第一单元
A．
Western teachers working at Chinese preschools express shock at the levels of strictness imposed ,and the ways in which the most difficult children are chastised.
While this high degree of discipline has the negative effect of making children reluctant to initiate play , it does succeed in teaching self-control and respect for authority-precisely those qualities that are seen to be lacking in U.S school.
Friends and family in North America often tell me that between piano ,art and sports lessons , their kids are already overscheduled and subject to pressures beyond their years.
Yet , regardless of the number of extracurricular activities, the lives of western children are leisurely when compared to Chinese.
对于校纪实施的严格程度和对最难管教学生的处罚方式，在中国幼儿园工作的西方教师表示震惊。
如此高度的纪律性虽然会产生令孩子们不愿意玩耍的消极影响，但也会教会他们自控和尊重权威，而这些品质恰恰是美国学生所缺少的。
我在北美的家人和朋友常常告诉我，他们的孩子要上钢琴课，美术课和体育课，日程已经排得满满的承受着超过年龄的沉重压力。
不过，虽然课外活动很多，和中国小孩相比，西方小孩过的是优哉游哉的生活。
B .
The differences between methods of learning in the East and the West are thus based on profound cultural differences that will be glacially slow to shift.
Yet , while only limited change can be expected from domestic education reforms , a global educational environment is emerging which offers an ever-widening variety of choice.
In china , more and more parents are sending their toddlers to private American-style preschools that – despite their exorbitant fees – are doing a booming business in the most prosperous cities , such as shanghai.
因此，东西方学习方法有别，根源还在于巨大的文化差异，改变将是极其缓慢的。
尽管可以预见，国内的教育改革只会带来有限的变化，然而一个全球化的教育环境正在形成，提供了越来越多的选择。
在中国，越来越多的家长会把刚会走路的小孩送到美式私立幼儿园，这类幼儿园尽管费用高昂但在上海等中国最发达的城市却发展迅猛。
以前流行一句话：”学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕。”如今无论是已在工作岗位上磨练多年的中年人，还是初出茅庐的大学毕业生，都有一个共识，那就是：在信息爆炸的时代，知识以飞快的速度更新，“一纸文凭定终身”的日子一去不复返，我们要不断地“充电”。这样一来，终身教育便成为历史的必然。
It was once frequently told that “you have the guts to make a living anywhere with a mastery of math , physics and chemistry .” However , people nowadays , whether the middle-aged working stagers or those green horn college grads , have reached a consensus- gone are the days when “a diploma determines you life-time fate”. With the awesome update of knowledge in the era of information explosion , we need to reskill ourselves continuously.
第二单元
A．
It will be helpful to your search if you understand the structure of the U.S. educational system , which may be very different from that of your home country. Admission to undergraduate and graduate programs in particular will require you to have completed a particular level of education at the time of admission. It is important that you realize that not all U.S. programs are the same. Some programs are extremely demanding and are the workload can even be difficult for American students. Other programs are more relaxed and focus on connecting students in cross-cultural learning. Before making a decision, it is important that you know how challenging your program will be.
因为美国和你本国的教育体系也许迥然不同，所以了解美国的教育体系对你搜寻会有所帮助。入学之际，你必须已经完成一定程度的教育，这对于进入大学本科和研究生课程的学习尤其如此。重要的是要认识到，美国并非所有课程的要求都一模一样。有些课程要求极高，学习量大，连美国学生可能也会觉得很吃力。另一些课程则比较轻松，看重跨文化学习中学生们的交流。做决定之前，明白自己的课程难度是很重要的。
B. Despite this, do not let the cost of an education in the U.S.A. scare you off! If you are feeling overwhelmed by the cost, consider what an education in the U.S.A. will mean to your future. Education is one of the best investments you can
make – an investment in yourself! A U.S. education and proficiency in English paves the way to more secure and higher paying jobs. In the end, your U.S education will pay for itself many times over.
尽管如此，别让美国的教育经费用把你吓跑了！假如你感到无法承担这笔费用，想想美国的教育对你的未来意味着什么。教育是你能做的一种最好的投资-一种你自己的投资！美国的教育加上娴熟的英语，为获取更稳定高薪的工作铺平了道路。你所受的美国教育最终会有多倍的回报。
我的博士生导师李永博士向我推荐了贵系。望贵系能考虑接纳我，使我有幸成为一名访问学者。我对消费心理学兴趣浓厚，在此领域已有多年研究。
我已获得中国国家留学基金的资助，包括学习生活费用和往返机票，时间为一年。随函附上我的简历和推荐信。如需更多信息，请及时与我本人联系。静候佳音。
Your department has been recommended to me by Dr. Li Yonghua, my doctorate supervisor. I would like to be considered for acceptance as a visiting scholar in the Department of Psychology. I am intensely interested in Consumer Psychology and have been engaged in its research for many years.
The china scholarship council has approved my request for financial support during my one-year visit covering the tuition, round-trip ticket fare and living expenses.
My resume and letters of recommendation are enclosed herewith. Please do not hesitate to contact me for any additional information. I look forward to hearing from you in the near future.
第三单元
A.
（前面一部分缺失）Financial services are supposed to bring together borrowers and savers. But as lending markets have retreated, borrowers have been stranded without credit and savers have seen their pensions and investments melt away. Financial markets are supposed to be a machine for amassing capital and determining who gets to use it and for what. How could they have been so wrong?
