1 常用句式
（1）研究范围
（to be）carried out performed made conducted
(to be) studied investigated (to be) described
deal with elucidated given
presented developed employed
derived prepared synthesized
monitored determined measured
observed recorded examined
characterized identified tested
calculated proposed used to study
used to establish evaluated discussed
(2) 实验要点
（to be）prepared by the reaction of … with …
synthesized via reacting obtained via condensation
by means of by using
by the use of using … as …
over a wide range of …over a broad composition range over most of the range of …over the entire … range covered the ranges from … to …in the range of …
in the temperature range from … to …
with a variety of … contents containing … percent or more …in the presence of …in the absence of …
（3）主要结果
主动语态（或被动语态）的表达形式（见上例）
用That 从句表示实验结果
The results indicated that …The results show that …
The results demonstrated that …The results reveal that …由It 引起的that 从句
It was shown that …It can be seen that …
It was found that …It wa s discovered that …
It was concluded that …It has been demonstrated that …It was clarified that …It was revealed that …
It is considered that …It was confirmed that …
It is suggested that …It was supposed that …
It has become appare nt that …
以… to be 后的表语成分表示测定、计算等的结果
The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1.
The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.
表示具有某种影响，以及数量的依赖、增减关系
… 与… 有关
… （to be）correlated with …associated with …related to …dependent upon …independent of …in relation to …
in a linear relationship with …proportional to …inversely proportional to …… depends on …
The dependence of … on …… increase with the increase of …… decrease with the increase of …
（不）相符的表示方法
… (to be) in good agreement with
… (to be) found to agree well with …
… (to be) consistent with …
… (to be) essentially identical with …
… (to be) found to coincide essentially with …
… (to be) closely analogous to …… (to be) similar to …Good agreement (to be) found between …
… (to be) contrary to …… (to be) in contrast with …（4）结果解释（结论）
… (to be) due to … (to be) attributed to …(may be) … (to be) assigned to …… (to be) interpreted on the basis of …
… can be caused by …… may be explained by …… originate in …… (to be) discussed in terms of …
学术论文英文摘要模板 Abstract Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings
考研英语写作议论文常见话题经典句型示例 1. When asked about..., most people say... But many other people regard...as... I personally think... 当被问及对......有什么看法时，大多数人认为......但是，还有很多人认为......我个人认为...... 2. When it comes to..., some people think that... Others argue that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth to both arguments, but... 涉及......这一问题，有的人认为应该......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是...... 3. It is widely acknowledged that...contributed to... Experts argue that China must introduce... But I doubt whether...alone will solve the problem。 人们普遍认为......专家认为中国必须推行......但我对仅仅......就能解决问题表示怀疑。 4. An increasing number of people are joining... In reaction to the phenomenon, some say... But do they realize that...can also lead to... 越来越多的人......进入了......针对这一现象，一些人认为......但是，他们有没有意识到......也能导致...... 5. One of the pressing problem facing our nation (China) today is...and... 我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是...... 6. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is... 也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是...... 7. Never before in history has the issue of...been more evident than now。 历，......的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。 8. Perhaps it is time to reexamine the idea that... 也许现在是应该重新考虑......的时候了。 9. A growing number of people are beginning to realize that...is not the sole prerequisite for happiness。
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
研究论文英文摘要翻译 【摘要】本文作者在多年从事学报论文摘要的撰写与翻译、审核与校对的工作中，发现我院科研论文作者提交的英文摘要撰写和翻译错误，有不少值得改善的地方。同时也提醒即将发表论文的作者，在撰写或翻译论文摘要时注意的一些理由。本文对我院英文论文的发表、摘要的撰写和英语翻译具有积极的指导。 【关键词】摘要翻译 【注】本论文受《具有军事特色的网络文化大学英语课程体系研究》科研项目支持。 （） 目前，科技论文与信息的国际交流日益频繁。但许多期刊数据库只免费提供摘要的阅读，许多国外读者只能阅读摘要来判断是否阅读全文。因此摘要的英文翻译对于论文的国际引用次数、检索率具有十分的。除非是在英语国家生活工作很长时间英语功底非常扎实，我院一般论文作者撰写摘要很大程度上是把已经写好的中文摘要翻译成英文，在撰写或翻译时有不少方面注意。 .摘要的英文翻译原则 英文摘要标题实词首字母要大写 汉语文章的标题不存在大小写之分，但有字体大小的不同。英语除了字体不同之外，还有大小写字母之分。，英文摘要的标题的实词要大写，非句首介词等虚词不大写。例如一篇论文标题为“基于静态舒适性分析的装甲车辆驾驶舱人机匹配研究”的文章英语译名为
“ ？鄄？蒺”（摘自年学报第期“基于静态舒适性分析的装甲车辆驾驶舱人机匹配研究”，作者：谢成林刘维平）。在此标题中除了两个介词“”之外，其它实词首字母大写。其次，复合词只需第一个单词首字母大写。仍以上述标题为例，复合形容词“？鄄”中只需将“”首字母“”大写，连字符后面的“”则不大写。再者，标题中较长（个字母以上）的虚词也要大写。如标题“ （非拆解发动机探伤）”中介词“”大写。此外，位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。如：（装备采购原则研究）。 摘要标题翻译的名词化 摘要一般不是完整的句子，不含谓语动词。我院学报上见到的中文论文标题几乎较长的名词性结构或介词结构短语，很少看到完整的句子。因此在译成英文时，也大多以名词短语的形式出现，一般不包含谓语成分。比如，有篇论文标题为“履带车辆转向性能指标修正与实验研究”，就是一个以“研究”为核心词的偏正词组。其译文也是如此，只是英文中核心词的位置放到前面，如“ ”（摘自学报年“履带车辆转向性能指标修正与实验研究”，作者：宋海军高连华）。 .作者姓名的翻译要规范化 作者姓名的汉语拼音要规范 在科研论文的撰写、编辑中，经常见到姓名汉语拼音书写不够规范甚至错误的现象。根据国家颁布的《中国人名汉字拼音字母拼写法》（）的规定，姓名拼音可归纳为以下点。. 汉语姓名的拼音法以普通
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重 的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has
