一、律师部分
案件受理费court acceptance fee
案情重大、复杂important and complicated case
案由cause of action
案子case
包揽诉讼monopolize lawsuits
被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件); the accused (用于刑事案件)
被上诉人appellee
被诉人respondent; defendant
本案律师councel pro hac vice
本地律师local counsel
毕业证diploma; graduation certificate
辩护词defense; pleadings
辩护律师defense lawyer
辩护要点point of defense
辩护意见submission
财产租赁property tenancy
裁定书order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定）
裁决书award（用于仲裁）
裁决书verdict（用于陪审团）
采信的证据admitted evidence; established evidence
草拟股权转让协议drafting agreement of assignment of equity interests
查阅法条source legal provisions
产权转让conveyancing
出差go on errand; go on a business trip
出国深造further study abroad
出具律师意见书providing legal opinion
出示的证据exhibit
出庭appear in court
传票summons; subpoena
答辩状answer; reply
代理词representation
代理房地产买卖与转让agency for sale and transfer of real estate
代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization, trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate and incorporations
代理仲裁agency for arbitration
代写文书drafting of legal instruments
待决案件pending case
当事人陈述statement of the parties
第三人third party 吊销执业证revocation of lawyer license
调查笔录investigative record
调查取证investigation and gathering for evidence
调解mediation
调解书mediation
二审案件case of trial of second instance
发送电子邮件send e-mail
法律顾问legal consultants
法律意见书legal opinions
法律援助legal aid
法律咨询legal counseling
法庭division; tribunal
法学博士学位LL.D (Doctor of Laws)
法学会law society
法学课程legal courses
法学硕士学位LL.M (Master of Laws)
法学系faculty of law; department of law
法学学士学位LL.B (Bachelor of Laws)
J.D ( juris doctor缩写，美国法学学士)
法学院law school
法院公告court announcement
反诉状counterclaim
房地产律师real estate lawyer; real property lawyer
非合伙律师associate lawyer
非诉讼业务non-litigation practice
高级合伙人senior partner
高级律师senior lawyer
各类协议和合同agreements and contracts
公安局Public Security Bureau
公司上市company listing
公诉案件public-prosecuting case
公证书notarial certificate
国办律师事务所state-run law office
国际贸易international trade
国际诉讼international litigation
国内诉讼domestic litigation
合伙律师partner lawyer
合伙制律师事务所law office in partner-ship; cooperating law ofice
合同审查、草拟、修改contract review, drafting and revision 会见当事人interview a client
会见犯罪嫌疑人interview a criminal suspect
兼职律师part-time lawyer
监狱prison; jail
鉴定结论expert conclusion
缴纳会费membership dues
举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi
决定书decision
勘验笔录record of request
看守所detention house
抗诉书protest
控告人accuser; complainant
跨国诉讼transnational litigation
劳动争议labor disputes
劳动争议仲裁委员会arbitration committee for labor disputes 劳改场reform-through-labor farm; prison farm
利害关系人interested party; party in interest
律管处处长director of lawyer control department
律师lawyer attorney; attorney at law
律师惩戒lawyer discipline
律师法Lawyer Law
律师费lawyer fee
律师函lawyer's letter
律师见证lawyer attestation/authentication
律师见证书lawyer certification/authentication/witness
律师卷宗lawyer's docile; file
律师刊物lawyer's journal
律师联系电话contact phone number of a lawyer
律师事务所law office; law firm
律师收费billing by lawyer
律师网站lawyer website
律师协会National Bar (Lawyer) Association
律师协会会员member of Lawyer Association
律师协会秘书长secretary general of Bar (Lawyer) Association 律师协会章程Articles of Lawyer Assocition
律师业务室lawyer's office
律师执业证lawyer license
律师助理assistant lawyer
律师资格考试bar exam; lawyer qualification exam
律师资格证lawyer qualification certificate
民事案件civil case
民事调解civil mediation
民事诉讼civil litigation
派出所local police station; police substation
判决judgement(用于民事、行政案件);
determination(用于终审);
sentence(用于刑事案);
verdict(由陪审团作出) 旁证circumstantial evidence
企业章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 企业重组corporate restructure
起诉状information; indictment
取消律师资格disbar
全国律师代表大会National Lawyer Congress
缺席宣判pronounce judgement or determination by default
人民法院People's Court
人民检察院People's Procuratorate
认定事实determine facts
上诉案件case of trial of second instance; appellate case
上诉人appellant
上诉状petition for appeal
涉外律师lawyers specially handling foreign-related matters
申请复议administrative reconsideration petition
申请加入律师协会application for admission to Law Association 申请人petitioner; claimant
申诉案件appeal case
申诉人（仲裁）claimant; plaintiff
申诉书appeal for revision, petition for revision
实习律师apprentice lawyer; lawyer in probation period
实习律师证certificate of apprentice lawyer
视听证据audio-visual reference material
适用法律apply law to facts
受害人victim
书证documentary evidence
司法部Ministry of Justice
司法建议书judicial advise
司法局Judicial Bureau
司法局副局长deputy director of Judicial Bureau
司法局局长director of Judicial Bureau
司法统一考试uniform judicial exam
送达service of process
诉讼litigation; action; lawsuit
诉讼当事人litigation party; litigious party
诉讼业务litigation practice
诉状complaint; bill of complaint; statement of claim
推销法律服务promote/market legal service
外国律师事务所foreign law office
委托代理合同authorized representation contract
委托代理人agent ad litem; entrusted agent
委托授权书power of attorney
物证material evidence
嫌疑人criminal suspect
项目融资project financing
项目谈判project negotiating
刑事案件criminal case
刑事诉讼criminal litigation
行政诉讼administrative litigation
休庭adjourn the court; recess
宣判pronounce judgement; determination
宣誓书affidavit
业务进修attendance in advanced studies
一审案件case of trial of first instance
与国外律师事务所交流communicate with foreign law firms 原告plaintiff
证券律师securities lawyer
证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit
执行笔录execution record
执业登记registration for practice
执业范围scope of practice; sphere of practice; practice area 执业申请practice application
执业证年检annual inspection of lawyer license
仲裁arbitration
仲裁案件arbitration case
仲裁机构arbitration agency
专门律师specialized lawyer
专职律师professional lawyer; full-time lawyer
撰写法律文章write legal thesis
资信调查credit standing investigation
自诉案件private prosecuting case
二、诉讼法律
案件case
案件发回remand/rimit a case (to a low court)
案件名称title of a case
案卷材料materials in the case
案情陈述书statement of case
案外人person other than involved in the case
案值total value involved in the case
败诉方losing party
办案人员personnel handling a case
保全措施申请书application for protective measures
报案report a case (to security authorities)
被告defendant; the accused
被告人最后陈述final statement of the accused
被告向原告第二次答辩rejoinder
被害人victim
被害人的诉讼代理人victim's agent ad litem 被上诉人respondent; the appellee
被申请人respondent
被申请执行人party against whom execution is filed
被执行人person subject to enforcement
本诉principal action
必要共同诉讼人party in necessary co-litigation
变通管辖jurisdiction by accord
辩护defense
辩护律师defense attorney/lawyer
辩护人defender
辩护证据exculpatory evidence; defense evidence
辩论阶段stage of court debate
驳回反诉dismiss a counterclaim; reject a counterclaim
驳回请求deny/dismiss a motion
驳回上诉、维持原判reject/dismiss the appeal and sustain the original judgement/ruling
驳回诉讼dismiss an action/suit
驳回通知书notice of dismissal
驳回自诉dismiss/reject a private prosecution
驳回自诉裁定书ruling of dismissing private-prosecuting case 补充答辩supplementary answer
补充判决supplementary judgement
补充侦查supplementary investigation
不公开审理trial in camera
不立案决定书written decision of no case-filing
不批准逮捕决定书written decision of disapproving an arrest
不起诉nol pros
不予受理起诉通知书notice of dismissal of accusation by the court
财产保全申请书application for attachment; application for property preservation
裁定order; determination (指最终裁定)
裁定管辖jurisdiction by order
裁定书order; ruling
裁决书award
采信的证据admitted evidence
查封seal up
撤回上诉withdraw appeal
撤诉withdraw a lawsuit
撤销立案revoke a case placed on file
撤销原判，发回重审rescind the original judgement and remand the case ro the original court for retrial
出示的证据exhibit
除权判决invalidating judgement (for negotiable instruments)
传唤summon; call
传闻证据hearsay
答辩answer; reply
答辩陈述书statement of defence
答辩状answer; reply
大法官associate justices; justice
大检察官deputy chief procurator
代理控告agency for accusation
