D
But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers. It cannot be discovered once for all. If people do not prize it, and work for it, it will go. Constant watch is its price. Athens changed. It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance, a spiritual change which affected the whole state. It had been the Athenian爷s pride and joy to give to their city. That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds. There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her
citizens for doing her work. Now instead of men giving to the state, the state was to give to them. What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object, ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing. Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.
Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility. There could be only one result. If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good, they would cease to be free. Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom. It is to be had on no other terms. Athens, the Athens of Ancient Greece, refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.
But, “the excellent becomes the permanent”, Aristotle said. Athens lost freedom forever, but freedom was not lost forever for the world. A great American, James Madison, referred to: “The capacity (能力) of mankind for self-government.”No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek. Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind, but once man has a great and good idea, it is never completely lost. The Digital Age cannot destroy it. Somehow in this or that man’s thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action. One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.
67. What change in attitude took place in Athens?
A. The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.
B. The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.
C. The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.
D. The Athenians looked on the government as a business.
68. What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A. Athens would continue to be free.
B. Athens would cease to have freedom.
C. Freedom would come from responsibility.
D. Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.
69. Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?
A. The author is hopeful about freedom.
B. The author is cautious about self-government.
C. The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.
D. The author is proud of man’s capacity.
【主旨大意】
2019B
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone（圆锥体）shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma（岩浆）piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
2015B
In the United States alone, over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each year. Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and personal digital assistants. The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver. A Swiss study reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was relatively small in comparison to total waste, the concentration (含量) of gold and other precious metals was higher in So-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals. Even when the machines are recycled and the harmful metals removed, the recycling process often is carried out in poor countries, in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to escape into the environment.
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100 times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make the box and packaging(包装) it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process are harmful as well.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that “the production,
distribution, and use of products — as well as management of the resulting waste — all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their contribution by creating less waste at the start — for instance, buying reusable products and recycling.
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered or has been put in place as an incentive (动机) for reducing waste. If producers are required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the packaging in the first place?
Governments’ incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging they produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap (气泡垫) that encased your television?
From the governments’ point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.
60. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The increase in e-waste.
B. The creation of e-waste.
C. The seriousness of e-waste.
D. The management of e-waste.
2015C
Suppose you become a leader in an organization. It’s very likely that you’ll want to have volunteers to help with the organization’s activities. To do so, it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.
Let’s begin with the question of why people volunteer. Researchers have identified several factors that motivate people to get involved. For example,…To select volunteers, you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.
People also volunteer because they are required to do so...
Once people begin to volunteer, what leads them to remain in their positions over time? To answer this question, researchers have conducted ...
Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view “volunteer” as an important social role..
64. What is the best title of the passage?
A. How to Get People to Volunteer
B. How to Study Volunteer Behaviors
C. How to Keep Volunteers’ Interest
D. How to Organize V olunteer Activities
五、任务型
静下心来，先将1—70 选择题的机读卡涂好，哪怕是有些自己依然不能确定的答案也先涂好，等会有时间再修改，免得结束时匆忙和紧张之间，漏涂了！
做任务型阅读的时候，记住：先做简单的，词语转换。读懂答题项，注意搭配。不留任何空，相信感觉。【练习】
Coupons-good way to boost consumption
In an effort to boost consumption and counter some the of the negative impacts of the novel coronavirus outbreak on the economy, authorities in more than 30 cities have distributed consumption coupons(优惠券）among local residents. Given that a better part of China's economy is now mainly driven by domestic consumption, issuing consumption coupons should be seen as an ingenious way to help stabilize the economy.
The outbreak has sharply reduced consumption in the tourism, retail, catering, cultural and entertainment industries in the first three months of this year, increasing the risk of unemployment. As for the impact of the
outbreak for the entire year, it depends on whether consumption in the coming months would make up for the decline of consumption in the first quarter, in particular, the Spring Festival period.
The expected increase in consumption, especially in the durable goods sector, after the outbreak is effectively contained could partly balance out previous losses. But still it would be impossible to see a consumption spree(消费热潮）similar to that during Spring Festival.
Rising exports could possibly make up for the decline in domestic consumption. But net exports are not likely to rise this year because many countries have shut down their airports and seaports, and locked down cities to prevent the spread of the virus.
As such, the authorities have to boost consumption using whatever means. And as consumption is
influenced by three factors-people's income, confidence, and price of goods and services-the authorities should first reduce the epidemic's negative impact on people's income, by ensuring they have enough money spend. Second, they should boost people's confidence so they dare to spend more. And third, the authorities should stabilize prices to encourage people to increase consumption.Consumption coupons are a good way to achieve all the three goals. Issuing consumption coupons is similar to increasing people's income and promoting consumption, because the coupons can be used to buy goods and services.
Many local authorities have even issued electronic consumption coupons through third-party payment.Such coupons are highly efficient, convenient, and easy to track. And since they also ensure equality and fairness, they are a good example of the important role digitalization plays in China's social and economic governance.
The consumption coupons the local authorities have issued until now are mainly to boost the catering industry, obviously because the outbreak has dealt the industry a big blow. But the authorities should consider broadening the scope of the coupons in the future to further increase consumption by,say,issuing coupons that can be used in more sectors, including those for buying home appliances.
Moreover, the authorities could also combine e-coupons with targeted printout coupons for impoverished groups, extend the validity period for the coupons. But in general, the consumption coupons will play an active role in boosting domestic consumption this year.
六、作文
建议：1. 你必须审清题，不要偏题，首先要完成任务。2. 写概要前写下草稿，避免低级错误。3. 高考还是安全为主，你平时用了多遍的句式和表达方式，到高考的时候还是坚持用自己熟悉的，不要变，不要厌。人在稍微紧张的状态下能发挥出最佳水平！
【考前词汇扫雷】
N.
curriculum
revenue
consent
principle
peak
facility
produce
explosion
essay
presentation
vacancy
assignment
relief
medication
unrest
philosopher
amateur
delivery
subscriber
avenue
lane
fare
depression
professional
procedure
crisis (Pl: )
expansion
pulse
commitment
equal
architect
exposure
evolution
log
arrow
clue
well-being distinction
sponsor
jungle
landscape
whisper
trend
V.
stretch
sharpen
swear(swore, sworn) hatch(多义)
imitate
reveal
postpone
shrink(shrank, shrunk) propose
undertake
spoil
prohibit
trigger
release
transfer
reserve
behave
edit
further
discipline
overlook
inhabit
swallow
uncover
catalogue
excel
originate
prioritize
justify
inherit
downtown
financial
vague
valid
vacant
frustrated
skeptical
desperate
medium
explicit
basically
generously
remotely
barely
courageous
contemporary
industrial
industrious
controversial
confidential
contradictory
conventional
transparent
fascinating
informative
entertaining
lesser-known
superb
enormous
massive
essential
intelligent
troublesome
glorious
gorgeous
objective
reserved
innovative
Chunks.
