上册
Unit1
The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand.In cyberspace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed--intellectual property content and access control,Rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in;others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper(and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities).Those that can't survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off--will simply wither away.
一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。有些群体或因为成员失去兴趣，或因为成员被吓跑而不能幸存下来，他们将渐渐萎缩消亡。
Unit2
Once the problem is understood,improvement comes naturally.Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands won't listen to or
report daily news may be happy to discover their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in women's relation-ships. But if their husbands don't adapt,the women may still be comforted that for men,this is not a failure of intimacy.Accepting the difference, the wives may look to their friends or family for that kind of talk.And husbands who can't provide it shouldn't feel their wives have made unreasonable demands. Some couples will still decide to divorce, but at least their decisions will be based on realistic expectations.
一旦问题得到理解，情况自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不倾听或不谈论每天发生的事情而感到被遗弃、感到丧失生活乐趣的女性会高兴的发现，她们的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的谈话在女性关系中的地位后，正努力地在适应。如果丈夫不适应，妻子仍然能够得到安慰，因为她知道，对男人来说，这不是不亲密的表现。当妻子接受了男女存在区别这一事实后，便会去找自己的朋友或家人说一说话。那些不能够给予妻子谈话快乐的丈夫，也不应该觉得妻子提出了无理要求。仍然会有一些夫妻决定离婚，但起码他们的决定是建立在比较现实的期望基础上的。
Unit3
1.When it first came into being, the Earth very likely lacked what we would today call an ocean and an atmosphere.
在地球形成的初期，上面很可能没有我们今天称之为海洋和大气层之
类的东西。
2.Between 2 billion and 3 billion years ago,portions of the surface water, bathed by the energetic radiation from the Sun, developed complicated compounds in organization sufficiently versatile to quality as what we call"life".
在20亿到30亿年期间，一部分地球表面的水在太阳能的作用下，形成了结构复杂的化合物，这些化合物灵活多变，足以形成我们称之为“生命”的东西。
3.The entire planet is life form made up of nonliving portions and a large variety of living portions(as our own body is made up of nonliving crystals in bones and nonliving water in blood, as well as of a large variety of living portions).
整个星球是一种由无机部分和各种各样的有机生命构成的生命形式（正如我们自己的身体，既是由各种各样的有机部分构成，又是由骨骼中的无机晶体和血液中的无机水分所构成）。
4.In the same way,on a planetary scale, the chopping down of an entire forest may not threaten Earth's life in general,but it will produce serious changes in the life forms of the region and even in the nature of the water runoff and,therefor,in the details of geological structure.
同样，从全球的规模考虑，砍掉一整片森林在总体上不会对地球生命构成威胁，但是这样做会对该地区的生态形式造成严重的影响，甚至会造成水的流失，从而引起地质结构的细微变化。
5.Barring interference from outside,the eaters and the eaten retain their proper numbers, and both are the better for it.
如果排除外界的干扰，食肉动物和被吃动物都保持一个适当的数量，这样对双方都有好处。
6.The present rate of increase of Earth's swarming human population qualifies Homo sapiens as an ecological cancer,which will destroy the ecology just as surely as any ordinary cancer would destroy an organism. 目前世界人口的急剧增长率使人类可以被称为生态恶性肿瘤。这种恶性肿瘤肯定会摧毁生态环境，正如普通的癌细胞会摧毁人的肌体一样。
Unit4
The flow of novelties in vocabulary, in idiom, even in pronunciation,is now overwhelmingly eastward.We seldom borrow an English word or phrase any more,though we used to borrow many;but the English take in our inventions almost as fast as we can launch them.The American movie,I suppose, is largely responsible for this change, but
there are unquestionably deeper causes too.English is still a bit tight, a bit stiff, more than a little artificial. But American has gone on developing with almost Elizabethan prodigality. All the processes of word-forma-tion that were in operation in Shakespeare's England are still operation here,and they produce a steady stream of neologisms that he would have relished as joyfully as he relished the novelties actually produced in his time.
新词汇、新习语、甚至新发音都以无法抗拒的势力源源不断传入东方。从前我们常常借用很多英语词或短语，但现在很少这样做。但英语却吸纳我们创造的词，我们创造有多快，其吸纳的速度几乎就有多快。我认为，美国电影固然对这一变化起了很大作用，但毫无疑问，还有更深刻的原因。英语依然有点太严格、有点僵硬，且过于矫揉造作。而美语的发展却像伊丽莎白时代一样繁荣。所有那些在英国莎士比亚时代应用的构词方法，现在依然在美国应用着，新词源源不断产生。如果莎翁健在，这些新词一定会使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的时代产生的新词使他欣喜若狂一样。
Unit5
1.The goal of science is to find out how the world works, to seek what regularities there may be, to penetrate to the connections of things—from subnuclear particles, which may be the constituents of all matter, to living organisms, the human social community, and thence to the cosmos as a
whole.