代理申诉agency for appeal
代理审判员acting judge
代为申请取保候审agency for application of the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving
弹劾式诉讼accusatory procedure
当事人陈述statement of the parties
当庭宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence in court 地区管辖territorial jurisdiction
地区检察分院inter-mediate People's Procuratorate
第三人third party
调查笔录record of investigation
定期宣判pronouncement of judgement or sentence later on a fixed date
定罪证据incriminating evidence; inculpatory evidence
冻结freeze
督促程序procedure of supervision and urge
独任庭sole-judge bench
独任仲裁员sole arbitrator
对妨碍民事诉讼的强制措施compulsory measures against impairment of civil action
对席判决judgement inter parties
二审trial of second instance
二审案件case of trial of second insurance
罚款impose a fine
法定证据statutory legal evidence
法定证据制度system of legal evidence
法官judges
法警bailiff; court police
法律文书legal instruments/papers
法律援助legal aid
法律咨询legal consulting
法庭辩论court debate
法庭调查court investigation
法庭审理笔录court record
法庭审理方式mode of court trial
法庭庭长chief judge of a tribunal 法院court
法院公告court announcement
反诉counterclaim
反诉答辩状answer with counterclaim
反诉状counterclaim
犯罪嫌疑人criminal suspect
附带民事诉讼案件 a collateral civil action
附带民事诉讼被告defendant of collateral civil action
复查reexamination; recheck
复验reinspect
高级法官senior judge
高级检察官senior procurator
高级人民法院Higher People's Court
告诉案件case of complaint
告诉才处理的案件case accepted at complaint
告诉申诉庭complaint and petition division
工读学校work-study school for delinquent children
公安部Ministry of Public Security
公安分局public security sub-bureau
公安厅public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
公开审理trial in public
公开审判制度open trial system
公示催告程序procedure of public summons for exhortation
公诉案件public-prosecuting case
公诉词statement of public prosecution
公证机关public notary office
共同管辖concurrent jurisdiction
管辖jurisdiction
国际司法协助international judicial assistance
海事法院maritime court
合议庭collegial panel
合议庭评议笔录record of deliberating by the collegiate bench 和解composition; compromise
核对诉讼当事人身份check identity of litigious parties
恢复执行resumption of execution
回避withdrawal
混合式诉讼mixed action
基层人民法院basic People's Court
羁押期限term in custody
级别管辖subject matter jurisdiction of courts at different levels 监视居住living at home under surveillance
监狱prison
检察官procurator
检察权prosecutorial power
检察委员会procuratorial/prosecutorial committee
检察院procuratorate
检察院派出机构outpost tribunal of procuratorate
简易程序summary procedure
鉴定结论expert conclusion
经济审判庭economic tribunal
径行判决direct adjudication without sessions; judgement without notice
纠问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings
拘传summon by force; summon by warrant
拘留所detention house
举报information/report of an offence
举证责任burden of proof; onus probandi
决定书decision
军事法院military procuratorate
开庭审理open a court session
开庭通知notice of court session
勘验笔录record of inquest
看守所detention house
可执行财产executable property
控告式诉讼accusatory proceedings
控诉证据incriminating evidence
控诉职能accusation function
扣押distrain on; attachment
扣押物distress/distraint
宽限期period of grace
劳动争议仲裁申请书petition for labor dispute arbitration
劳改场reform-through-labor farm
劳教所reeducation-through-labor office
类推判决的核准程序procedure for examination and approval of analogical sentence
累积证据cumulative evidence
立案报告place a case on file
立案管辖functional jurisdiction
立案决定书written decision of case-filing
立案侦查report of placing a case on file
利害关系人interested party
临时裁决书interim award
律师见证书lawyer's written attestation; lawyer's written authentication
律师事务所law office; law firm
律师提前介入prior intervention by lawyer 免于刑事处分exemption from criminal penalty
民事案件civil case
民事审判庭civil tribunal
民事诉讼civil action
民事诉讼法Civil Procedural Law
扭送seize and deliver a suspect to the police
派出法庭detached tribunal
派出所police station
判决judgement; determination
判决书judgement; determination; verdict (指陪审团作出的)
旁证circumstantial evidence
陪审员juror
批准逮捕approval of arrest
破案clear up a criminal case; solve a criminal case
破产bankruptcy; insolvency
普通程序general/ordinary procedure
普通管辖general jurisdiction
企业法人破产还债程序procedure of bankruptcy and liquidation of a business corporation
起诉filing of a lawsuit
起诉sue; litigate; prosecute; institution of proceedings
起诉状indictment; information
区县检察院grassroots People's Procuratorate
取保候审the bail pending trial with restricted liberty of moving 缺席判决default judgement
人民调解委员会People's Mediation Committee
认定财产无主案件cases concerning determination of property as qwnerless
认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件cases concerning determination of a citizen as incompetent or with limited disposing capacity
上诉appeal
上诉人appellant
上诉状petition for appeal
少管所juvenile prison
社会治安综合治理comprehensive treatment of social security 涉外案件cases involving foreign interests
涉外民事诉讼foreign civil proceedings
涉外刑事诉讼foreign criminal proceedings
申请人applicant; petitioner
申请书petition; application for arbitration
申请执行人execution applicant
申诉人宣誓书claimant's affidavit of authenticity
申诉书appeal for revision; petition for revision
神示证据制度system of divinity evidence
神示制度ordeal system
审查案件case review
审查并决定逮捕examine and decide arrest
审查起诉阶段stage of review and prosecution
审理通知书notice of hearing
审判长presiding judge
审判长宣布开庭presiding judge announce court in session
审判管辖adjudgement/trial jurisdiction
审判监督程序procedure for trial supervision
审判委员会judicial committee
审判员judge
审问式诉讼inquisitional proceedings
生效判决裁定legally effective judgement/order
胜诉方winning party
省市自治区检察院higher People's Procuratorate
失踪和死亡宣告declaration of disappearance and death
实（质）体证据substantial evidence
实物证据tangible evidence
实在证据real evidence
示意证据demonstrative evidence
视听证据audio-visual evidence
收容所collecting post; safe retreat
首席大法官chief justice
首席检察官chief procurator
受害人的近亲属victim's immediate family
受理acceptance
受理刑事案件审批表registration form of acceptance of criminal case
受送达人the addressee
书记员court clerk
书记员宣读法庭纪律court clerk reads court rules
书证documentary evidence
司法部Ministry of Justice
司法机关judicial organizatons
司法警察judicial police
司法局judicial bureau
司法厅judicial bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomous regions, and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government
司法协助judicial assistance
死缓的复核judicial review of death sentence with a retrieve
死刑复核程序procedure for judicial review of death sentence 死刑复核权competence for judicial review of death sentence 送达service of process
送达传票service of summons/subpoena
送达诉状service of bill of complaint
搜查search
诉sue; suit; action; lawsuit
诉前财产保全property attachment prior to lawsuit
诉讼litigation; lawsuit; sue; action
诉讼保全attachment
诉讼参加人litigious participants
诉讼代理人agent ad litem
诉状complaint; bill of complaint; state of claim
特别程序special procedures
提起公诉institute a public prosecution
铁路法院railway court
铁路检察院railroad transport procuratorate
庭审程序procedure of court trial
通缉wanted for arrest
投案appearance
退回补充侦查return of a case for supplementary investigation 委托辩护entrusted defense
未成年人法庭juvenile court
无行政职务的法官associate judge
无正当理由拒不到庭refuse to appear in court without due cause
无罪判决acquittal, finding of " not guilty "
物证material evidence
先予执行申请书application for advanced execution
先予执行advanced execution
刑事案件criminal case
刑事拘留criminal detention
刑事强制拘留criminal coercive/compulsory measures
刑事审判庭criminal tribunal
刑事诉讼criminal proceedings
刑事诉讼法Criminal Procedural Law
刑事自诉状self-incriminating criminal complaint
行政案件administrative case
行政审判庭administrative tribunal
行政诉讼administrative proceedings
行政诉讼法Administrative Procedural Law
宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件cases concerning the declaration of disappearance and death
宣判笔录record of rendition of judgement
选民资格案件cases concerning qualifications of voters
询问证人inquire/question a witness
训诫reprimand
讯问笔录record of interrogation