were it not for=
be both widely reviewed and highly praised bring out the best in sb.
relieve worldwide starvation
take to
give an account of
vary with time
undergo rapid economic development compensate for=
have much to do with=
off the top of one’s head
over and overa gain=r_________
in question
far from clear
set off
set down
observe social distancing rules
be consumed by fire
subscribe to
submit to
roll up
wind up
clear up
place an order
a wet blanket
as sly as a fox
experiment with
take flight
a handful of
out of the question
at will
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at odds
be lost to doing
be invested in/invest (time, energy, effort, life) in deserve to be preserved=be worthy_______ give (deep) insight into
shelter her from criticism
rise to fame
be involved in =
enroll in the course=
throwaway items
website hits
the kite-making craft
misty mountains
以下指出历次化学考试考生常丢分的地方，希望大家考试时不在这些地方出差错，高标准，严要求，向规范要高分。自己曾经出现过的错误，在阅读时作出标记。 一、选择题中的“关键词” 1、过量（足量）还是少量、适量 2、化合物还是单质或混合物 3、请注意选择题“正确的是”，“错误的是”或“不正确的”两种不同要求。请注意，做的正确，填卡时 却完全填反了，要十分警惕这种情况发生。 4、排列顺序时，分清是“由大到小”还是“由小到大”，类似的，“由强到弱”，“由高到低”等。 5、阿佛加德罗常数题中： ①水：常温下是液态； ②稀有气体：单原子分子； ③SO 3：常温下是液态或固态；④ NO 2：存在与 N 2O 4 的 平衡；⑤和气体的体积有关的比较 ( 如密度 ) ：注意标准状况下才能用 22 4 L ，同温同压下才能比较。⑥不是 气体的有机物不需要标准状况的条件，如戊烷，辛烷等。 ⑦把原子序数当成相对原子质量，把相对原子质量当相对分子质量，把相对原子质量当质子数。 ⑧ N a 2O 2、 H 2 O 2、 Cl 2 等若既作氧化剂又作还原剂时，反应转移电子数易多算。⑨注意选项中给的量有无单位，有单位不写或写错的一定是错的。⑩ 273℃与 273K 不注意区分，是“标况”还是“非标况”，是“气态”还是“液态”“固态”不分清楚。 22 .4L.mol -1 的适用条件。注意三氧化硫、乙烷、己烷、水等物质的状态。 区分液态氯化氢和盐酸，液氨和氨水，液氯和氯水。 6、离子大量共存： ①注意酸碱性环境 ②注意氧化还原反应如 2+＋ 3－ 3 Fe 与 H 、 NO 不共存， Al 与 HNO 无氢气等 ③注意审题，是大量共存还是不能大量共存 7、离子方程式正误：①看电荷是否守恒 ②看物质拆分中否正确，只有强酸、强碱、可溶性盐可拆，其 它一律不拆③看产物是否正确，如 2 3+2－ 反应是氧化还原反应等 CO 的反应是生成正盐还是酸式盐、 Fe 与 S ④看原子是否守恒 ⑤水解与电离方程式要看准，不要被反应物有水所迷惑。 8、注意常见符号的应用如分清是“====”还是“ ”， " △H>0：吸热“ +”" 、" △H<0 放热“ - ”" 、 沉淀、气体符号，电荷与价标、写电子式时 "[ ]" 的应用等等。 9、化学用语——原子结构示意简图、化学式、实验式（最简式）、结构式、结构简式、电子式、化学方程 式、离子方程式、热化学方程式（可逆反应式、氧化还原方程式及单线、双线表达法） 文字表述——（语言的逻辑关系和化学用语恰当的联系） 计算表述——（要注意信息提供的数据来源、物理量的含义、单位、有效数字、表达式的规范、区间的准确）。 二、解答题中的“关键词”及应注意之处： 1、书写“名称”还是“化学式”、“分子式”、“电子式”、“结构式”还是“结构简式”。 2、书写“化学方程式”还是“离子方程式”或“电极方程式”、“水解方程式”、“电离方程式”。 3、书写方程式中的物质聚集状态、特殊的反应条件、产物 ( 如酯化反应的水 ) 写全。 4、填写结果时应对准物质。如写“ A ”的不应写成“ B ”的。 5、实验填空题或简答题，注意文字用语要准确 （ 1）不用错别字：如脂与酯、铵与氨、坩与甘、蘸与粘、蓝与兰、褪与退、溶与熔、戊与戌、催与崔、苯与笨、饱和与饱合及有机官能团名称等。 （ 2）不用俗语：如 a 、打开分液漏斗的开关（ 应为：活塞 ）， b 、将气体通进（ 应为：入 ）盛溴水的洗气瓶， c 、酸遇石蕊变红色（ 应为 ：酸使石蕊呈红色）等。 （ 3）用语严谨：如 pH 试纸不能说湿润，其它试纸均要写湿润。三对共用电子对要竖写。离 子浓度要用 C( ) 表示。 6、原电池正负极不清，电解池、电镀池阴阳极不清，电极反应式写反了。 7、求气体的“体积分数”与“质量分数”不看清楚，失分。求“转化率”、“百分含量”混淆不清。 8、两种不同体积不同浓度同种溶液混和，总体积是否可以加和，要看题目情景和要求。