过去的25年是金融业发展的黄金时代。金融全球化使资本流通更为广泛，市场更为繁荣，企业有能力进行新的风险投资，老百姓进行借贷以及外币兑换的机会也是前所未有的。现代金融的发展改善了无数人的生活。
然而最近似乎有点不对劲了。通过保险和储蓄，金融服务应该可以为人们遮风挡雨，提供不时之需。但恰恰相反，金融业使人们的财富变得岌岌可危，金融家却腰缠万贯。金融服务应该是双向的：既有人借款也有人存钱。可由于信贷市场的萎缩，借款人由于缺乏信用而无法借到钱，于此同时，储蓄者也只能眼睁睁地看着他们的养老金和投资付诸东流，化为乌有。金融市场应该是这样一台机器：它首先能够积累资金，然后决定谁可以使用及如何使用这些资金，而现在怎么错得如此离谱呢？
B .
Reform is certainly needed, yet, for all the excesses and instability of finance, a complete clampdown would be a mistake. For one thing, remember the remarkable prosperity of the past 25 years. Finance deserves some of the credit for that note, too, that finance has always been plagued by crises, whether the system is open or closed, simple or sophisticated. Attempts to regulate finance to make it safe often lead to dangerous distortions as clever financiers work around the rules. If there were a simple way to prevent crises altogether, it would already be the foundation stone of financial regulation. In fact, the aim should be neither to banish finance nor to punish it, but to create a system that supports economic growth through the best mix of state-imposed stability and private initiative.
改革势在必行，但是，尽管金融业存在诸多过分行为及不稳定性，命令禁止，严厉打击也是不明智的。一方面，我们无法忘记过去二十五年经济的辉煌繁荣，其中金融业的功绩可圈可点，值得赞颂。同时，也请注意，不管体制是开放的还是封闭的，简单的还是服复杂的，金融业发生危机总是不可避免。试图通过制定法规来规范金融业的行为，以确保其更加稳定，也是于事无补，因为精明的金融家总会利用规则大打擦边球，最终使得法律规范形同虚设。如果真有一个简便易行的方法来阻止各种危机，那它一开始就已经是金融规范的基础了。实际上，我们的目的既不是将金融“扫地出门”也不是使其受到打击惩治，而是要创建一个新体制，使其既能通过国家调控保持稳定性，又能激发私有化企业的主管能动性，而保持经济的持续增长。
A.
敬启者：
感谢贵方发来BS123号订单，订购我们的PM600和PM800旋转式印刷机，并要求十一月份交货。你们所有的要求我们都能够满足，除了PM600，此机目前无货。因此，我们提供两套方案，以供贵方考虑。
1）我们推荐PM630，这是我们最新型号的产品（详细情况请参见所附的说明书），足以替代PM600，该货可
与PM800一起于11月装船。
2）如果贵方坚持要PM600，则我方可分两批装运贵方的订货，即11月发运PM800，明年1月发运PM600，此为我方所能安排的最早时间。
恭候贵方决定。
此致
格雷斯·华盛顿
B.
敬启者：
我方已收到贵方11月5日的报价，对该报价颇为满意。因此，由“海鸥”轮装运的15箱瓷制工艺品，价值为120万加元，从青岛至温哥华，若贵方能对该货运投保仓至仓综合险，我方将不胜感激。
保险凭证需最迟于17日送达我方，因为此凭证将与其他单证一起交给开立信用证的银行。
望贵方早日答复。
此致
丹尼·李卖方：青岛纺织品进出口公司
买方：远东贸易有限公司
按照下列条款，买方同意买入、卖方同意卖出下述货物，特立约如下：
商品：羊毛衫货号：406L
规格：100%羊毛，粉红，蓝色，棕色分别占30%，30%，40%
数量：900件
单价：25德国马克，成本保险运费欧洲主要口岸，包括佣金2%
总价：22,500德国马克（大写贰万贰千伍佰德国马克）
包装：每件套一塑料袋，五打装一纸板箱，颜色按上述规定比例调配
保险：由卖方按照中国保险条款（1981.1.1）按发票金额110%投保综合险和战争险。
装运时间：2009年9/10月，禁止转运
装运港：中国青岛
目的港：欧洲主要港口，于信用证中明确
唛头：由卖方确定
付款方式：买方于装运前40天通过一流银行开具以卖方为受益人的金额为100%发票金额不可撤消即期信用证
本合同2009年10月25日签于青岛，正本两份，分别以中文和英文书就，两种文体具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议，以中文文本为准。
买方：卖方：
第四单元
A．
We can wag fingers and self-righteously shout that the domestic car companies are reaping the unhappy fruits of the thoughtless seeds they planted. Schadenfreude is joy in hypocrisy. We bought all of those big trucks and big-engine cars. And we demanded more of them as long as we had access to the developed world’s cheapest gasoline. But we whined like babies and screamed for more fuel-efficient vehicles like infants crying for nipples when gasoline topped $4 a gallon.
Put another way, we –consumers and politicians –were complicit in the automobile industry’s reluctance to do better in the arenas of fuel economy and emissions control. The natural tendency in a purely profit-oriented, capitalist system is to give consumers what they are demanding at a price that returns a handsome reward on investment in product development.
我们可以摇晃着手指自以为是地说，国内的汽车公司由于缺乏考虑，正在自食其果。幸灾乐祸是一种虚伪的快乐。我们一直在购买大型皮卡和大马力汽车，只要我们还能买到所有发达国家中价格最低的汽油，我们还会继续购买这样的车。然而，一旦燃油价格飙升至每加仑4美元，我们就像婴儿哭哭滴滴闹着要吃奶一样，叫嚷着要更多省油节能的汽车。
换句话说，汽车工业不愿意在节能减排方面做出更多努力，我们消费者和政客也难辞其咎。在以纯利润为导向的资本主义体制中，为消费者提供其所需的能为投资带来丰厚回报的产品，是再自然不过的事情。
B．
(考的概率不大) Both the two-door and four-door versions of the 2008 jeep Wrangler do extremely well in federal government crash tests. Jeep also provides a number of accident avoidance features as standard equipment.
