英语语法基础知识句子种类及练习
句子的种类可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
1. 凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或者表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，它可以用肯定式和否定式，句末用句号“.”，通常用降调。
掌握陈述句的肯定式和否定式的构成及用法。
e.g. We live in Tianjin. （肯定句）我们住在天津。
We don't live in Shanghai. （否定句）我们不住在上海。
注意：（1）在一般现在时的肯定式中，主语是第三人称单数时，动词要改成第三人称单数形式。
e.g. John studies Chinese very well.
（2）一般现在时和一般过去时的否定式要加助动词do （does）, did.
e.g. I don't like swimming. 我不喜欢游泳。
He doesn't have lunch at home every day. 他每天不在家吃午饭。
They didn't play football yesterday. 他们昨天没有踢足球。
2. 掌握一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句的构成、用法和答语。注意在一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句要加助动词do（does）, did.
e.g. Do you often speak English at school ? 在学校你常讲英语吗？
Does she have a brother ? = Has she got a brother ? 她有兄弟吗？
Did it take you two hours to do your homework last night ?
昨天晚上做作业花了你2个小时吗？
What do you often do on Sundays ?
星期日你常常干什么？
When does your father get up every morning ?
你父亲每天早晨几点钟起床？
Why didn't your teacher come to school yesterday ?
昨天你们的老师为什么没来学校呢？
提出两种或两种以上的情况，要求对方选择一种，这种疑问句叫选择疑问句。结构是：“一般疑问句＋or＋一般疑问句”，但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略。说明or前面部分用升调，后面部分用降调。
e.g. Is her brother an artist or a doctor ?
她的兄弟是一个艺术家还是个医生？
Would you like tea or coffee ?
你愿意喝茶还是喝咖啡？
Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on Sunday ?
我们是周六还是周日去电影院？
反意疑问句表示提问
者有一定的主见，但没把握，希望对方来证实。
注意反意疑问句的结构是：肯定的陈述句＋否定的疑问句（缩略形式）
或：否定的陈述句＋肯定的疑问句（缩略形式）
两部分的人称和时态要一致。
特别要注意否定的疑问句中的助动词必须缩写，主语（最后一个词）必须是代词而不能是名词。
e.g. Your sister has ever been to Shanghai , hasn't she ?
你姐姐曾经去过上海是吗？
The boys didn't find anything , did they ?
男孩子们什么也没找到/发现，是不是？
在回答反意疑问句时，要根据事实而定，事实是肯定的要回答Yes , …，事实是否定的要回答No, ….
e.g. He isn't going to the meeting , is he ?
他不去参加会，是吗？
Yes , he is . 不，他要去。
No , he isn't. 是的/对，他不去。
It didn't snow last week , did it ?
上周没有下雪，对吗？
Yes , it did. / No , it didn't. 不，下雪了。是的，没下雪。
3. 掌握祈使句的肯定式和否定式。祈使句没有主语。指让对方做某事，动词要用原形。表示请求，命令、建议等。
e.g. Go back to your seat , please. 请回到你的座位上去。
Don't make so much noise. 不要吵吵闹闹。
Let's go to school together ! 咱们一起上学去吧！
（let's是含有第一人称主语的祈使句）
Let him help the child. 让他帮助那个孩子。（let him是含有第三人称主语的祈使句）
注意：否定形式是Let's （us , me）+not +动词原形
e.g. Let's not say anything about it.
对于这件事，咱们什么也不要说了。
4. 表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句，理解由What和How引导的感叹句的语序和感叹句的使用方法。How和What与所修饰的词放在句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。在口语中谓语常省略。
（1）how作状语，修饰形容词，副词或动词
结构：How+形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语
How nice the flowers are ! 花多漂亮啊！
How hard he works ! 他工作的多努力啊！
（2）what作宾语，修饰名词（名词前可有其他定语），单词可数名词前要加不定冠词a（an）.
结构：What a （an）+形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语
e.g. What a clever girl （she is ）!
她是一个多么聪明的女孩啊！
What delicious food ! 多么好吃的食物啊！
句子的类型可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
简单句：The Simple Sentence由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。
e.g. I get up at six thirty in the morning.