高三数学高考考前最后一课 一、选择题解题策略 不折手段！ 不管想什么办法，只要能做出来就行。往往能用直接法，特殊法，验证法，筛选法能轻松做出来的题目，就不要“小题大做”。选择题力求准而快！ 二、填空题解题策略 只求结果！ 填空题不需要你多么严谨的地推理，多么奢侈地过程，只需一个结果，一个最终的结果，就OK了。所以只求结果。其他地都一边去吧！希望我们的同学一定记住。而且填空题和选择题解法上很多方面存在相似之处。所以方法是可以迁移的，一定要灵活处理，不可死板。 三、解答题解题策略 书写规范！ 解答题很注重学生的答题过程，所以批卷老师会严格按照评分细则按步骤给分。所以要求同学们力求步骤完整规范，书写符合逻辑。当然了，结果仍然是非常的评分信号。试想结果都正确了，过程一般也不会差到哪里。所以既然会做了，那就让过程结果都完美，拿到满分。 解答题第16题，一般考查的是三角函数，解三角形问题。通过利用诱导公式，倍角公式，降幂公式等，最后化一公式来收尾，考查了函数的周期性，单调性，最值，还有化简求值等，或在三角形中，
运用正弦定理，余弦定理，面积公式解决相关问题。 第17题一般考查概率统计问题。这一题会给出一个背景，可能还甚至比较冗长，这考查了学生的阅读审题、提炼信息的能力。从这个问题出发，利用排列组合，树状图，列举法，所学的二项分布等等，解决问题。同时问题一般都有求离散型随机变量的分布列。所以一定要验证给个情况概率之和是否等于1。这是我们做这题成功的法宝。对于二项分布，是比较常见的，但也不能把不是的，也强加为二项分布。二项分布一般有个比较明显的提示：每次试验是相互独立的。 第18题常是立体几何问题。最近几年都是在多面体上下文章。但通常从证明与计算考起。证明主要是从线面平行、线面垂直，面面平行、面面垂直。可以不用建系，就可以比较轻松地拿下了。至于计算方面，一般是多面体的体积，可以直接求，或者划分成熟悉的几何体求解，而至于遇到求二面角的问题时，寻找二面角的平面角对许多学生来说，比较困难，所以他们往往就直接建系，利用向量知识，只要计算上没有问题，就可解决。 第19题函数与导数问题。这一题基本上设置两问。第一问设置得比较简单，属于送分题。而第二问要么是对参数进行讨论，求单调区间，要么就给出一个命题，求出参数的取值范围。对于前一个，往往导函数是个分式，分母和0的关系已经确定，就判断分子和0的关系。分子又常常是二次函数，所以结合判别式来判断函数值的情况。对于后一个求参数的范围，很多情况下使用分离参数法。如果实在不行，再转化为熟悉的函数，结合数形结合，也可解决。
2020年高考化学考前最后一课 高考化学必会知识大盘点 一、实验中的相关数据 【知识盘点】 1．托盘天平的读数：小数点后保留1位。 2．量筒的读数：小数点后保留1位。 3．滴定管的读数：小数点后保留2位。 4．酒精灯内酒精的量不能少于其容积的1/3，也不能多于2/3。 5．配制一定物质的量浓度的溶液时，烧杯、玻璃棒要洗2～3次，用烧杯往容量瓶中加蒸馏水时，一般加到距离刻度线1～2 cm处，再用胶头滴管定容。 6．滴定管的“0”刻度在滴定管的上部（但不是最上端），在量取液体的体积时，液面不一定要在“0”刻度，但不能在“0”刻度以上；量杯、量筒、容量瓶没有“0”刻度；温度计的“0”刻度在温度计的中下部。 【典例】下列选用的相关仪器符合实验要求的是 【解析】浓硝酸具有强氧化性，不能用橡胶塞，一般用玻璃塞保存在棕色细口瓶中，A项错误；水和乙酸乙酯互不相溶，用分液漏斗分离，B项正确；用量筒量取液体只能精确到0.1 mL，C项错误；向试管中放入块状固体时，应遵循“一平二放三滑入”的原则，D项错误。 【答案】B 二、实验仪器的创新使用
【知识盘点】 高考试题中经常出现常规化学仪器的创新使用，主要体现在：一套仪器装置原理的多种设计；一种仪器的多种用法。 1、一套仪器装置原理的多种设计 （1）符合启普发生器原理的制气装置 用启普发生器制取气体的优点在于可以随开随用，随关随停。在没有启普发生器的情况下，可以设计一些简易装置代替启普发生器使用。实验装置图如下。 （2）尾气处理装置的改造 （3）蒸馏装置的创新改造 图1
图2 ①图1，由于冷凝管竖立，使液体混合物能冷凝回流，若以此容器作反应容器，可使反应物循环利用，提高了反应物的转化率。 ②图2，由于Br2的沸点低，且有毒性和强腐蚀性，因此设计了用冰冷却回收液溴的C装置，并用NaOH 溶液进行尾气吸收。A中热水浴可以使液体受热均匀且易于控制温度。装置中使用了双温度计，其中温度计a用于测量水温，温度计b用于测量溴蒸气的温度。 2、一种仪器的多种用法 （1）广口瓶的“一材多用” 要注意广口瓶的不同用途中，导气管的长短不同。 a．A装置可作集气瓶和洗气瓶 如利用A装置收集或干燥以下三种气体。 ①Cl2②NH3③NO ⅰ．若集气瓶是干燥的，则由b口进气，可收集的气体是②。 ⅱ．若集气瓶是干燥的，则由a口进气，可收集的气体是①。 ⅲ．若集气瓶充满水，可收集的气体是③，此时气体由b口进入。 ⅳ．若集气瓶内装入浓硫酸进行气体干燥，可用此装置干燥的气体是①③，此时气体由a口进入。 b．A装置可用于监控气体流速 如给病人输氧气时，可在广口瓶中加入少量水，从a端通入氧气，b端接入呼吸罩，则可从广口瓶中产生
2020高考化学考前叮咛最后一课 第一部分：心理调节 考试在即，请你记住： 我难人难我不怕难 人易我易我不大意 心理状态好七分本事得十分 心理状态差十分本事得七分 若要化学考得好 心态平衡是个宝 心态平衡：不怕不慌不骄不躁 沉着冷静果断仔细 第二部分：应试策略一、考试争分策略 容易题得全分，中档题少失分，较难题能争分。 与其难题争1分，不如易题少失5分。 熟题不一定易，生题不一定难。新题不会难，大题不会深。 重Ⅰ卷（选择题部分），保证拿足基本分。 攻Ⅱ卷（非选择题部分），规范表达夺高分。 争取急中生智，避免忙中出乱。 该得的分一定要得到，不该失的分一分都不能失。 二、应试能力强化 a．审题是前提：
总审：看题量，看要求，看页数，看大题。 初审：找出关键词语，划出已知数据，揭示隐含条件，建立解题思路。 b．解题抓关键 建立解题思路：属于什么问题？涉及那些知识？ 运用解题规律：可用那些方法？应用什么规律？ 提高解题速度：深思熟虑果断，简洁明了全面。 1、选择题 选择题测试的内容可能是：化学与STSE，有机化学必修部分，离子共存、离子方程式正误判断，氧化还原反应，元素化合物之间的转化，电化学知识，简单实验，化学平衡问题（化学平衡、电离平衡、水解平衡、沉淀溶解平衡），图像问题，元素周期表与元素周期律等。试题整体难度不会大，综合程度较小，只要思路清晰，仔细辨析，就一定能夺取这42分，为全面夺高分打下坚实基础。 抓关键词语： 正确、不正确，符合、不符合，从大到小，由高到低、一定、可能，最佳、最省，什么条件下正确或不正确等。 做选择题时要排除明显错答： 利用限制条件确定可能选项；利用选项提供的信息，可帮助答题，验证。 2、原理综合题 热化学方程式：盖斯定律的应用（焓变、平衡常数） 活化分子、活化能、催化剂 速率、平衡的问题归因分析：逐一排除法；表达逻辑完整。 平衡移动方向：瞬间变化（速率）or结果变化（百分含量）