The two-door Wrangler and Unlimited model each receive 5-star scores for driver and passenger safety in frontal crash tests. Side crash tests have not been conducted. Both models receive 4 stars for two-wheel-drive versions in rollover test, and 3 stars for four-wheel-drive versions. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety give the 2008 Wrangler a top rating of “Good”in frontal offset tests, but much lower ratings of “marginal”in side impact and rear protection tests. However, note that these ratings are for Wranglers without the optional side air bags.
2008款双门和四门“牧马人”在联邦政府撞击测试中均表现优异。吉普品牌还为该系列车型提供诸多安全装置作为标准配置。
双门版和长轴四门版“牧马人”在正面撞击测试中，其“驾驶员及乘客安全”一项均获得五星的好成绩。“侧面撞击测试”还未进行。两款车型在“翻滚测试”中，两轮驱动车型均获四星，四驱车型均获三星。美国公路安全保险协会为2008款“牧马人”正面偏置碰撞试验给出了“优秀”这一最高级别的打分，但在侧面撞击及后部撞击测试中则给出了“及格”这一低上许多的成绩。但请注意，这些测试数据是在“牧马人”未选装侧面安全气囊的前提下得出的。
A．
家庭健身房锐步健骑机
您是否正在考虑换一种更健康的生活方式? 为什么不从舒适的家居开始?马上行动，在线订购！订货价值200美元以上，我们将免费为您送货上门。
B.
年龄越大越要注意保护双脚
每个人出生时，都有一双丰满的脚；脚底的脂肪组织象一层衬垫，使我们的脚步得到缓冲减震。但随着年龄的增长，这层组织越来越薄，直至无法吸收脚底的震颤。
这就是为什么双脚容易疲劳酸痛的原因。
赫伯特医生发明的通气式鞋垫可替代脚底的脂肪层。它质地柔软，所以每走一步，都会感到舒适自如，与以前大不相同。鞋垫很薄，放在鞋里不打褶，不挤脚，而且还能使脚底保持凉爽干燥。
因为年龄越大，越需要注意保护双脚。
C.
招聘美国金融高管
需有工商管理硕士学位，20年以上国际金融管理经验，包括公司兼并和收购、风险投资、投资和收购分析、现金管理、项目融资及财务管理等经验。有相关消费品生产、银行、运输和贸易业务经验。家住日内瓦。
传真: （4122）1234567
D.我的选择，就是它，Candy冰箱。新鲜食物+新鲜空气，健康生活的完美秘诀。
第五单元
A．
Time was when work-study meant taking shifts at the campus commons, wearing a paper hat and serving mystery meat and creamed spinach as your classmates shuffled through. But with dining services mostly out sourced, and everything about college life more complex, work-study jobs have come to fill a variety of needs- beyond the obvious one of putting cash in the pockets of undergraduate and graduate students. Some want to develop a skill, or beef up a resume. Some seek an “in” with a certain professor. Ms. Rice’s goal was to make as small a dent in study time as possible.
Work-study lies somewhere between a grant and a loan in the college-aid universe- the institution promises to make a job available, at a rate of pay that is at or slightly above minimum wage, up to a maximum that depends on other ingredients of your financial aid package. The government pays 75 percent of those wages, and the college pays 25 percent. You don’t get the money unless you put in the hours.
在过去，半工半读就是在学校的公共食堂里轮流值班，头戴纸帽，在同班同学拖着脚步走进食堂的时候，端上叫不上名字的肉和奶油菠菜。然而随着大部分餐饮服务的外包，大生活的方方面面也越来越复杂，半工半读的目的变得更加多元化----决不仅仅是让本科生和研究生挣点钱那么简单。半工半读的学生，有得是为了学习一技之长有的是为了给自己的简历锦上添花，还有的是为了和某位教授套近乎。奈斯女士的目标是尽可能使工作少占用学习时间。
在大学助学的范畴中，半工半读介于资助和贷款之间----学校承诺向学生提供一份工作，工作报酬等于或略高于最低工资，报酬的上限取决于财政援助项目的其他因素。发个学生的工资中，75%由政府承担，25%由学校支付。
你只花了时间打工才能领取工资。
B.
(考的概率不大) All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the Untied States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.
本宪法正式通过前订立的一切债务和承担的一切义务，对于实行本宪法的合众国仍然有效，一如联邦时期。本宪法和将依本宪法所指定的合众国法律，以及根据合众国的权力缔结或将缔结的一切条约，均为全国最高法律；每个州的法官都应受其约束，即使州宪法和法律中有与之相抵触的内容。
上述参议院和众议员，各州州议会议员，以及合众国和各州所有行政和司法官员，应宣誓或作代誓宣言表示拥护本宪法；但决不得以宗教宣誓作为担任合众国属下任何官职公职之条件。
第六单元
A.
(考的概率不大) The enactment of the water Framework Directive (WFD) in the European Union(EU) triggers intense activity among Member States and raises some criticism. The good status of waters may include an ecological dream that is difficult to achieve. Moreover, criteria for derogation requires strong economic arguments. This challenge raises the debate on whether the WFD is part of an incremental process, embedded in prior debate on whether the WFD is part of an incremental process, embedded in prior European water law, with feasible goals, or whether it is a dramatic change of policy towards an ecological dream that emerged during late negotiations, and therefore was hardly achievable. I will state that although the high ecological ambition of the WFD is unprecedented within the EU’s water law, it has several precedents in other arenas, notably long enforced in the United States of America. I will argue that the major challenge of the directive is the combination of the ecological dream with an economic ideal which has no equivalent in the United States.