My mother and I often go shopping.
并列句：The Compound Sentence 由并列词and , so , but , or等）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。要掌握并列句的构成及用法。
e.g. I help him and he helps me. 我帮他，他帮我。
This is our first lesson , so I don't know all your names.
这是我们的第一节课，所以我不认识你们。
She likes bread and milk , but she doesn't like eggs at all.
她喜欢吃面包和牛奶，但她一点儿也不喜欢吃鸡蛋。
复合句：The Complex Sentence 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。
e.g. If you are ill , you must see the doctor.
如果你病了，一定要去看医生。（状语从句）
I hope he's better tomorrow.
我希望他明天身体更好一些。（宾语从句）
熟练掌握宾语从句的语序及关联词that , if / whether , what , who , which , whose , when , what time , where , how 等的用法，以及宾语从句的时态。
在复合句中作主句的宾语，叫宾语从句。
注意：宾语从句的语序必须是陈述句语序。
e.g. I asked him if he was a student.
宾语从句的时态呼应是：主句的时态是一般现在时，从句可以是任何一个时态。
如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句必须是过去时态的一种形式。
当表示事实、真理、自然现象时必须用一般现在时。
e.g. The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.
老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
请注意防止出现以下错误：
A. They said that they'll leave if Peter stays.
时态错误，应改为：They said that they would leave if Peter stayed.
B. He asked why were you late for school.
语序错误，应改为：He asked why you were late for school .
C. Her brother asked me whose book this was ?
标点错误，问号应该改为句号。
熟练掌握由when , before , after , as soon a s , until , because , than , if , so …that等词引导的时间、原因，比较，条件、结果状语从句。
在复合句中修饰主句中的动词，形容词或副词等的从句叫作状语从句。
时间状语从句：
When she reached home , she had a short rest.
当她到家时，她休息了一会儿。
Judy had finished writing the book before she went to Queensland.
朱娣在去昆士兰之前已经写完了那本书。
I went to bed after I finished my article.
我写完文章之后才上床。
As soon as the bell rang the students, stopped talking to each other.
铃声一响，学生们就停止了谈话。
We won't leave until the headteacher comes back.
班主任回来我们才会离开。
原因状语从句：
The children went to the farm , because the farmers needed some help.
孩子们去农场是因为农民们需要帮忙。
比较状语从句：Jim is older than Lucy is.
吉姆比露西大。
条件状语从句：
If it rains tomorrow , we won't hold a sports meeting on the sportsground . 如果明天下雨，我们就不在运动场上开运动会了。
结果状语从句：
The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.
这个箱子太沉以致于我无法抬起来。
目的状语从句：
The headmaster spoke loudly so that all the students could hear what he said. 校长高声讲话为的是全体学生能够听到他所讲的话。
让步状语从句：
Although he is young , he knows a lot of things.
虽然他年龄小，但却认识许多事情。
状语从句的时态要与主句时态相互呼应。但要注意以as soon as , when , until等引导的时间状语从句表示将来的动作时，从句要用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. He will write to me as soon as he gets to America.
他一到美国就给我写信。
When I see him , I will tell him this good news.
当我见到他时，我将告诉他这个好消息。
We won't leave until we finish our homework .
直到完
成作业我们才会离开。
以if引导的条件状语从句假设的是将来的动作，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。
e.g. He will come to see me if he has time. 如果条件状语从句放在宾语从句中，时态则依照宾语从句的要求而变。
e.g. My mother said she would buy me a book if I studied hard.
我母亲说如果我努力学习，她要给我买一本书。
以because引导的原因状语从句不可能和so一起连用。
e.g. He didn't come to school yesterday because he was ill.
他昨天没来学校，因为他生病了。
注意防止出现以下错误：
A. I'm sure he'll ring you up if he will come back.
从句时态错误，will come应该改为comes.