2013届高考英语考前最后一课(教师用) 各题型解题要领 一、听力 听力考试具有极强的时间效应，听力过程不具备复制性，必须学会掌握一定的听力技巧，充分利用宝贵的每一分钟。听力部分是可以通过技巧来提高分数却耗时最短和效率最高的一个部分。 听力在3点整开始。出发去考场前争取一点时间听一点，让听觉神经兴奋起来。或最好看看复习资料，并不是要记住什么知识点，而是让大脑提前进入状态，因为一进考场就要考听力，如果大脑还沉浸在汉语的思维方式中，可能影响发挥。 “听技”的提高是指考生英语听力应试技巧的提高，这是考生正常甚至超常发挥自己水平的保证，要在平时的训练中不断摸索，善于总结，逐步掌握，心领神会。 1. 抢时预读，巧抓关键 要抓紧时间，在录音播放前预读问题与选项，搞清要听的关键，是时间、地点还是人物。另外，在预读时，要把该段听力材料所涉及的所有问题都浏览一遍，从而对将要听的内容有个较全面的预测。不可死盯着前一句，没顾及后面的一、两句。 在看选项时，并不要从头到尾一字不落地细读，而要通过比较选项来抓住主要区别，只读几个不一样的词语，即关键信息词就可以了。 在听取数字时，不仅要注意-teen和-ty的区别(前者是双重音，后者的重音落在前一个音节上)，还要注意补充信息，以及各个数字对应的内容。 短对话，答案多在第二个人说话中出现。长对话和独白，要先抓住开头的几句，这一般是主旨题的答案所在。中部往往是细节题。 若选项太长，千万不要心慌，心慌于事无补，不要忙中添乱！看长选项时，可对选项中共有的词汇视而不见，只看不一样的词汇。正常的听力测试题的选项基本没有太长的，考生不要担心！ 2. 集中精力，对号入座 有不少考生会把涉及男女的内容弄混，把不同背景的内容弄混；有的考生耳听着第4题的录音，眼睛却在第5题的选项上瞎忙乎；还有的考生思想走神，误了一题又一题。 因此，必须集中精力，看对题号、选项，分清对应的内容。可用手指的笔指着应答的题目上。 3. 重视懂的，增强信心 “听不清！”、“听不见！”是很大考生的抱怨，但实际上他们对听的内容“听不懂”。这种把精力放在没听懂的内容上，对听不懂的斤斤计较，反应太敏感，正是“哪壶不开提哪壶”，导致慌乱。 凡是听不清的，听不懂的，一般都不要追究，不要为此而坏了心情。实际上，要想理解听力材料，正确回答所提的问题，根本不需要听清“每一个字”。只要听懂了关键词语，就可以心领神会所讲内容。因此，不要把精力用在心烦没听懂的内容上，而应把注意力集中在“听懂的”内容上面，从而进行合理猜测。这种“耳听会意”的做法才是务实
2020年高考化学考前最后一课 考前仿真模拟理科综合化学试题 一、选择题 7．化学与生活、科技及环境密切相关。下列说法正确的是 A．为了防止感染“新冠病毒”，坚持每天使用无水酒精杀菌消毒 B．高铁“复兴号”车厢连接关键部位所使用的增强聚四氟乙烯板属于无机高分子材料 C．2020年3月9日，发射了北斗系统第五十四颗导航卫星，其计算机的芯片材料是高纯度二氧化硅D．蜡蛾幼虫会啃食聚乙烯塑料袋，并且能将其转化为乙二醇，这项研究有助于减少白色污染 【答案】D 【解析】A. 为了防止感染“新冠病毒”，坚持每天使用75%酒精杀菌消毒，故A错误；B. 高铁“复兴号”车厢连接关键部位所使用的增强聚四氟乙烯板，聚四氟乙烯属于有机高分子材料，故B错误；C. 2020年3月9日，发射了北斗系统第五十四颗导航卫星，其计算机的芯片材料是高纯度单质硅，故C错误；D. 蜡蛾幼虫会啃食聚乙烯塑料袋，并且能将其转化为乙二醇，将高分子化合物降解为小分子，这项研究有助于减少白色污染，故D正确；答案选D。 8．紫苏醇的结构如图所示。下列有关紫苏醇的说法正确的是 A．与苯甲醇互为同系物 B．分子中所有碳原子可能共平面； C．环上的一氯取代物有5种(不含立体异构) D．能与金属钠反应，还能发生氧化、加成反应，不能发生取代反应 【答案】C 【解析】A．该物质分子中无苯环，只含有醇羟基，因此与苯甲醇不能互为同系物，A错误； B．含有饱和碳原子，具有甲烷的结构特点，则所有的原子不可能在同一个平面上，B错误； C．该物质分子结构不对称，环上有五种不同位置的H原子，因此环上的一氯取代物有5种，C正确；D．物质含有醇羟基，可以与Na发生置换反应，可以发生取代反应，含有碳碳双键，可以发生加成反应，氧化反应，D错误；故合理选项是C。 9．设N A为阿伏加德罗常数的值，下列叙述正确的是 A．25℃，1L pH=9的CH3COONa溶液中，发生电离的水分子数为1×10－9 N A B．标准状况下，22.4L NO与11.2L O2混合后气体的分子数为N A
高三化学试题 一单项选择题（本题包括6小题，每小题4分，共24分。每小题只有一个选项符合题意）1．“E85”是含乙醇85％的乙醇汽油。科学家最近的研究表明，大量使用“E85”可能导致大气中O3含量上升，将会对人体造成更直接的伤害。寻找化石燃料新的替代能源又成为化学工作者研究的新课题。下列各项中正确的是（）。 A．“E85”是由两种物质组成的混合物 B．推广使用乙醇汽油是为了减少温室气体排放 C．等质量的“E85”和汽油充分燃烧后放出的能量相等 D．O3与O2互为同素异形体 2．正确掌握化学用语和化学基本概念是学好化学的基础。下列有关表述中正确的一组是A．过氧乙酸(CH3COOOH)与羟基乙酸(HOCH2COOH)所含官能团相同；两者互为同分异构体（）。 } B．16O与18O互为同位素；H216O、D216O、H218O、D218O互为同素异形体 C．P4、CH4、NH4＋粒子的空间构型均为正四面体型；CO2、C2H2均为直线型分子 D．Ca2＋的结构示意图为，NH4Cl的电子式为 3．微观粒子是化学研究的主要对象。若阿伏加德罗常数为×1023mol-1，下列对粒子数判断正确的是（）。 A．常温常压下，H2O2气体中含有的分子数为××1023 B．46 g NO2和N2O4混合气体中含有原子数为3N A C．100 mL mol/L的Fe2(SO4)3溶液中，含有的Fe3＋数为×××1023 D．25 ℃时，纯水中含有的H＋数为1×10－7××1023 （ 4．右图是198K时N2与H2反应过程中能量变化的曲线图。下列叙述正确的是（）。 A．该反应的热化学方程式为： N 2+3H2 2NH3△H＝-92 kJ·mol－1 B．b曲线是加入催化剂时的能量变化曲线 C．加入催化剂，该化学反应的反应热改变 D．加入催化剂可增大正反应速率，降低逆反应速率
