写作常用句型与过渡词语
英语的句型千姿百态，就像一个词可以有许多同义词一样，一种句型也可以有许多具有相同意思但不同模式的类型。我们只有对这些变化多端的句型千锤百炼，烂熟于心，才能在具体运用时应付自如，随意调遣。因此，在日常训练中，应多做一些句型之间的转换、不同句式的造句练习及相同句式不同意思的翻译等等。以下的就是各种并排的句型和造句。 1
·with the
of ..., we
that ...
例文
With the development of traffic tools , the communication between us becomes more and more frequent. No matter where your friends and relatives live, it is always very easy to pay a visit to them if you would like.
·With the
of economy, China has become increasingly prosperous
例文
With the help of the computer, this project was completed much earlier than planned.
With a will of iron and a heart of love, Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate in India and around the world. ·Some people
that..., while others
that...
例文
Some people say the most important element to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard
work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if a man does nothing but wait for
·Now people in
numbers are
to
that... 例文
Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit, which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money - making, has shaped our culture and
influenced our ideals and aspirations as a people. For some time..., it has been... 例文
For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理)"drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some
·According to recent
, there have occurred...
例文
According to a Worldwide Wildlife Fund report, by 1970, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the ·
就……来说
例文
In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we
·Researchers have
that...
例文
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless
of age. ·It has been
that...人们发现，据报道，据估计
例文
It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early froms of language. It is agreed,
too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to
·
常言道……
中国有句古话……
许多人常提出这个问题…… 据我所知……
·
the
made in
, but...remain
例文
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and
ability remain as primitive as ever they
were. It is extraordinary that after all these years, · “...”
such
as this
·“...”That's how one ...
例文
"All I have learnt in college is junk." -- That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the
degree they took away can't help them
to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they · “Why
...？”Many people often
the question like this
例文
"Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?"
Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general
the
of...
·One of the many people
about now is ...
例文
One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order: that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they
have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True,
these are the problems posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural workers have made to the city's development and prosperity? ·
One of the
our today is ...
例文
One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decision our society makes
about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by
·There is a
the problem of .... Those who ...
that...
· , the most for our
is the
of ... which is
in...
例文
perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for
·All
the
that...
例文
All available evidence points to the fact that more and more young people are declaring their allegiance to traditional values. Traditional weddings seem to be making a comeback, for example. But this is only a partial, not ·One may
the
to...
·These factors, coupled with the of…
...
factors
...
例文
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in
industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any study is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out with effective contact ·Recently the
... has
world-wide attention/concern
例文
Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may arouse even more anxiety than fear of death. ·In
, there
a
例文
In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.
·
, there
has a
that ...
·Recently the
of ... has been
例文
The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large ·
think of ... ?
see ... ?
·In
to these questions, we must...
例文
How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school? How do we measure success in education? How does education affect not only labour skills but the quality of life? In seeking answers to such questions, there is much room —— indeed necessity —— for consideration and
robust debate.
·They believe that ... But people who
..., on the other hand,
that...
例文
There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present
·To
this point, let us
·There is/ are
例文
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing
·It is a
that ... .
It is
for ... to ...
例文
It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity is taking place. It is taking place primarily in
political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to
·
例文
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise. that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group.
·
is ...
例文
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers.
Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply.
2.
·My may be expressed as follows:
·We may
example of
·The
may be
by
·There are
for this
in …
例文
Every sword has two blades. Problems do exist in some college students' two-day weekend. Some Lazy students may spend most of the time sleeping, doing nothing else. Some may he addicted to playing cards, drinking, leaving their homework far away. Therefore, the two-day weekend can bring nothing useful to them.
·The
this
involves
, ...
...
The factors for a big rise in the teenage smoking are complex. Some attribute it to the increased standard of living which enables kids to have more pocket money than ever before. others place the blame on the neglectful parents who tolerate and sometimes even encourage their kids smoking. Still others complain of the sharp increase in cigarette advertising and tobacco imports which give young people easy access to Marlboro, Kent and Parliament. Whatever the causes, only particular external.
例文(b)
The advantage of the education system in Japan is that students there learn the social skill of cooperation. Another advantage is that they learn much more math and science than most American students. They also study more hours each day and more days each year than their North American counterparts do. The system is demanding, but it prepares children for a society that values discipline and self-control. There are, however, disadvantages. For one thing, many students say that after an exam, they forget much of the information they memorized. For another, the extremely demanding system puts enormous psychological pressure on students, and is considered a primary factor in the high suicide rate among Japanese school-age children.