学术论文英语标题和摘要的撰写方法 任何游戏都有自己的规则，只有遵循它的规则，参与的人才能够赢得胜利。为了能够让我校研究生更快的熟悉学位论文与科技学术论文的写作规范，笔者通过各种渠道搜集信息材料整理此篇——英文篇。 一、英文题名 题名的结构 英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。 题名的字数 题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。总的原则是，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。 中英文题名的一致性 同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。 题名中的冠词 科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。 题名中的大小写 题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式：全部字母大写；每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写；题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。 题名中的缩略词语 已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。
英语学术论文常用词句 1. 常用词汇与短语 差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence 发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变：change, alteration, 高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of 关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated, 广泛的：in an extensive survey 执行：perform, carry out 降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed 角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role） 可能性：feasibility 密切地：intimately 难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
1、研究目的的表示方法 The purpose of this investigation was to ... It was the purpose of the studies reported here to ... The main focus of this study was ... The objective of the present work is to ... The aim of the present study was to ... The present study was aimed at ... The present study was designed to ... The present study is an attempt to ... It was the intent of this study to determine if ... We have embarked on research attempting to ... This study was undertaken with the intent of ... The present investigation was conducted to ... This study was undertaken to ... To gain a better understanding of ... The investigation concentrated on efforts to ... The present study was performed in an effort to ... 2、研究动机的表示方法 Since the early literature contained a few reports of ... Because of the potential importance of ..., we have investigaed ... Because of the economic potential of ..., we decided to study ... Current work in this laboratory ..., stimulated interest in determining some of ... Prompted by ..., we initiated an examination of ... In view of ..., this study was conducted to examine ... The finding of ..., led us to reinvestigate ... A recent report ..., encouraged us to ... Little attention/effort has been given to ... ... are poorly understood ... ... have been poorly characterized ... The question have been raised as to whether or not ... ... the question arose... 3、研究内容的表示方法 This article examines ... This research assessed ... This study documents ... The present work has shown ... This report describes ... The paper presents ... Work presented here introduces ... Our forthcoming studies will establish ... In this report, we report ... Here we describe ... In this report we examine ... In this reprot we describe ...
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
附件1：英文版学术论文格式样张 The Researches on Rs Method for Discrete Membership Functions （空一行） ZHANG Xiaoya, LI Dexiang (题目14号字加黑居中) School of Management, Sichuan University, P.R.China, 610036 (10 号字居中) yuanfengxiangsheng@https://www.doczj.com/doc/7212083036.html, (10号字加黑) (空一行) Abstract Mizumoto used to advance a fuzzy reasoning method ,Rs,which fits the…… Key words IDSS,Fuzzy reasoning,……(10号字) (空一行) 1 Introduction (一级标题12号字加黑) We know that the approaches of implementation of intelligent decision support systems(IDSS)have become variable……(正文均用10号字) (空一行) 2 An Example According to the definition of Rs,we can construct the fuzzy relation matrix,as shown in table 1 Table 1 A Fuzzy Relation Rs (9号字加黑居中) U2U3 U10.00 0.10 0.40 0.70…… 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 …… 0.20 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 ……(表中用9号字) .….. ………………… (空一行)Figure 1 Functions of……(9号字加黑居中) 3 The Improved Method (空一行) 3.1 Method one (二级标题10号字加黑) ………… 3.1.1 Discussing about method one (三级标题10号字) ………… （空一行） 3.2 Method two………… ………… (空一行) 4 Conclusion (12号字加黑) ………… (空一行) References (12号字加黑居中)
写好英文论文摘要的七个要素 英文论文摘要是英文论文最开始的部分，其重要性可想而知。它就像是一篇论文的眼睛，如何用一双顾盼神飞的眼睛赢得评审老师的心？ 1. 英文摘要是什么？ ABSTRACT，是用最为浓缩的语言将你论文的核心内容表述出来。不需要你用华丽的语言去描述！只留下普通、平实的内容。 2. 如何写英文摘要？ 可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。 概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is…或This study focuses on… 目的(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用in order to 或者for the purpose of 等较长的表述。 方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。 结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如This paper shows…或The results are… 结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…”的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。 展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如This paper is of great significance in…或指出不足。 3. 常用什么语态？ 规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。 4. 常用什么人称？ 最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。 5. 一般有多少字？ 一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。 6. 不能有的东西？ 不常见的术语，插图，表格，数学公式，化学方程式，中文标点，过多的形容词，无关的背景资料，自我评价等。 7. 常用什么时态？ 摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。 注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on…而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…