询问犯罪嫌疑人interrogate criminal suspect
言词证据verbal evidence
要求传唤证人申请书application for subpoena
一裁终局arbitration award shall be final and binding
一审trial of first instance
一审案件case of trial of first instance
应诉通知书notice of respondence to action
有罪判决sentence; finding of "guilty"
予审preliminary examinantion; pretrial
原告plaintiff
院长court president
阅卷笔录record of file review (by lawyers)
再审案件case of retrial
再审申请书petition for retrial
责令具结悔过order to sign a statement of repentance
债权人会议creditors' meeting
侦查阶段investigation stage
侦查终结conclusion of investigation
征询原、被告最后意见consulting final opinion of the plaintiff and defendant
证据evidence
证据保全preserve evidence
证据保全申请书application for evidence preservation
证人证言testimony of witness; affidavit
支付令payment order/warrant
知识产权庭intellectual property tribunal
执行程序procedure execution
执行逮捕execution of arrest
执行和解conciliation of execution
执行回转recovery of execution
执行庭executive tribunal
执行异议objection to execution
执行员executor
执行中止discontinuance of execution
执行终结conclusion of execution
指定辩护appointed defense
指定仲裁员声明statement of appointing arbitrator
中级人民法院intermediate People's Court
中途退庭retreat during court session without permission
仲裁arbitration
仲裁被诉人respondent; defendant
仲裁裁决award 仲裁申请书arbitration
仲裁申诉人claimant; plaintiff
仲裁庭arbitration tribunal
仲裁委员会arbitration committee
仲裁协议arbitration agreement; clauses of arbitration
仲裁员arbitrator
主诉检察官principal procurator
助理检察官assistant procurator
助理审判员assistant judge
专门法院special court
专门管辖specific jurisdiction
专属管辖exclusive jurisdiction
追究刑事责任investigate for criminal responsibility
自首confession to justice
自诉案件private-prosecuting case
自行辩护self-defense
自由心证制度doctrine of discretional evaluation of evidence 自侦案件self-investigating case
最高人民法院the Supreme People's Court
最高人民检察院the Supreme People's Procuratorate
最后裁决书final award
三、民事法律
法律渊源source of law
制定法statute
判例法case law; precedent
普通法common law
特别法special law
固有法native law; indigenous law
继受法adopted law
实体法substantial law
程序法procedural law
原则法fundamental law
例外法exception law
司法解释judicial interpretation
习惯法customary law
公序良俗public order and moral
自然法natural law
罗马法Roman Law
私法private law
公法public law
市民法jus civile
万民法jus gentium
民法法系civil law system
英美法系system of Anglo-American law
大陆法系civil law system
普通法common law
大陆法continental law
罗马法系Roman law system
英吉利法English law
衡平法equity; law of equity
日尔曼法Germantic law
教会法ecclesiastical law
寺院法canon law
伊斯兰法Islamic law
民法法律规范norm of civil law
授权规范authorization norm
禁止规范forbidding norm
义务性规范obligatory norm
命令性规范commanding norm
民法基本原则fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则principle of equality
自愿原则principle of free will
公平原则principle of justice
等价有偿原则principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则principle of good faith
行为act
作为act
不作为omission
合法行为lawful act
违法行为unlawful act
民事权利权利能力civil right
绝对权absolute right
相对权relative right
优先权right of priority
先买权preemption
原权antecedent right
救济权right of relief
支配权right of dominion
请求权right of claim
物上请求权right of claim for real thing
形成权right of formation
撤销权right of claiming cancellation
否认权right of claiming cancellation
解除权right of renouncement
代位权subrogated right
选择权right of choice
承认权right of admission
终止权right of termination 抗辩权right of defense
一时性抗辩权momentary right of defense
永久性抗辩权permanent counter-argument right
不安抗辩权unstable counter-argument right
同时履行抗辩权defense right of simultaneous performance 既得权tested right
期待权expectant right
专属权exclusive right
非专属权non-exclusive right
人身权利personal right
人权human right
人格权right of personality
生命健康权right of life and health
姓名权right of name
名称权right of name
肖像权right of portraiture
自由权right of freedom
名誉权right reputation
隐私权right of privacy
私生活秘密权right of privacy
贞操权virginity right
身份权right of status
亲权parental power; parental right
亲属权right of relative
探视权visitation right
配偶权right of spouse
荣誉权right of honor
权利的保护protection of right
公力救济public protection
私力救济self-protection
权利本位standard of right
社会本位standard of society
无责任行为irresponsible right
正当防卫justifiable right; ligitimate defence
防卫行为act of defence
自为行为self-conducting act
紧急避险act of rescue; necessity
自助行为act of self-help
不可抗力force majeure
意外事件accident
行为能力capacity for act
意思能力capacity of will
民事行为civil act
意思表示declaration of intention
意思表示一致meeting of minds; consensus
完全行为能力perfect capacity for act
限制行为能力restrictive capacity for act
准禁治产人quasi-interdicted person
保佐protection
自治产人minor who is capable of administering his own capacity
无行为能力incapacity for act
禁治产人interdicted person
自然人natural person
公民citizen
住所domicile
居所residence
经常居住地frequently dwelling place
户籍census register
监护guardianship
个体工商户individual business
农村承包经营户leaseholding rural household
合伙partnership
合伙人partner
合伙协议partnership agreement
合伙财产property of partnership
合伙债务debt of partnership
入伙join partnership
退伙withdrawal from partnership
合伙企业partnership business establishment
个人合伙partnership
法人合伙partnership of legal person
特别合伙special partnership
普通合伙general partnership
有限合伙limited partnership
民事合伙civil partnership
隐名合伙sleeping partnership; dormant partnership
私营企业private enterprise; proprietorship
法人legal person
企业法人legal body of enterprise
企业集团group of enterprise
关联企业affiliate enterprise
个人独资企业individual business establishment
国有独资企业solely state-owned enterprise
中外合资企业Sino-foreign joint venture enterprise
中外合作企业Sino-foreign contractual enterprise
社团法人legal body of mass organization
财团法人legal body of financial group 联营joint venture
法人型联营association of legal persons
合伙型联营coordinated management in partnership
协作型联营cooperation-type coordinated management
合作社cooperative
民事法律行为civil legal act
单方民事法律行为unilateral civil legal act
双方民事法律行为bilateral civil legal act
多方民事法律行为joint act civil legal act
有偿民事法律行为civil legal act with consideration
无偿民事法律行为civil legal act without consideration; civil legal act without award
实践性民事法律行为practical civil legal act
诺成性民事法律行为consental civil legal act
要式民事法律行为formal civil legal act
不要式民事法律行为informal civil legal act
要因民事法律行为causative civil legal act
不要因民事法律行为noncausative civil legal act
主民事法律行为principal civil legal act
从民事法律行为accessory civil legal act
附条件民事法律行为conditional civil legal act
附期限民事法律行为civil legal act with term
生前民事法律行为civil legal act before death
死后民事法律行为civil legal act after death
准民事法律行为quasi-civil legal act
无效行为ineffective act
可撤销民事行为revocable civil act
违法行为illegal act; unlawful act
侵权行为tort
欺诈fraud
胁迫duress
乘人之危taking advantage of others' precarious position
以合法形式掩盖非法目的legal form concealing illegal intention 恶意串通malicious collaboration
重大误解gross misunderstanding
显失公平obvious unjust
误传misrepresentation
代理agency
本人principal
被代理人principal
受托人trustee
代理人agent
本代理人original agent
法定代理人statutory agent; legal agent
委托代理人agent by mandate
指定代理人designated agent
复代理人subagent
再代理人subagent
转代理人subagent
代理权right of agency
授权行为act of authorization
授权委托书power of attorney
代理行为act of agency
委托代理agency by mandate
本代理original agency
复代理subagency
次代理subagency
有权代理authorized agency
表见代理agency by estoppel; apparent agency
律师代理agency by lawyer
普通代理general agency
全权代理general agency
全权代理委托书general power of attorney
共同代理joint agency
独家代理sole agency
居间brokerage
居间人broker
行纪commission; broker house
信托trust
时效time limit; prescription; limitation
时效中止suspension of prescription/limitation
时效中断interruption of limitation/prescription
时效延长extension of limitation
取得时效acquisitive prescription
时效终止lapse of time; termination of prescription 期日date
期间term
涉外民事关系civil relations with foreign elements 冲突规范rule of conflict
准据法applicable law; governing law
反致renvoi; remission
转致transmission
识别identification
公共秩序保留reserve of public order
法律规避evasion of law
国籍nationality
国有化nationalization
法律责任legal liability 民事责任civil liability/responsibility
行政责任administrative liability/responsibility
刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility
违约责任liability of breach of contract; responsibility of default 有限责任limited liability
无限责任unlimited liability
按份责任shared/several liability
连带责任joint and several liability
过失责任liability for negligence; negligent liability
过错责任fault liability; liability for fault
单独过错sole fault
共同过错joint fault
混合过错mixed fault
被害人过错victim's fault
第三人过错third party's fault
推定过错presumptive fault
恶意bad faith; malice
故意deliberate intention; intention; willfulness
过失negligence
重大过失gross negligence
疏忽大意的过失careless and inadvertent negligence
过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption
损害事实facts of damage
有形损失tangible damage/loss
无形损失intangible damage/loss
财产损失property damage/loss
人身损失personal damage/loss
精神损失spiritual damage/loss
民事责任承担方式methods of bearing civil liability
停止侵害cease the infringing act
排除妨碍exclusion of hindrance; removal of obstacle
消除危险elimination of danger
返还财产restitution of property
恢复原状restitution; restitution of original state
赔偿损失compensate for a loss; indemnify for a loss
支付违约金payment of liquidated damage
消除影响eliminate ill effects
恢复名誉rehabilitate one's reputation
赔礼道歉extend a formal apology
物权jus ad rem; right in rem; real right
物权制度real right system; right in rem system
一物一权原则the principal of One thing, One Right
物权法定主义principal of legality of right in rem
物权公示原则principal of public summons of right in rem
物权法jus rerem
物property
生产资料raw material for production
生活资料means of livelihood; means of subsistence
流通物res in commercium; a thing in commerce
限制流通物limited merchantable thing
禁止流通物res extra commercium; a thing out of commerce 资产asset
固定资产fixed asset
流动资产current asset; floating asset
动产movables; chattel
不动产immovable; real estate
特定物res certae; a certain thing
种类物genus; indefinite thing
可分物res divisibiles; divisible things
不可分物res indivisibiles; indivisible things
主物res capitalis; a principal thing
从物res accessoria; an accessory thing
原物original thing
孳息fruits
天然孳息natural fruits
法定孳息legal fruits
无主物bona vacatia; vacant goods; ownerless goods
遗失物lost property
漂流物drifting object
埋藏物fortuna; hidden property
货币currency
证券securities
债券bond
物权分类classification of right in rem/real right
自物权jus in re propria; right of full ownership
所有权dominium; ownership; title
所有权凭证document of title; title of ownership
占有权dominium utile; equitable ownership
使用权right of use; right to use of
收益权right to earnings; right to yields
处分权right of disposing; jus dispodendi
善意占有possession in good faith
恶意占有malicious possession
按份共有several possession
共同共有joint possession
他物权jus in re aliena
用益物权real right for usufruct
使用权right to use; right of use 土地使用权right to the use of land
林权forest ownership
采矿权mining ownership
经营权managerial authority; power of management
承包经营权right to contracted management
相邻权neighboring right; relatedright
地上权superficies
永佃权jus emphyteuticum; right to landed estate granted in perpetuity through a contract
地役权servitude; easement
人役权servitus personarum; personal servitude
担保物权real right for security
物的担保security for thing
物的瑕疵担保warranty against defect of a thing
抵押权hypotheca; hypothecation; right to mortgage
抵押权的设定creation of right to mortgage
抵押人mortgagor
抵押权人mortgagee
抵押标的物collateral; estate under mortgage
抵押权的效力deffect of right to mortgage
抵押权的次序sequence of right to mortgage
抵押权的抛弃abandonment of right to mortgage
抵押权的让与alienation of right to mortgage
抵押权的实现materialization of right to mortgage
抵押权的消灭extinction of right to
mortgageregistration of estate under mortgage
抵押物登记registration of estate under mortgage
抵押优先权priority of mortgage
留置权lien
一般留置权general lien
特别留置权special lien
质权hypotheque; pledge; right of pledge
佃权tenant right
债权jus in personam; right to give or procure; claim; creditor's right
债权人creditor
债务人debtor
相对人counterpart; offeree
给付give; pay
债务debt; liability; obligation
债务的偿还payment of debt
债务的偿清discharge of debt
债务的担保guarantee of debt
债务的合并consolidation of debt
债务的给付日期debt maturity
债务的免除exemption of debt
债的分类obligatio; obligation
法定之债legal obligation
任意之债voluntary obligation
简单之债simple obligation
选择之债alternative obligation
主债prime/principal obligation
从债accessory obligation
单一之债single obligation
按份之债several obligation
连带之债joint obligation
特定之债certain obligation
种类之债indefinite obligation
合同之债contractual obligation
侵权行为之债tort obligation
损害赔偿之债obligation of compensation for injury; obligation of damages
人身损害damage to person
精神损害moral/mental/spiritual damage
医药费hospital treatment expense
医疗费medical charge
抚恤金pension
慰问金consolation money
产品瑕疵defect of product
不当得利unjust enrichment
无因管理voluntary service
债的担保guarantee of obligation
财产担保property guarantee
信用担保credit guarantee
让与担保alienation guarantee
保证guaranty
明示保证express guaranty
默示保证implied guaranty
保证人guarantor
保证合同contract of guaranty/suretyship
保证金guaranty bond; security deposit
押金deposit; foregift
预付款advanced payment
定金earnest money; deposit
违约金liquidated damages
法定违约金liquidated damages by law
约定违约金liquidated damages by agreement
债的履行performance of obligation 实际履行原则doctrine of specific performance
情事变更原则doctrine of change of circumstances
不当履行misfeasance
清偿discharge; satisfaction
提存debtor's submission of the subject matter of obligation to competent authority
抵销setoff
知识产权intellectual property
知识产权国际保护international protection of intellectual property
国民待遇原则doctrine of national treatment
优先权原则 a right of priority doctrine
自动保护原则doctrine of automatic protection
特许权使用费royalties
智力成果intellectual property
著作权copyright
版权copyright
著作权人copyright owner
创作creation
作品opus; product; work
著作人格权right of personality of copyright
发表权right of publication
署名权right of authorship; right of paternity
修改权right of modification; right of revision
完整性保持权right to maintain integrity
不可侵犯权inviolability
收回权right of recall; right of retrieval
自费出版publish a book at the author's own expense
著作财产权property right in work
使用收益分享权right to share usufruct
利用权right to make use of
获得报酬权right to get payment
重播权right of rebroadcasting
录制权right of fixation
机械复制权right of mechanograph; right of mechanical reproduction
著作邻接权neighboring right of copyright
剽窃plagiary; plagiarism
盗版pirate
盗版VCD pirated VCD
伪造forge
工业产权industrial property
专利权patent right
优先权日priority date
申请在先原则prior application rule
使用在先priority of use
新颖性novelty
创造性creativity
实用性practicability
发明创造invention and creation
实用新型utility model
外观设计design; industrial design
发明权right of invention
发现权right of discovery
专利申请patent application
专利异议objection to a patent
专利公告patent gazette
专利续展费renewal fee of patent
专利许可协议patent licensing agreement
技术诀窍know-how
专有技术know-how
专利证书certificate of patent
专利事务所patent office
专利代理patent agency
中华人民共和国专利局Patent Office of the People's Republic of China
商标权trademark right
商标国际注册international registration of trademark
商品商标commodity trademark
服务商标service trademark
驰名商标reputed trademark
广告商标advertisement trademark
近似商标similar trademark
商标评审委员会trade review and appraisal board
商标审查trademark examination
商标侵权trademark infringement
商标注册registered trademark
商标公告trademark gazette
注册商标使用许可licensing of registered trademark
注册商标转让assignment of registered trademark
商标使用许可协议trademark licensing agreement
商标事务所trademark office
商标代理trademark agency
婚姻、家庭、继承、收养marriage, family, inheritance, adoption 婚姻法marital law; marriage law
包办婚姻arranged marriage
财产分割partition; dismemberment of property
重婚bigamy 独生子女only child
法律婚legal marriage
非婚生子女illegitimate child
夫妻共同财产community property
夫妻关系conjugal relationship
夫妻分居divorce a mensa et thoro; divorce from bed and board 复婚resumption of marriage
感情破裂incompatibility
婚后财产公证notarization of postnuptial properties
婚姻登记marriage registration
婚生子女ligitimate child
计划生育birth control
结婚marry
离婚divorce
买卖婚姻mercenary marriage
拟制血亲blood relations in fiction of law
旁系血亲collateral relation blood relation
涉外婚姻marriage with foreign elements
配偶spouse
事实婚de facto marriage
诉讼离婚divorce by litigation
探视权visitation right
同居cohabitation
晚婚late marriage
无效婚姻void marriage
协议离婚divorce by agreement
一夫一妻制monogamy
早婚early marriage
直系血亲lineal descent
自然血亲natural blood relation
收养法adoption law
收养协议adoption agreement
收养人adoptive parent
送养人person or institution placing out a child for adoption
涉外收养adoption with foreign elements
继承法inheritance law; law of succession
法定继承legal seccession
遗嘱继承intestate succession
遗赠继承succession by devise
自然继承natural succession
代位继承representation; succession by subrogation
世袭继承hereditary succession
间接继承indirect succession
转继承subsuccession
共同继承joint succession
单独继承single succession
继承人heir; successor
第二顺序继承人successor second in order
第一顺序继承人successor first in order
继承参与人succession participant
遗产inheritance; heritage
遗产继承人heir to property; inheritor
遗言last will and testament
遗书last words
遗赠bequest; legacy; devise
遗赠抚养协议legacy-support ageement
四、商事法律
会计法accounting law
税法tax law; taxation law
反不正当竞争法anti-unfair competition law
消费者权益保护法consumer's interest protection law 产品责任法production liability law
消费者权益法consumer rights and interests law
公司法company law; corporate law
公司company; corporation
有限责任公司limited liability company
股份有限公司company limited by shares
无限公司unlimited company
股份两合公司joint stock limited liability partnership 两合公司joint liability company
控股公司holding company
集团公司group company
合资公司joint venture company
联营公司associated company; affiliated company
国营公司state-own company
国有公司state-owned company
民营公司civilian-run company
本国公司national/domestic company
外国公司foreign company
上市公司listed company
母公司parent company
子公司subsidiary
皮包公司briefcase company; fundless company
募集设立incorporation by stock floatation
发起人floater; initiator
公司名称name of company
公司住址domicile of company
出资contribution; capital subscription 现金出资investment in cash
实物出资investment in kind
工业产权出资investment in industrial property right
非专有技术出资investment in non-patent technology
劳务出资investment in labor
高新技术成果出资investment in hi-tech achievements
注册资本registered capital
实缴资本paid-in capital
验资报告capital verification report
会计师事务所certified public accountants
注册会计师certified public accountant
资本三原则three doctrine of capital
资本确定原则doctrine of capital determination
资本维持原则doctrine of capital maintenance
资本不变原则doctrine of unchanging capital
最低资本额制度minimum capital system
公司章程articles of association; articles of incorporation; bylaw 公司登记incorporation; corporate registration
公司存续existence of company
公司合并分立merger and split of company
公司并购corporate merger and acquisition
公司管理corporate governance; company management
公司法律顾问corporate counsel
公司整顿company rectification
公司歇业closure of business
公司和解company composition
公司解散company dissolution
公司清算company liquidation
公司清理company winding-up
竞业禁止non-commpete; competition prohibition
招股章程prospectus
股本stock capital
股东shareholder
股东大会shareholders' meeting
股东大会决议resolution of shareholders' meeting
股东大会议事规则rule of procedure of shareholders' meeting 表决权voting right; right to vote
董事director
董事长president/chairman of the board
首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)
首席运营官chief operation officer(COO)
执行董事executive director
常务董事managing director
董事会board of directors
董事会领导下的经理负责制responsibility system of the chief executive officer under the leadership of the board of directors 经理独立负责制manager independent responsibility system 监事supervisor
监事会board of supervisors
股share; stock
普通股common stock
特别股special stock
资格股qualification stock
优先股preferred stock
劣后股inferior stock
表决权股stock with voting power
溢价股premium stock
折价股converting stock
国家股state-owned share
集体股collective share
法人股corporate share
企业股enterprise share
个人股individual share
股息dividend
红股bonus stock; dividend stock
法定公积金legal accumulation fund
资本公积金capital accumulation fund
盈余公积金surplus accumulation fund
任意公积金optional accumulation fund
公司犯罪corporate crime
证券法securities law
证券发行issuance of securities
证券上市list securities; float an issue
证券交易所stock exchange
证券商securities dealer
证券公司securities company
证券承销商consortium of underwriters
证券承销合同underwriting contract
证券经纪人securities broker
披露制度disclosing system
交割日closing date
风险投资基金venture capital fund
上海证券交易所Shanghai Stock Exchange
深圳证券交易所Shenzhen Stock Exchange
证券监督委员会securities supervision committee
票据法law of negotiable instrument
票据notes; bills; commercial instruments
商业票据bill; commercial instrument 远期票据time bill;; long-dated bill
到期票据matured bill
即期票据sight bill
记名票据bill payable to order; note to order
不记名票据bearer instrument
本票promissory note
支票cheque
汇票bill of exchange
发票日ticket day
出票日date of draft/issue
发票地place of draft/issue
票据到期日bill to mature
票据金额sum of bill
票面价额face value
票据出票人drawer
票据持票人bill holder
票据承兑人bill acceptor
票据行为act on commercial paper
承兑票据honor a bill
票据议付negotiation
拒付票据protest a bill
票据付款人drawee
票据支付人payer on commercial instrument
票据收款人bill collector
票据背书人endorser/indorser of a bill
被背书人endorsee
票据保证人bill guarantor
票据被保证人bill pledgee/warrantee
再追索人renewed recourser
前手remote holder
后手subsequent endorser
票据权利right of bill
票据期限term of bill; tenor
票据债务人debtor of commercial instrument
追索权right of recourse
票据抗辩exception to bill
票据丧失loss of bill
票据时效prescription of exchanges
票据贴现discount of bill
再贴现rediscount of bill
恩惠期间term of benevolence
票据代理agency for notes/bills/commercial instruments 海商法maritime law
船舶国籍证书certificate of registry; certificate of ship's
nationality
船棋国flag country
船舶所有权证书certificate of ship ownership
船舶检验register of ship
船舶保险insurance on hull
船舶保险单hull insurance policy
船舶登记证书certificate of registry
船舶丈量tonnage measurement of ships
船舶进港费groundage
船舶抵押ship mortgage
船舶租赁ship chartering
船舶转租ship subchartering
船舶所有人责任限制limitation of liabilities of ship owners
船舶碰撞ship collision
船舶遇难maritime distress
海上灾难perils of the sea
海上拖航marine towage
船舶扣押detention of ship
船舶债权ship's credit
船级社classification society
船级证书certificate of class
海上留置权maritime lien
船舶留置权maritime lien
船舶抵押权maritime mortgage
海上优先请求权priority claim to seagoing ships
救助优先权priority claim to salvage
共同海损优先权priority claim to general average
服务优先权priority claim to service
货物损害优先权priority claim to cargo damage
传播抵押借款和货物抵押借款优先权priority claim to ship credit and goods credit
海运合同shipping contract
提单bill of lading(B/L)
空舱费dead freight
租船费charterage
租船合同charter-party contract of affreightment
期租船合同time charter-party; time CP
航次租船合同voyage charter-party
定期租船合同time charter-party
光船租船合同bareboat charter-party; bareboat CP
包租运输合同shipping charter-party
海上旅客运输合同contract for carriage of passengers by sea 远洋拖带合同contract of ocean towage
港内拖带合同contract of port towage 海难救助合同salvage contract
海事报告master's protest;; sea protest
海事声明书sea protest
海事争议maritime dispute
海事法院maritime court;; admiralty court
海事诉讼程序maritime proceedings
船舶碰撞案件的民事管辖权civil jurisdiction of sea collision
船舶碰撞案件的刑事管辖权criminal jurisdiction of sea collision 海事争议的审理hearing/trial of maritime disputes
海事诉讼保全措施measures for maritime attachment
海事优先请求权preferential right top maritime claim
海事请求保全申请书application/petition for maritime attachment
海事诉讼法律文书送达service of legal instruments in maritime action/proceedings
涉外海事诉讼管辖权jurisdiction of maritime action involving for elements
强制变卖被扣押船舶compulsory realization of the distrained ship
海事仲裁程序规则rules of maritime arbitration procedure
保险法insurance law
自愿保险voluntary insurance
强制保险compulsory insurance
商业保险commercial insurance
财产保险property insurance
人身保险personal insurance
人寿保险life insurance
健康保险health insurance
意外保险accident insurance
