人体解剖学名词解释 1.椎间盘：亦称椎间纤维软骨，是连接相邻两个椎体之间的纤维软骨盘。中央 部是柔软而富于弹性的胶状物质，成髓核，周围部是由多层纤维软骨按同心圆排列组成的纤维环，富于坚韧性，牢固连接相邻两个椎体，保护髓核并限制髓核向周围膨出。椎间盘共23个，坚韧富有弹性，承受压力时被压缩，除去压力后复原，具有缓冲震荡的作用。 2.板障：颅盖各骨内、外板间的骨松质称为板障，分布有板障静脉 3.翼区：颞窝底由额骨、顶骨、颞骨鳞部和蝶骨大翼组成，在四骨会合处常形 成“H”型缝，称为翼区（翼点），脑膜中动脉在此处通过。翼区骨质薄弱，极易发生骨折。 4.肝门：肝的脏面中部呈似“H”型的沟，其中位于中间的横沟称为肝门，有 肝左、右管，肝固有动脉左、右支，肝门静脉左、右支和肝的神经、淋巴管等经此出入，上述结构被结缔组织包绕，构成肝蒂。 5.肺根：纵膈面中部偏后有一长椭圆形凹陷，称肺门，是支气管、肺动脉、肺 静脉、支气管动脉、支气管静脉、淋巴管和神经等进出肺之处。这些进出肺的结构被结缔组织包绕，称肺根。 6.声门裂：位于两侧声襞及杓状软骨基底部之间的裂隙称声门裂，是喉腔最狭 窄部位。声门裂前3/5位于两侧声襞游离缘之间，称膜间部，与发音有关，为喉癌好发部位；后2/5在杓状软骨之间称软骨间部，是喉结核的好发部位。 7.胸膜隐窝：壁胸膜相互移行转折之处的胸膜腔，即使在深吸气时肺下缘也不 能充满此空间，胸膜腔的这部分称为胸膜隐窝。重要胸膜隐窝包括：（1）肋膈隐窝：为肋胸膜与膈胸膜转折处，呈半圆形，是胸膜腔的最低点，胸膜腔
积液首先聚积于此。此隐窝深度一般可达两个肋及其间隙；（2）肋纵隔隐窝：肋胸膜与纵膈胸膜转折处，由于左肺前缘有心切迹存在，故左侧肋纵膈胸膜较大 8.膀胱三角：在膀胱的底面，位于两侧输尿管口与尿道内口之间的三角形区域 称为膀胱三角。此区域粘膜与肌层紧密相连，缺少粘膜下层组织。该区是膀胱结核和肿瘤的好发部位。 9.静脉角：头臂静脉左右各一，分别由同侧颈内静脉和锁骨下静脉在胸锁关节 的后方汇合而成，汇合处的夹角称为静脉角，是淋巴导管注入静脉的部位。 10.心卵圆窝：下腔静脉瓣瓣膜向内延伸至房间隔的卵圆窝前缘，卵圆窝是胎儿 时期右心房通向左心房的卵圆孔的遗迹，下腔静脉瓣起引导血流的作用，出生后卵圆孔关闭，下腔静脉瓣也失去作用而退化，有人此瓣完全消失。11.颈动脉窦：颈内动脉起始处的膨大部分，动脉壁内有压力感受器。当血压升 高时，窦壁扩张，刺激此处感受器，可反射性的引起心跳减慢，末梢血管舒张，血压下降 12.颈动脉小球：扁椭圆形小体，位于颈内、外动脉分叉处的后方，它与主动脉 小球一样，均为化学感受器，能感受血液中二氧化碳分压的变化，当血液中二氧化碳分压升高时，可反射性的引起呼吸加深加快。 13.胸导管：全身最大的淋巴管，平第12胸椎下缘高度起自乳糜池，经膈的主 动脉裂孔进入胸腔，沿脊柱右前方和胸主动脉与奇静脉之间上行，至第5胸椎高度经食管与脊柱之间向左侧斜行，然后沿脊柱左前方上行，经胸廓上口至颈部，在左颈总动脉和左颈内静脉的后方转向前内下方，注入静脉角。胸导管也可注入左颈内静脉和左锁骨下静脉。
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
I. Explain the following literary terms(名词解释). 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, gen iality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience or（American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.） 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. 5、American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles. As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind. American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature. 6、Transcendentalism: In New England, an intellectual movement known as transcendentalism developed as an American version of Romanticism. The movement began among an influential set of authors based in Concord, Massachusetts and was led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Like Romanticism, transcendentalism rejected both 18th century rationalism and established religion, which for the transcendentalists meant the Puritan tradition in particular. The transcendentalists celebrated the power of the human imagination to commune with the universe and transcend the limitations of the material world. They found their chief source of