高三化学知识点总结5篇精选 高中化学是很多同学的噩梦，知识点众多而且杂，对于高二的同学们很不友好，建议同学们通过总结知识点的方法来学习化学，这样可以提高学习效率。 高三化学知识点1 1.仪器的洗涤 玻璃仪器洗净的标准是：内壁上附着的水膜均匀，既不聚成水滴，也不成股流下。 2.试纸的使用 常用的有红色石蕊试纸、蓝色石蕊试纸、pH试纸、淀粉碘化钾试纸和品红试纸等。 (1)在使用试纸检验溶液的性质时，一般先把一小块试纸放在表面皿或玻璃片上，用蘸有待测溶液的玻璃棒点试纸的中部，观察试纸颜色的变化，判断溶液的性质。 (2)在使用试纸检验气体的性质时，一般先用蒸馏水把试纸润湿，粘在玻璃棒的一端，用玻璃棒把试纸放到盛有待测气体的导管口或集气瓶口(注意不要接触)，观察试纸颜色的变化情况来判断气体的性质。 注意：使用pH试纸不能用蒸馏水润湿。
3.药品的取用和保存 (1)实验室里所用的药品，很多是易燃、易爆、有腐蚀性或有毒的。因此在使用时一定要严格遵照有关规定，保证安全。不能用手接触药品，不要把鼻孔凑到容器口去闻药品(特别是气体)的气味，不得尝任何药品的味道。注意节约药品，严格按照实验规定的用量取用药品。如果没有说明用量，一般应按最少量取用：液体1～2mL，固体只需要盖满试管底部。实验剩余的药品既不能放回原瓶，也不要随意丢弃，更不要拿出实验室，要放入指定的容器内或交由老师处理。 (2)固体药品的取用 取用固体药品一般用药匙。往试管里装入固体粉末时，为避免药品沾在管口和管壁上，先使试管倾斜，用盛有药品的药匙(或用小纸条折叠成的纸槽)小心地送入试管底部，然后使试管直立起来，让药品全部落到底部。有些块状的药品可用镊子夹取。 (3)液体药品的取用 取用很少量液体时可用胶头滴管吸取;取用较多量液体时可用直接倾注法。取用细口瓶里的药液时，先拿下瓶塞，倒放在桌上，然后拿起瓶子(标签对着手心)，瓶口要紧挨着试管口，使液体缓缓地倒入试管。注意防止残留在瓶口的药液流下来，腐蚀标签。一般往大口容器或容量瓶、漏斗里倾注液体时，应用玻璃棒引流。 (4)几种特殊试剂的存放 (A)钾、钙、钠在空气中极易氧化，遇水发生剧烈反应，应放在盛有煤油的广口瓶中以隔绝空气。
一、听力 听力满分不容易，听力满分完全可以。唯二的诀窍之一就是做到“有准备的听”。听力考试开始之后，只看听力题！ 例如：2019年江苏省听力的第一题。问的是“对话在哪里发生”，关键地点有三个“教室、医院、博物馆”。于是你就知道，你听的时候重点是听出三个地点的特点，这样你对听力的对话有了预见。当你听到W: Excuse me, sir, visiting hours are over. Now your wife must get some rest. M: Oh, I'm sorry, doctor. I didn't hear the bell or I would have left earlier。 不要在听力之间做单选题，因为人的思维是有惯性的，回神过来时，轻舟已过万重山。 【2019年的听力句子一观】 I didn't hear the bell or I would have left earlier. I need to get in shape. How do I register for the classes? ...the position is still open. Do you have any openings? Did you know James went out of business?（lose one's job; be out of work; be unemployed; be between jobs） Life must be pretty tough. Dear listeners, for today's show I have with me my colleague Mary Lee. My father always told me that an education was one of the greatest advantages I could have. One that would always stay with me. Plus, having the doctor tell us to get two and a half hours of exercise a week doesn't really help our motivation much. Don't be discouraged. Now, a new study suggests getting benefits from exercise doesn't have to be that demanding. （promising, inviting, trying） 唯二的诀窍之二是stay focused. 【注意审题】 例如：What will the man do? A. Change the plan. B. Wait for a phone call. C. Sort things out. 原文：M: What time are we leaving for the outing? W: I'll phone you tomorrow. I should have everything sorted out by then. 二、单选 问：单项填空用多少时间？ 答：一般7-8分钟 问：临阵变化？ 答：事有反常必出妖 单项填空考的是“富有时代气息充满正能量的语言表达的一般规律”。在答题时不要钻牛角尖，不要碰到简单的题你就自问：“不会这么简单吧，肯定有陷阱”，这不是理性判断问题的方式。 【词汇】 If you fail to get along well with your husband, you can become more mentally _____than physically worn out. A.drained B. defeated C. drilled D. declined ---Jimmy is always busy and never helps his wife with housework. ---It would be ______to say that he is lazy, for he won't do it even if he is free. A. untrue B. absurd C. unfair D. accurate 【时态和语态】 (2018) 30. I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ______ in the past two years. A. had been carried out B. would be carried out