社会保险social insurance
养老保险endowment insurance
医疗保险medical insurance
失业保险unemployment insurance
信用保险credit insurance
保证保险guaranty insurance
保险合同insurance contract
保险人insurer; underwriter
被保险人the insured
受益人benificiary
投保人applicant for insurance;; policy holder
保险单insurance policy
保险标的insurance object
保险费premium
保险期限time limit of insurance
保险利益insurable interest
保险金额insurance; insurance compensation
保险事故insurance accident
保险赔偿insurance indemnity
保险代理人insurance agent
保险经纪人insurance broker
索赔claim
代位索赔claim by subrogation
理赔settlement of claim
代位求偿权right of subrogation
委付abandonment
退保cancellation/discharging of insurance
五、刑法总论
刑法学criminal law; penal law
犯罪学criminology
犯罪心理学criminal psychology
劳动改造法学reform-through-labor
中国刑法史history of Chinese criminal law
比较刑法学comparative criminal law
刑事侦查criminal detection
司法精神病学forensic psychiatry
罪刑法定原则principal of a legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime
罪刑相适应原则principal of suiting punishment to crime
罪责自负原则principal of bearing responsibility solely for one's own crime
惩罚与教育相结合原则principal of combining punishment with education
从旧原则the doctrine of observing old laws
从新原则the doctrine of observing new laws
从旧兼从轻原则the doctrine of observing old laws and new ones when with lighter punishment
从新兼从轻原则the doctrine of observing new laws and old ones when with lighter punishment
追诉时效limitation of prosecution
刑事责任criminal liability/responsibility
刑事责任年龄age for criminal responsibility
刑事责任能力criminal responsibility; capacity for criminal responsibility
犯罪crime; commit a crime
故意犯罪intentional crime; willful crime
过失犯罪negligent crime
犯罪构成constitution of a crime
犯罪主体subject of a crime 犯罪客体object of a crime
犯罪的主观方面subjective elements of a crime
犯罪的客观方面objective elements of a crime
犯罪对象target of a crime
犯罪故意criminal intent; mens rea
直接故意actual intent; direct intent
间接故意indirect intent
犯罪过失criminal negligence
疏忽大意的过失careless negligence
过于自信的过失negligence with undue assumption
不能预见unforeseeable; unpredictable
不能避免unavoidable
犯罪动机criminal motive
犯罪目的criminal intent; criminal purpose
防卫过当unjustifiable self-defense
紧急避险act of rescue; necessity
犯罪既遂completion of a crime
犯罪未遂attempted crime
犯罪形态criminal pattern
犯罪预备 a crime in preparation; preparation for a crime 犯意表示expression for a crime
犯罪中止abandonment/discontinuance of a crime
犯罪中断suspension of a crime
行为犯behavioral offence
危险犯potential damage offence
结果犯consequential offence
结果加重犯aggregated consequential offence
类推analogy
浅谈目的论指导下的法律翻译 【摘要】本才子毕业论文主要探讨在目的论指导下的下法律翻译问题 【关键词】目的论法律翻译 随着各国间政治、经济、科技、贸易、商业、教育、文化等各方面的交流日益频繁，法律翻译的重要性也日益凸显。中国不仅是世界上的人口大国，同时也是世界上的立法大国。现在已经有包括宪法在内的重要法律法规、部门和地方性法规等3 000多部，近几年更是以每周制定一部新法的速度递增（潘庆云，1997）。因此，法律翻译的迫切性更加显著。 一、目的论的提出 长久以来翻译界一直就翻译标准进行了长期的争论，是采用"直译"与"意译"、"归化"与"异化"、"可译"与"不可译"。以往的研究大多从微观的角度进行，忽视了法律文本翻译应该重视的法律文本的功能及翻译的目的（李克兴、张新红，2006）。然而任何交际行为都有意图或目的，书面文本的意向性尤其突出（张新红，1998）。1971年，赖斯在《翻译批评的潜力与制约》一书中，虽然坚持以原作为中心的等值理论，但是在实践中发现有些等值是不可能实现的并且也不需要刻意追求实现的。因此，赖斯认为译者应该优先考虑译文的功能特征而不是对等原则。1978年赖斯的学生弗米尔（Hans Vermeer）在《普通翻译理论的框架》中，率先提出重社会文化及交际功能的翻译目的理论，摆脱了以原语为中心的等值论的束缚，提出了目的论（Skopos Theory），奠定了德国功能主义的理论基石。目的论突破了对等理论的局限，打破了以原文为中心的等值翻译理论，更加注重译文的功效及译者的主功能动性，为翻译工作提供了一种新的视角及方法策略。 二、目的论 Skopos Theory在希腊语中表示"目的""目标"。奈达认为决定翻译的首要因素是"目的"（Nord, 1997:27）。目的论认为，"译者的任务是为了一个既定的目的在不同的语言和文化群体之间搭起一座理解的桥梁",这个理论的中心是任何行动都是有其目的,行动执行者要根据实际环境等因素选择一种最恰当的方式方法来达到其预定的目标。因此，翻译作为一种行动，译者也会根据其翻译目的，参考所有的有关因
似同实异的几个法律词汇 ——法律英语漫谈五十五 这几个形容词，由于在含义上似同而实异，很容易被混淆。 just作形容词时有三层含义。一是指“公正的、公平的、正直的”行为或状态（fairorright；actingorbeinginaccordancewithwhatisnormallyrightandproper），如：ajust man（一个正直的人）；ajustdecision（公平的判决）；justindignation（义愤）；justcompensation（公平的赔偿）等。二是指“应得的或应该有的”（welldeserved；fairlyearned），如：ajustreward（应得的奖赏）；ajustpunishment（应得的惩罚）等。三是指“合理的、有根据的”（reasonableorbasedonreasonablegrounds），因此常译作“正义的”、“合法的”。在这一层用法上，常与legal同义，如：justwar（正义的战争）；justdebt （合法的债务）；justtitle（合法权利）；justauthority（合法授权）；justcause （正当理由）；justsuspicion（有充分理由的怀疑）等。 judicial是指“有关法官或法律的”（referringtoajudgeorthelaw），“审判上的或在法院所做的”（doneinacourtorbythejudge），因此，常译作“司法的”、“法官的”、“法庭的”、“审判上的”、“法院判决的”、“法官身份的”，如：judicialauthority（司法权；司法当局）；judicialassistance（司法援助）；judicialbody（司法机关）；judicialcommittee（审判委员会）；judicialact（诉讼行为）；judicialapparatus（审判机关）；judicialdiscretion（法官的自由裁量权）；judiciallien（法律上的留置权）；judicialpersonnel（司法人员）；judicialprocedure（司法程序）；judicialworld（司法界）；judiciallimits（司
一、律师部分 案件受理费 court acceptance fee 案情重大、复杂 important and complicated case 案由 cause of action 案子 case 包揽诉讼 monopolize lawsuits 被告defendant(用于民事、行政案件) 被诉人 respondent; defendant 本地律师 local counsel 毕业证 diploma; graduation certificate 辩护词 defense; pleadings 辩护律师 defense lawyer 辩护要点 point of defense 辩护意见 submission 财产租赁 property tenancy 裁定书 order; ruling; determination（指终审裁定） 裁决书 award（用于仲裁） 裁决书 verdict（用于陪审团） 采信的证据 admitted evidence; established evidence 草拟股权转让协议 drafting agreement of assignment of equityinterests 查阅法条 source legal provisions 出差 go on errand; go on a business trip
出具律师意见书 providing legal opinion 出示的证据 exhibit 出庭 appear in court 传票 summons; subpoena 答辩状 answer; reply 代理词 representation 代理房地产买卖与转让 agency for sale and transfer of real estate 代理公证、商标、专利、版权、房地产、工商登记agency for notarization,trademark, patent, copyright, and registration of real estate andincorporations 代理仲裁 agency for arbitration 代写文书 drafting of legal instruments 待决案件pending case 当事人陈述 statement of the parties 第三人 third party 吊销执业证 revocation of lawyer license 调查笔录investigative record 调查取证 investigation and gathering for evidence 调解 mediation 调解书 mediation 二审案件 case of trial of second instance 发送电子邮件 send e-mail 法律顾问legal consultants 法律意见书 legal opinions
法律英语词源的三个主渠道英语词汇的来源最具开放性,法律英语词汇亦是如此。在英语发展的历史长河中,法语和拉丁语构成了法律英语词汇来源的主渠道,另外,古英语复合副词及其它常用古词语构成另一主渠道。 1. 法语对法律英语词汇的形成产生过直接的巨大作用。如果追究法律英语的词源便会发现几乎所有的词均来自法语,而这一特征具有深刻的历史根源。1066年英国历史上的“诺曼底人的征服”(theNor-manConquest)使英国第一次实现了法的统一,严格意义的英国法——普通法雏型便产生了,同时,精通普通法的律师以及从中产生的法官集团也开始出现。然而,英国人的祖先盎格鲁撒克逊人的法大多是原始部族的习惯法,当时影响很小,流传下来的也很少。除了在法律方面所实行的侵略政策外,法国人还在语言方面实行了隔离政策,结果法语成为英国的官方语言,而英语则被视为粗陋的登不上大雅之堂的语言,只作为口头语言在平民老百姓中继续使用。当时,法院审判均使用法语而不使用英语。然而,这并未使法语的法律词汇侵入到英语中去,因为,当时的语言隔离政策使得法语和英语成为不同社会阶层分别独立使用的语言,两者并未有机地溶合在一起。法语法律词汇与英语的溶合实际在于英语本身地位的提高。中古英语时期,英法之间的“百年战争”(1337—1454)和当时的“黑死病”的蔓延结果使英语的地位出现复苏局面,英语开始用于法律领域。这时虽然法语仍为官方语言,但是在这次语言大冲突中,由于法律英语词汇的贫乏及方便法律概念表达的现实需要,法律英语词汇和法语法律词汇明显溶合,几乎全盘接受。以下例词便可深刻地说明法律英语词汇受法语影响的深度:justice(正义),judgement(审判),crime(罪行),plea(抗辩),suit(诉讼),plaintiff(原告),defendant(被告),attorney(律师),complaint(控告),summons(传票),verdict(裁决),sen-tence(判决),punishment(刑罚),prison(监狱),bill(法案),inquest(审讯),evidence(证据),slander(诽谤),libel(诽谤罪),innocence(无罪)等。这些单词现在看来无论在发音还是在拼写上完全和英语同化了,有些已成为全民的词汇,如果不追究其词源,根本不会感到它们源自法语。在现代英语时期,法语词汇一直源源不断进入英语,尤其是在18世纪初至19世纪其数量为最多,但是法律词汇并不多,例如parole(假释),regime(政权),police(警察),attaché(使馆馆员)等就是在这一时期进入英语的。法语法律词汇在英国法真正产生的背景之下大量涌入英语并逐渐与其同化是在上述中古英语时期。那时的法语对英语在各方面产生的影响是任何时期都无法比拟的。 2.法律英语词汇另一个重要来源就是拉丁语。在“诺曼底人的征服”期间,拉丁语和法语一样占绝对统治地位。虽然其词汇进入英语的数量远不及法语,但是,大量的法律英语术语显然在中古英语时期和随后的文艺复兴时期直接源自拉丁语。例如:custody(拘留),homicide(杀人),legal(法律上的),legitimate(合法的),malefactor(犯罪分子),mediator(调停者),minor(未成年人),notary(公证人),prosecute(对…起诉),testimony(证词),dec-laration(申诉),advocate(辩护人),appeal(上诉),civil(民事的),jurist(法学理家)等等。和法语一样,拉丁语法律词汇进入法律英语之后也与英语完全溶合同化了,从以上例词就可看出许多词已全民化而广泛应用,而且很难根据其词形判断其词源。此外,相当一部分法语和拉丁语法律术语虽然发音有所同化,但词形却保持着原有形式,未被同化。例如源自法语的法律术语:estoppel(禁止发言),feesimple(不限制具有一定身份的人才能继承的土地),laches(长期不行使权利),quash(撤销)等;源自拉丁语的法律术语:alias(再发令状),amicuscuriae(法庭之友),nolleprose-qui(撤回诉讼),resjudicata(定案)等。可能由于难读难记难懂的缘故,有人认为这类术语很少使用。实际上作为法律英语专门术语的一个组成部分,由于语义稳定,没有引伸寓意,文体效果突出,这类术语仍发挥着重要作用。另外,这类术语的词义经过演变扩大也有可能成为一般词语,进入日常生活。例如上述alias现在可用来指“别名,化名”;quash已有了“镇压”词义。 3.法律英语词汇本族语的来源主要是古词语。古词语在现代英语中已不再广泛应用了,而且逐渐在消亡,但是在法律英语中古词语的应用却十分普遍。正如DavidCrystal和DerekDavy言:It
法律英语翻译专业词汇 大全 This model paper was revised by LINDA on December 15, 2012.