inspiration in nature. Emerson’s essay Nature was the major document of the transcendental school and stated the ideas that were to remain central to it. 7、Free verse: free verse is the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without attention to conventio nal rules of meter. Free verse was first written and labeled by a group of French poets of the late 19th century. Their purpose was to deliver poetry from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate the free rhythms of natural speech. Walt Whitman was the precursor who wrote lines of varying length and cadence, usually not rhymed. The emotional content or meaning of the work was expressed through its rhythm. Free verse has been characteristic of the work of many modern American poets, including Ezra Pound and Carl Sandburg. 8、Naturalism: A more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It
中药鉴定学总结 药圈 | 2015-10-16 00:00 这是 2014 年药圈蓝伊芊芊分享中药鉴定总结，前几天她也给大家分享了 11 个中药鉴定学的做题口诀： 中药专业知识一做模拟试题总结的 11 个口诀 大家可以去支持下，2015 年执业药师考试大纲虽然有变动，但中药鉴定变动的内容不多，药用部位总结：1 花蕾：辛夷、丁香、款冬花、金银花、槐米 2花序：菊花、旋覆花 3开放的花：洋金花、红花、槐花 4柱头：西红花 5花粉：蒲黄、松花粉 6、藤茎：大血藤、鸡血藤、木通 7、心材：苏木、降香（树干和根的心材）、沉香（含树脂的木材） 8、茎髓：通草、灯心草 9、块根：何首乌、太子参、草乌、白蔹、百部、天冬、麦冬、郁金、地黄 10、块茎：延胡索、三棱、泽泻、天南星、半夏、天麻、白芨 11、鳞茎入药：川贝、浙贝、百合 12、根与根茎：细辛、大黄、虎杖、威灵仙、山豆根、甘草、人参、三七、羌活、藁本、龙胆、丹参、茜草 13、根皮：桑白皮、牡丹皮、白鲜皮、香加皮、地骨皮 14、干皮根皮枝皮同时入药：厚朴 15、树皮：肉桂、杜仲、黄柏 16、干皮枝皮：秦皮
17、叶：石韦、蓼大青叶、大青叶、枇杷叶、罗布麻叶 18、复叶小叶：番泻叶 19、枝梢和叶：侧柏叶、紫苏叶 19：近成熟果实：木瓜、乌梅、吴茱萸 20：种仁：薏苡仁、肉豆蔻 21：果肉：吴茱萸 22：未成熟果实：枳壳 23：种子：苦杏仁、桃仁、沙苑子、决明子、酸枣仁、马钱子、菟丝子、牵牛子、槟榔 果皮：大腹皮 中果皮部分的维管束组织：橘络 假种皮：肉豆蔻衣 种皮：绿豆衣 胚：莲子心 24、果实：五味子、山楂、金樱子、补骨脂、巴豆、小茴香、蛇床子、连翘、女贞子、枸杞子、栀子、瓜蒌、、牛蒡子、豆蔻、益智 25：全草：紫花地丁、蒲公英、金钱草、车前草 26：地上部分：淫羊藿、鱼腥草、广金钱草、广藿香、荆芥、益母草、薄荷、 穿心莲、茵陈、青蒿 27：带鳞叶的干燥肉质茎：肉苁蓉 28：草质茎：麻黄 29：带叶茎枝：槲寄生 30：茎：石斛
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World--- a migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world---a style of response to lived experience---that has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited atonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanity's utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace). American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and\ or happiness. Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism. Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. The central character---real or imagined---is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore Cooper American Romanticism:Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil
(一)蒽醌类：?跃邊]?r 1.番泻甙A、B、C、D（双蒽酮甙）：大黄、番泻叶。w: