Lesson 1
Machinery design may be simple or enormously complex, easy or difficult, mathematical or
nonmathematical, it may involve a trivial problem or one of great importance.
机械设计可能简单，可能复杂；可能容易，可能困难；可能要求精确，也可能不精确；有时要解决的可能是一些很平常琐碎的问题，也可能是非常重大的问题。
In the modern industrialized world, the wealth and living standards of a nation are closely linked with their capabilities to design and manufacture engineering products. It can be claimed that the advancement of machinery design and manufacturing can remarkably promote the overall level of a country’s industrialization.
在现代的工业化社会，一个国家的财富和生活水平与他们设计和制造工程产品的能力紧密相关，可以说机械设计和制造业的进步能显著地促进一个国家工业化整体水平的提高。Definition of problem is necessary to fully define and understand the problem, after which it
is possible to restate the goal in a more reasonable and realistic way than the original problem
statement.
定义问题对全面认识、理解问题非常必要，之后可以更加合理可行的方式来重新阐述。
The synthesis is one in which as many alternative possible design approaches are sought,
usually without regard for their value or quality.
综合就是对各种可供选择的设计方法进行进一步研究，这时往往不考虑这些方法的设计特点和设计质量。
This is also sometimes called the ideation and invention step in which the largest possible number of creative solutions is generated.
这有时也称为构思和发明阶段，在这个阶段中要产生尽可能多的有创意的想法。
The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation
有能力的工程师不应该害怕在提高自己的方案时遭遇失败。
In fact, the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat.
实际上，失败乃成功之母。
there is strong sense of satisfaction and pride inseeing the results of one's ceartive efforts emerge into actual products and processes that benefit people. 当看到自己创造性的努力成果转变成可以造福人们的实际产品和工作流程时，一种强烈的满足感和骄傲感油然而生。
the design engineer should not only have adequate technical training,but must also be a person of sound judgment and wide experence,qulities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual proessional work.
设计师不仅需要足够的技术训练，而且还必须是一个具备合理的判断和丰富经验的人，具备这些素质通常需要在实际工作中花费相当长的时间。
Lesson 2 mechanisms
1、a mechanism is the members combination more than two or two connections with the members to realize the regulation motion made by way of the activity. 机构是由两个或两个以上的构件通过活动联接以实现规定运动的
构件组合，是机械的组成部分。
2、 Activity connections between two members that have the relative motion are called the motion pairs . 两个有相对运动的构件间的活动连接称为运动副。
3、All motion pairs contact with planes are called lower pairs and all motion pairs contact with points or lines are called high pairs .其中凡为面接触的运动
副称为低副 凡为点或线接触的运动副成为高副。
4、The motion specific property of mechanism chiefly depends on the relative size between the members, and the character of motion pairs, as well as the mutual disposition method etc.机构的运动特性主要取决于构件间的相对尺寸、
运动副的性质以及相互配置方式等。
5、The member is used to support the members of motion in the mechanism to be called the machine frame and used as the reference coordinate to study the motion system.
机构中用以支持运动构件的构件称为机架，并被当做研究运动的参考坐标系。
6、The member that possesses the independence motion is called motivity member. The member except machine frame and motivity member being compelled to move in the mechanism is called driven member.具有独立运动的构件称为原动件。机构中除
机架和主动件之外的被迫做强制运动的构件称为从动件。
7、The independent parameter (coordinate number) essential for description or definite mechanism motion is called the free degree of mechanism.描述或确定机构
的运动所必需的独立参变量（坐标数）称为机构自由度。
8、For gaining the definite relative motion between the members of mechanism, it is necessary make the number of motivity members of mechanism equal the number of free degrees.为使机构的构件获得确定的相对运动，必需使机构的原动件数等
于机构自由度数。
9、Mechanisms may be categorized in several different ways to emphasize their similarities and differences.根据各个不同机构之间的异同点，常采用以下几种不同的
分类方法。
10、A planar mechanism is one in which all particles describe plane curves in space and all these curves lie in parallel planes;i.e. the loci of all points are plane curves parallel to a single common plane.在平面机构中，所有的点在空间
绘出的是平面曲线，且所有的点的轨迹是与一个单一公共平面相平行的平面曲线。
11、The plane four-bar linkage, the plate cam and driven parts, and the slider-crank mechanism are familiar examples of planar mechanism.平面四连杆机构、平面
盘形凸轮、从动件及曲柄滑块机构等都是平面机构的常见例子。
12、As such, cams are widely used in almost all machinery. They include internal combustion engines, a variety of machine tools, compressors and computers.这样便使凸轮广泛用于几乎所有的机械设备中，包括内燃机、各种机床、压缩
机和计算机。
2.4 Exercise
Translate the lineate phrases and fill in the brackets
该机构为平面四连杆机构( the plane four-bar linkage)，
1 为机架(machine frame)，
2 为原动件(motivity member)，
3、4 为从动件( driven member)，
A 为回转副( revolute pairs)，属于低副(lower pairs)，
B 为固定连接( fixed connection)。
构件( component )4 中的焊接符号(welding symbol )表示4 为一个构件。
该机构的自由度数( the number of free degree)必须等于原动件数，才能实现确定的运动(motion)。
Unit4
1:Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. 紧固件可以将一个零件与另一个零件相连接。因此，几乎在所有的设计中都要用到紧固件。 There are three main classifications of fasteners, which are described as follows. 紧固件可以分为以下3类。
2：The failure or loosening of a single fastener could result in a simple nuisance such as a door rattle or in a serious situation such as a wheel coming off. Such possibilities must be taken into account in the selection of the type of fastener for the specific application. 一个紧固件的失效或松动肯能会带来车门嘎嘎响这类小麻烦，也可能造成车轮脱落这种严重后果。因此，在为一个特定用途选择紧固件时，应该考虑到上述各种可能性。
3:Nuts, bolts, and screws are undoubtedly the most common means of joining materials. Since they are so widely used, it is essential that these fasteners attain maximum effectiveness at the lowest possible cost. 由于紧固件应用非常广泛，所以对它们来说，价格低，功效高是非常必要的。4:The lock washer is useful only when the bolt might loosen because of a relative change between the length of the bolt and the parts assembled by it. 锁紧垫圈仅在螺栓与装配件间长度相对变化而松动时才起作用。 5：This change in the length of the bolt can be caused by a number of factors-creep in the bolt, loss of resilience, difference in thermal expansion between the bolt and the bolted members, or wear. 这种螺栓长度的变化可由多种因素引起-螺栓内部蠕变、弹性丧失、螺栓与被连接件间的热膨胀差异或磨损。
6：Shafts are mounted in bearings and transmit power through such devices as gears, pulleys, cams and clutches. 轴安装在轴承中，通过齿轮、皮带轮、凸轮和离合器等传递动力。
7：These devices introduce forces which attempt to bend the shaft; hence, the shaft must be rigid enough to prevent overloading of the supporting bearings. 通过这些零件传递的力可能会使轴发生弯曲变形，因此，轴应该有足够的刚度以防止支承轴承受力过大。
8：Another important aspect of shaft design is the method of directly connecting one shaft to another. This is accomplished by devices such as rigid and flexible couplings. 在轴的设计中，轴与轴之间的连接方法是要重点考虑的，可由刚性或者弹性联轴器来实现。
9：However, in the case of bearings, the reduction of friction is one of the prime considerations: Friction results in loss of power, the generation of heat, and increased wear of mating surfaces.
然而，设计轴承时，减小摩擦是要考虑的基本因素之一，因为摩擦会导致功率下降、发热和配合表面的磨损。10：The deflection of the bearing elements will become important where loads are high, although this is usually of less magnitude than that of the shafts or other components associated with the bearing. 当载荷较大时，轴承零件会发生变形，尽管变形的程度远小于轴或其它与轴承相连的零部件，但仍然
会有很大的影响。
11：Wear is primarily associated with the introduction of contaminants, and sealing arrangements must be chosen with regard to the hostility of the environment. 磨损主要由污染物的进入引起，必须选用密封装置以防止周围环境的不良影响。
12：Notwithstanding the fact that responsibility for the basic design of ball bearings and roller bearings rests with the bearing manufacturer, the machine designer must form a correct appreciation of the duty to be performed by the bearing and be concerned not only with bearing selection but with the conditions for correct installation. 尽管球轴承和滚子轴承的设计由轴承制造厂负责，但是，机器设计人员必须对轴承的使用有一个正确估计，不仅要考虑轴承的选择，而却还要考虑轴承的正确安装条件。
13：A bearing is a connector that permits the connected members to either rotate or translate(more to and from) relative to one another but prevents them from separating in the direction in which loads are applied. 轴承是一个连接器，它不仅允许连接件旋转或相互传递力，而却可以防止它们在负载的方向上分开。14:Sliding bearing are the simplest to construct and, considering the multitude of pin-jointed devices and structures in use,are probably the most commonly used.
滑动轴承是最简单的构件，考虑到大量的销接设备和结构都在使用，所以滑动轴承是最常使用的。
第六章
1、Computer–aided design CAD is defined as the application of computers and graphics software to aid or enhance the product design from conceptualization to documentation.
计算机辅助设计（CAD）就是在产品设计过程中，利用计算机和图形软件，对产品进行辅助设计以提高产品设计效率的一种技术。
2、The major advantage of a 2-D model is that it gives a certain amount of 3-D information about a part without the need to create the database of a full 3-D model.
二维半模型则可以表示出零件单侧连续截面的形状细节，它的主要优点在于不需要建立完整的三维模型就可以表达出零部件必要的形状特点。
3、FEM analysis is available on most CAD systems to aid in heat transfer, stress-strain analysis, dynamic characteristics, and other engineering computations.
在大多数CAD系统中可以进行有限元分析，主要分析内容包括对零部件进行传热状况分析、应力——应变分析、动力学特性分析等。
4、CAM can be defined as computer aided preparation manufacturing including decision-making, process and operational planning, software design techniques, and artificial intelligence, and manufacturing with different types of automation (NC machine, NC machine centers, NC machining cells, NC flexible manufacturing systems), and different types of realization (CNC single unit technology, DNC group technology).
CAM定义为计算机辅助制造，它包括制造决策、生产过程和操作规划、程序设计、人工智能、自动化控制制造设备（如数控机床、数控加工中心、数控加工单元、数控柔性制造系统）及相应的技术（如数控单元技术，直接数控成组技术）。
5、When a design has frozen, manufacturing can begin. Computers have an important role to play in many aspects of production.
产品设计好之后，接下来就是对其进行制造。如今在机械产品制造中的许多环节里，计算机都扮演着重要的角色。
6、Computer aided process planning (CAPP) can be defined as the functions which use computers to assist the work of process planners.The levels of assistance depend on the different strategies employed to implement the system.
计算机辅助工艺设计（CAPP）就是工艺员借助计算机制定产品工艺流程的过程，利用的程度取决于制定流程的方法。
Lower level strategies only use computer for sotrage and retrieval of the data for the process plans which will be constructed manually by process planners,as well as for supplying the data which will be used in the planner’s new work. 低层次的辅助工艺员设计是指工艺员利用计算机对手工完成的工艺数据进行存储和修改，同时为编制新的工艺流程提供数据。
7、The highest level strategy,which is the ultimate goal of CAPP,generates process plans by computer,which may replace process planners,when the knowledge and experties of process planning and working experience have been incorporated into the computer programs.
最高层次的计算机辅助工艺设计也是CAPP的最终实现目标，它将工艺流程编制的理论、技术以及经验编成程序输入计算机，由计算机自动完成工艺流程的编制，不需要工艺员的参与。
8、The database in a CAPP system based on the highest level strategy will be directly integrated with conjunctive systems,e.g.CAD and CAM.CAPP has been recognized as playing a key role in CIMS (Computer integrated manufacturing system).
此外，它的数据库可直接与其他系统集成，如CAD系统和CAM系统，因此，CAPP被认为是计算机集成制造系统中的一个重要组成部分。
7单元
1、Generally, an optimization method controls a series of applications, including CAD software as well as FEA automatic solid meshers and analysis processors.
优化方法决定了产品设计过程中的京都问题，包括CAD软件建模的精确度，有限元分析中网格划分的正确度以及分析处理器的计算精度等。
Ideally, there is seamless data exchange via direct memory transfer between the CAD and FEA applications without the need for file translation.
从优化设计理论的角度上说，CAD格式的文件和FEA格式的文件之间不需要任何的格式转换，就可以实现数据的无缝交换。
2、The user simply selects which dimension in the CAD model needs to be optimized and the design criterion, which may include maximum stresses, temperatures or frequencies. The analysis process appropriate for the design criteria is then performed.
用户只要挑选出零件部件或装配体CAD模型中需要优化的几何尺寸，确定相应的设计准则（如最大应力、最高温度和最大频率）。
3、Care is taken such that the FEA model is also updated using the principle of associativity, which implies that constraints and loads are preserved from the
prior analysis.
需要注意的是，CAD与FEA格式文件之间的关联性使得FEA模型更新了，但约束和施加的载荷保持不变。
4、The typical design process involves iterations during which the geometry of the part(s) is altered. In general, each iteration also involves some form of analysis in order to obtain viable engineering results.
零部件结构的优化设计过程往往需要进行多步迭代计算，在整个计算过程中，零部件的几何外形不断变化，优化。
5、At first glance, it may appear that design optimization is a means to replace the engineer and his or her expertise from the design loop.
乍看上去，优化设计技术是一种能够替代工程师进行工程设计的工具。
6、This is certainly not the case because any design optimization application cannot infer what should be optimized,and what are the design variables,the quantities or parameters thar can be changed in order to achieve an optimum design.
但事实上不是这样，因为任何优化设计软件都不能确定应该优化什么对象，哪些是设计变量，需要改变哪些量或参数。
7、This complexity should be remedied by the design optimization application by giving the engineer not only a choice of methods, but also a suggestion as to which approach is most appropriate for his or her design problem.
利用优化设计软件可以很好地解决这个问题，因为优化设计软件不仅可以帮助工程师选择解决问题的方法，而且还能够帮助工程师找到最佳解决方案。
8、During the design process,the engineer may alter parameters or characteristics of the CAD and/or FEA models,including some of the physical dimensions,the material or how the part or assembly si loaded or constrained. 在设计过程中，工程师可能需要改变CAD或FEA模型的一些参数或特征属性，如零部件或装配体的几何尺寸、材料参数以及约束和加载的状况。
9、Obviously,linear static FEA has drawbacks as well.For example,significant engineering expertise may required when estimating the magnitude and direction of loads that are a consequence of motion.
但该方法也存在缺点，例如，在估算处于运动状态的零部件或装配体的载荷大小或方向时，往往需要较丰富的专业知识（这种方法无法满足要求）。
10、Consider the initial design stage when the engineer applies constraints on
a particular surface of the FEA model;it can be safely assumed that this surface coincides with a surface in the CAD model.
可以通过例子来说明上述问题，例如，在刚开始对某一零部件或装配体进行有限元分析时，工程师一般要对其有限元分析模型上的某一平面施加约束。
11、Mose optimization problems are made up of three basic components.
大多数优化设计都要涉及以下3个基本问题：
(1)An objective function which we want to minimize (or maximize).For instance,in designing an automobile panel,we might want to minimize the stress in a particular region.
目标函数的最小值（或最大值）：例如，在设计汽车的仪表板时，往往需要它在某一指定区域上受到应力最小。
(2)A set of design variables that affect the value of the objective function.In the automobile panel design problem,the variables used define the geometry and
material of the panel.
影响目标函数值的设计变量：例如，在汽车仪表设计中用来确定仪表板几何外形和材料变量。
(3)A set of constraints that allow the design variables to have certain values but exclude others.In the automobile panel design problem,we would probably want to limit its weight.
约束条件：这些约束条件使得优化设计中的变量只能在某一范围内取值。例如，在设计汽车的仪表板时，常常需要限制它的质量。
作业部分：
1、The term optimization is often used very loosely in general speech, for our purposes it has a precise meaning: the action of finding the best possible solution to a problem as defined by an unambiguous criterion: the cost function. 一般来说，优化这一术语在非正式场合中通常有明确的含义：就是由所定义问题的明确的目标函数寻找最优化的解决方案。
2、The growing acceptance of the Taguchi method comes from its applicability to
a wide variety of problems with a methodology that is not highly mathematical. Taguchi 方法无需精确求解数学模型，可求解多种优化设计问题，因此越来越多人接受。3、By optimal design we mean the best of all feasible designs.Optimization is the process of maximizing a desired quantity or minimizing an undesired one.Optimization theory is the body of mathematics that deals with the properties of maxima and minima and how to find maxima and minima numerically. 对于优化设计，我们所指的是所有可行设计方案中最优解。优化指的是使设计目标最优。最优化理论就是通过数学方法找到和如何找到极大点和极小点。
Lesson 9 Engineering Tolerance(工程公差)
A solid is defined by its surface boundaries.（物体由其轮廓来确定形状。）
[1]Designers typically specify a component’s nominal dimensions such that it fulfils its requirements. （设计人员会给零件标注满足的公称尺寸。）In reality, components cannot be made repeatedly to nominal dimensions, due to surface irregularities and the intrinsic surface roughness.（实际上，由于表面不规则以及固有的表面粗糙度，各个零件不能完全按照公称尺寸加工出来。）
[2] Some variability in dimensions must be allowed to ensure manufacture is possible.（必须允许尺寸有一些变动量以确保能够制造） However,the variability permitted must not be so great that the performance of the assembled parts is impaired.（但尺寸变化范围不能太大，以免装配性能变差。） The allowed variability on the individual component dimensions is called the tolerance.（单个零件所允许的尺寸变化量范围称为公差。）