《欧洲水资源框架协指令》（WFD）的实施在成员国中引起了强烈的反响并引发了一些批评。保持水体的良好状况可能是一个难以实现的生态梦想。此外，衡量水质恶化的标准需要强有力的经济论证。这一挑战引发了争。一种观点认为，这一指令是以前欧洲水资源法的延伸，具有可行性，而另一种观点认为，它是各国最近以来谈判协商的结果，是政策上的一项巨大转变，是一种几乎无法实现的生态梦想。我认为，尽管WFD设定了很高的生态目标，在欧盟的水资源法中是史无前例的，但在其他区域却不乏先例，特别是在美国，已经实施了很长时间。我认为，这一指令的挑战，主要在于把生态梦想和经济理想结合起来，而这一点美国也没有做到。
B．
(考的概率不大) Substantive ecological input for goal-setting was adopted in the European Community legislation earlier in the sector of nature conservation. For 20 naturally occurring birds in the wild state. It sets environmental objectives. It requires the assessment of the biological states of the species listed in its annexes. I argue that this directive was the first European legislation protecting the environment for its own sake. It was limited to threatened species and was based on an organismic vision of ecological communities. Then the Habitats Directive expanded the scope of protection to functional biodiversity throughout an open network of sites. I therefore conclude that an ecological dream can be traced back in the European legislation as early as 1979 with the Birds Directive. Ecologists may have influenced the content of the WFD much more than the content of former directives, yet they have promoted the dream of a better ecological status in the European Community for long.
在自然环境保护方面，欧洲共同体以前的法令已令已利用的大量信息设定了相关生态目标。制定前二十年，《鸟类保护指令》已要求保护野生鸟类。它制定了一些环境目标，要求对附录中列出的种群的生态状况进行评估。我认为，这一指令是欧洲第一次为了环境本身而制定的环境保护法令。它只局限于受到威胁的物种，并建立在生态群落的生物学视角上。随后《栖地指令》将保护的范围扩大，保护整个开放地域网络的生物功能多样性。因此，我的结论是，早在1979年《鸟类保护指令》颁布时，欧洲立法中就已体现对生态保护的追求。或许同以前的指令相比，生态学家们对WFD内容的影响要大得多，然而为了欧洲共同体能够拥有一个更好的生态环境这一梦想，他们已经
努力了很久。
C．
(考的概率不大) The survey, conducted on a county-by-county basis by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, indicates that farmers in Iowa, Illinois, South Dakota, Kansas, and Indiana contributed the most to the increase in acres grown with environmentally friendly farming systems known as conservation tillage systems. These states accounted for 5million of the 6million acre increase in mulch-till, ridge-till, strip-till, and zone-till, rely on less tillage or less soil disturbance to plant and manage crops. Famers who use these systems have leave plant materials-stems, stalks and leaves- on surface of fields after harvest. The plant materials, also called crop residues, serve as a blanket to protect the soil from erosion. The crop residues slowly decompose to add organic matter to the soil much like mulching or composting add organic matter to a garden. The survey results indicate that conservation tillage systems now account for 109.8 million acres or fully 37 percent of the 294.6 million annual cropland acres in the United States. In the meantime, traditional systems that rely on the plow or intensive tillage fell to 107.6 acres this year. Farmers have focused increased attention on conservation tillage systems. These system not only replenish and build organic matter in the soil for improved future food productivity but they will also protect water quality and enhance wild life and the environment for future generations.
这一调查是由美国农业部自然资源保护局以郡为单位进行的。调查指出，采用环保方式耕作的土地面积增加，主要集中在艾奥瓦州，伊利诺伊州，南达科他州，堪萨斯州，和印第安纳州。这种保耕作方式被称为保育耕作法。今年，采用保育耕作法的土地面积增加了六百万英亩，其中五百万都来自上述各州。各种保育耕作法，例如免耕法，敷盖法，垄行耕作法，条耕，带状耕作法，都采用减少耕耘或者减少翻土的方式来进行耕种和田间管理。采用这些耕作方式的农民，在收获后把农作物的茎、杆、叶留在农田表面。这些留下来的材料，也叫做作物残渣，可以像毯子一样保护土壤免受侵蚀。这些作物残渣缓慢分解，增加了土壤中的有机物质，这就非常像在花园中用敷盖料或堆肥来施有机肥料一样。这一调查结果表明，美国在每年两亿九千四百六十万英亩的耕作面积中，有一亿零九百八十万英亩采用了保育耕作法，占到了整整37%。同时，今年采用传统的犁耕或密集耕作方式的土地面积，下降到了一亿零七百六十万英亩。农民开始更加关注保育耕作法。这种方法不仅在土壤中补充和制造了有机物质，从而提高今后的粮食产量，还可以保护水质，增加野生动物数量，改善环境，造福子孙后代。
第七单元
A．
Although the current generation of students may have never known life without the Internet they are not necessarily “Net savvy. ” Exposed to huge quantities of information on the web – in text, audio, image and video formats – sorting valid information from misinformation is a constant challenge. Beyond the quantity and variety of information, students are now creating information, not just consuming it. This white paper explores the challenges of functioning in an information-rich environment where students must blend skills in finding information, using technology, and thinking critically.
虽然当今这代学生或许从未体验过没有因特网的生活，但他们未必都精通网络。面对网上大量的信息（无论是文本，音频，图像还是视频格式），如何区分有效信息与错误信息始终是他们面临的挑战。学生们在接受大量的各类信息之外，也在创造信息。该份白皮书探究信息爆炸环境中应该如何应对挑战，并指出学生们必须将信息查找，，技术运用与批判思维等各项技术能结合起来。
B．（有可能考）Abstract
To determine the understandability of individual income tax booklets, a Reading East score was calculated for the 1977 Federal income tax return form 1040 and tax forms of nine southeastern states. The instruction booklets of all states except Virginia were found to be at a reading level higher than the median educational level of the average citizen-taxpayer in those states. The South Carolina booklet was three grade levels above the median education level for the state. The Federal instruction booklet was easiest to read, falling four grade levels below the median education level of the U.S. citizens. If an equitable state income tax system is to be maintained, actions must be taken to reduce the disparity between median education levels and the readability of state income tax instruction booklets.
摘要
为测定个人所得税申报表说明的可读性，特为1977年开始实施的联邦所得税1040号申报表说明及东南部9个州的所得税申报表说明设计了一个阅读难度度量衡。研究结果发现，除了弗吉尼亚州，其他诸州的所得税申报表说明的阅读难度均高于这些州的纳税公民平均教育水平。南卡罗来纳州的所得税申报表说明的阅读难度比该州平均教育水
平高三个等级。联邦所得税申报表说明最易读懂，比美国公民的平均教育水平低四个等级。如要维持一个公正的州所得税申报体制，必须采取行动，以缩小公民平均教育水平与州所得税申报表说明的可读性之间的差距。
第八单元
A．（前面一部分缺失）
The standard is still relatively new ,so there aren’t many ExpressCard modules on the market today; however, most current laptops include an ExpressCard slot for future use.
由于这种标准相对较新，目前市场上Express卡模块还不多见，但是大多数新上市的笔记本都装有Express卡插口，以供今后使用。
B．
(考的概率不大) The K20D inherits the K10D’s body. This is no bad thing, given how much we liked the K10D’s design. It inherits a remarkably pro-level of exterior controls. This, combined with an excellent level of customization over the behavior of the dials puts almost everything you might need to change at your fingertips. This is a very sturdy-feeling camera. The dense rubber coating that cavers all the key contact points, combined with a solid, weighty-feeling plastic makes the K20Dfeel durable in exactly the way that less expensive DSLRs just don’t. One of the best things about Pentax retaining the K10D’s body is that it retains some of the best ergonomics in its class. It’s a camera that sits comfortably in the hand and puts the key photographic controls exactly where you want them, making it pleasant to use for long periods of time.
K20D沿用了k10D的机身。考虑到我们对K10D外观设计的喜爱，这并非坏事。它沿用K10D很棒的专业级操控设计。再加上拨盘的操控设计非常人性化，几乎所有功能变化只要动动指尖就可以完成。这款相机拿在手里感觉非常结实。所有关键接触部位都包裹了厚厚的橡胶，再加上坚固的，沉甸甸的塑料外壳K20D看起来确实比那些相对便宜的单反相机更结实耐用。在本级别产品中，K10D拥有一些最佳的人体工程学方面的设计，K20D沿用K10D机身的最大好处，就是保留了这些最佳设计。这款相机拿在手中非常舒服，摄影时的关键操作得心应手，长时间使用也不会难受。
C．
(考的概率不大) The study concludes that on a mass emission per travel mile basis, the use of corn ethanol in the form of either E85 – blend of 85% ethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline, or E10 – 10% ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline, outperforms conventional and reformulated gasoline in respect of both fossil energy use and greenhouse gas production. This study clearly documents that ethanol , a domestically produced alternative to fossil fuels and imported oil, can be part of any solution to curb greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. The Oxygenated Fuels Association has issued a study that says the price tag for cleaning up air pollution costs consumers far less than some of the original estimates. The five-year study compared the pump price of regular unleaded conventional fuel to the cleaner-burning fuels which include oxygenates like the anti-smog ingredient MTBE. The results show that the ecologically friendlier fuel, called reformulated gasoline, averaged only 2.89 cents more per gallon at the pump. This analysis of actual pump price data proves that the clean air benefits provided by the cleaner-burning fuels are one of the best environmental buys going.
这一研究表明，从矿物能源的使用效率和温室气体的排放量来看，无论是85%的乙醇和15%的无铅汽油混合的E85配方，还是10%的乙醇和90%的无铅汽油混合的E10配方，这两种以玉米为原料的乙醇燃料，每行驶一英里的废气排放量，都优于传统的或新配方汽油。这一研究清楚地证明，作为一种对矿物燃料和进口石油的国产替代品，乙醇能够成为限制温室气体排放，抑制全球变暖的一种途径。氧化燃料协会公布的一份调查研究显示，为减轻空气污染，消费者所需要付出的代价远远低于先前的估计。这项调查为期五年，比较了加油站中普通无铅汽油和氧化清洁燃料的价格，如含有防烟雾成分MTBE这种清洁燃料。结果表明，对生态环境更加有利的燃料，即新配方汽油，加油站现售价格每加仑平均只贵了2.89美分。对实际零售价格的数据分析表明，清洁燃料带来了清新空气这是最经济的保护环境的途径之一。
①A. 从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力，但在与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。这种能充分表达自己见解的能力，固然十分重要，但我们对于那些让人感觉善于辞令的人，往往产生错误的印象，因为很多情况下这种优点仅仅只是“表面现象”。不难想象，一位外表整洁清秀、讲话娓娓动听的政治家会轻而易举地战胜一位不事张扬但更为合格的对手。他之所以取胜仅仅是因为他的形象令人信服。 B. If you want a winning image with others, your first concern must be a winning self-image. The individual who has a losing self-image will never be able to project a winning image to others. He may be able to fool some people for a while, but his poor self-image will eventually make it impossible for him to relate favorably to others. Throughout the ages, great philosophers have stated, “You are what you think you are.”It is imperative for you to have good image of yourself if you want to create the same impression in others. No matter who you are, everything worthwhile will depend on your own self-image. Your happiness will be based on it. You will live only one life, and in order to enjoy it, you must have a winning self-image. Since we can all choose how we want to think ourselves, we should try to have positive, winning thoughts. In your own attempt to build a winning image you must begin with the self —otherwise, the image you strive for will be supported by nothing but a sand foundation. Any athlete will tell you that you must know you’re a winner in order to be one. To many, this kind of message will sound like double-talk, but it contains an essential truth. Although you can apply this same message to anything in life, I will use athletics as the basis for illustrating my thoughts about self-images because sports involve physical exertion by which desired results can be achieved. ②学习艺术的过程可以很方便地分为两个部分：一是精通理论；二是善于实践。如果我想学习医学，我必须首先了解人体结构和各种疾病。当我具有了这些理论知识以后，我并不能胜任医学工作。只有经过大量的实践，我才能掌握这门学科，直到最终我把所掌握的理论知识和实践收获结合起来，并融合为一体——即成为我的直觉知识，这才是掌握任何一门学科的本质。然而，除学习理论和实践以外，在任何一门学科上想成为专家还必需有第三个因素——那就是，掌握这门艺术是你最关心的事情，在这个世界上肯定没有比这门学科更为重要的东西了。这一点适用于音乐、医学、木工——也适合于爱情。这也可能正是问题的答案所在：为什么在我们的文化中人们即使已遭遇显而易见的失败，但人们很少去尝试学习爱这门艺术。虽然人们内心深藏着爱，但他们几乎把所有其他的东西如成功、名誉、金钱、权力都视为比爱更重要，几乎把所有的精力都用来学习如何实现这些目标了，几乎没有人去学习爱这门艺术。只有那些能赢得金钱和荣誉的东西才值得学习，而爱只是一件我们无权为之浪费许多精力的奢侈品，它只能使心灵获益、而毫无现代意义上的好处可言。难道果真如此吗？B. Intimacy, passion, and commitment are the warm, hot, and cold vertices of Sternberg’s love triangle. Alone and in combination they give rise to eight possible kinds of love relationships. The first is nonlove—absence of all three components. This describes the large majority of our personal relationships, which are simply causal interactions. The second kind of love is liking. “If you just have intimacy”, Sternberg explains, “that’s liking. You can talk to the person, tell about your life. And if that’s all there’s to it, that’s what we mean by liking.”It refers to the feelings experienced in true friendships. Liking includes such feelings as closeness and warmth but not the intense feelings of passion or commitment. If you just have passion, it’s called infatuated love—“love at first sight”that can arise almost instantaneously and dissipate just as quickly. It
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学
家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
这是我整理的，希望对大家有用。蓝色部分是重点词汇。 第一课 1、一条蜿蜒的小路隐没在树荫深处。 A winding path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2、集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有。 At the bazaar, there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3、我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don’t know what it is that has made him so angry. 4、新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，可有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. … 5、在山的那一边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6、他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with a garage attached. 7、教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of be ing strict with the students. 8、这个小女孩很喜欢她的父亲。 The girl is very much attached to her father. 9、为了实现四个现代化，我们认为有必要学习国外的先进科学技术。 To achieve the four modernization, we make a point of learn ing from the advanced science and technology of other countries. | 10、黄昏临近时，天渐渐暗下来了。 As dusk fell, daylight faded away. 11徒工仔细地观察他的师傅，然后照着干。 The apprentice watched his master carefully and then followed suit. 12、吃完饭弗兰克常常帮助洗餐具。 Frank often took a hand in the washing-up after dinner.
Unit 1 From her accent I guess she’s from the Northeast. 从她的口音我猜她是来自东北地区的。 It was very clever of her to turn his argument against himself. 她很聪明，使他对自己的论点 I found a couple of shoes under the bed but they don’t make a pair. 我在床下发现了一双鞋，但他们不做一双 4. Dr. Bright always takes his time as he examines his patients and treats them with extreme care. Bright博士总是把他的时间用于他检查他的病人，并把他们的极端护理 5. British companies are trying to avoid the fate their American counterparts have already suffered. 英国公司正试图避免他们的美国同行已经遭受的命运。 6. Wilfred’s remarks confirmed me in my opinion that he was an honorable young man. 威尔弗雷德的话证实了我在我看来，他是一个光荣的年轻人 7. The key witness for the prosecution was offered police protection after she received death threats. 检察机关的主要证人在收到死亡威胁后提供了警方的保护 8. I thought that was the end of the matter but subsequent events proved me wrong. 我认为这是事情的结束，但随后的事件证明我错了。 9. Having practiced for so long, the New York baseball team stands a chance winning the World Series this year. 经过这么长时间的练习，纽约棒球队赢得了今年的世界系列赛的机会。 10. At the trial , Bob’s teacher, who was called as a character witness, said he was a quiet boy who had never been in trouble before. 在审讯中，鲍伯的老师，被称为证人，说他是个安静的男孩以前从未惹过麻烦。 Unit 2 11. We’ve just had a very fruitful meeting with the management and we’re now much more hopeful about the pay rise. 我们刚刚与管理层有了一个非常富有成效的会议，我们现在对加薪的希望更大了 12. The book I’m reading explains the evolution of plant and animal life on earth. 我读的这本书解释了地球上动植物的进化
LESSON 1 1.因为英语是个杀手,正是英语造成了坎伯兰语,康沃尔语,诺恩语和马恩语等语言的消亡.在这 些岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言.然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在.所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语.英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。 2.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧、,性别歧视的情况类似"）的偏见密 切相关。在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导的世界，最重要的机构和个人（有意或无意地）鼓励或者至少是容忍了（肯定没有反对）英语霸权主义式的传播。这种传播始于三个世纪之前的经济及殖民扩张。 3.总的来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利的语言。在谈到与之相关的文化及其为 世界所做的贡献时，我们常怀有崇敬与赞赏，而且这样做也没有太大的风险，因为这些语言现在已不会构成什么威胁。 4.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具有的明显优势， 例如广泛的通信网，强大的文化传媒体系，及强有力的文化教育机构。 5.讲英语的南非英国后裔并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其成员讲多种语言， 在初期软弱无力且缺乏组织。 6.这一象征表明这种世界通用语的使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来的好处， 同时尽可能避免招来灾难。 LESSON 2 1.年初布什总统签署了一项《不让一个孩子落后》的重大法案,誓言要把“困在那些教学质量不佳又不进行改革的学校里的孩子”解救出来.2007 年7月1日美国教育部宣布有8652所学校被列 为“长期教学质量低下”的学校,现在这些学校中的学生必须在今后的几天内考虑决定他们是否 要转学, 同时各个学区也在忙着为符合转学条件的学生提供帮助和服务以抓住选择的机会。 ２.对于那些在教学改革旋涡中挣扎的学校的校长、老师和学生来说，这一法案的直接后果则是迷惑与混乱。他们认为该法案制订的教学改革标准太高而又没有说明各学区如何达到这些标准。３.我们必须对公众负责，不过我们必须研究所有衡量指标。 ４.一所学校连续两年在州水平考试中没有表现出“足够的年度改进”就会被认为是不合格的学校，但是联邦教育部并没有提供一个具有权威性的不合格学校的名单让学生家长作为参考，而是要求各州各自确定不合格学校的名单，并且要求他们把学生的考试成绩按照学生的种族和家庭收入进行分类。新法案还规定各州要公布便于学生和家长查找的不合格学校的名单，但是没有几个州能很快拿出来。 ５.教育部次长，前宾夕法尼亚州学校总监Eugene Hickok 也承认“该法案的实施可能会引起一些混乱”，但是他又说各州也不应为此而大惊小怪。教育部长Rod Paige 已经向各学区主管人士就有关改革事宜做了扼要指示并通报了全国。他说，即使在如纽约和芝加哥这样的大城市“接收择校生比较困难”，但“法律就是法律”。 ６.Wooten 说，“人很容易放弃自我，而去赶别人的潮流，但正如其他的美国人一样，我们都有成功的机会。我们为什么不开创自己的潮流呢？” LESSON ４ １.无论作为法定婚姻的前奏还是其替代品，同居现象的频繁出现都进一步弱化了婚姻区别于其他结合形式的独立特征。不管怎样，所有这些打破传统的结合方式一直以来都是建立在亚当一夏娃模式的异性恋基础之上的。 ２.有报告说曾发生过外星人为了做繁衍后代实验而绑架地球人的事件，但不论这些报道是否只是人们的幻觉，地球人探索宇宙寻找外星人却是事实。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译 Unit 1 核心员工的特征 1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit 4 爱和情感连系 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和
Lesson 1 1) Little donkeys thread their way among the throngs of people. little donkeys went in and out among the people and from one side to another 2) Then as you penetrate deeper into the bazaar, the noise of the entrance fades away, and you come to the muted cloth-market. Then as you pass through a big crowd to go deeper into the market, the noise of the entrance gradually disappear, and you come to the much quieter cloth-market. 3) they narrow down their choice and begin the really serious business of beating the price down they drop some of items that they don't really want and begin to bargain seriously for a low price. 4) he will price the item high, and yield little in the bargaining He will ask for a high price for the item and refuse to cut down the price by any significant amount. 5) As you approach it, a tinkling and banging and clashing begins to impinge on your ear As you get near it, a variety of sounds begin to strike your ear. X．1)一条蜿蜒的小路淹没在树荫深处 A zig-zag path loses itself in the shadowy distance of the woods. 2)集市上有许多小摊子，出售的货物应有尽有 At the bazaar there are many stalls where goods of every conceivable kind are sold. 3) 我真不知道到底是什么事让他如此生气。 I really don't know what it is that has made him so angry. 4)新出土的铜花瓶造型优美，刻有精细、复杂的传统图案。 The newly unearthed bronze vase is pleasing in form and engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs. 5)在山的那边是一望无际的大草原。 Beyond the mountains there is a vast grassland that extends as far as the eye can see. 6)他们决定买那座带有汽车房的房子。 They decided to buy that house with. a garage attached. 7）教师们坚持对学生严格要求。 The teachers make a point of being strict with the students. 8）这个小女孩非常喜欢他的父亲。 This little girl is very much attached to her father.