科学的目的是弄清世界的运行特点，寻求其间可能存在的规律，洞察事物之间的联系——从构成一切物质的亚核粒子，到生物有机体，人类社会群体，以至整个宇宙。
2.Every culture has posed such question in one way or another. Almost always the proposed answers are in the nature of “Just So Stories”, attemted explanations divorced from experiment, or even from careful comparative observations.
世界上每一文化群体都以这样或那样的方式提出过这些问题。而所提供的答案几乎都带有“就这么回事”的性质，这些尝试性的解释总是脱离实验，甚至没有经过细心的比较观察。
3.To penetrate into the heart of the ting—even a little thing, a blade of grass, as Walt Whitman said—is to experience a kind of exhilaration that, it may be, only human beings of all the beings on this planet can feel.
要透彻地领悟一件事物，哪怕是一件很小的东西——比如惠特曼所说的一片草叶，也会经历一种喜悦，这种喜悦，在整个世界的所有生灵中只有人类才能感受到。
4.And sometimes we hear pronouncements from scientists who confidently state that everything worth knowing will soon be known—or
even is already known—and who paint pictures of a Dionysian or Polynesian age in which the zest for intellectual discovery has withered, to be replaced by a kind of subdued languor, the lotus-eaters drinking fermented coconut milk or some other mild hallucinogen.
有时我们听到一些科学家发表的宣言，他们充满信心地宣称，每一件值得弄清的事物都会很快为大家所知，或者说有些已经众所周知。他们描绘的是狄奥尼修斯和波利尼西亚时代的图画，在这些画中，人们对知识探索的热情已经减退，取而代之的是一种被征服的怠惰，成了饮用发酵椰子汁和其他一些温和迷幻剂的安逸度日者。
5.If we could shrink ourselves into this crystalline world, we could see rank upon rank of atoms in an ordered array, a regularly alternating structure—sodium , chlorine, sodium chlorine, specifying the sheet of atoms we are standing on and all the sheets above us and below us.
如果我们可以缩小身体进入这个晶体世界，我们可以看见一排排原子形成有序的点阵，呈一种有规律的交替结构——钠原子、氯原子、氯化钠原子，这些点阵精确地勾画出我们所站的这一层原子以及在我们头上、头下的所有原于层的示意图。
下册
Unit 1
1.During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.
在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙的变化：第一，在内心中对自己和他人的看法；第二，当生活的各种威胁而所具有的安全感；第三，是我们对时间的认识，是感到来日方长，还是开始感到时日无多？最后是对自己的精力活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心？这些都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它们构成了我们生活的基调，影响着我们采取行动的种种决定。
2.The tasks of this passage are of to locate ourselves in a peer group role,
a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally.
人生这一阶段的任务是，在同齡人中，在性别角色中，在期望的职业中，以及在思想意识和世界观方面确立的位置。这样，我们既有了离
家独立的动力，也有了离家独立的心理准备。
3.Buoyed by powerful illusions and belief in the power of the will, we commonly insist in our twenties that what we have chosen to do is the one true course in life. Our backs go up at the merest hint that we are like our parents, that two decades of parental training might be reflected in our current actions and attitudes.
由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及对自己的意志充满信心，我们在二十几岁时普遍认定自己所选择的道路是人生真正的事业所在。如果有人说我们很像自己的父母，说我们的言行举止是父母二十多年来教育和熏陶的结果，我们会很不高兴。
Unit 2
1.It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo's dense and sparsely populated jungles but, once it did, it marched with rebel armies through the continent's numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in early 1980s.
几年之后此病毒从刚果荒蛮的丛林中爆发出来。一旦流传开来，它就随着反叛部队穿越大陆的各个战区：随着货车司机驶过各个妓院；最终，可能随着空中乘务员飞往美国，并在那里于20世纪80年代初被发现。
2.Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%.
在津巴布韦的25个受监控的地区，怀孕的妇女接受了HIV病毒的检测。1997年只有两个地区显示其感染率在10%以下。
3.This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced.
这是因为在贫穷国家许多人对正常的经济发展不起作用。说得再残酷些，在一个拥有大量非技术劳力的国家里，死去的劳力很容易被取代。
4.When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his income vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him.
当一家之主染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭损失就不是一个人的事了。因为不只是他的收入没有了，他的亲属还要花时间和金钱去照料他。
5.There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. Thais were repeatedly warned of the dangers, told how to avoid them, and left to make their own choices.
泰国政府认为没有必要像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走了旅游者而淡化HIV传播的严重性。泰国人被反复告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避
免它，最后由他们自己去做出选择。
Unit 3
Four almost four years, research into HIV has been dominated by a single theory about how the virus causes the catastrophic collapse of the immune defences that leads to AIDS. But the consensus on this the theory is now crumbling, thanks in part to the work of a Dutch team led by immunologist Frank Miedema. If the Dutch team is right, the consequences will be profound. People with HIV may hope for new types of treatment. And some of the most cherished dogmas of a multibillion-dollar research industry may be overturned.
近四年来，病毒引起免疫系统灾难性崩溃从而导致艾滋病这一理论一直主宰着人类对HIV的研究。但是这种理论的一致性现在正在动摇，部分原因是由于免疫学家弗兰克米德马领导的一支荷兰小组对HIV的研究工作。如果荷兰小组是正确的话，其影响将是深远的。感染HIV的人将有望得到新方法的治疗。而一些花费几十亿美元的研究项目中最具有权威的理论就会被推翻。
Unit 4
In general, the WTO has adopted rules which are in the interest of trans-national business and rejected rules opposed by business. WTO policies have been protested by representatives of "civil society", such as
unions, consumer activists, environmentalists, indigenous people, and women' s groups. In Mexico, where a currency crisis threw the nation into depression shortly after implementation of NAFTA, small business owners owners were in the streets, too, opposing "free trade".Poor countries of the global south, which disagree with northern unions over labor protections, agree the WTO is not working in the interests of most people.
总体而言，世界贸易组织采纳了有利于跨国商务活动的规则，拒绝了商务活动反对的规则。世界贸易组织的政策遭到了来自“民间社团”的代表，如工会，消费者积极分子，环境保护主义者，土著居民，妇女团体等的反对。墨西哥在执行北美自由贸易协定不久，货币危机使国家陷入经济萧条，小业主们也走向街头反对“自由贸易”。不同意北部联盟有关劳动保护条款的南半球的贫穷国家也认为世界贸易组织并不为大多数人谋福利。
Unit 5
I n Turin, the summit leaders were still looking for a solution. Meanwhile, they tried to head off the consumer stampede with confident smiles and bold speeches. No matter how many British cows are destroyed, European beef sales are not likely to return to their pre-scare levels for a long time--if European beef sales are ever likely to return to the pre-scare levels. Like many Americans, European have been cutting
down on their intake of beef in recent years, and mad-cow panic will probably intensify that trend. Even so, the leaders gamely battled on. "At lunch, they served us veal," Chirac told reporters in Turin. "Every one of the presidents and prime ministers ate it with gusto."
在都灵，欧盟领导人仍然在寻求解决疯牛病的办法；同时他们还带着自信的笑容，振振有词的劝阻那些消费者不要放弃牛肉。无论要销毁多少英国牛肉，欧洲的牛肉销售量也不可能恢复到产生消费恐怖之前的水平；即使欧洲牛肉销售量有可能达到恐慌之前的水平也需要很长时间。像许多美国人一样，近年来欧洲人已经大大减少了对牛肉的消费，而且疯牛病也许会加剧这一趋势。即使这样，欧盟领导人仍然以乐观的情绪来继续这场保卫战。在都灵，希拉克告诉记者:"我们每位总统和总理都在津津有味的吃着牛肉呢！"
my friend and I are taking a , we are seeing a boy sit on the chair,he is crying,we go and ask him.“what’s the matter with you” he tell us“I can’t find my dog can you help me”.“yes,I can”.And we help him find his dong .oh it stay under the big tree! 今天我和我的朋友一起去散步。突然我们看见一个男孩坐在椅子上，他哭的很伤心。我们走过去问他：“你怎么了”。他告诉我们：“我的狗不见了，你们能帮我找到它吗”。“是的，我们能帮你找到你的狗”然后我们帮助他找到了他的狗，原来是它呆在一棵大树下。 day an old man siselling a big young man comes to the elephant and begins to look at it old man goes up to him and says inhis ear,“Don't sa y anything about the elephant before I sell it,then i'll give you some money.”“All right,”says the young the old man slles the elephant,he gives the young man some money and says,“Now,can you tell me how you find the bad ears of theelephant?”“I don't find the bad ears,”says the young man.“Then why do you look at the elephant slowly?”asks the old young man answers,“Because I never see an elephant before,and I want to know what it looks like.” 一天，一个老的男人正在卖一头大象。一个年轻的男人走向大象然后开始慢慢看着它（大象），这个老的男人走向他对着他的耳朵说，“不要在我卖出它（大象）之前说关于它（大象）的事，然后我会给你一些钱。”“好的”，这个年轻的男人说。在这个老的男人卖出大象后，他给了年轻的男人一些钱并且说，“现在，你可以告诉我你是怎样知道大象的坏的耳朵了吧？”“我不知道坏的耳朵”，这个年轻的男人说。“然后为什么你慢慢的看着大象？”这个老的男人问。这个年轻的男人回答，“因为我在这之前从来没有见过大象，还有我想知道它（大象）是什么样子的。” 3.An old woman had a cat. The cat was very old; she could not run quickly, and she could not bite, because she was so old. One day the old cat saw a mouse; she jumped and caught the mouse. But she could not bite it; so the mouse got out of her mouth and ran away, because the cat could not bite it.? Then the old woman became very angry because the cat had not killed the mouse. She began to hit the cat. The cat said, "Do not hit your old servant. I have worked for you for many years, and I would work for you still, but I am too old. Do not be unkind to the old, but remember what good work the old did when they were young."? 一位老妇有只猫，这只猫很老，它跑不快了，也咬不了东西，因为它年纪太大了。一天，老猫发现一只老鼠，它跳过去抓这只老鼠，然而，它咬不住这只老鼠。因此，老鼠从它的嘴边溜掉了，因为老猫咬不了它。? 于是，老妇很生气，因为老猫没有把老鼠咬死。她开始打这只猫，猫说：“不要打你的老仆人，我已经为你服务了很多年，而且还愿意为你效劳，但是，我实在太老了，对年纪大的不
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma, otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit 2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen.
Lesson 1 力学的基本概念 1、词汇： statics [st?tiks] 静力学；dynamics动力学；constraint约束；magnetic [m?ɡ＇netik]有磁性的；external [eks＇t?:nl] 外面的, 外部的；meshing啮合；follower从动件；magnitude [＇m?ɡnitju:d] 大小；intensity强度，应力；non-coincident [k?u＇insid?nt]不重合；parallel [＇p?r?lel]平行；intuitive 直观的；substance物质；proportional [pr?＇p?:??n?l]比例的；resist抵抗，对抗；celestial [si＇lestj?l]天空的；product乘积；particle质点；elastic [i＇l?stik]弹性；deformed变形的；strain拉力；uniform全都相同的；velocity[vi＇l?siti]速度；scalar[＇skeil?]标量；vector[＇vekt?]矢量；displacement代替；momentum [m?u＇ment?m]动量； 2、词组 make up of由……组成；if not要不，不然；even through即使，纵然； Lesson 2 力和力的作用效果 1、词汇： machine 机器；mechanism机构；movable活动的；given 规定的，给定的，已知的；perform执行；application 施用；produce引起，导致；stress压力；applied施加的；individual单独的；muscular [＇m?skjul?]]力臂；gravity[ɡr?vti]重力；stretch伸展，拉紧，延伸；tensile[tensail]拉力；tension张力，拉力；squeeze挤；compressive 有压力的，压缩的；torsional扭转的；torque转矩；twist扭，转动；molecule [m likju:l]分子的；slide滑动; 滑行；slip滑，溜；one another 互相；shear剪切；independently独立地，自立地；beam梁；compress压；revolve (使)旋转；exert [iɡ＇z?:t]用力，尽力，运用，发挥，施加；principle原则, 原理，准则，规范；spin使…旋转；screw螺丝钉；thread螺纹； 2、词组 a number of 许多；deal with 涉及，处理；result from由什么引起；prevent from阻止，防止；tends to 朝某个方向；in combination结合；fly apart飞散； 3、译文： 任何机器或机构的研究表明每一种机构都是由许多可动的零件组成。这些零件从规定的运动转变到期望的运动。另一方面，这些机器完成工作。当由施力引起的运动时，机器就开始工作了。所以，力和机器的研究涉及在一个物体上的力和力的作用效果。 力是推力或者拉力。力的作用效果要么是改变物体的形状或者运动，要么阻止其他的力发生改变。每一种
Ex 6E 1. 今天上午你干了多少活儿？（work） How much work have you done this morning? 2. 开凿隧道需要大量劳力。（labour） To dig a tunnel will need a great amount of labour. 3. 他做了最少的工作。（work） He’s done the least work. 4. 处理这一问题有几种方法。（methods） There are several methods of approaching this problem. 5. 我不懂多少法语。 I know little French. 6. 少说空话（empty talk）多干实事。（practical work）There must be less empty talk but more practical work. 7. 有许多人出席招待会吗？ Were there many people at the reception? 8. 我可以跟你谈几句话吗？（words） May I have a few words with you? 9. 今天参观展览会的人数比昨天少。 There were fewer people today at the exhibition than yesterday.
10. 哈利犯的错误最少 Harry made the fewest mistakes. 11. 你读的诗（poetry）和做的练习（exercises）都比我多。You’ve learnt more poetry and done more exercises than I have. 12. 杰克做的工作最多，犯的错误也最多。 Jack’s done the most work and made the most mistakes. 13. 他做了很多工作，也犯了汗多错误。 He’s done a lot of work and made a lot of mistakes. 14. 百万富翁有许多钱财(money)，也有许多烦恼。 A millionaire has lots of money—and lots of worries. 15. 安娜因为没有足够的钱财而烦恼丛生。 Anna has enough worries because she hasn’t got enough money. 16. 每隔几分钟电话铃就响一次。 The telephone rang every few minutes. 17. 在过去这几天的寒冷日子里，我们一直在坚持实验。We have been persisting in making the experiment all these last few cold days. 18. 他新编的两本英语语言学著作都将在2011年出版。Both his next books on English linguistics will come out in 2006.
第二部分 控制理论 第1章 1.1控制系统的引入 人类控制自然力量的设计促进人类历史的发展,我们已经广泛的能利用这种量进行在人类本身力量之外的物理进程?在充满活力的20世纪中,控制系统工程的发展已经使得很多梦想成为了现实?控制系统工程队我们取得的成就贡献巨大?回首过去,控制系统工程主要的贡献在机器人,航天驾驶系统包括成功的实现航天器的软着陆,航空飞机自动驾驶与自动控制,船舶与潜水艇控制系统,水翼船?气垫船?高速铁路自动控制系统,现代铁路控制系统? 以上这些类型的控制控制系统和日常生活联系紧密,控制系统是一系列相关的原件在系统运行的基础上相互关联的构成的,此外控制系统存在无人状态下的运行,如飞机自控驾驶,汽车的巡航控制系统?对于控制系统,特别是工业控制系统,我们通常面对的是一系列的器件,自动控制是一个复合型的学科?控制工程师的工作需要具有力学,电子学,机械电子,流体力学,结构学,无料的各方面的知识?计算机在控制策略的执行中具有广泛的应用,并且控制工程的需求带动了信息技术的与软件工程的发展? 通常控制系统的范畴包括开环控制系统与闭环控制系统,两种系统的区别在于是否在系统中加入了闭环反馈装置? 开环控制系统 开环控制系统控制硬件形式很简单,图2.1描述了一个单容液位控制系统, 图2.1单容液位控制系统 我们的控制目标是保持容器的液位h 在水流出流量V 1变化的情况下保持在一定 可接受的范围内,可以通过调节入口流量V 2实现?这个系统不是精确的系统,本系 统无法精确地检测输出流量V 2,输入流量V 1以及容器液位高度?图2.2描述了这 个系统存在的输入(期望的液位)与输出(实际液位)之间的简单关系, 图2.2液位控制系统框图 这种信号流之间的物理关系的描述称为框图?箭头用来描述输入进入系统,以及
作文翻译 Unit 1 李明是学化学的，性格开朗幽默，颇有魅力，但英语成绩不佳，每次只能勉强及格。老师警告他，英语不好会阻碍他拿奖学金，并亮出了自己的王牌：如果李明不努力，就让他考试不过关。老师还告诉他，学习英语不能只为了文凭，否则他即使大学毕业，也还是个半文盲。李明虽然保持镇定，但他明白，他的学业生涯正在攸关之际，必须安心下来埋头学习，坚持不懈。 Li Ming was a chemistry major, a charmer noted for his easygoing and humorous temperament. However, his English was so poor that he always barely got by. The teacher admonished him that his poor English would be an impediment to scholarship. What’s more, she showed her trump card: if Li Ming did not work hard. She would flunk him. He was also told that he should not learn English merely for the sake of his diploma. otherwise, even after graduation from university, he would still be semiliterate. Although Li Ming did not lose his composure, he was well aware that he had to settle down to work and follow through because his academic life was at stake. Unit2 我的朋友琳达接受过良好的教育，既美丽又端庄，三十好几依然没有人向她求婚。究其原因，她的事业心极强，整日扑在工作上，每天来往于住处和公司之间，根本没有时间和异性交往。一想到女儿这么大了还单身一人，她父母就焦虑不安。他们不知道该如何是好，甚至还去咨询一些社会学专家。 但是事情在上个月出现了转机，公司的总部调琳达到培训部。在新的工作岗位上，琳达遇到了第一个触动她心弦的男人。从此，他们几乎每天约会，琳达意识到她会不顾一切地爱这个男人。决定嫁人的时候，她告诉了我这个好消息。 虽然琳达的爱情让人想起电影中才会有的浪漫故事，我也担忧未来究竟会怎样，但我还是表达了我由衷的祝福，并爽快答应在婚礼那天做他们的伴娘和伴郎随从中的一员。 Linda, my good friend, has received good education and is both beautiful and elegant. She was not proposed to even when she was well over thirty. The reason is that she, as a career –oriented woman, is devoted to her work. Navigating between home and the company, she had hardly any time to socialize with people of the opposite sex. Her parents were gripped by anxiety at the thought of their daughter still remaining single at such an age. They did not know what to do and even consulted with some sociologists. But the situation began to change last month, when the headquarters of the company transferred Linda to the training department. On the new post, Linda met a man who tugged on her heartstrings for the first time. Ever since then, they dated virtually on a daily basis, and Linda realized that she would love the man beyond all reason. When she decided to take the matrimonial plunge, she informed me. Though Linda’s love is reminiscent of the romance that we see only in movies and I don’t know what the future will hold for her, I give her my heart-felt wishes and agree readily to be a member of the entourage of bridesmaids and groomsmen. Unit 3 食品供应商缺乏诚信已经成为当今社会的一大问题。部分企业欺骗公众，故意散布假消息，颂扬食品添加剂是食品工业的伟大成就，并声称适量的添加剂对健康有益无害。部分有良知的科学家对食品添加剂的含量和毒性展开了深入的病理学研究。研究结果表明，部分常见的食品添加剂经长期，可能会对健康产生危害，这被认为是食品安全研究方面极为重要的
力学的基本概念 对运动，时间和作用力作出科学分析的分支被称为力学，它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在静力学系统中不考虑时间这个因素，而动力学是对随时间变化的系统进行分析。 通过配合表面作用力被传送到机器的各个部件，例如从齿轮传到轴或者是从一个齿轮通过啮合传递到另一个齿轮，从三角皮带传到皮带轮，或者从凸轮传到从动件。由于很多原因，我们必须知道这些力的大小。在边界或啮合表面作用力的分布一定要合理，他们的大小必须在构成配合表面材料的工作极限以内。例如，如果施加在滑动轴承的作用力太大，那么它就会将油膜挤压出来，并且造成金属和金属的接触，使温度过高，使滑动轴承失效。如果作用在齿轮轮齿上的力过大，就会将油膜从齿间挤压出来。这将会导致金属表层的破裂和剥落，噪音增大，运动不精确，直至报废。在力学研究中，我们主要关心力的大小，方向和作用点。 当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合或者系统时，在两个接触的物体之间作用和反作用的力被称之为约束力。这些力约束各个物体使其处于特有的状态。作用在这个物体系统外部的力叫做外力。 电力，磁力和重力是不需要直接接触就可以施加的力的实例。不是全部但是大多数，与我们有关的力都是通过直接的实际接触或者是机械接触才能产生的。 力是一个矢量。力的要素就是它的大小，它的方向和作用点，一个力的方向包括力的作用线的概念和它的指向。因此，沿着力的作用线，力的方向有正副之分。 沿着两条不重合的平行线作用在一个物体上的两个大小相等、方向相反的作用力不能合并成一个合力。任何作用在一个刚体上的两个力构成一个力偶。力偶臂就是这两个力的作用线之间的垂直距离。 力偶矩也是一个矢量，用M表示，垂直于力偶面；M的方向主要依据右手螺旋定则确定。力矩的大小是力偶臂与其中一个力的大小的乘积。 如果一个刚体满足下列条件，那么它处于平衡状态： （1）作用在它上面的所有外力的矢量和等于零。 （2）作用在它上面的所有外力对于任何一个轴的力矩之和等于零。 在数学上这两个条件被表示为 ∑=0 M F∑=0 所使用的术语“刚体”可以是整台机器，一个机器中几个相互连接的零件，一个单独的零件或者是零件的一部分。隔离体简图是一个从机器中隔离出来的物体的草图或视图，在图中标出所有作用在物体上的力和力矩。通常图中应该包括已知的力和力矩的大小、方向还有其他相关信息。 这样得到的图成为“隔离体简图”，其原因是图中的零件或物体的一部分已经从其余的机械零部件中隔离出来了，其余的机器零部件对它的作用已经用力和力矩代替。对于一个完整的机器零部件隔离体简图，图上所表示出的，作用在其上面的力和力矩是通过与其相邻或相接触零件施加的，是外力。对于一个零件的一部分的隔离体简图作用在切面上的力和力矩都是通过被切掉部分施加的，是内力。 绘制和提交简洁、清晰的隔离体简图是工程交流的核心。这是真实的，因为
Table of Contents Uuit 1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学） (2) Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量） (6) Unit 3 Distance Measurement（距离测量） (10) Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量） (14) Unit 5 Traversing （导线测量） (17) Unit 6 Methods of Elevation Determination（高程测量方法） (21) Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪） (25) Unit 8 Errors in Measurement（测量工作中的误差） (29) Unit 9 Basic Statistical Analysis of Random Errors (32) Unit 10 Accuracy and Precision （准确度和精度） (35) Unit 11 Least-Squares Adjustment (38) Unit 12 Geodesy Concepts (40) Unit 13 Geoid and Reference Ellipsoid (42) Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions (44) Unit 15 Map Projection (46) Unit 16 Gravity Measurment (48) Unit 17 Optimal Design of Geomatics Network (50) Unit 18 Construction Layout （施工放样） (53) Unit 19 Deformation Monitoring of Engineering Struvture (56) Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识GPS） (59) Uuit 21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识GPS(II) (62) Unit 22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争） (64) Unit 23 GIS Basics（GIS 的基础） (69) Unit 24 Data Types and Models in GIS GIS中的数据类型和模型 (75) Unit 25 Digital Terrain Modeling（数字地面模型） (79) Unit 26 Applications of GIS (83) Unit 27 Developments of photogrammetry (87) Unit 28 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing （遥感的基础） (90) Unit 29 Digital Image Processing and Its Applications in RS (94) Unit 30 Airborne Laser Mapping Technology（机载激光测图技术） (99) Unit 31 Interferometric SAR(InSAR) (102) Unit 32 Brief Introduction toApplied Geophysics (104) Unit 33 Origon of Induced Polarization (105) Unit 34 International Geoscience Organization (108) Unit 35 Prestigious Journals in Geomatics (110) Unit 36 Relevant Surveying Instrument Companies (115) Unit 37 Expression of Simple Equations and Scientific Formulsa (116) Unit 38 Professional English Paper Writing (119) Unit 39 Translation Techniques for EST (127)
Unit 1 1) Our youngest, a world-class charmer, did little to develop his intellectual talents but always got by. Until Mrs? Stiffer. 我的小儿子是个世界级的力?人迷。学习不怎么动脑筋却总是能蒙混过关。直到遇到了史蒂夫老师。 2) No one seems to stop to think that一no matter what environments they come from—most kids don't put school first on their list uni ess they perceive something is at stake? 似乎没有人停下来想想看，无论孩子们来自何种环境，他们当屮大多数若不是发现情况到了危急关头，才不会把功课当做头等大事。 3) Of average intellige nee or above ,they eve ntually quit school, con eluding they were too dumb to finish. 这些学生智力水平至少也算小等，但最终都退学了，他们总结说自己太笨。 4) Young people generally don't have the maturity to value education in the same way my adult students value it. 年轻人往往不够成熟，不会像我的成人学生们那么重视教育。 5) It is an expression of confidence by both teachers and parents that the students have the ability to learn the material presented to them. 这表明老师和家长们都对学生有信心，相信他们能够学好发给他们的学习材料。 6) This means no more doing Scotfs assignments for him because he might fail. No more passing Jodi because she's such a nice kid. 这意味着再也不要担心因为斯科特不及格而替他做作业，再也不要因为朱迪是个乖孩了就放他过关。 Unit 2 1) I had always dreamed of being proposed to in a Parisian cafe, under dazzling stars, like one in a Van Gogh, knockoff that hangs in my studio apartment. In stead, my boyfriend asked me to marry him while I was Win dexi ng the bathroom mirror. 我一直有这样的梦想，在星光灿烂的晚上，在一家巴黎咖啡馆就像梵高所画的“一夜的咖啡馆”，我的工作室墙上就有一幅此画的翻木。然后我男朋友却在我用“稳得新”擦洗卫生间镜子的吋候叫我嫁给他。 2) But the more time a nd effort I put in, the more the universe tried to thwart me. The Greek band from Los Angels that I wan ted wasn't available. The stitchi ng I had requested for my cathedral veil was all wrong. My ivory silk gown was being quarantined somewhere in Singapore. 但是我投入的时间和精力越多，万事就越和我过不去，没有请到我想要的洛杉矶希腊乐队，我到教堂时戴的面纱的针线活也很糟，不是我原来要的，我订的彖牙丝绸也被隔离在新加坡
1.2 总线互连 总线是连接两个或多个设备的通信通路。总线的关键特征是，它是一条共享传输介质。多个设备连接到总线上，任一个设备发出的信号可以为其他所有连接到总线上的设备所接收。如果两个设备同时传送，它们的信号将会重叠，引起混淆。因此，一次只能有一个设备成功地（利用总线）发送数据。 典型的情况是，总线由多条通信通路或线路组成，每条线(路)能够传送代表二进制1和0的信号。一段时间里，一条线能传送一串二进制数字。总线的几条线放在一起能同时并行传送二进制数字。例如, 一个8位的数据能在8条总线线上传送。 计算机系统包含有多种不同的总线，它们在计算机系统层次结构的各个层次提供部件之间的通路。连接主要计算机部件(处理机, 存储器, I/O)的总线称为系统总线。系统总线通常由50~100条分立的(导)线组成。每条线被赋予一个特定的含义或功能。虽然有许多不同的总线设计，但任何总线上的线都可以分成三个功能组：数据线、地址线和控制线。此外可能还有为连接的模块提供电源的电源线。 数据线提供系统模块间传送数据的路径，这些线组合在一起称为数据总线。典型的数据总线包含8、16或32根线，线的数量称为数据总线的宽度。因为每条线每次传送1位，所以线的数目决定了每次能同时传送多少位。数据总线的宽度是决定系统总体性能的关键因素。 地址线用于指定数据总线上数据的来源和去向。例如，如果处理机希望从存储器中读一个字的数据，它将所需要字的地址放在地址线上。显然，地址总线的宽度决定了系统最大可能的存储器容量。 控制线用来控制对数据线和地址线的访问和使用。由于数据线和地址线被所有部件共享，因此必须用一种方法来控制它们的使用。控制信号在系统模块之间传送命令和定时信息。定时信息指定了数据和地址信息的有效性，命令信号指定了要执行的操作。 大多数计算机系统使用多总线，这些总线通常设计成层次结构。图1.3显示了一个典型的高性能体系结构。一条局部总线把处理机连接到高速缓存控制器，而高速缓存控制器又连接到支持主存储器的系统总线上。高速缓存控制器集成到连接高速总线的桥中。这一总线支持连接到：高速LAN、视频和图形工作站控制器，以及包括SCSI 和FireWire的局部外设总线的接口控制器。低速设备仍然由分开的扩充总线支持，用一个接口来缓冲该扩充总线和高速总线之间的通信流量。 PCI 外部设备互连是流行的高带宽的、独立于处理机的总线，它能够作为中间层或外围设备总线。当前的标准允许在66MHz频率下使用多达64根数据线，其原始传输速率为528MB/s, 或4.224Gbps。PCI被设计成支持各种各样基于微处理机的配置，包括单处理机和多处理机的系统。因此，它提供了一组通用的功能。PCI使用同步时序以及集中式仲裁方案。 在多处理机系统中，一个或多个PCI配置可通过桥接器连接到处理机的系统总线上。系统总线只支持处理机/高速缓存单元、主存储器以及PCI桥接器。使用桥接器使得PCI独立于处理机速度，又提供快速接收和传送数据的能力。 2.1 光存储介质：高密度存储器 2.1.1 光盘 光盘技术最终可能使磁盘和磁带存储淘汰。用这种技术，磁存储器所用的读/写头被两束激光代替。一束激光通过在光盘上刻制微小的凹点，对记录表面进行写；而另一束激光用来从光敏感的记录表面读取数据。由于光束容易被偏转到光盘上所需要的位置，所以不需要存取臂。 对用户而言，光盘正成为最有吸引力的选择。它们(光盘)对环境变化不太敏感，并且它们以每兆字节比磁盘低得多的存储器价格提供更多的直接存取存储器。光盘技术仍在出现，并且还需要稳定；然而，目前有三种主要类型的光盘。它们是CD-ROM、WORM盘和磁光盘。 CD-ROM 1980年引入的，非常成功的CD，或紧密盘是设计来提高音乐的录音重放质量的光盘。为了制作一张CD，把音乐的模拟声音转换成等价的数字声音，并且存储在一张4.72英寸的光盘上。在每张光盘上可以用数字格式（用20亿数字位）记录74分钟的音乐。因为它的巨大存储容量，计算机工业的企业家们立刻认