equality of men and women, equality between [of] the sexes南昌市 Nanchang Municipality南京市 Nanjing Municipality南宁市 Nanning Municipality南平市Nanping Municipality南通市 Nantong Municipality脑外伤综合症 combined external head injuries年报 annual report年度账目 annual accounts宁波市 Ningbo
Municipality宁静的占有权 quiet possession宁夏回族自治区 Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region扭亏为盈 turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources纽约公约 New York Convention农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement农工商联合企业 agro-industrial-commercial combines农垦区 land reclamation district农民集体 peasant collective农药残留物 pesticide residue农业部 Ministry of Agriculture农业发展银行 Agriculture Development Bank农业税agricultural tax农转非 rural residents become urban residents虐待 maltreat虐待罪 crime of abuse挪用公款 misappropriation of public funds殴打他人 assault 偶犯 casual offender排斥外在证据原则 parol evidence rule排除责任条款 exclusion clause排纷解讼 dissolution of disputes and litigation排他性的独占权exclusive monopoly right派生的分租人 derivative under-lessor派生的分租租契derivative under-lease判案理由 adjudicative reasons, grounds of judgment判处sentence判定 confirm判定债务人没有付款的誓章 affidavit of default on the part of the judgment debtor判决 judgment判决理据 grounds of judgment判决书 written judgment判决执行 enforcement of the judgment判刑 sentence泡沫经济bubble economy泡沫效应 bubble effect培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth赔偿 compensate赔偿金 compensation money赔偿损失 compensation for losses赔偿责任 liability to damages配股 allotment of shares, rationed shares配合饲料 compound/mix feed配偶 spouse配偶的父母 parents-in-law配套改革concomitant reforms配套人民币资金 local currency funding of批复 Reply批评教 育 re-education批准 approve, approval批准机关 approval authority批准文号
常用的法律英语术语draft 法案，草案 Government bill 政府议案 to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案 to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准 law enforcement 法律的实施 to come into force 生效 decree 法令 clause 条款 minutes 备忘录 report 判例汇编 codification 法律汇编 legislation 立法 legislator 立法者 jurist 法学家 jurisprudence 法学 legitimation 合法化 legality, lawfulness 法制，合法 legal, lawful 合法的,依法的 to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的 offender 罪犯 to abolish 废止，取消
rescission, annulment 废除，取消 repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废 annulment 撤消(遗嘱) repeal rescission 撤消(判决) revocation 撤消 immunity 豁免，豁免权 disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权 attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法 canon law 教会法规 common law 习惯法 criminal law 刑法 administrative law 行政法 civil law 民法 commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法，国际法 international law 国际法 natural law 自然法 labour laws 劳工法 fiscal law 财政法
Unit 1 Section A 1.在法学家的眼中，合同只是包含双方当事人意思一致的条款。合同经常被用于达成许诺的表示，法律会予以执行或至少会以某种方式加以确认。英国法将合同定义为随着要约和承诺出现的一种协议。一方当事人做出要约，另一方当事人接受要约。当这些发生的时候（提供其他必要的因素，即约因和订立合同的意向存在），合同也就形成了。 2.在对合同定义的探讨中一些法学家认为承诺或者协议都不能完整的描述合同的定义。法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质，即等价交换是合同的本质。没有迹象表明合同应该是双方的事务，一方承诺为某些事情，另一方承诺给予相应的报酬。因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实，即在承诺成为一个合同之前，通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。甚至说，合同是由没有迹象表明它们是作为对其他承诺回报的一系列承诺构成的。但是如果认为所有的合同都是一方提供商品，一方给予对等的价值交换的真诚契约，这种想法是错误的。 3.每一个承诺都是一种协议，由多个承诺构成的每个人的对价也是一种协议。协议意味着两个或两个以上的人对同样的事情上达成一致的意思表示。它可能会产生法律义务，也可能不会产生法律义务，在这个层面上，并不是所有的协议在法律上都是可执行的。 4.这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点，他们认为依据合同承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构成了合同关系。事实上，情况并非总是如此。人们有时候进行交易并不是基于先前的承诺或协议。典型例子就是同时发生的买卖交易。在商场里买东西然后为所买物品支付相应对价。 5.毫无疑问这些都是合法的合同，但是却被人看作是由协议或承诺产生的合同。在这种情况下坚持认为在交换金钱和物品前要有先协议或一系列承诺存在意味着双方当事人有时间受法律约束去履行他们的承诺或协议。但情况不一定就是这样。还必须认识到这也可能是很好的主张，即就法律意图而言，在买卖进行之前就有隐含的协议存在。 6.承诺和协议无疑接近于合同概念的中心，但是至少有两种其他的想法也很接近中心。一种观点是诱导他人依赖于他，并促使其改变立场的人，不应该让人失望。另一种观点是帮他人的忙，致使其获得利益的人，一般都应该为其所造成的困境而获得赔偿。合同义务经常被强加到一些对谁都没有承诺或同意承担责任的人身上。为了使结果与传统上对合同的定义相协调，可以采用两种方式。一种是依赖于隐含的协议或承诺，另一种是责任被强加的并不属于真正的合同，但实质上却是一种不同类型的法律责任，比如说，侵权行为责任。 7.实际上，我们可以从1973年柏林农场诉美国棉花运输联盟案中得出合同的定义。那一年美国农场棉花的价格以惊人的速度增长。原因有：中国的大量需求，棉花种植地区多雨的天气，因大雨而推迟种植以及美元的贬值。当年在棉花的种植前，棉花种植者就会与棉花购买者先订立期货交易合同，在不保证棉花的质量和重量的前提下等到棉花收获时每磅以固定的价格卖给棉花的需求者。然后农场会利用这个合同负担培育棉花。 8.在1973年初，棉花种植者以每磅30美分与同时期棉花市场差不多的价格制定了合同。
书名： 1．《合同法》和《公司法》的英文翻译打码QQ群：54493069 2.孙万彪：《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》 3.《法律翻译-从实践出发》 4.李克兴：《法律翻译理论与实践》 5.陈忠诚：《法窗译话》 入门级： 1、孙万彪的《英汉法律翻译教程》和《汉英法律翻译教程》，涉及的内容都是最基本的，书写得比较严谨，孙老师应该是语言专业出身，对一些词（比如说threatened ）的处理比较好。 2、中文版的《合同法》和《公司法》以及英文版的《合同法》和《公司法》，中文版的不必管哪个出版社的，想来都差不多。英文版的至少有两个版本，我在书店里见过，但现有手头没有，也不方便找。 3、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》，有中英文对照版，算是做得比较精致的一本书。这本书不厚，但可以让你明白好的翻译作品应该是什么样的。 4、香港的双语资料库，至少可以利用一下香港联合交易所的双语《上市规则》。香港的词法和句法与大陆有所不同，但值得借鉴。 中级篇： 1、《法律文本与法律翻译》，作者之一是李克兴，他最近还写了一本书，也不错，可以看看。书名记不得了，但如果你在百度搜索栏敲入“李克兴”、“法律翻译”，逐页翻页，应该可以找到。 2、《法律翻译-从实践出发》，这本书有多名作者，既有宏观的论述，又有微观的剖析，作者基本上都是圈内高人。 3、《美国1933年证券法》和《美国1934年证券交易法》，著名的两部美国法律，主译是张路老师，这一系列的书还有，与律所的实战翻译风格比较接近。 4、利用互联网，直接查阅相关法律，如美国的《特拉华州普通公司法》。至于具体查阅哪部法律，看个人的兴趣。每本书后面都有参考书目，可以利用这个作为线索。 高级篇 1、《国际商法教学案例英文选编》，对外经济贸易大学考研用的“灰皮书”，不知现在是不是这样？先读懂这本书，加深对法律知识的了解。 2、《英美商事组织法》，对外经济贸易大学丁丁老师著，同一系列的书还有很多。 3、陈忠诚老师的《词语翻译漫谈》及其续篇、《法窗译话》以及相关的词语翻译书，加强“炼字”功夫。
法律英语词汇大全完美 版 文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]
法律渊源s o u r c e o f l a w 制定法 statute 判例法 case law; precedent 普通法 common law 特别法 special law 固有法 native law; indigenous law 继受法 adopted law 实体法 substantial law 程序法 procedural law 原则法 fundamental law 例外法 exception law 司法解释 judicial interpretation 习惯法 customary law 公序良俗 public order and moral 自然法 natural law 罗马法 Roman Law 私法 private law 公法 public law 市民法 jus civile 万民法 jus gentium 民法法系 civil law system 英美法系 system of Anglo-American law 大陆法系 civil law system 普通法 common law 大陆法 continental law 罗马法系 Roman law system 衡平法 equity; law of equity 日尔曼法 Germantic law 教会法 ecclesiastical law 寺院法 canon law 伊斯兰法 Islamic law 民法法律规范 norm of civil law 授权规范 authorization norm 禁止规范 forbidding norm 义务性规范 obligatory norm 命令性规范 commanding norm 民法基本原则 fundamental principles of civil law 平等原则 principle of equality 自愿原则 principle of free will 公平原则 principle of justice 等价有偿原则 principle of equal value exchange 诚实信用原则 principle of good faith 行为 act 作为 ac 不作为 omission 合法行为 lawful act 违法行为 unlawful act 民事权利权利能力 civil right 绝对权 absolute right 相对权 relative right 优先权 right of priority 先买权 preemption 原权 antecedent right 救济权 right of relief 支配权 right of dominion 请求权 right of claim 物上请求权 right of claim for real thing 形成权 right of formation 撤销权 right of claiming cancellation
法律英语中的拉丁语词汇Latin Words in Legal English ab initio （自始，例：void ab initio 自始无效）from the beginning ad hoc （特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ah hoc committee 特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）for this purpose ad litem （专为某一诉讼目的；例：agent ad litem诉讼代理人）for the lawsuit a fortiori（更加，更不必说） according to Webster: "with greater reason or more convincing force -- used in drawing a conclusion that is inferred to be even more certain than another." Example: If it is a violation of the sending state's rights to arrest its consular official, then a fortiori it would be a violation to arrest its ambassador. a posteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的） from effect to cause; from particular to general; inductive (based on observation or experience). a priori（先验的；演绎的） from cause to effect; from generalization to particular; deductive; presupposed by or reasoning from self-evident propositions (based on theory rather than practice). amicus curiae（法庭之友） "friend of the court"; a person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of a given legal action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Such amicus curiae briefs are commonly filed in appeals concerning matters of a broad public interest. Example: NPC of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf case contra legem（违反法律） "against the law" (term used to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is contrary to the law governing the controversy. Such a decision would not normally be permitted unless the tribunal had been empowered to act ex aequo et bono). As opposed to intra legem. de facto（事实；事实上） in fact (as opposed to in law, de jure) de lege ferenda（根据拟议法） what the law ought to be (as opposed to what the law is, lex lata). de lege lata（根据现行法）what the law is (as opposed to what the law ought to be, de lege ferenda). de jure（法理上；法律上） in law (as opposed to in fact, de facto).