.Why is...?
例文
Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts in knowing a
·Why
…？
·Perhaps the reason is ...
·It may a
of problems
·The for ... is ....
This will some consequences
·此外，而且，另外
例文
We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocket book ... Having made a choice within these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statuses too come ready made, and the range of choice among them is limited.
·可是，然而
例文
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a
·To my 让我感到……的是
·the fact that因为……
·因为……
·I see就我所知……
"As much as I honor this award," Steve said, "there's someone who deserves it more than I do." The crowd fell silent. "Everything I accomplished this season, and everything the team accomplished, is thanks to one person." he turned to Michael. "Michael, you always said I was your hero, If I were half the man you are, I would be proud, because there is no doubt that you are my hero."
·做成某事
例文
I want to conduct my own defence in court, but as soon as my father found out what had happened, he hired a very good solicitor. We went along that Monday armed with all kinds of witnesses, including my English teacher from school as a character witness. But he was never called to give evidence. My 'trial' didn't get that far. The magistrate dismissed the case after fifteen minutes. I was free. The poor police had never stood a chance. The
costs awarded against the police.
·如果……
·……很有可能
例文
Given the obscure nature of the charge, I feel sure that if I had come from a different background, and had
·The the fact that ...
例文
The increase in social costs (e.g. environmental pollution, unemployment and unplanned urbanization) mainly results from the failure of people to include these variables in their calculations of cost efficiency. Such a failure is due, partially at least, to the fact that many industries or areas have not, until recently, been held
·reason is ...
·关于……一个比较好的例子是……
A good case in point is the white-tailed deer. Like most wildlife, deer reproduce, grow, and store fat in the summer and fall when there is plenty of nutritious food available.
3
·, we can that ...
例文
To sum up, unchecked population growth is not merely an annoying problem exaggerated by pessimists who always worry about the future. It is, on the contrary, the most serious problem humanity faces today. Hunger and starvation, environmental destruction, and increasing human tensions and irritability —these are the certain
·All evidence …
·It is that should be taken to
the
·No can be to
the problem of ... , but the of the
·All in all, it is that efforts should be made to
the of ...
·It is, therefore, the of ...
·There is no that attention must to of ...
be the
例文
There is no doubt that adequate attention must be paid to the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighborhood of the him and the urban environment must offer as many recreation activities as possible. For an
·
we may
the that ...
·
the conclusions are ...
例文
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of
·
总之，
结果，
总而言之，
一言以蔽之，
总的来说，
In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview the
·It is high time we an immediate
end to the
例文
It is high time that we urged an immediate end to this deplorable phenomenon. Our colleges and universities should be more willing to shoulder their responsibilities to students and their families. But too often, these responsibilities have been evaded. This we cannot afford.
4
·a of大批的，许多的，大量的
·one's viewpoint about sth. 对……发表观点
·突然，
一直，始终， 一年到头， 洗耳恭听
·anything but 决不，决不是，除……以外什么都是 例如：He is anything but a writer.他绝对不是一个作家。
·
全力以赴，专心致志
·
就……而言
utilisation are concerned [6, 31, 43]. The aim of the fed batch process is to achieve high growth rates and product concentrations and to maintain substrates at low levels (at critical concentrations) during continuous feeding.
·As
词组： . (无具体意义） 例如：As many as 100 persons were killed in the air crash （表强调） I came here as early as 8 o'clock.
He promised to write home
as often as possible once he got there.（尽量多写信）
至于，至于，关于
就……而论
结果
as yet
到目前为止 as the saying goes 常言道 might as well 不妨
as it were
也就是说，即 as good as one's word 言行一致 as follows
如下
As occasion serves 一有机会，一有适当时机，方便的时候 As the matter stands
按照现状
As the case may be 看情况，根据具体情况
幸运的是
As such照此，就以这种身份（资格）
例如：He was a guest and was treated as such
Such as诸如
例如：Such girls as he knew were teachers.
例如：Such being the case事实既然如此
例如：Such ...as (定语从句）
Let children read such books as will make them better and wiser.
Such as to/such that
make his friends angry.
认为……很重要
one's
达到……的目的
·
塞满了……
例如：His hard work is crowded with success. 他的艰苦工作终于取得了成功。
·come down in the world .破败，衰落
例如：His was once a millionaire, but now has come down in the world.
come up in the world发迹，发财
例如：With such a big sum of money to support, he finally come up in the world.
come up with想出来
例如：She has come up with better ideas to improve her previous plans.
came down with生……病
came down with a bad cold because he walked in the rain.
显示，表现
解释
利用……
没有，缺乏
·do without: 没……也行
例如：If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer.
She refuses to make do with the second best.
易于，有……趋势
sea-sickness. 他母亲总是好晕船。
沉湎于，沉浸于
·,he...
·be seized with a sudden impulse to do sth。突然心血来潮想做某事
immediately after lunch.
务必……一定……
·
决不
·Pay
拜访
注意
向……表示敬意，问好
·out of
失业，没有工作
不成一线，不符和毫无疑问，不成问题不可能
身体状况不好
失宠
变形
·beyond: beyond praise
beyond endurance
beyond description
beyond compare
beyond words
beyond one's income
beyond one's power
beyond me ( can't understand)
beyond my ken ( knowledge)
·but = which not:
例如：In our university, there's no one but knows him.
With much cruelties committed, there's nobody but hates him.
(因为犯下了如此罪行，没有人不恨他的。）
·under under
under
under
under
under pressure
threat
attack
a heavy load
weather =off color =come down with a bad cold. 生……病
under under under under way = being built
repair = being repaired discussion = being discussed sentence of (= sentenced to ) death
living under an assumed name
相信，认为
克服，战胜……
Whole multitudes of difficulties never arose thanks to George's skill at smoothing over small conflicts before they became big, emotional and costly.
5. 由形式主语it + that 引导的句子
在下面的句子中，it是形式主语，而真正的主语则是由“that" 引导的从句：
·It + 形容词+ that
It is vital that enough money be collected to fund the project.
重要的是，我们应该筹集到足够的资金来完成这项计划。
·It + 动词+ that从句：注意这种结构翻译成汉语后的词序与英语有何不同：
(a) It moved us all to tears that he came to attend the meeting in spite of his illness.
他带病来参加会议，使我们感动得掉下泪来。
(b) But, it doesn't alter the fact that he was the man responsible for the death of the little girl.
但是，他应对这个小女孩的死负责任这一事实是怎么也改变不了的。
(c) It so happened that I failed to meet him over there as expected because the train was delayed by the heavy snow.
事情是这样的，火车因为积雪晚点，所以我来晚了。
(d) It suddenly occurred to Anne that money couldn't make up for all that Bob had suffered in the past five years.
安娜突然想到，钱不可能弥补鲍博在过去五年所受的苦。
·It + 名词+ that 从句
If Nancy keeps up her absence from class that way, it is our opinion that she will not be able to keep up with her studies.
如果南希继续这样缺课的话，我们认为她肯定跟不上功课。
It is a pity ( a shame、no wonder、strange ...) that he (should )fail to passed the test.
真可惜，他考试不及格。
·It + ed 分词形式+ that 从句
It has been thought and said that African are born with music and talent.
人们这样认为并且说，非洲人天生的就有音乐的天赋。
请注意下列句子的句型：即S + V + O + OC 句型：
His mother has made it clear that she is very proud for she has done a great deal for her country.
他妈妈很清楚地表明她因为自己为祖国作出了很大贡献而感到骄傲。
·有时，某些强调句形也是采用这种形式。
It is not how much you read but what you read that really matters.
重要的不是你读多少，而是你读什么。
2019年高考英语get it 65个写作常用句型 一、议论文常用句型 1. It is a fact that….…..是一个事实 2. It is well-known that….众所周知…… 3.There is no doubt that….毫无疑问…… 4. I think that….我认为...... 5. Contrary to the popular thought, I prefer….与流行的想法相反，我更喜欢...... 6. Some people say/believe/claim that….有人说/相信/声称...... 7. It is generally believed that….人们普遍认为...... 8. It is widely accepted that….这是被广泛接受的 9. It is argued/held that….有人认为/认为...... 10. While it is commonly believed that…, I believe….虽然人们普遍认为……，我相信...... 11. It can be concluded that….可以得出结论 12. People’s views vary from person to person.......人们的观点因人而异 二、图表型常用句型 1.The table/diagram/bar chart/pie graph/tree diagram/curve graph/column chart shows/illustrates/reveals/describes/depicts/reflects that/how….表显示/ 反映/如何
我觉得写文章之前要先有思路，你怎么去写怎么写的和别人不同，有新意。这里面的文章很大，我也说不透，只是参透了一二，和大家分享，望大家不要耻笑。我毕竟是个硕士研究生。 我觉得论文写很简单，主要是能够发表出去。下面我简单讲下我的思路。有相同或不同见解的留下言，共同交流，一起进步。 文章的第一步要有图，也就是说首先把图做的漂漂亮亮的，不管是SEM，TEM，Uv-vis，FTIR，还是效果图。图片放到你的文章里就是你的思路，图片放好了你的思路就出来了，这是就关键的过程，放图的过程中你要考你怎么写，你的文章新的地方在哪?;图做好了也放好了，就是写文章了，写文章也很快了，因为思路有了你的文章也构思好了。我在这里给出我写文章时的程序。对于文章主体部分，我觉得先写Results and discussion，写完了根据其内容下个Conclusion，然后根据Conclusion写Abstract(因为它们俩有些许的类似)，而后补充Experimental。论文发表qq1813831290最后也是最难写的地方Introduction，这个让审稿人一看就能知道你的文章的水平，所以写好Introduction是关乎论文是否收录的关键所在。我和外国审稿人专家关于审稿交流过意见，他们也是这样认为，他们也认为Introduction是整个文章的脸面，这是他们主要审的地方，在这里能看到你的创新点，创新点不够直接refuse;Introduction写的还可以的话，就看Results and discussion，这部分其实主要看的是图，你的图的清晰度质量，以及性能图。我审过一篇Journal of Hazardous Materials上面的文章，我也是这样审的。当然是咱们国内某名牌大学的文章，做的是催化，我也是做这个的不知为什么编辑发来让我审，我也感觉很莫名。后来编辑告诉我和我的文章有些类似还称我是专家，教授…… 下面我引用了一些总结的写作经验，我觉得很有用。大家认真看看，在此先祝福大家论文高中，硕果累累不减当年勇时： 1.前言部分 1.1如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 However,little information... little attention has been devoted to… little work... little data/little research or few studies/investigations/few attempts have been don on… or none of these studies
英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation 改变change, alteration, 高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced 各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated, 广泛的in an extensive survey 进行conducte， perform, carry out, 降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法 In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth In this paper , we propose the ... 在这一章节，我们介绍…… In this section , we present ... We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks : A被认为是B A can be regarded as B 为了这个目的，我们提出了A To this end ,we propose A. 在样本的……和……上都很有效 make effective use of both ...and ...among samples. 当应用到……中的时候When applied to... 通过将……和……结合起来，…… By combining ...and ... , .... A是B中的一个基本问题之一A is one of the fundamental problems in B 目的在于…… Its goal is to do ... We aim at doing... Our target is ... Our basic notion is to do... 为了达到……的目的To achieve ... To achieve this , 因为……，做什么是困难的 As .... , it is very difficult to do .... As..., ir is usually hard to ... Due to ... e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately. 就这点而言，…… In this regard, ... 一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 1
学术论文常用词汇 学术论文的语言表达 一、时态 时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把握总体的 规则已在前边讲过需要重申的是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃详见学术论文的写作最常见的描述一般现象的时态是一般现在时有时也用一般过去时或一般将来时 需要注意的语法 In recent years 作时间状语时通常要用完成时 In recent years, Plesch and coworkers have concluded that many so-called cationic polymerizations do not proceed through intermediates of an ionic nature. 二、数词 数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上 的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可 以下是需要注意的语法 不规则变化的单复数 单数复数 criterion criteria 依据 phenomenon phenomena 现象 medium media 介质 radius radii 半径 index indices 指数 appendix appendices 附录 stimulus stimuli 刺激 basis bases 基础 2 synthesis syntheses 合成 matrix matrices 基体 Novel biomaterials with improved, specific biological action are being developed using polymers that are responsive to environmental stimuli. 一些数有特殊性的名词 data, kinetics 通常作复数名词 research, work: 不可数名词 The data in Table 1 are obtained from the reactions at different temperatures. The kinetics of polymerization within each droplet are the same as those for the corresponding bulk polymerization. Much research has been done to redirect the tropism of retroviruses by engineering the envelope glycoprotein. Most research on poly(ortho esters) has focused on the synthesis of polymers. 一些结构的数<主谓的统一> one of 复数名词单数
英语议论文写作常用句型中英文对照模版 （一）段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。There is an old saying______. It’s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today. 3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是…… 。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。 Nowadays, it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______. 5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。 Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages. 6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，…… People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____. 7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。 Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious. 8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。 ______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way. 9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重 的问题。 ______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has
Title：论文题目××× Zhang Qingke1，Yang Bo，Chen Yuehui，Wang lin (作者的隶属单位) Abstract:。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。（约250words）Keywords:xxxx;xxxx;xxxx;xxxxxx;xxxxxxxx;xxx;xxxxxxxxxx; (6-7个) 1 Introduction 写完Results和Discussion，你会对这篇文章内容有着更深入的理解。这个时候，才回过头写Introduction。这样做的目的是便于你在Introduction部分提出的一些假设或者预设的问题与Discussion的主要讨论问题前后呼应。 第一段：笼统的介绍该方向研究的意义 第二段：综述前人的工作，提出目前的不足或相关的信息，引出该工作的工作动机 第三段：根据分析提出某种假设 第四段：简单介绍该工作开展的思路，方法，目标，和可能的结论 2 Materials and Methods 这部分中最好写的。实事求是地描叙自己的实验材料，实验设计、实验过程、测定方法，数据的采集，分析、计算及其统计方法等。当然，你也不要一字不漏地描写你的材料与实验过程。过细，容易造成后面的结果与讨论部分显的单薄，文章整体看上去就会头大身子小，不协调。过粗，读者看不明白，甚至怀疑你的结果。因此，这个部分需要有分寸。原则是主要结果的材料与方法可以偏细，而基本状等次要的部分一笔带过。实验材料，实验设计，实验过程，数据采集，分析技术及其统计方法。实事求是地描叙自己的实验材料，实验设计、实验过程、测定方法，数据的采集，分析、计算及其统计方法等。 3 Result 在写之前，先列几个subsections，把相对应的图表放进去。描写一张表或者一副图，第一句应该是交代这个表或者图所表达的主题，然后依次述说。可以从大到小，可以由特征A到特征B……。这里需要注意的是条理清楚，重点突出。一般在Results中，我不喜欢讨论。如果有必要，适当可以加一些点龙画睛的话语，但是不可过多，以免影响或者重复后面的Discussion部分。掌握的原则是一集中二避免：集中你想突出主题、描写有价值的、后面将讨论的数据；避免巨细无遗地描写你的数据；避免直接描写表中显示的数据。例如：表中列出A: 20, B: 25。文中避免说 A is 20 and 25 is for B. 如果你想比较这两项，你可以说 B is 25% greater than A。如果你想表达A到B的发展过程，你可以说25% increases from A to B。总之，根据你的意图去描写图表中的数据，做到有的放失，避免让读者感到乏味。列出子部分，分别对各部分采取重点集中式的描述，不可泛泛而谈，可以根据图表逐步解读
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语 这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上： 差别 gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA. Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance. 存在，出现 occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present 多数，少数 the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法 approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools 发生率 Incidence, frequency, prevalence In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs. 发现，阐明，报道，证实 verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
英语学术论文常用句型 Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
议论文常用写作句式句型 一．段首：良好的开端等于成功的一半．在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。例如： 1.提出议题 A. Just as every coin has two sides, ...... have both advantages and disadvantages． B. There is a public debate today that ... C. When it comes to...... different people have different points of view. some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However, others... D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of ...... E. As is known to all/ As we all know....... F. Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 2.提出观点： A. Now there is a growing awareness that... In my opinion...... B. It is time we explore the truth of ... C. I hold the truth to be self-evident that.... 3.进一步提出观点： A. ....... but that is only part of the history. B. Another equally important aspect is ... C...... is but one of the many effects. Another is ... D. Besides, other reasons are... 二、段中 4.提出假想例子 A.Suppose that... B. B. Just imagine what would be like if... C. It is reasonable to expect... D. It is not surprising that... 5.举普通例子： A.For example(instance),... B.B.... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth) C. A good case in point is... D. A particular example for this is...
因为，由于，考虑到 Since Because Because of As For the reason that Given (that) Considering that Take sth. into consideration / account 所以，因此因此 Therefore Hence So Then Thereafter Thus Consequently 完成某任务 Finish Complete Accomplish Sth. is done 执行 Carry out Execute Conduct Accomplish 获得 Obtain Get Have Acquire Be given Reach the goal that 不妨 may as well might as well here is no harm 使用,用来 Use Utilize Employed Involved Included engaged 包括 Involve Include Embrace Contain Have Comprise 假设，设定，假定，如果 Suppose Assume If Set Given Considering that When 记作 Denote Note Indicate Record 提出，建立，发展，创造，发明，引入Build Create Develop Erect Establish Propose Present Produce Coin Innovate Introduce 根据 According to From 证明,表明 Prove Test验证 Verify Testify Certify Attest Demonstrate Show 重复
英文论文写作常用的句型 1.xx 的特征在于: xx is characterized by… 2.xx 的2 个重要特征是：Two critical characteristics of xx are … 3.爱因斯坦指出xx 的特征如下：Einstein identified the following characteristics of xx… 4.Generally, … 一般来讲，原则上 … 千万不要用in principle，此原则非彼原 则也。 5.已经采用了：have adopted … 6.近年来：in recent years 7.over/during the past 10 years. 比如我们说SC 过去10 年间发展很快，用over，over 是一段时间的事儿；during 是事情发生在什么期间，有时间点的意思。 8.出于各种原因：for a variety of reasons 9.此外，另外：moreover, in addition 10.即： “…, namely …” 11.A 与B 的区别在于：A and B differ in the terms of … 12.谈及，关于：In terms of… 13.这些区别是因为：some of the difference stem from… 14.为了让：In order for xx to … 15.很大程度上依赖于rely heavily on … 16.基于… is based on… 17.不是…而是… not …, but rather … 18.这方面的例子有… “…, exemplified by …” 19.严格限制：impose the stringent restrictions on …; 受到这些限制：be subject to the restrictions. 20.产生这个问题的原因与… 有关：The problem arises in part from … [Tip]：多用although, however, while, moreover, in addition 这样的词儿，句子之间的逻辑关系显得很清楚，读paper 的人会觉得你的论文很清爽。
作为科研狗，往往花费了大量的时间精力写出来的论文，还是被退回来不断修改，感觉无比痛苦。那我们要怎样才能又快又好的写出一篇论文呢？下面索尔医学编译（soersci）小编为大家分享一个网友的经验，供大家参考参考： 1）实验一定要自己做，这样才有第一手体验。并且要尽快得到并分析实验结果。 2) 要发挥自己的聪明才智，利用你的一切资源，在不花钱或少花钱的情况下多做几个实验，特别是对比实验。 3) 如果你不能够把事情变得更简单，那就请把事情变得更复杂。如果你不能有大的创新，那就请你做一些小的创新。 4) 尽量找到一个有SCI发表经验的老师帮你修改论文。 5) 应该在完成一半实验的时候开始写论文，不能在做完实验之后才想起论文。因为科学实验虽然有一个从假想到实验设计到具体实验的过程，但是这个过程往往是在一边实验一边修改中度过的，因此很容易在做完实验之后发现自己原来什么也没有做! (因为结果与开始的设计通常有很大距离)，而论文除了有科学创新的要求外，其实还有一个“角度”的问题，也即从实验到论文的“创新性”其实是需要作者进行“提练”的，及早写论文的最大好处是可以及时调整实验，确定实验的创新点(能够发表的理由)，然后进一步确实还有多少实验数据要获取。总之，及早写作可以使目标明确N倍，避免时间和金钱的浪费。 6) 缩小打击面，要小题大作，确定创新点后即要坚定的出手，不要全面开花。 7) 如果觉得写论文太苦，请告诉自己：每天写半页，或者做一两个图，坚持下去，总会完成的! 学术论文成功发表的三大主观因素：学科理论、选题和写作，第一个因素最为关键，不过也不是一朝一夕可以提高的。 写作与阅读是相当不同的，我们通常所谓的“阅读”其实是指“看得懂”，而且这个“懂”是“似懂非懂”，就是大概明白就是，对论文的内容真正把握的程度并不到位，因此当写起文章来，就会出现问题(基于这个原因，我觉得每个研究生至少要有实实在在几篇学科论文全文翻译的训练过程)。
1. 完全：absolute, uncon diti on al, un limited, complete, un restricted, unm ixed, perfect, en tire 2. 好: extraord in ary, amaz ing, miraculous, marvelous, stupe ndous, excelle nt, good, well, wonderful, fine, nice, of high quality, pleasing, surprising, agreeable 3. 小: small, diminutive, puny, little, pocket-sized, petit, minute, tiny 4. 多: big , enormous, large, gigantic, vast, tremendous, gargantuan, huge, immense, a lot of, lots of, many, much, plenty of, a great deal of, a number of, an amount of, a great many, a good many, man ya, scores of, doze ns of, a great qua ntity of 5. 