B. Because he was tired , so he went to bed very early.
中文习惯用“因为……所以……”，但在英语中because不能和so同时使用，应该去掉其中的一个。
【模拟试题】
I. 根据句意及首字母补全单词。
1. I'm sorry ______ I haven't f ______ my housework , so I can't go shopping with you now.
2. At last the new house is b _____ . We can live in it.
3. The s _____ in the classroom are working hard.
4. Where is my book ? I can't f _____ it.
5. My grandma is ninety y ____ old.
6. Her h ______ is reading in the garden.
7. Swimming is a very popular w _____ sport.
8. How many days have you s ______ in Sydney ?
9. His dream of being a soldier came t ______.
10. Taking c _____ of our environment is very important.
II. 单项选择：
1. Jim can't work out the problem . I can't work it out _______.
A. yet
B. also
C. either
D. too
2. I want to know which picture _______ best.
A. do you like
B. did you like
C. you are like
D. you like
3. When Edison was very young , he liked to find out how ______.
A. did things work
B. do things work
C. things work
D. things worked
4. Did you ask Kate when ______ the book ?
A. will she return
B. she will return
C. would she return
D. she would return
5. He asked me , "What ______ you usually ______ on Sundays ? "
A. do...do B. ×...do C. did...do D. × (i)
6. He asked me what ______ I usually ______ .
A. do...do B. ×...do C. did...do D. × (i)
7. Do you know where ______ two years ago ?
A. Mike studies
B. Mike studied
C. does Mike study
D. did Mike study
8. Does anyone know what time ______ tomorrow ?
A. he comes
B. he came
C. he will come
D. he would come
9. After she finished ______ the newspaper , he went to bed.
A. read
B. reading
C. to read
D. reads
10. We have walked for a long time . Let's stop ______ a rest .
A. have
B. having
C. to have
D. had
11. He has learned English for long , but I have never heard him ____ it yet.
A. say
B. speak
C. to speak
D. to say
12. Can you hear someone ______ upstairs now ?
A. talk
B. talking
C. talked
D. to talk
13. "Can I take the magazine out of the reading-room ? "
"No , I ________ you can't. "
A. think
B. 'm afraid
C. hope
D.
know
14. "I think you are a good student . " "________. "
A. No , I'm not
B. It's very kind of you to say so
C. No , I don't think so .
D. That's all right
15. "I'm afraid I can't help you. " "_______!"
A. Excuse me
B. Never mind
C. Yes , you are here .
D. Certainly
III. 从方框中选出下列对话中所需问答语，并将字母填入横线上。
Rose : What are you writing , Dad ?
Father : 1 I'm going to the supermarket . Is there anything special you want me to get ? Rose : 2 Dad ?
Father : Just a can of beans.
Rose : Well , we need a jar of jam . 3
Father : Sure . What kind , Rose ?
Rose : Coke or Pepsi. 4
Father : All right . What else ?
Rose : And we need some bread , Dad , 5 .
Father : Sure , And I'm going to get some fruit.
Rose : Good idea , Dad.
A. Can you get some whole wheat bread ?
B. A letter to my friend.
C. What's on the list so far .
D. A shopping list.
E. It doesn't matter.
F. Thank you very much .
G. Can you get a bottle of soda ?
IV. 根据中文提示用所给英文词语造句。
1. 妈妈常告诉我离开房间时别忘记锁门。
mother , often , tell , me , forget , lock the door , I , leave the room.
2. 对孩子们来说在动物园里观看各种各样的动物是很有趣的。
very interesting , children , watch , all kinds of animals , in the zoo.
3. 今天天热，明天怎么样？
hot , today , tomorrow
4. 如果他不先完成作业，他妈妈不会让他踢足球的。
his mother , him , play football , he , not , finish , his homework , first
5. 长安街大约十公里长，六十米宽。
Changan Street , about , ten kilometres , sixty metres
6. 星期天他常帮助那位老年妇女干家务。
he , often , help , the old woman , the housework , on Sundays
V. 阅读理解：
When you buy a T-shirt , or a fur coat in a store , it often carries a label （标签）telling who made it or from what store it was bought . Indeed , some labels show the dress is famous and it is very expensive , so buyers secretly wish they might be carried for ever . On the other hand , buyers who deal with the cheapest products would be pleased to do away with labels entirely.