一、英文题名 题名的结构 英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语(noun phrase)最常见，即题名基本上由1个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。题名一般不应是陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义；且陈述句不够精练和醒目，重点也不易突出。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名，疑问句可有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。 题名的字数 题名不应过长。国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制。例如，美国医学会规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；英国数学会要求题名不超过12个词。总的原则是 ，题名应确切、简练、醒目，在能准确反映论文特定内容的前提下，题名词数越少越好。 中英文题名的一致性 同一篇论文，其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。 题名中的冠词 科技论文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势，凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。 题名中的大小写 题名字母的大小写有以下3种格式： 全部字母大写；每个词的首字母大写，但3个或4个字母
以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写；题名第1个词的首字母大写，其余字母均小写。 题名中的缩略词语 已得到整个科技界或本行业科技人员公认的缩略词语，才可用于题名中，否则不要轻易使用。 二、作者与作者单位的xx xx人名按汉语拼音拼写 单位： 单位名称要写全(由小到大)，并附地址和邮政编码，确保联系方便。 三、英文摘要 英文摘要的时态： 英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳。 1、一般现在时： 用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等；涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，也要用一般现在时。 2、一般过去时： 用于叙述过去某一时刻的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查、医疗等过程)。用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理，只是当时情况；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。 3、现在完成时和过去完成时： 完成时少用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
摘要：关于百度知道中网友们关于英语论文摘要所提出来的热点话题，在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法，英语论文摘要的格式参考，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。 英语论文摘要怎么写英语论文摘要格式模板（附范例） 英语论文摘要 英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写 英文论文摘要怎么写 怎么写好英语论文摘要 …… 这些都是百度知道中网友们提出来的热点话题，在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法，英语论文摘要的格式参考，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。 英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式 中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致；中文在前，英文在后。字数为300-500字左右。 1．中文摘要 ①首行居中打印论文中文标题（宋体四号加粗） ②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字（宋体小四号加粗），字间空一字符。 ③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容（宋体小四号）。 ④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字（宋体小四号加粗），其后接着打印关键词（3－7个，宋体小四号），各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。 2．英文摘要 ①首行居中打印论文英文标题（Times New Roman四号加粗） ②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”（Times New Roman小四号加粗）。 ③下空一行打印摘要内容（Times New Roman小四，倍行距，两端对齐） ④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”（ Times New Roman 小四号加粗），其后接着打印关键词（3－7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号）。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。 ⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。 Self-Knowledge of Emma （空1行） Abstract （空1行） Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her
Disscusion about Gram stain principle This paper discusses the Gram stain principle in terms of the specific molecular structure and the different ionization state in different PH solutions of the triphenylmethane dye, which will ionize an ion with a positive electric when in the solution with PH higher than 3.2; the substance composition variance of the bacteria cell walls, the distinction of the molecular composition and the structure of peptidoglycan which is the specific composition of bacteria cell walls, the distinction of acid dissociation and iso-electric point of different bacteria; and the interaction between the stain and bacteria led by the above. This examination will perfect the principle and render it more guiding significance in the corresponding operations. Keywords Gram stain; crystal violet; peptidoglycan; alcohol; cell wall; lip polysaccharide; 革兰氏染色原理 从染色剂三苯甲烷特有的分子结构、三苯甲烷染色剂在不同pH溶液中有不同的电离状态,当pH>3．2溶液时它将电离为带一个正电荷的离子的特质;以及不同细菌细胞壁的物质组成差异,构成细胞壁特征性物质——肽聚糖分子组成和空间结
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型 英文摘要虽然不像公文文体那样程序化,但由于它在语法结构上有较强的倾向性,因此英文摘要许多句型模式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用句型模式,有助于提高英文摘要写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。下面举一些有代表性和常用的句式供参考。 1)常用于摘要开头部分的有4类。 A. (In this paper,…) The results of A simple method for...cases of The...approach for An attempt to (do)... presented described (through…) is(are) reported (under...) discussed (along with...) analyzed 例如:The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented. 对用费希尔试料蒸馏法热解澳大利亚鲁德尔页岩所产生的工业废水提出了分析结果。 B. The chief aim purpose object objective the present study of this investigation the research these studies to obtain… to evaluate… is (was/has been/will be) to find out… to establish… to asses… 例如:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. 研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。