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英美文学 复习资料

英美文学 复习资料
英美文学 复习资料

英美文学

I. 本期讲过的所有名家名作

II.名词术语:

Ode

——in ancient literature, is an elaborate lyrical poem composed for a chorus to chant and to dance to; in modern use, it is a rhymed lyric expressing noble feelings, often addressed to a person or celebrating an event.

Alliteration

——It is a form of initial rhyme, or head rhyme.

It is the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are next to or close to each other.

e.g. He came on under the clouds, clearly saw at last

Rage-inflamed, wreckage-bent, be ripped open

Kenning

——a figurative language in order to add beauty to ordinary objects. It is a metaphor usually composed of two words, which becomes the formula for a special object.

e.g. Helmet bearer—— warrior

Swan road——the sea

The world candle—— the sun

Repetition &Variation

e.g. Grendel / The spoiler / warlike creature /

the foe / horrible monster

A host of young soldiers / a company of

Kinsmen / a whole warrior-band

Caesura

——every line consists of two clearly separated half lines between which is a pause, called caesura.

e.g. Grendel stalking; God’s brand was on him.

the gold-hall of men, the mead-drinking place

nailed with gold plates. That was not the first visit

Ballad

——is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets

and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.

Epic

——is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primary, or original, epics. One such epic is the Old English story Beowulf. Epics that attempt to imitate these like Milton’s Paradise Lost are known as literary, or secondary, epics.

The six main characteristics:

1. The hero is outstanding. He might be important, and historically or legendarily significant.

2. The setting is large. It covers many nations, or the known world.

3. The action is made of deeds of great valor or requiring superhuman courage.

4. Supernatural forces—gods, angels, demons—insert themselves in the action.

5. It is written in a very special style.

6. The poet tries to remain objective.

Sonnet (Italian Sonnet, Shakespearean Sonnet, Spenserian Sonnet, Miltonic Sonnet)

①Italian sonnet

created by Giacomo da Lentini, head of the Sicilian School.

Petrarch (1304-1374) most famous early sonneteer

It falls into two main parts:

an octave rhyming ―abbaabba‖ (set up a problem ) + volta

followed by a sestet rhyming ―cdecde‖ or some variant, such as ―cdccdc‖ (answer)

②English / Shakespearean sonnet

The greatest practitioner: William Shakespeare

three quatrains followed by a couplet

often presents a repetition-with-variation of a statement in each of the three quatrains

The final couplet in the English sonnet usually imposes an epigrammatic turn at the end.

——a fourteen-line poem of iambic pentameters. This form is made up of 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhyming:ababcdcdefefgg

③Spenserian sonnet

A variant on the English form is the Spenserian sonnet, named after Edmund Spenser

three quatrains connected by the interlocking rhyme scheme and followed by a couplet

the rhyme scheme is abab, bcbc, cdcd, ee

——has the rhyme scheme ababbcbccdcdee and no break between the octave (an eight line stanza) and the sestet( a six line stanza). It is named after the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.

④Miltonic Sonnet

Conceit

——in literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping and manipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites the reader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object of comparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom of Mannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century.

Simile

— is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having a t least one quality or characteristic in common. Simile is almost always introduced by the followin g words: like, as, as…as, as it were, as if, as though, be something of, similar to, etc.

Metaphor

— is a figure of speech where comparison is implied. It is also a comparison between two unlike elements with a similar quality. But unlike a simile, this comparison is implied, not express ed with the word "as" or "like".

Symbol

——In literary usage, a symbol is a specially evocative kind of image: that is, a word or phrase referring to a concrete object, scene, or action which also has some further significance associated with it.