高兴，快乐：delighted, delightful, pleased, pleasing, charmed, pleasant, cheerful, cheering, merry, happy, gratified, glad, gay, agreeable, friendly, content, satisfied, light-hearted, joyful 6. 真的：True, truthful, veracious, faithful, accurate, loyal, staunch, genuine, hon est, real, trustworthy, con sta nt. 7. 全，都：all, whole, entire, complete, perfect, total, the whole number of , un broke n , gross 常见的连接词 连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类： a. 表示开场to beg in with , in the first place , in gen eral , gen erally speak ing b. 表示总结to summarize , to sum up , to con clude , in con clusi on , fin ally c. 表示举例a case in point , a good illustration / example of …is …, d. 表示原因because , since , for , the cause of , the reason for , now that e. 表示结果as a result , as a consequenee , consequently f. 表示比较both , like , likewise , similarly , in com mon , in the same way g. 表示对照on the contrary , on the other hand , despite , in spite of , however h. 表示列举first , firstly , in the first place , first of all , to begin with i. 表示强调especially , particularly , certainly , surely , chiefly , actually j. 表示让步even though , although , in spite of , however , but ,yet 写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结 1. 有关“启”的常用词语（用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句） at first 首先 at present 现在;当今 currently 现在;最近 first 首先；第一 first of all 首先 firstly 首先 2. 有关“承”的常用词语（用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句）
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型 英文摘要虽然不像公文文体那样程序化,但由于它在语法结构上有较强的倾向性,因此英文摘要许多句型模式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用句型模式,有助于提高英文摘要写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。下面举一些有代表性和常用的句式供参考。 1)常用于摘要开头部分的有4类。 A. (In this paper,…) The results of A simple method for...cases of The...approach for An attempt to (do)... presented described (through…) is(are) reported (under...) discussed (along with...) analyzed 例如:The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented. 对用费希尔试料蒸馏法热解澳大利亚鲁德尔页岩所产生的工业废水提出了分析结果。 B. The chief aim purpose object objective the present study of this investigation the research these studies to obtain… to evaluate… is (was/has been/will be) to find out… to establish… to asses… 例如:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction. 研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。
SCI论文写作经验简要分析 医学论文是对整理和发表医学研究成果的一种特殊文本的总称，就其内容和文体特点而言科分为以下几种： 1.医学科研论文(scientific papers) 2.调查报告(survey) 3.综述(review) 4.学位论文(theses) 5.医学科研论文(scientific papers) 医学科研论文定义 国际生物学编辑委员会对医学科研论文的定义为：必须是首次公布的应提供足够的资料，使同行们能够进行：①评价所观察到的结果;②评价其推理过程;③重复实验。分为以下两种：①临床研究(clinical study);②基础研究或实验研究(experimental study) 医学科研论文的格式 医学科研论文必须具备以下几个部分： (1)标题(title) (2)摘要(abstract) (3)引言(introduction) (4)材料和方法(materials and methods) (5)结果(results) (6)讨论(discussion)
(7)致谢(acknowledgement) (8)参考文献(references) 一、标题 (一)要求 1.简明扼要(short and concise) (1)尽量控制在一行，但不是一个句子 (2)不超过 25 个单词或 120-140 个字母 (3)除 dna、rna、ct 等不用缩写 2.信息丰富 (informative) 3.便于索引(indexing) 4.较长标题可采用副标题 (二)标题写作中常用词组和表达方式 1.用…(方法/手段)对…进行研究/分析/观察/评价： study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) … (by) using 方法 /with 工具) 2.a 对 b 的作用 effort of a on b protective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury 3.a 与 b 的关系 correlation (relation/relationship) between a and b correlation of a with b and c