1.那是个正规宴会，我照妈妈对我讲的那样穿着礼服去了。 （formal） As it was a formal dinner party, I wore formal dress, as Mother told me t o. 2.他的女友劝他趁抽烟的坏习惯尚未根深蒂固之前把它改掉。(take hold) His girlfriend advised him to get out of/get rid of his bad habit of smoking before it took hold. 3.他们预料到下几个月点的需求量很大，决定增加生产。(anticipate) Anticipating that the demand for electricity will be high during the next few months, they have de cided to increase its production. 4.据说比尔音译在违反公司的安全规章而被解雇。（violate） It is said that Bill has been fired for continually violating the company’ s safety rules. /Bill is said to have been fired for continually violating the company’ s safety rules. 5.据报道地方政府已采取适当措施避免严重缺水（water shortage）的可能性。 （avoid,severe） It is reported that the government has taken proper measures to avoid the poss ibility of a severe water shortage. 1.半个小时过去了，但末班车还没来。我们只好走回家。（go by） Half an hour had gone by, but the last bus hadn’t come yet. We had to walk home. 2.玛丽看上去对汉语考试很担心，因为她还没背熟课文。 （learn by heart） Mary seems to be very worried about the Chinese exam because she hasn’t learned the texts by heart. 3.既然篮球赛已被推迟，我们不妨去参观博物馆。（postpone） Since the basketball match has been postponed, we might as well visit the museum. 4.整个二次世界大战期间他一直和父母住在澳大利亚。 （all the way） He stayed in Australia with his parents all the way through WWⅡ. 5.自1985年从南京大学毕业至今，可以说我与我的大学同学失去了联系。（kind of，lose touch） Since I graduated from Nanjing University in 1985, I have kind of lost touch with my classmates. 1.正如科学家所预言的那样，全球污染成了人类面临的最严重的问题之一。（global） As is predicted by scientists, global pollution has become one of the most serious problems huma ns are faced with. 2.谋求这些职位的竞争很激烈——今年的求职者（applicant）是去年的五倍。（competition） Competition for these jobs is very tough – we have five times as many applicants this year as we did last year/ there are five times as many a pplicants this year as there were last year. 3.正如事实表明的那样，教育大纲应该符合国家的经济发展计划。（fit into）
研究生（英语）课后部分翻译答案 1. “一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。 “Business happens 24/7/365, which means that competition happens 24/7/365, as well,” says Haut. “One way that companies win is by getting …there? faster, which means that you not only have to mobilize all of the functions that support a business to move quickly, but you have to know how to decide where …there? is! This creates a requirement not only for people who can act quickly, but for those who can think fast with the courage to act on their convictions. This needs to run throughout an organization and is not exclusive to management.”（第一章 P29 第一段） 2. 最后，职业地位包含对职业标准的遵守。很多律师通过在行业内外把自己塑造成一个具有良好职业道德的典范来找到自我价值。对那些在所有职业行为中都表现出极度正直和谦逊有礼的律师们来说，当管理阶层对他们理应受到的特别尊重表示肯定时，便又获得了另一种形式的精神报酬。 Lastly, professional status encompasses adherence to ethical standards. Most lawyers find self worth in setting an example—both within the profession and within the larger society—as ethical actors. When management affirms the special respect due to lawyers who act with the utmost integrity and civility in all of their professional dealings, it provides yet another form of compensation.（第一章 P29 第二段） 3. 最近的调查显示越来越多的人抱怨饭菜质量平平，价格昂贵，而法国烹饪的衰落还不止于此。这在法国可不是个小问题，要知道2002年美食旅游为法国创收180 亿欧元，占到全部旅游收入的1/4。越来越多的餐馆老板反映政府的税收和经济政策限制了他们的利润，也就影响了他们投资和雇佣更多人手的能力。束缚他们手脚的是令法国不那么光彩的繁琐拖拉的公事程序，更不要说那些来自欧盟的规定，从销售税到布里乳酪里含细菌的指标统统都在严格的掌控之中。 The decline goes well beyond recent surveys that show growing complaints about mediocre quality and high prices—no small concern in a country where tourisme gastronomique earned 18 billion euros in 2002, a quarter of all tourist revenues. More and more restaurateurs say that government tax and economic policies are limiting their profits, and thereby hurting their capacity to invest and hire more staff. They have become ensnarred in the red tape for which France is infamous—not to mention edicts from Brussels that affect everything from sales taxes to the bacteria in the Brie.（第二章 P59 第一段） 4. 浙江菜口味清淡，精致玲珑，是长江下游区域菜肴的代表。西湖醋鱼是其中的一道名菜。这道菜鲜美，酥嫩，带着自然的清香。中国乃至世界各地的中餐馆大都能找得到这道菜，但口味往往不及在浙江杭州吃得那般纯正。因为只有杭州拥有来自西湖的鱼和水。 Zhejiang cuisine is light and exquisite, and is typical of food from along the lower Yangtze River. One famous dish is West Lake Vinegar Fish, which looks pretty and has the delicate refreshing flavors of nature. Many Chinese restaurants in China, as well as other parts of the world, serve this dish, but often the flavor is less authentic compared to that found in Hangzhou, capital of Zhejiang Province, which has unique access to the fish and water of West Lake.（第二章 P59 第二段） 5. 不管如何解释，工作与生活的平衡总是欧洲人的主要谈资，同时也是智囊团和政策制定者研究和考虑的主题。在美国，人们使用这个说法时总是带着几分针对那些吃蛋奶火腿馅饼的有闲人士才会表现出来的冷嘲热讽的态度。但是，它可能还是会流行起来的。时任《纽约时报》执行主编的比尔?凯勒曾鼓励员工们要给生活增加一些色彩，多陪陪家人或去欣赏艺术。 Whatever the explanation, the idea of a work-life balance is a staple of European discourse, studied
Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。