Types of Symbols

I. Universal or cultural symbols/traditional symbols

are those whose associations are the common property of a society or culture and are so widely recognized and accepted that they can be said to be almost universal.

e.g. water—life

Serpent—the Devil

Lamb—Jesus Christ

II. Contextual, Authorial, or Private symbols

are those whose associations are neither immediate nor traditional; instead, they derive their meaning, largely if not exclusively, from the context of the work in which they are used.

e.g.the albatross in Coleridge’s ―The Rime of the Ancient Mariner‖

Synecdoche

——a figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole or a whole for a part

e.g. My baby woke for a bottle. [提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般.] Oxymoron

——is a figure of speech that juxtaposes elements that appear to be contradictory. Oxymora

appear in a variety of contexts, including inadvertent errors (such as "ground pilot") and literary oxymorons crafted to reveal a paradox. The most common form of oxymoron involves an adjective–noun combination of two words. For example, the following line from Tennyson's Idylls of the King contains two oxymora: And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.

e.g. painful pleasure a thunderous silence

Pun

——The pun, also called paronomasia, is a form of word play that suggests two or more meanings, by exploiting multiple meanings of words, or of similar-sounding words, for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect. Puns are used to create humor and sometimes require a large vocabulary to understand. Puns have long been used by comedy writers, such as William Shakespeare, Oscar Wilde, and George Carlin.

Puns can be classified in various ways:

①The homophonic pun, a common type, uses word pairs which sound alike (homophones) but are not synonymous.

②A homographic pun exploits words which are spelled the same (homographs) but possess different meanings and sounds.

③Homonymic puns, another common type, arise from the exploitation of words which are both homographs and homophones.

④A compound pun is a statement that contains two or more puns.

⑤A recursive pun is one in which the second aspect of a pun relies on the understanding of an element in the first.

⑥Visual puns are used in many logos, emblems, insignia, and other graphic symbols, in which one or more of the pun aspects are replaced by a picture.

Personification

——a figure of speech which represents abstractions or inanimate objects with human qualities, including physical, emotional, and spiritual; the application of human attributes or abilities to nonhuman entities.

Exaggeration

Dramatic monologue

—— a kind of poem in which the speaker is imagined to be addressing a silent audience Irony

—— in its broadest sense, is a rhetorical device, literary technique, or event characterized by an incongruity, or contrast, between what the expectations of a situation are and what is really the case.

——A subtly humorous perception of inconsistency, in which an apparently straightforward

statement or event is undermined by its context so as to give it a very different significance. Allusion

——is a figure of speech, in which one refers covertly or indirectly to an object or circumstance from an external context. It is left to the reader or hearer to make the connection; where the connection is detailed in depth by the author, it is preferable to call it "a reference". Literary allusion is closely related to parody and pastiche, which are also "text-linking" literary devices. A type of literature has grown round explorations of the allusions in such works as Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock or T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land. James Joyce Romanticism

——Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe. In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.

Modernism

——Modernism is a rather vague term which is used to apply to the works of a group of poets, novelists, painters, and musicians between 1910 and the early years after the World War II. The term includes various trends or schools, such as imagism, expressionism, dadaism, stream of consciousness, and existentialism. It means a departure from the conventional criteria or established values of the Victorian age.

The basic themes of modernism:

1. Alienation and loneliness are the basic themes of modernism. In the eyes of modernist writers, the modern world is a chaotic one and is incomprehensible.

2. Although modern society is materially rich, it is spiritually barren. It is a land of spiritual and emotional sterility.

3. Human beings are helpless before an incomprehensible world and no longer able to do things their forefathers once did.

The characteristics of modernism:

1. Complexity and obscurity: (juxtaposition, no limitation of space)

2. The use of symbols: (symbol: a means to express their inexpressible selves)

3. Allusion: (Allusion is an indirect reference to another work of literature, art, history, or religion.)

4. Irony: (an expression of one’s meaning by using words that mean the direct opposite of what one really intends to convey.)

Rhyme scheme

——the pattern in which the rhymed line-endings are arranged in a poem or stanza.

Head rhyme: As busy as a bee

End rhyme

Crossed rhyme

Will ye bridle the deep sea with reins, will ye chasten the high sea with rods?

Will ye take her to chain her with chains, who is older than all ye Gods?

Internal rhyme:“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary"

Iambic meter/ trochaic meter/anapestic meter

Iamb is a metrical unit (foot) of verse

about [?'ba?t] =?+'ba?t

[?'ba?t]

an unstressed syllable(?) +a stressed syllable(?)