Component Tolerances（零件公差）
Control of dimensions is necessary in order to ensure assembly and interchangeability of
components. Tolerances are specified on critical dimensions that affect clearances and
interferences fits.（为了确保零件的装配和互换性，有必要控制尺寸，对于影响间隙和过盈配合的关键尺寸应指定公差。）One method of specifying tolerances is to
state the nominal dimension followed by the permissible variation, so a
dimension could be stated as 40.000 mm± 0.003 mm.（指定公差的一种方法是在公称
尺寸后标出容许偏差，如尺寸可以标注为40.000±0.003mm。） [3]This means that the dimension should be machined so that it is between 39.997 mm and 40.003 mm.(这
就意味着加工的尺寸必须在39.997mm和40.003mm之间。)Where the variation can vary either side of the nominal dimension, the tolerance is called a bilateral tolerance.（误差可以在公称尺寸两侧变化的公差叫做双向公差。） For a unilateral tolerance, one tolerance is zero, e.g. 0.006 0 40+ .（对于单向公差，一个公差为零，如40+0.006/0.）Most organizations have general tolerances that apply to dimensions when an explicit dimension is not specified on a drawing.(当图中没有明确给出尺寸公差时，可以采用通用的尺寸公差。) For machined dimensions a general tolerance may be ±0.5 mm.（对于加工尺寸，通用公差可能是±0.5mm。） So a dimension specified as 15.0 mm may range between 14.5 mm and 15.5 mm.（因此，被指定为15.0mm的尺寸范围可以是14.5mm—15.5mm。）Other general tolerances can be applied to features such as angles, drilled and punched holes, castings，forgings, weld beads and fillets.（其他通用公差可以适用于如角度、钻削的孔和冲裁出的孔，铸件，锻件、焊缝以及焊角等情形。）[4]When specifying a tolerance for a component, reference can be made to previous drawings
or general engineering practice.（在确定零件公差时，可以参考以前的图纸或普遍的
工程惯例。） Tolerances are typically specified in bands as defined in British or ISO standards.（公差通常以英文或ISO标准来定义范围。） Table 9-1 gives a
guide for the general applications of tolerances.（表9-1给出了通用公差应用指南。）
For a given tolerance, e.g. H7/s6, a set of numerical values is available from
a corresponding
chart for the size of component under consideration. （对于给定的公差，比如
H7/s6，为零件尺寸提供一组与图表对应的数值。）The following (Table 9-1) is the specific
examples for a shaft or cylindrical spigot fitting into a hole.（下面给出关于装入孔内的轴或圆柱形零件配合的具体例子。）
Standard Fits for Holes and Shafts(孔和轴的标准配合)
A standard engineering task is to determine tolerances for a cylindrical component, e.g. a
shaft, fitting or rotating inside a corresponding cylindrical component or hole. (制造工程中常要求确定圆柱形零件的公差，比如安装在相应的圆柱形零件或孔内的，或者是在其内部旋转的轴。)The tightness of fit
will depend on the application.（配合的松紧取决于应用场合。） [5]For example, a gear located onto a shaft would require a “tight”interference fit, where the diameter of the shaft is actually slightly greater than the inside
diameter of the gear hub in order to be able to transmit the desired torque.
（例如，定位在轴上的齿轮需要紧配合，这里轴的直径实际上比齿轮轮毂的内径稍微大
一些，以便能传递所需要的扭矩。） Alternatively, the diameter of a journal bearing must be greater than the diameter of the shaft to allow rotation.（另外，滑动轴承的直径必须大于轴的直径以使其旋转。）[6] Given that it is not economically possible to manufacture components to exact dimensions,some variability in sizes of both the shaft and hole dimension must be specified.
（假定从经济上讲不能把零件制造成精确的尺寸，则必须确定轴和孔尺寸上的大小变化
量，） However, the
range of variability should not be so large that the operation of the assembly
is impaired. （但是变化的范围不应太大，以免装配时受损。）Rather than having an infinite variety of tolerance dimensions that could be specified, national and international standards have been produced defining bands of tolerances,(为了不至于有太多的公差尺寸，已经制定了国家和国际标准公差带，) examples of which are listed in Table 9-1, e.g. H11/c11.（实例列在表9-1中，比如H11/c11。） In order
to use this information the following list and Fig.9.1 give definitions used in conventional tolerance.（为了使用这一资料，表9-1和图9-1给出了常规的公差规定。）Usually the hole-based system is used, as the results in a reduction in the variety of drill, reamer, broach and gauge tooling required.（通常使用的是基孔制，因为这会减少所需要的钻头、铰刀、拉刀和计量工具的种类。）
Size: a number expressing in a particular unit the numerical value of a dimension.（尺寸：以专用单位表示的尺寸数值。）
Actual size: the size of a part as obtained by measurement.（实际尺寸：通过测量得到的部件尺寸。）
Limits of size: the maximum and minimum sizes permitted for a feature.（尺寸极限：零件允许的最大和最小尺寸。）
Maximum limit of size: the greater of the two limits of size.（最大极限尺寸：两个尺寸极限中较大的。）
Minimum limit of size: the smaller of the two limits of size.（最小极限尺寸：两个极限尺寸中较小的。）
Basic size: the size by reference to which the limits of size are fixed.（基本
尺寸：用以确定尺寸极限的参考尺寸。）
Deviation: the algebraic difference between a size and the corresponding basic size.（偏差：尺寸与其对应的基本尺寸的差值。）
Upper deviation: the algebraic difference between the maximum limit of size and the corresponding basic size（上偏差：最大尺寸极限与其对应的基本尺寸的差值。）Lower deviation: the algebraic difference between the minimum limit of size and the corresponding basic size.（下偏差：最小尺寸极限与其对应的基本尺寸的差值。）Tolerance: the difference between the maximum limit of size and the minimum
limit of size.（公差：最大尺寸极限与最小尺寸极限的差值。）
Shaft: the term used by convention to designate all external features of a part.（用于常规设计一个零件所有外部特征的术语。）
Hole: the term used by convention to designate all internal features of a part.（用于常规设计一个零件所有内部特征的术语。）
1、10单元
2、Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, boring machines, grinding machines,
turret punches, flame or wire-cutting and welding machines, and even pipe benders are available with numerical controls.
车床、铣床，钻床，镗床，磨床，回转车床，电火花或线切割机床，焊接机床，甚至弯管机都可以利用到数字控制技术。
3、In its most common form, the commands refer to positions of a machine tool
spindle with respect to the worktable on which the part is fixed。
最长用的指令形式可以使机床刀具主轴位于工作台上的具体位置，工作台是用于固定加工零件的。
4、Numerical control (NC) is a form of programmable automation in which the
processing equipment is controlled by means of numbers，letters，and other symbols．
数控技术是一种利用程序实现自动技术控制的技术，加工制造设备采用数控技术后能有数字、字符和符号等进行控制。
5、There are a number of interpolation schemes that have been developed to
deal with the various problems that are encountered in generating a smooth continuous path with a contouring type NC system.
有多种插补方法用于处理在轮廓线数控系统中生成光滑的轮廓线是遇到的各种问题。6、Switching commands pertain to on/off position for coolant supplies, spindle
rotation, direction of spindle rotation, tool changes, workpiece feeding, clamping, and so on.
开关类指令用于令却又供给、住在旋转、主轴旋转方向选择、换刀、工作进给、夹具开关等。
7、The physical size and cost of a digital computer has been significantly
reduced at the same time that its computational capabilities have been substantially increased.
数字计算机在尺寸和价格的大幅降低的同时数字计算机计算能力的提高了
8、DNC computers distribute instructional data to, and collect data from, a
large number of machines. CNC computers control only one machine, or a small number of machines.
DNC计算机是将指令数据发送到许多机床去或从许多机床中收集数据，而CNC计算机每次只控制一台或几台机床。
9、DNC software is developed not only to control individual pieces of
production equipment, but also to serve as part of a management information system in the manufacturing sector of the firm. CNC software is developed to augment the capabilities of a particular machine tool.
DNC计算机开发的软件不仅可以用于控制产品的单件生产，而且可以用于企业制造部门的管理信息系统，而CNC计算机开发的软件一般只用于某个特殊加工的工具。
哲学Philosophy 马克思主义哲学Philosophy of Marxism 中国哲学Chinese Philosophy 外国哲学Foreign Philosophies 逻辑学Logic 伦理学Ethics 美学Aesthetics 宗教学Science of Religion 科学技术哲学Philosophy of Science and Technology 经济学Economics 理论经济学Theoretical Economics 政治经济学Political Economy 经济思想史History of Economic Thought 经济史History of Economic 西方经济学Western Economics 世界经济World Economics 人口、资源与环境经济学Population, Resources and Environmental Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics 国民经济学National Economics 区域经济学Regional Economics 财政学（含税收学）Public Finance (including Taxation) 金融学（含保险学）Finance (including Insurance) 产业经济学Industrial Economics 国际贸易学International Trade 劳动经济学Labor Economics 统计学Statistics 数量经济学Quantitative Economics 中文学科、专业名称英文学科、专业名称 国防经济学National Defense Economics 法学Law 法学Science of Law 法学理论Jurisprudence 法律史Legal History 宪法学与行政法学Constitutional Law and Administrative Law 刑法学Criminal Jurisprudence 民商法学(含劳动法学、社会保障法学) Civil Law and Commercial Law (including Science of Labour Law and Science of Social Security Law ) 诉讼法学Science of Procedure Laws
Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误 Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂 Causal factors 起因 Risking taking 冒险行为 Corporate culture 企业文化 Loss prevention 损失预防 Process industry 制造工业 Hazard control 危险控制 Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系 Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则 Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划 Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions –invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment t o, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。
Professional English for Industrial Engineering Chapter1 Unit3翻译 姓名： 专业：工业工程 班级： 学号： 完成日期：2015-10-31
Chapter 1 Unit 3 Academic Disciplines of Industrial Engineering 五大主要工程学科和它们的发展 在美国，有五个主要工程学科（土木、化学、电工、工业、机械），它们是早在第一次世界大战时就出现的工程分支学科。这些进步是世界范围内发生的工业革命的一部分，并且在技术革命的开始阶段仍在发生。 随着第二次世界大战的发展导致了其他工程学科的发展，比如核工程，电子工程，航空工程，甚至是电脑工程。太空时代导致了航空工程的发展。最近对环境的关注使得环境工程和生态工程也得到了发展。这些更新的工程学科经常被认为是专长学科包含“五大”学科，即土木，化学，电工，工业，和机械工程里的一种或多种。 和美国的情况不同，工业工程在中国属于第一层级管理科学和工程学科下面的第二级别的学科。 IE学科的开端 学科后来演变成工业工程学科是最初在机械工程系被作为特殊课程教的。首个工业工程的分部在1908年的宾夕法尼亚州大学和雪城大学被建立。（在宾夕法尼亚州的项目是短期存在的，但是它在1925年又重建了）一个在普渡大学的机械工程的IE选科在1911年被建立。一个更完整的工业工程学院项目的历史可能在资料中被找到。 在机械工程部有一个IE选科的实践是主要的模式直到第二次世界大战的结束，并且分离出来的IE部在整个上个世纪里的文理学院和综合大学里被建立。 早在第二次世界大战的时候，在工业工程方面，只有很少的毕业生水平的研究。一旦分开的学部建立之后，学士和博士级别的项目开始出现。 现代IE的教育—分支学科 今天，与过去相比，工业工程对于不同的人来说意味着不同的东西。实际上，一个发展一个突出的现代工业工程的方法是通过获得在它的分支学科和它怎么联系到其他领域的理解。如果在分支学科和工业工程相关联的领域之间有清楚的
Lesson eight 第八课 Ⅱ.翻译句子，并注意remain和above的词类和词义 2. In this case the voltage applied must remain unchanged. 在这种情况下，那个应用电压必须保持不变 4. If you take 3 from 8, 5 remain. 如果从8中拿走3，剩5. 6. The above property was discovered by Faraday. 法拉第发现以上性质。 8. Lenz states that the self-induced emf impedes any change of current and tends to support the former current value. The above is known as Lenz’s law. 楞茨陈述自感电动势阻止电流的变化而保持先前电流的值。上面就是我们所知的楞 次定律。 Ⅲ.翻译句子，注意some的词义 2. That radio receiver weighs some five kilograms. 那个无线接收器重五公斤。 4. Some element in the substance is not known. 物质中的一些元素是人们不知道的。 Ⅳ.翻译句子，注意句中one 的不同用法和词义。 2. This concept was discussed in Chapter One. 这个概念在第一张讨论过。 4. No one can lift this equipment. 没人能举起这件设备。 6. This chapter will deal with one of the three functions of a turning circuit. 这章我们将介绍螺旋电路三个功能中的一个。 8. Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms. 在研究一个系统之前，确定且讨论一些重要的术语是有必要的。 Ⅴ.画出句中的名词从句，说明其种类，并将句子译成汉语。 2. These experiments do not show which particles. 这些实验不能显示他们的粒子结构。 4. The operating point is determined by how much bias is used. 操作要点是被用多少偏压决定的。 6. It is not important how this voltage is produced. 这个电压是怎么产生的并不重要。 8. It may be questioned whether this approach is the best for the physicist. 这种方式最适合于医生可能会被质疑。 10. This ball may be used to determine whether that body is charged. 这个球可能用于检测是否身体是带电的。 12. It is known that charged particles emit electromagnetic waves whenever they are accelerated. 众所周知的当电子被加速他们就会发射电磁波。 14. The value of this factor determines how fast the amplitude of the current
Unit 1 Production of Drugs About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content. 关于5000抗生素已经分离出的微生物，但其中只有不到100有些治疗使用。必须记住，但是，许多衍生工具已被用于治疗使用部分合成修改;约50,000剂已被semisynthetically取得户内酰胺在过去十年孤独。发酵都是在不锈钢发酵罐出来的量高达400立方米。为了避免与噬菌体等微生物污染的全过程都必须在无菌条件下进行。由于更重要的发酵只发生在有氧条件下的氧气或空气好电源（无菌）是必要的。二氧化碳的来源包括碳水化合物，大肠杆菌克糖蜜，糖和葡萄糖。另外必须提供的微生物在与含氮如硫酸铵，氨水或尿素化合物生长介质，以及与无机磷酸盐。此外，不断最适pH和温度是必需的。在青霉素G的情况下，发酵完成200小时后，细胞的质量是由过滤分离。所需的活性剂是隔离的滤液吸收或提取工艺。大规模的细胞，如果不理想的产品，可进一步用作动物，由于其蛋白质含量高的饲料。 By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of human insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation，and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals. Other important peptides，hormones，and enzymes，such as human growth hormone (HGH)，neuroactive peptides，somatostatin，interferons，tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)，lymphokines，calcium regulators like calmodulin，protein vaccines，as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics，are synthesized in this way. 利用现代微生物重组技术已获得这也让其中不是在原来的基因编码多肽的生产。改性大肠杆菌从而使可能产生A型和B -人胰岛素或胰岛素原类似物链。二硫键形成的选择性分离后，最终由色谱净化工序的影响。通过这种方式获得的人类胰岛素完全独立采取任何从动物胰腺材料。 其他重要肽，激素和酶，如人类生长激素（hGH），神经活性肽，生长抑素，干扰素，组织型纤溶酶原激活物（tPA），淋巴因子，如钙调节钙调蛋白，蛋白疫苗，以及作为诊断用单克隆抗体是合成了这种方式。 The enzymes or enzymatic systems which are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially useful in steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone，a key product used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch，and the isomerization of glucose to fructose，They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness，and in enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy. A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin，pepsin，and trypsin)，amylases and lipases，mostly in combination with synthetic antacids，promote digestion. Streptokinase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics，and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia. 这些酶或微生物在一个单一的酶系统，目前可用于立体定向和regiospecific化学反应。这个原则是有用的，尤其是在化学类固醇。在这里，我们只能引用的微生物十一水电黄体酮xylation至11人羟，一个关键的产品在可的松合成。隔离酶是重要的，不仅因为淀粉的酶法糖化技术重要性的今天，和葡萄糖异构果糖，他们也都在无数次试验在诊断疾病所用的程序显着，在酶的分析，在使用监测治疗。 数量的酶本身作为活性成分。因此，含有蛋白酶制剂（如糜蛋白酶，胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶），淀粉酶和脂肪酶的合成主要是在与抗酸药相结合，促进消化。链激酶和尿激酶溶栓是重要的，是天冬酰胺酶在治疗白血病细胞生长剂。 Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as `biocatalysts’in chemical reactions where their
《工业工程专业英语》 课文翻译 专业：工业工程 学号：11208401 姓名： 指导教师：赵，， 2014年12月
4.2 ERP系统的发展过程 现在，ERP系统无处不在，不仅应用在大型业务中，目前还由运营商们改良后应用在中小企业中。我们需要通过理解ERP系统及其当前体系结构的历史和发展来说明其发展变迁的成果。ERP的优点和缺点会影响它对市场的渗透，系统供应商已经为ERP的推动做好了市场定位和总体策略方面的准备。ERP系统在新的世纪中的应用和发展将依赖于其对客户关系管理、供应链管理一起其他拓展功能的扩充，还有与网络应用的结合。 简介 由微电子、电脑硬件和软件系统驱动的信息和交流的前所未有的增长影响了各种组织的电脑应用的方方面面。同时，公司环境与职能部门日益结合，需要为决策提供越来越多的内部功能数据流，包括及时有效的产品部件的供给、库存管理、清算账目、人力资源以及产品和服务分配等。在这样的条件下，组织管理者需要一个有效的信息系统来降低成本并优化物流，从而提高竞争力。无论是大企业还是中小企业，大家一致认为在复杂的全球化竞争中，及时获得正确的信息的能力能够给企业带来巨大的回报。 从19世纪80年代末到90年代初开始的新的软件系统作为企业资源规划应用在复杂的大型商业企业中从而在工业界中被人们所周知。这种复杂而昂贵，强力而专有的系统供不应求，而且需要根据企业的需求量身定制。很多情况下，ERP实施人员要企业重新设计他们的商业流程来调节软件模型中的物流，从而得到整个企业的数据流。与旧的、传统的自我内部设计的企业专门系统不同，这种软件解决方案结合了多种模型的商业附加包，在需要的时候可以作为附件添加到系统中或者从中删除。 电脑性能的显著提高以及网络给ERP的供应商和设计者们带来的前所未有的挑战，打破了企业与客户定制的隔阂，还包含超出企业内部网络的合作，外部系统需要通过网络来无缝连接。供应商已经许诺了许多的附加功能包，他们中的一些人已经在市场上表现出对这些挑战的接受态度。将产品不断再设计以及在ERP市场中推出新产品和方案是一个永不终止的过程。ERP运营商和客户以及认识到了将其附件按照开放的原则设计，提供可互换的模型，以及容许更简单的定制和客户交流的必要性。 ERP系统定义 企业资源规划系统或企业系统是业务管理软件系统目前，包括模块配套功能区，如计划，制造，销售，市场营销，分销，会计，金融，人力资源管理，项目管理，库存管理，服务，维修，运输和电子商务，架构软件便于模块的透明集成，提供企业内的所有功能之间信息。在运输和电子商务。该架构软件便于模块的透明集成，提供数据流包括良好的企业内的所有功能之间的信息以及与合作公司与通过更换或重新设计实现一个单一的集成系统，其大多是不兼容的传统信息系统。美国生产与库存管理协会（2001）这样定义了ERP系统：“针对物资资源管理、人力资源管理、财务资源管理、信息资源管理集成一体化的企业管理软件。”我们从出版物中摘录了几种定义来更好的解释这个概念：“ERP包含了一个商业软件包，它可以通过企业的财务、清算、人力资源、供应链和客户信息来使数据流无缝结合”（Davenport，1998）。“ERP是将一个组织中的财务和其他信息以及基于信息的流程整合在一起的信息配置系统。”（K&VH,2000）。“一个数据库、一个应用和一个贯穿整个企业的统一界面”（Tadjer，1998）。“ERP系统是为了运作一个组织的业务方便的集成和实时计划、生产，以及客户反馈而设计的基于电脑的系统（OLeary，2001）”。 ERP系统的发展
果粒橙 图解:译文“蓝色” Unit 6 The Principle of PCM PCM原理 Pcm is dependent on three separate operations, sampling, quantizing, and coding. Many different schemes for performing these three functions have evolved during recent years, and we shall describe the main ones. In these descriptions we shall see how a speech channel of telephone quality may be conveyed as a series of amplitude values, each value being represented, that is, coded as a sequence of 8 binary digits. Furthermore, we shall prove that a minimum theoretical sampling frequency of order 6.8 kilohertz(khz) is required to convey a voice channel occupying the range 300 HZ to 3.4 Khz. Practical equipments, however, normally use3 a sampling rate of 8 khz, and if 8-digits per sample value are used, the voice channel becomes represented by a stream of pulses with a repetition rate of 64khz. Fig .1-1 illustrates the sampling, quantizing, and coding processes. PCM的构成依赖于三个环节，即采样、量化和编码。近年来，人们对这三个环节的实现提出了许多不同的方案，我们将对其中的一些主要的方案进行讨论。在这些讨 论中，我们会看到话路中的语声信号是如何转换成幅值序列的，而每个幅值又被编码，即以8位二进制数的序列表示。而且，我们将证明，为了转换频率范围为300HZ— 3.4KHZ的话路信号，理论上最小采样频率须为6.8khz。但是，实际设备通常用8khz 的采样速率，而如果每个样值用8位码的话，则话路是由一个重复速率为64khz的脉 冲流来表示的。图1-1表示了采样、量化、编码的过程。 Reexamination of our simple example shows us that the speech signal of maximum frequency 3.4khz has been represented by a signal of frequency 64khz. However, if only 4-digits per sample value had been used, the quality of transmission would drop, and the repetition rate of the pulses would be reduced to 32khz. Thus the quality of transmission is dependent on the pulse repetition rate, and for digital communication systems these two variables may be interchanged most efficiently. 让我们再研究一下上面提到的简单例子。可以看出，最高频率为3.4khz的话音信号适用64khz的（脉冲流）信号来表示的。但是，如果每个样值中用4位（码）表示，则传输质量会下降，而脉冲的重复速率也将减小到32khz。因而传输质量是取决于脉 冲重复速率的。对于数字通信系统，这两个量之间极明显的互相影响着。 Digital transmission provides a powerful method for overcoming noisy environments. Noise can be introduced into transmission patch in many different ways : perhaps via a nearby lightning strike, the sparking of a car ignition system, or the thermal low-level noise within the communication equipment itself. It is the relationship of the true signal to the noise signal, known as the signal-to-noise ratio, which is of the most interest to the communication engineer.Basically, if the signal is very large compared to the noise level, then a perfect message can take place; however, this is not always the case. For example, the signal received from a
PART 3 INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY Unit 11 Tablets (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form) Role in Therapy The oral route of drug administration is the most important method of administering drugs for systemic effects. Except in cases of Insulin therapy，the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medications. The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects，with two classes of marketed products: Nitroglycerin硝酸甘油酯for the treatment of angina心绞痛and scopolamine莨菪胺for the treatment of motion sickness晕动病，指晕车、晕船等. Other drugs are certain to follow，but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action. The parenteral route of administration is important in treating medical emergencies in which a subject is comatose昏迷的or cannot swallow，and in providing various types of maintenance therapy for hospitalized patients. Nevertheless，it is probable that at least 90 % of all drugs used to produce systemic effects are administered投药，给药by the oral route. When a new drug is discovered，one of the first questions a pharmaceutical company asks is whether or not drug can be effectively administered for its intended effect by the oral route. If it cannot，the drug is primarily relegated to被降级到administration in a hospital setting or physician's office. If patient self- administration cannot be achieved，the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise. Of drugs that are administered orally，solid oral dosage forms represent the preferred class of product. The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed. By comparison相比之下，liquid oral dosage forms，such as syrups，suspensions，emulsions，solutions，and elixirs，are usually designed to contain one dose of medication in 5 to 30 ml. The patient is then asked to measure his or her own medication using a teaspoon， 第三部分工业药剂学 第11单元药片(医药的片剂剂型) 在治疗中的作用 口服给药途径是通过给药获得全身作用效果中最重要的方法。除了胰岛素疗法之外，肠外给药途径通常不用于（病人的）自主性用药。而局部给药途径则是在最近才被用来把药物送到体内从而产生全身作用。这种途径有两种上市产品：用于治疗心绞痛的硝酸甘油酯和用于治疗晕动病的莨菪胺。今后肯定还会有其他的药物相继出现，但是局部给药的途径在有效的药物吸收从而获得全身性药物作用方面仍有其局限性。在病人处于昏迷状态或病人不能吞咽的医疗急救处理中，肠外给药途径是很重要的，同时它也给住院的病人提供了各种不同类型的维持疗法。然而，可能至少有90%的被用于产生全身作用的药物是通过口服的途径给药的。当一种新的药物被研发出来的时候，制药公司问的第一个问题就是这种药物能否有效地通过口服给药途径来达到预期的效果。如果不能，那么这种药物就要被降级到医院或者医生的办公室里。如果病人的自主用药不能实现，那么（这种）药物的销量就会是能实现病人的自主用药的药物销量的很少一部分。在所有通过口服来给药的药物当中，固体口服制剂是（人们）偏爱的产品种类。其原因如下：药片和胶囊代表着单元剂量的形式，其中通常已经放置好了一个剂量的药物。相应地，液体口服制剂，比如说糖浆、悬浮液、乳剂、溶液和酏剂，则通常被设计成在5-30 ml （液体中）包含一个剂量的药物。病人会被要求用茶匙、调羹或其他测量装置来衡量他自己的用药量。病人自己用药时这种剂量测量方法，其误差范围通常
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Ｕnｉt 1safeｔy manaｇement ｓyｓtem Ａcciｄent ｃａｕｓatｉon ｍoｄels ?事故致因理论 Ｓafety managemeｎt 安全管理 Phｙsｉｃａｌｃonditions ?物质条件 Mａcｈinｅguａrdinｇ?机械保护装置 Ｈouse—keepiｎｇ工作场所管理 Ｔｏｐmanagement 高层管理人员Ｈuman ｅｒrorｓ人因失误 Aｃcidenｔ-pｒonenｅss ｍｏdels 事故倾向模型 Muniｔｉoｎs faｃtｏrｙ?军工厂Causal fａctors?起因 Rｉskinｇtakiｎg?冒险行为 Coｒpｏraｔｅｃｕlture 企业文化 Ｌosｓprevention 损失预防 Prｏcess indusｔry?制造工业 Haｚard coｎtrol 危险控制 Intensｉve ｓtudｙ广泛研究 Orgａniｚationaｌperｆｏrmａnce 企业绩效 Mｕtual trust 相互信任Sａfｅｔｙoffiｃer?安全官员 Ｓafeｔy commｉttee 安全委员会 Ｓhop-fｌｏｏr?生产区Unioniｚed company 集团公司 Seｎioｒitｙ?资历、工龄Local ｃuｌturｅ当地文化Absenｔeｅiｓm rａｔｅ?缺勤率Power reｌａtioｎｓ?权力关系 Stａtus review 状态审查Lower—ｌevel managemenｔ低层管理者 Business pｅrformance?组织绩效 Ｍｏst seniｏｒexｅcｕtiｖe 高级主管Superｖisory levｅl监督层 Ｓａfety pｒincipｌe?安全规则 Waｌl—boarｄ?公告栏 Imｐlement plan?执行计划 Ｈazarｄidenｔificａtion 危险辨识 Ｓａfeｔy pｅrfｏｒmance 安全性能 One comｐrｅｈensｉve definition fｏr an orgaｎｉzatｉonａl cｕｌture ｈas been presentｅdｂｙＳｃhein wｈo has said thｅorganｉｚatiｏnal culturｅiｓ“a patteｒn ｏf baｓic asｓumptionｓ–inveｎｔed, dｉｓcovere ｄ，or deveｌoｐｅｄby ａgiven gｒｏup as iｔlearns to cope with iｔs pｒｏbｌｅms of exｔｅrnal adaｐｔａｔiｏn and inｔernal integratioｎ– that h ａs ｗorked weｌl enouｇｈto be consiｄereｄｖａliｄand,tｈｅrｅｆore, to beｔａught to new memｂeｒｓas the corrｅｃt way to peｒcｅive, thin ｋ,and feel in rｅlatiｏn to ｔhosｅｐrobｌemｓ” 译文:Scheｉｎ给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的.由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The ｓafety cｕltｕｒe oｆan organization isｔhe proｄuct ｏf inｄividuａl aｎd ｇroｕp valueｓ,attitudes, ｐerceｐｔioｎs, ｃompｅtencｉｅs, aｎd pa ｔternsｏfｂｅhａviｏr that determine tｈe commitmｅｎt to, aｎd tｈe style and proficieｎcy oｆ,an organｉｚatioｎ’ｓｈｅａlｔｈanｄｓafeｔy manａgement.