高中化学课本知识分类整理大全 一、俗名： 无机部分： 纯碱、苏打、天然碱、口碱：Ｎa2CO3小苏打：NaHCO3大苏打：Na2S2O3石膏（生石膏）：CaSO4.2H2O 熟石膏：2CaSO4·.H2O 莹石：CaF2重晶石：BaSO4（无毒）碳铵：NH4HCO3 石灰石、大理石：CaCO3生石灰：CaO 食盐：NaCl 熟石灰、消石灰：Ca(OH)2芒硝：Na2SO4·7H2O (缓泻剂) 烧碱、火碱、苛性钠：NaOH 绿矾：FaSO4·7H2O 干冰：CO2明矾：KAl (SO4)2·12H2O 漂白粉：Ca (ClO)2、CaCl2（混和物）泻盐：MgSO4·7H2O 胆矾、蓝矾：CuSO4·5H2O 双氧水：H2O2皓矾：ZnSO4·7H2O 硅石、石英：SiO2刚玉：Al2O3 水玻璃、泡花碱、矿物胶：Na2SiO3铁红、铁矿：Fe2O3磁铁矿：Fe3O4黄铁矿、硫铁矿：FeS2铜绿、孔雀石：Cu2 (OH)2CO3菱铁矿：FeCO3赤铜矿：Cu2O 波尔多液：Ca (OH)2和CuSO4石硫合剂：Ca (OH)2和S 玻璃的主要成分：Na2SiO3、CaSiO3、SiO2过磷酸钙（主要成分）：Ca (H2PO4)2和CaSO4重过磷酸钙（主要成分）：Ca (H2PO4)2天然气、沼气、坑气（主要成分）：CH4水煤气：CO和H2硫酸亚铁铵（淡蓝绿色）：Fe (NH4)2 (SO4)2溶于水后呈淡绿色
光化学烟雾：NO2在光照下产生的一种有毒气体王水：浓HNO3：浓HCl按体积比1：3混合而成。 铝热剂：Al + Fe2O3或其它氧化物。尿素：CO（NH2) 2有机部分： 氯仿：CHCl3电石：CaC2电石气：C2H2(乙炔) TNT：三硝基甲苯 氟氯烃：是良好的制冷剂，有毒，但破坏O3层。酒精、乙醇：C2H5OH 裂解气成分（石油裂化）：烯烃、烷烃、炔烃、H2S、CO2、CO等。 焦炉气成分（煤干馏）：H2、CH4、乙烯、CO等。醋酸：冰醋酸、食醋CH3COOH 甘油、丙三醇：C3H8O3石炭酸：苯酚蚁醛：甲醛HCHO 福尔马林：35%—40%的甲醛水溶液蚁酸：甲酸HCOOH 葡萄糖：C6H12O6果糖：C6H12O6蔗糖：C12H22O11麦芽糖：C12H22O11淀粉：（C6H10O5）n 硬脂酸：C17H35COOH 油酸：C17H33COOH 软脂酸：C15H31COOH 草酸：乙二酸HOOC—COOH （能使蓝墨水褪色，呈强酸性，受热分解成CO2和水，使KMnO4酸性溶液褪色）。
2020年高考化学考前最后一课 速解高考题--高考化学题型分类技巧指导 1．化学与社会、生活密切相关。对下列现象或事实的解释正确的是 选项现象或事实解释 A 化石燃料燃烧时采取脱硫措施提高化石燃料的利用率 B 用热的烧碱溶液洗去油污Na2CO3可直接与油污反应 C 商代后期铸造出工艺精湛的后母戊鼎该鼎属于铁合金制品 D 静置后的淘米水能产生达尔效应说明淘米水具有胶体的性质 【答案】D 【解析】A.化石燃料燃烧时采取脱硫措施是为了减少二氧化硫的排放，以免污染空气，故A错误； B.盐的水解反应是吸热反应，所以升高温度，促进盐的水解，溶液的碱性更强，因此用热的纯碱溶液可以洗去油污，并不是碳酸钠可与油污直接反应，故B错误； C.后母戊鼎是青铜器，属于铜合金制品，故C错
误； D.丁达尔效应是胶体所特有的性质，故静置后的淘米水能发生丁达尔效应，则说明淘米水是胶体，故D正确。 2．化学与生活密切相关。下列说法错误的是（） A．棉花、蚕丝、腈纶均为天然纤维 B．淀粉可用于制取葡萄糖、乙醇、乙酸 C．氢氧化铝可用于中和胃酸过多 D．纯碱溶液可用于去除餐具表面的油污 【答案】A 【解析】A、棉花、蚕丝均为天然纤维，腈纶不是天然纤维，故A错误；B、淀粉是多糖，水解生成葡萄糖，葡萄糖发酵生成乙醇，乙醇氧化生成乙酸，故B正确；C、氢氧化铝是两性氢氧化物，氢氧化铝可用于中和胃酸过多，故C正确；D、纯碱水解后溶液呈碱性，可以用于去除餐具表面的油污，故D正确。 本部分试题是高考选择题的主题部分，同时也是高考命题中可以随意调控试题难度的部分，包括定性分析和定量计算两部分。定性分析主要考查利用化学原理来分析问题的能力，如化学平衡原理、原电池原理、电解原理等，也可结合元素周期表、原子结构对元素周期律等知识进行考查；而定量计算则涉及了差量法、守恒法（电子守恒、电荷守恒以及物料守恒等）、关系式法、极端假设法、平均值法、估算法等。在这里简单介绍一下几种最常见的解题方法： 1、关系式法：对于多步进行的连续反应，尽管每一步反应都是各自独立的（反应条件和设备可能不同）， 但前一个反应的产物是后一个反应的反应物，可根据中间产物的传递关系，找出原料和最终产物的关系式。由关系式进行计算会带来很大的方便，并且可以保证计算结果的准确性。 2、守恒法：守恒法是巧妙地选择化学式中某两数（如总化合价数、正负电荷数等）始终保持相等，或几 个连续的化学方程式前后某粒子（如原子、电子、离子）的物质的量保持不变，做为解题的依据。可以避免书写化学方程式，从而提高解题的速度和准确率。该法抛开了繁琐的反应过程，只抓住始态和终态中某些物理量的守恒关系，可以简化思维，快速解答。 3、价态转换法：价态转换也称为“等价代换”。价态转换法就是用氢氧根离子或氯离子来沉淀某些金属 阳离子时，消耗的阴离子的物质的量等于金属的“总正化合价数”。据此，可延伸为将金属用非氧化性酸恰好溶解后，再用上述阴离子沉淀时，消耗的阴离子的物质的量等于金属失去的电子的物质的量。 4、极端假设法：极端假设就是先将思路引向极端状态，使错综复杂的问题极端化、简单化，使之变成单