However , there's a another label more important than the one showing from which store the dress was bought . When a person buys a fur coat , or a jacket , from a store , a label telling what the product is made of should be carried to it.
This label is required by law . Besides telling what the produce on show is made of , the label should be in clear . English and be where one can find it easily . The information on the label must be the truth.
The reason for this label is that most buyers today aren't expert enough to know exactly what kind of fur or material they are buying . The buyer must believe in the store that sells the products or in what the labels say.
1. The law requires that furs carry a _______.
A. clean label
B. clear label
C. white label
D. secret label
2. In the article , the auther says a little about ______.
A. black－market furs
B. managers' offices
C. chemical laboratories
D. clothing stores
3. This article mainly refers to _____.
A. making furs and clothes
B. protecting buyers with law
C. keeping the buyer informed
D. businessmen and sellers
4. The writer doesn't agree that ______.
A. buyers buy the clothes without labels
B. clothing stores sell cheap dresses
C. all the products have labels
D. labels are not true.
5. Which of the following is true ?
A. A T-shirt seldom carries a lable
B. A fur coat with a high price often carries a false label.
C. A label only says what material the product is made of
D. Not all buyers know the materials they are buying.
VI. 完形填空：
James wrote a play for relevision about an immigrant family , who came to England from Pakistan , and the trouble they had 1 down in England . The play was a successful 2 , so it was bought by an American TV company.
James was invited to go to New York to 3 with the production . He lived in Dulwich , 4 is an hour's ride from Heathrow Airport . The flight was to leave at 8:00 a.m. , 5 he had to be at the airport about 7:30 in the morning . He 6 a taxi for 6:30 , 7 his alarm for 5:45 , and 8 to sleep . Unfortunately , he forgot to 9 the clock , and it stopped shortly after midnig
ht . Also the taxi driver had to work 10 late that night to get up on time .
James work up with a 11 feeling that something was wrong . He looked at the alarm clock 12 to find it had stopped there 13 , with its hands 14 to 12:10 . He turned on the radio and discovered that it was , in fact , 8:50 . He swore （咒骂）quietly . He was 15 having a cup of tea . 16 the nine o'clock pips 17 on the radio , The announer （播音员）began to read the news : "A Boeing 707 18 New York crashed shortly after 19 off this morning . Flight No. 2234 …"Jame's face turned pale .
"My flight , "he said out aloud . "If I hadn't overslept , I 20 on that plane. "
1. A. going B. putting C. settling D. living
2. A. job B. work C. article D. program
3. A. begin B. help C. do D. deal
4. A. which B. it C. that D. what
5. A. and B. but C. so D. yet
6. A. took B. telephoned C. drove D. ordered
7. A. put B. set C. turned D. fixed
8. A. hoped B. wanted C. went D. got
9. A. clean B. repair C. see D. wind
10. A. very B. so C. rather D. too
11. A. strange B. usual C. normal D. natural
12. A. really B. only C. actually D. exactly
13. A. suddenly B. slowly C. silently D. quickly
14. A. referring B. referred C. pointing D. pointed
15. A. just B. then C. now D. later
16. A. as B. when C. while D. after
17. A. rang B. pronoun
ced C. shouted D. sounded
18. A. at B. in C. to D. for
19. A. leaving B. flying C. taking D. getting
20. A. was B. were C. would be D. would have been
【试题答案】
I. 1. finished 2. built 3. students 4. fined
5. years
6. husband
7. water
8. stayed
9. true 10. care
II. 1. C 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. B
8. C 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. B
III. 1. D 2. C 3. G 4. E 5. A
IV. 1. Mother often tells me not to forgot to lock the door when I leave the room.
2. It's very interesting for children to watch all kinds of animals in the zoo.
3. It's too hot today. What about tomorrow ?
4. His mother won't let him play football if he doesn't finish his homework first.
5. Changan Street is about ten kilometres long and sixty metres wide.
6. He often helps the old woman with / do the housework on Sundays.
V. 1. B 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. D
VI. 1. C 2. B 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. D
11. A 12. B 13. C 14. C 15. A 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. C 20. D