=one iambic foot/meter

About about about about about

=iambic pentameter

抑扬格(iambic):

如果一个音步中有两个音节,前者为轻,后者为重,则这种音步叫抑扬格音步,其专业术语是(iamb, iambic.)。轻读是―抑‖,重读是―扬‖,一轻一重,故称抑扬格。

英语中有大量的单词,其发音都是一轻一重,如adore, excite, above, around, appear, besides, attack, supply, believe, return等,所以用英语写诗,用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说,抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此,在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格,百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。

Tetrameter / pentameter

Blank Verse: unrhymed lines of iambic

Blank verse is a very flexible English verse form which can attain rhetorical grandeur while echoing the natural rhythms of speech and allowing smooth enjambment (跨行连续).

Couplet

——Couplet: The poem will be read as long as man lives and the beloved will live on. Rhyme royal

——is a rhyming stanza form that was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer. He first used it in his long poems Troilus and Criseyde and Parlement of Foules. He also used it for four of the Canterbury Tales. The rhyme royal stanza consists of seven lines, usually in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme is a-b-a-b-b-c-c.

Terza rima三行诗节

——is poetry written in three-line stanzas linked by end-rhymes patterned aba, bcb, cdc, ded, efe, etc. There is no specified number of stanzas in the form, but poems written in terza rima usually end with a single line or a couplet rhyming with the middle line of the last stanza.

e.g. ―If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?‖

III. 精读:

Sonnet 18 (背诵)

Holy Sonnet 10 (背诵)

On His Blindness

Ode to the West Wind

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock

One’s Self I Sing

To Make a Prairie

In A Station of the Metro

The Road Not Taken

Sonnet 18

By William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a su mmer’s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date: Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines

And often is his gold complexion dimed;

And every fair form fair sometimes declines,

By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade,

Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;

Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade. When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:

So long as men can breathe,or eyes can see,

So long lives this,and this gives life to thee.

Holy Sonnet 10

By John Donne

Death, be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so ;

For those, whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow, Die not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.

From rest and sleep, which but thy picture[s] be, Much pleasure, then from thee much more must flow, And soonest our best men with thee do go,

Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.

Thou'rt slave to Fate, chance, kings, and desperate men, And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,

And poppy, or charms can make us sleep as well,

And better than thy stroke ; why swell'st thou then ? One short sleep past, we wake eternally,

And Death shall be no more ; Death, thou shalt die.

英语专业-英美文学试卷及答案-期末

英语专业-英美文学试卷及答案-期末

英美文学试卷A 共9页第 I. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F). (10 x 1’=10’) 1. ( ) Chaucer is the first English short-story teller and the founder of English poetry as well as the founder of English realism. His masterpiece The Canterbury tales contains 26 stories. 2. ( ) English Renaissance is an age of essay and drama. 3. ( ) The rise of the modern novel is closely related to the rise of the middle class and an urban life. 4. ( ) The French Revolution and the American War of Independence were two big influences that brought about the English Romantic Movement. 5. ( ) Charlotte’s novels are all about lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for life and love. Her novels are more or less based on her own experience and feelings and the life as she sees around. 6. ( ) The leading figures of the naturalism at the turn of 19th century are Thomas Hardy, John Galsworthy and Bernard Shaw. 7. ( ) Emily Dickinson is remembered as the “All American Writer”. 8. ( )The Civil War divides the American literature into romantic literature and realist literature. 9. ( ) Mark Twain is the first American writer to discover an American language and American consciousness.

却最简洁最重点的英美文学考试重点

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类:pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf(national epic民族史诗)metaphor alliteration。 3、Angles, Saxons and Jutes. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) 1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society.Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight头韵 2、传奇ramances:描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情文学。seek adventures , fighting for his lord in battle,humility,honor,sacrifice,brave,honesty,love with women 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)(反封建、反教会、追求个性自由) 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、purely English(the London dialect伦敦方言) 3、heroic couplet英雄双韵体