2017高考语文最后一课 一、论述类文本阅读 1、了解常见的干扰项设置类型： 偷换概念、以偏概全，做题是特别留意选项中带有“全、都、凡、所有、几乎、主要、有的、更加、特别、稍微、部分、通常、有时”等词语的内容； 时间上的已然与未然、先后； 句子关系上的强加因果、因果颠倒、多因一果； 逻辑上的或然与必然、充分与必要条件； 代词指代内容错误或不明； 还要注意把现象混为原因、无中生有及答非所问等。尤其注意误把文章中人物的观点当成作者的观点。 2、审清题目的要求，注意是选“不符合的”还是“符合的”，在把选项与原文的比对过程中，找出符合题意的最明显突出的一个选项。 3、选项与原文表述不一致时，要思考选项内容是不是原文等值替换或是原文的合理推论。拿不准时可再造一个相似的语境来帮助判断。 二、文学类文本阅读 （一）、小说阅读 人物形象：要区分是形象还是性格，是概括还是分析。 人物形象=性格+身份定位＋多方面特征（职业、地位、兴趣、经历、教养、思想、关系等）。 概括人物形象的方法： 1、总体把握小说人物形象特点，确定作者的感情倾向是褒还是贬； 2、找出小说中关于这个人物言行、外貌、心理描写的语句，分析其性格特征； 3、找出作品中其他人物对这个人物的评价； 4、作品中作者的介绍或评价； 5、放在一定的社会历史背景下去理解； 6、重视小说中人物的身份、地位、经历、教养、气质等，因为它们直接决定着人物的言行，影响着人物的性格。 概括时要分清主次，注意人物性格的复杂性及发展变化，切忌过度拔高或想当然。 人物形象的作用 1、揭示或凸显主旨； 2、次要人物对主要人物起衬托作用，次要人物对情节的推进作用； 3、若是线索人物，自然是贯穿全文的线索； 4、人物形象的社会意义，给人们带来的启示。 刻画人形象的方法：概括介绍（全景式描写）、肖像（神态）、语言、动作、心理、细节描写（对人物形象特征、语言、动作、服饰等细致而富有表现力的细节作特写式的描写），正面描写、侧面描写（他人的言行、心理、评价、衬托）。 确定主人公理由： 1、有的作品标题就指明了主人公 2、最能传达主题思想的人物是主人公 3、与情节联系密切的是主人公 4、作者极力刻画的用墨最多的人物是主人公 5、其他人物衬托他、陪衬他、与他形成对比是主人公。 物象的作用
大题01 化学工艺流程题（一） 1．钼酸钠晶体(Na2MoO4·2H2O)是一种金属腐蚀抑制剂。工业上利用钼精矿(主要成分是不溶于水的MoS2)制备钼酸钠的两种途径如图所示： （1）途径I碱浸时发生反应的化学反应方程式为________________________________________。 （2）途径II氧化时还有Na2SO4生成，则反应的离子方程式为_____________________________。 （3）已知途径I的钼酸钠溶液中c(MoO42-)=0.40 mol/L，c(CO32-)=0.10mol/L。由钼酸钠溶液制备钼酸钠晶体时，需加入Ba(OH)2固体以除去CO32-。当BaMoO4开始沉淀时，CO32-的去除率是____________[已知K sp(BaCO3)=1×10-9、K sp(BaMoO4)=4.0×10-8，忽略溶液的体积变化]。 （4）分析纯的钼酸钠常用钼酸铵[(NH4)2MoO4]和氢氧化钠反应来制取，若将该反应产生的气体与途径I所产生的气体一起通入水中，得到正盐的化学式是__________________________。 （5）钼酸钠和月桂酰肌氨酸的混合液常作为碳素钢的缓蚀剂。常温下，碳素钢在三种不同介质中的腐蚀速率实验结果如下图： ①当硫酸的浓度大于90%时，碳素钢腐蚀速率几乎为零，原因是________________________。 ②若缓释剂钼酸钠-月桂酸肌氨酸总浓度为300mg·L-1，则缓蚀效果最好时钼酸钠(M=206g/mol) 的物质的量浓度为__________________(计算结果保留3位有效数字)。
高三联考化学试卷 可能用到的相对原子质量：H:1 Na:23 Mg:24 Fe:56 K:39 Cu:64 C:12 O:16 S:32 Cl:35.5 一、选择题（本题包括15小题，每小题3分，共45分，每小题只有一个正确答案） 1．下列说法正确的是 A.水分子是由两个氢元素和一个氧元素组成 B.在化合物中，元素的化合价的数值就是原子得失电子的数目，失去电子为正价，获得电子为 负价 C.一个过氧化氢分子中含有两个氢原子和两个氧原子 D.能电离出H＋和酸根离子的物质一定是酸 序号氧化剂还原剂其他反应物氧化产物还原产物 ①Cl2 FeBr2FeCl3 ②KMnO4 H2O2 H2SO4 O2 MnSO4 ③KClO3 HCl(浓) Cl2 Cl2 ④KMｎO4 HCl(浓) Cl2 MnCl2 A.②和④ B.只有② C.只有④ D.只有③ 3．下列叙述中，正确的是 A.表中第①组反应的氧化产物只有FeCl3(实为Fe3＋) B.氧化性比较：KMnO4＞Cl2＞Fe3＋＞Br2＞Fe2＋ C.还原性比较：H2O2＞Mn2＋＞Cl－ D.④的离子方程式配平后，H＋的化学计量数应为16 4．有关叙述：①非金属单质M能从N的化合物中置换出非金属单质N。②M原子比N原子容易得到电子。③单质M跟H2反应比N跟H2反应容易得多。④气态氢化物水溶液的酸性H m M＞H n N。 ⑤氧化物水化物的酸性H m MO x＞H n NO y。⑥熔点M＞N。能说明M比N的非金属性强的叙述是 A.①②③ B.②③⑤ C.①②④⑤ D.全部 5．法国里昂的科学家最近发现一种只由四个中子构成的粒子，这种粒子称为“四中子”，也有人称之为“零号元素”。下列有关“四中子”粒子的说法不正确的是 A．该粒子不显电性B．该粒子质量数为4 C．在周期表中与氢元素占同一位置D．该粒子质量比氢原子大 6．下列离子方程式中正确的是 A、过量的NaHSO4与Ba(OH)2溶液反应：Ba2＋＋2OH－＋2H＋＋SO42－＝BaSO4↓＋2H2O B、NH4HCO3溶液与过量NaOH溶液反应：NH4＋＋OH－＝NH3↑＋H2O C、硫化钠溶于水中：S2－＋2H2O＝H2S↑＋2OH－ D、FeBr2溶液中通入过量Cl2：2Fe2＋＋2Br－＋2Cl2＝2Fe3＋＋Br2＋4Cl－ 7．在体积可变的密闭容器中建立氨气在水中的溶解平衡和电离平衡，在右图的容器中按图示操作，下列各项叙述正确的是