浅谈法律英语教程 随着我国法律体系的逐步完善，法学教学与研究也得到日益深入地发展。为使从事涉外法律实务的工作人员提高英语水平，在工作中更加得心应手，本站特意收录的这部法律英语下载教程希望它能成为法律工作者阅读英美法学原篇、领略法学经典的垫脚石、敲门砖。 法律英语（Legal English），在英语国家中被称为Legal Language或Language of theLaw，即法律语言，在英语中指表述法律科学概念以及诉讼或非诉讼法律事务时所用的语种或某一语种的部分用语。从此概念可以看出，法律英语所使用的语言不仅是英语本身，还包括其它语种，如法语、拉丁文等。 法律英语特点： 第一、词汇特点，准确用词与模糊语言的同时出现，尤其是立法语言常把准确性与模糊性这一矛盾纳入同一法律规范。根据严格解释原则，在适用法律时，书面文字是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据，因此法律语言用词造句必须十分准确。法律语言尤其是立法语言中很少使用描绘性形容词，而且对表示时间、范围、程度等副词使用极为严格，为了避免不必要的歧义。
同时，为了追求语意确切、论证周详，法律语言中常使用同义、近义词。如《香港刑法摘要》（Digest of Hong Kong CriminalLaw）第八章关于参加暴动并阻碍船舶、飞机、或者铁路列车罪中规定It is an offence for any persontaking part in a riot to unlawfully and with force （a）prevent ，hinderor obstruct ，or attempt to prevent，hinder，or obstruct，the loading orunloading，or the movement of ；or （b）board，or attempt to board withintent to do so ；any motor vehicle，tramcar ，aircraft ，train or vessel. 然而在现实中，有许多案子是由于对法律文字的理解不一造成的，这就有赖于法官在具体案件中对法律条文进行解释。如：某一民间贷款协议中写道I will pay back in a year ，双方当事人对in 产生不同理解，一方认为是within 之意（在之内），另一方则认为是after 之意（在之后）。 法律语言的模糊性，是指某些法律条文或法律表述在语义上不能确指，一般用于涉及法律事实的性质、范围、程度、数量无法明确的情况。法律模糊语言包括：（1）模糊附加词即附加在意义明确的表达形式之前、可使本来意义精确的概念变模糊的词语，如about ，or so. （2）模糊词语，即有些词及其表达形式本身就是模糊的，如reasonable ，good.（3）模糊蕴涵有的词概念清晰却含有模糊意义，如night[英国法律中为了区分夜盗罪（burglary）与为抢劫而侵入住宅罪（house-breaking），立法上采用了night 一词，然后将其解释为日落后一小时至日出前一小时；然而各地所处时区不一样，实际中还是难以把握.
浅谈法律英语中复合长句的翻译 众所周知，做翻译，最难处理的莫过于长句。长句不仅语法结构较为复杂，而且内容层次较多、从句和修饰成分长短不一。法律英语作为一种专业的法律语言，结构较为严谨，严肃庄重。翻译员在进行翻译时，必须严格按照翻译要求进行翻译，以保证法律文件的精确性、严谨性、规范性。本文主要就法律英语中复合长句的翻译进行了研究，并提出了自己的看法。 标签：法律英语翻译复合长句逻辑结构从句 1 概述 随着我国社会经济发展步伐的逐步加快以及经济全球化趋势的不断加强，培养专业化法律英语翻译人才越来越成为我国涉外法律发展的内在驱动力。我国自加入WTO以来，涉外法律领域就引起了法律界的广泛关注。为适应当前发展形势下的法律英语翻译需要，我国必须加快专业人才培养力度，培养一批高质量的专业化法律英语翻译人才。而对翻译员来说，其知识结构和能力结构直接决定着其专业业务水准。在进行翻译时，翻译员必须严格参照一定的翻译标准，在保证翻译准确的基础上，使翻译语言更为通顺流畅，符合汉语表达习惯。所谓翻译英语，就是指法律工作者和研究人员在法律领域使用的一种专门语言，它是英法美系国家的法律语言，是语言的一种功能变体。目前，我国在对法律英语的界定和认识上，仍存在一定的缺陷与不足。本文以法律英语中复合长句的翻译为研究对象，系统地分析和阐述了翻译中应注意的一些问题，以期为今后法律英语的翻译提供良好借鉴。 2 法律英语翻译策略 翻译员在对法律英语进行翻译，尤其是对法律英语中的长句进行翻译时，必须从其整体结构出发进行翻译，尽量保持其原句结构的完整性，并深入把握句子结构，在保证句子含义不变的基础上，采用清晰连贯的表达方式将法律条款呈现出来看。与其他语言不同，法律英语不仅具有一般语言的特点，还体现着法律的功能性。在翻译长句时，翻译员可以从主句入手，先理清主从句之间的关系，再根据逻辑关系进行翻译。一般地，一条法律英语规范中常会使用两个或以上的条件状语从句，这在普通英语中是极少出现的。本文主要以状语从句和定语从句为例，分析了法律英语的翻译策略。 2.1 状语从句翻译策略状语从句在整句中起着副词作用。按照其作用的不同，可将状语从句分为时间状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句等。在法律英语中出现频率较高的状语从句为条件状语从句、目的状语从句、时间状语从句、方式状语从句。 2.1.1 条件状语从句翻译策略。法律英语中常使用whereas，provided that，unless，in case，on condition（that）...，supposing等词引导条件状语从句，且
一、 action 诉讼 to bring an action/lawsuit against sb. 向某人提起诉讼，到法院告某人 defendant 被告 appellant 上诉人 appellee 被上诉人 cause of action 案由 transaction 交易 to join sb. as plaintiff/defendant 与某人共同起诉、把某人作为第三人被告合并起诉to make a complete determination of a controversy彻底解决争端 to be liable 负有责任 to rest on 依靠，依赖 adversary 敌手，对手；敌对的 adversary system 抗辩制 advocate 用户，提倡；拥护者，辩护者 produce 拿出，出示 evidence 证据 inquisitorial 纠问的 civil law tradition 大陆法传统 presentation 介绍，陈述 intervene 干涉，介入 safeguard 预防措施，保证条款；保护 prevalence 流行，盛行 manifold 多种多样的 contest 比赛 interested 有利害关系的 resolution 解决 to bear the burden of 承担 to reduce... to 把.....降为，把......归纳为 unbiased 无偏见的 satisfy 满足，符合 critic 批评者 merit 事实真相，是非曲直 phase 阶段 reside 属于，归于 affirmative 肯定的，积极的 join 合并 to be liable to sb. for sth. 因某事对某人负有责任 to rest on 依靠 to reside in/with 属于 二、 allege 声称 allegation 声称
第22卷 第3期 宁 波 大 学 学 报（人 文 科 学 版） Vol. 22 No.3 2009年5月 JOURNAL OF NINGBO UNIVERSITY（LIBERAL ARTS EDITION） May 2009 —————————————— 收稿日期：2008 - 10 - 30 作者简介：徐赛颖（1970 -），男，浙江宁波人，宁波大学外语学院讲师，硕士。 法律英语的历时演变及其翻译标准 徐赛颖 （宁波大学 外语学院，浙江 宁波 315211） 摘要：以案例法为特征的英美法系，其语言特征的形成有其长期的历史演变过程。拉丁语、法语以及盎格 鲁—萨克逊语的共同影响使法律英语成为特别风格的职业语言。虽然现代法律英语有着不断简化的发展 趋势，但它仍旧是高度专业化、具有专门特征的英语文体。文章通过对法律英语历时演变的主体特征的历 史解读，透视其法律语言的规约性、严谨性、专业性以及去个性化特征，这些特征使得法律英语的翻译须 遵循“忠实、精确、统一、简洁”这四个原则。 关键词：法律英语；历时演变；翻译标准 中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001 - 5124（2009）03 - 0061 - 05 语言是法律的媒介，是法律用来调整社会行为而使用的工具。正如Maley 所说，“一旦准则及诉讼记载下来并标准化和制度化，那么一种特殊的法律语言就成形了，它代表着一种专业化的功能模 式” 。［1］法律英语作为一种法律语言具有独特的语言特征，这种特征一方面源于法律英语的职业特殊性，另一方面还来自于其悠久的演变历史。考察法律英语的这种历时演变有助于我们了解法律英语翻译中的特殊性及其独特的评价标准。 一、法律英语的起源及其演变 欧洲大陆的国家基本上属于大陆法系，起源可以追溯到罗马法，精确地说可以追溯到公元6世纪Corpus Juris 所制定的Justinian Code 。［2］ 也就是说，大陆法系的起源是以法典的形式固定下来的。 英美法系与大陆法系的起源有很大的区别，虽然罗马法对英美法系的起源有一定的影响，但英美法的起源在于英国法主要使用于英国、英国的原殖民地以及美国。英美法系的产生不是以法典的形式而是依赖于法官对长期以来不同案件判决的经验的积累，它给予法庭以极大的权力，而且法律的从业者对于这种法系的形成起了很大的作用，因为在英美法系中，是律师而不是法官首先准备上诉的材料、盘问证人，也是律师根据自己的从业经验和法官对以前的案例的判决提出证据，所以在某种程度上，英美法是由法律的从业者发展成形的。英美法最早起源不是书面的，只存在于法律从业者的记忆当中。在11世纪初，法官才开始把各种判决的案例记录下来，这就是为什么英美法有时候也被称之为“案例法”（case law），也就是说可以由法官解释的法律，与“成文法”（statutory law） 相对应。［3］ 英美法的真正发展是在公元1066年诺曼底人征服英国后，那时才开始出现了用英语和拉丁语 书写的法律，但拉丁语起着主导作用，它成为正式的法律文件比如公文和准则的书写语言。到了13世纪，由于法语随着诺曼底征服后在英国地位逐渐加强，也由于13世纪时半数以上的欧洲法庭都使用法语，所以法语代替了拉丁语成为英国法庭的口头使用语言，但那时拉丁语还是英国法律的书面语言。［4］到了14世纪，法语才取代拉丁语成为了英国最早的法律年报和法规的书面使用语言。所以 法律法语在词汇上和形态上对现代法律英语有着巨大的影响，在当时英国，所有的法律以及记录的案例都使用法语。直到15世纪后期，随着1476年专业出版机构的出现，以及对伦敦标准语作为书