（新人教版）高三化学试题附答案 第I卷（选择题共36分） 相对原子质量：H 1 C 12 N 14 O 16 Al 27 S 32 Fe 56 Cu 64 选择题（本题包括12小题。每小题只有一个选项符合题意。每小题3分，共36分） 1．食品检验是保证食品安全的重要措施，下列不属于食品安全检测指标的是 A．三聚氰胺的含量 B．二氧化硫的含量 C．亚硝酸盐的含量 D．淀粉的含量 2．下列关于化学学习和研究的说法错误的是 A．化学模型有助于解释一些化学现象 B．质量守恒定律是大量试验事实的总结 C．化学家提出的假设都能被实验证明 D．化学基本原理的应用是有一定条件的 3．下列叙述正确的是 A．元素的单质一定由氧化或还原该元素的化合物制得 B．含有最高价元素的化合物不一定具有很强的氧化性 C．阳离子只能得到电子被还原，阴离子只能失去电子被氧化D．在化学反应中，得电子越多的氧化剂，其氧化性就越强 4．设阿伏加德罗常数的数值为N A,下列说法正确的是 A．1molCl2与足量Fe反应，转移的电子数为3N A
B．1.5 mol NO2与足量H2O反应，转移的电子数为1.5N A C．常温常压下，46 g的NO2和N2O4混合气体含有的原子数为3N A D．0.10mol Na2O2粉末与足量水反应生成的O2分子数为0.10N A 5．下列说法正确的是 A．第ⅠA族元素的金属性一定比第ⅡA族元素的金属性强 B．第ⅥIA族元素从上到下，其氢化物的还原性依次减弱 C．同周期从左到右，非金属元素最高价氧化物对应的水化物的酸性依次增强 D．第三周期元素的离子半径从左到右逐渐减小 6．在t℃时，将a gNH3完全溶解于水，得到VmL溶液。假设该溶液的密度为ρ g·cm-3，质量分数为ω，其中含NH4+的物质的量为b mol。下列叙述正确的是 A．溶质的质量分数ω ＝×100% B．溶质的物质的量浓度c ＝mol/L C．溶液中c（OH-）＝mol/L D．上述溶液中再加入VmL水后，所得溶液的质量分数大于0.5ω7．类推的思维方式在化学学习与研究中经常采用，但类推出的结论是否正确最终要经过实践的验证。以下类推的结论正确的是 A．氢气能氧化铜中的铜还原，铜能还原硝酸银溶液中的银，所以，氢气也能还原硝酸银溶液产生金属银 B．CO2与SiO2化学式相似，故CO2与SiO2的结构、性质也相似
2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 化学一卷 7．硫酸亚铁锂（LiFePO4）电池是新能源汽车的动力电池之一。采用湿法冶金工艺回收废旧硫酸亚铁锂电池正极片中的金属，其流程如下： 下列叙述错误的是 A．合理处理废旧电池有利于保护环境和资源再利用 B．从“正极片”中可回收的金属元素有Al、Fe、Li C．“沉淀”反应的金属离子为Fe3+ D．上述流程中可用硫酸钠代替碳酸钠 8．下列说法错误的是 A．蔗糖、果糖和麦芽糖均为双糖 B．酶是一类具有高选择催化性能的蛋白质 C．植物油含不饱和脂肪酸酯，能使Br?/CCl4褪色 D．淀粉和纤维素水解的最终产物均为葡萄糖 9．在生成和纯化乙酸乙酯的实验过程中，下列操作未涉及的是 10．N A是阿伏加德罗常数的值，下列说法正确的是 A．16.25 g FeCl3水解形成的Fe(OH)3胶体粒子数为0.1 N A B．22.4 L（标准状况）氨气含有的质子数为18N A C．92.0 g甘油（丙三醇）中含有羟基数为1.0N A D．1.0 mol CH4与Cl2在光照下反应生成的CH3Cl分子数为1.0N A
11．环之间共用一个碳原子的化合物称为螺环化合物，螺[2,2]戊烷（）是最简单的一种。下列关于该化合物的说法错误的是 A．与环戊烯互为同分异构体 B．二氯代物超过两种 C．所有碳原子均处同一平面 D生成1 mol C5H12至少需要2 mol H2 12．主族元素W、X、Y、Z的原子序数依次增加，且均不大于20。W、X、Z最外层电子数之和为10；W与Y同族；W与Z形成的化合物可与浓硫酸反应，其生成物可腐蚀玻璃。下列说法正确的是 A．常温常压下X的单质为气态 B．Z的氢化物为离子化合物 C．Y和Z形成的化合物的水溶液呈碱性 D．W与Y具有相同的最高化合价 13．最近我国科学家设计了一种CO2+H2S协同转化装置，实现对天然气中CO2和H2S的高效去除。示意图如图所示，其中电极分别为ZnO@石墨烯（石墨烯包裹的ZnO）和石墨烯，石墨烯电极区发生反应为： ①EDTA-Fe2+-e-=EDTA-Fe3+ ②2EDTA-Fe3++H2S=2H++S+2EDTA-Fe2+ 该装置工作时，下列叙述错误的是 A．阴极的电极反应：CO2+2H++2e-=CO+H2O B．协同转化总反应：CO2+H2S=CO+H2O+S
高考化学考前必看知识点 一、常用分子量 Na 2O 2：78 Na 2CO 3：106 NaHCO 3：84 Na 2SO 4：142 BaSO 4：233 Al(OH)3：78 C 6H 12O 6：180 常用换算 5.6L ——0.25 mol 2.8L ——0.125 mol 15.68L ——0.7 mol 20.16L ——0.9 mol 1 6.8L ——0.75mol 常用反应 Al 3++4OH +=AlO 2–+2H 2O 3AlO 2–+Al 3+ +6H 2O=4Al(OH)3 2CO 2+2Na 2O 2=2Na 2CO 3+O 2 △m=56g 2H 2O+2Na 2O 2=4NaOH+O 2 △m=4g AlO 2–+CO 2+2H 2O=Al(OH)3↓+HCO 3– 2NaCl+MO 2+3H 2SO 4 2NaHSO 4+MnSO 4+Cl 2↑+2H 2O 特殊反应 2F 2+2H 2O=4HF+O 2 Si+2NaOH+H 2O=Na 2SiO 3+2H 2↑ 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO 2+3H 2↑ 常用俗名与分子式 绿矾——FeSO 4·7H 2O 常用“气” 煤气：CO 水煤气：H 2、CO 炉气：SO 2、O 2、N 2 焦炉气：H 2、CH 4等 高炉煤气：CO 、CO 2、N 2 裂解气：CH 2=CH 2、CH 3CH=CH 2、CH 2=CH —CH=CH 2等 常用电子式 二、（A ：NaHCO 3、(NH 4)CO 3、NH4HCO 3、NaCl(aq)） A ??→?O H 2↓（白）+↑（无色）（A ：CaC 2、AlS 3、Mg 3N 2） A ?→?2O B ?→?2O C （A ：S 、H 2S 、N 2、Na 、醇）