自考英美文学选读要点总结第一章

Chapter I The Renaissance Period Definitions of the Literary Terms: 文艺复兴时期的界定 1. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medie val to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14 th & 17th centuries. 历史文化背景It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to emb race the rest of Europe. The Renaissance, which means "rebirth" or "reviva l," is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the re-discovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture, the new discoverie s in geography & astrology, the religious reformation & the economic expa nsion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence is a historical period in whic h the European humanist thinkers & scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that e xpressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, & to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church. 2. 文艺复兴到英国比较晚的原因The Renaissance was slow in reaching Englan d not only becaus e o f England?s separation from the Continent but also be cause of its domestic unrest. It was not until the reign of Henry VIII that the Renaissance really began to show its effect in England. With Henry VII I?s encouragement the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduc ed classical literature to England. 15th century, began the English Renaissa nce, which was perhaps England?s Golden Age, especially in literature. 人文主义H umanism: Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient author s and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its consci ous, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on s uch a conception that man is the measure of all things. Through the new l earning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, b ut the human values represented in the works. Renaissance humanists fou nd in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see th at human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfections, and that the world they inhabited was thei rs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizin g the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the bea uty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wond ers. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the b est representatives of the English humanists. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimi lation.

【自考答案】英美文学选读试题

绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英美文学选读试题 课程代码:00604 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂、写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 选择题部分 注意事项: 1.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2.每小题选出答案后,用2 B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试题卷上。 I. Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each) Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet. 1. Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his ______ plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.B A. 27 B. 38 C.47 D. 52 2. john Milton’s literary achievement can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the last ______.C A. romances B. dramas C. great poems D. ballads 3. The novels of ______ are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower— class people.C A. John Milton B. Daniel Defoe C. Henry Fielding D. Jonathan Swift

英美文学欣赏考题整理及答案

Part One:English Poetry 1.William Shakespeare Sonnet 18 ?Why does the poet compare `thee` to a summer?s day? And who could `thee` be? Because summer?s day and thee both represent beauty . thee could be beauty, love. ?What picture have you got of English summer, and could you explain why? Warm, beautiful, sunshine. Because summer is the best season of a year ,the most beautiful season. It is like our May. ?How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? Thee is more beautiful than summer. ?What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more fair than summer and immortal? Because humanism is more eternal than summer and immortal. ?What figures of speech are used in this poem? Simile, metaphor, personification, oxymoron and so on . ?What is the theme of the poem? Love conquers all, Beauty lives on. 2. Thomas Nashe Spring ?Read the poem carefully, pay attention to those image- bearing words, and see how many images the poet created in the poem and what sense impressions you can get from those images. There is “Blooms each thing, maids dance in a ring, the pretty birds do sing, the palm and may make country houses gay, Lambs frisk' and play, the shepherds pipe all day, And we hear aye birds tune this merry lay, The fields breathe sweet, the daisies kiss our feet, Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit, In every street these tunes bur ears do greet!” The “Young lovers meet, old wives a-sunning sit,”impressions me most because of the harmony of the people?s relationship. ?Can you point out and explain the sound and their musical effect in the poem? In the Poem, each section has four lines, each line has ten syllables ( five tone step ) . In order to give the reader a spring breeze , streams , flowers , winding , Song Xin texture of sound and light flavor, Naixi greater uses English word S , z , f , V , R , L , and θconsonants means. In Naixi's poem, the use of phonological is also very harmonious, very smooth , very mellow. Section I of the poetry has Three pairs [ ing ] , section II of the poem has three pairs [ ei ] and the third quarter has three pairs [ i : ]. 3.John Donne A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning ?What is a “valediction” any way? Is the speaker in the poem about to die? Why does the speaker forbid mourning? No, it is about the lover s?separation. As the poem metaphors, the poet believed he and his wife?s love is sacred, he didn?t hope they cry when separation comes, let their love be stained by the ordinary and mundane.

英美文学史及作品选读 复习题

1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of ___ adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period. A.Christian B.knightly C.Greek D.primitive 2. In The song of Beowulf , Beowulf fought against _______. A. Grendel B. a knight C. Hrothgar D. Sir Gawain 3. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___. A.Piers Plowman B.Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C.Confessio Amantis D.The Canterbury Tales 4. Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18? A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature. B.The speaker satirizes human vanity. C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation. D.The speaker meditates on man's salvation. 5. John Milton was the writer of ______ A. Paradise lost B. The Pilgrims progress C. Tess D. Emma 6. The greatest of all English authors is _______ A. William Shakespeare B. Charles Dickens C, Thomas Hardy D. Robert Frost 7. Of all the 18thcentury novelists, _______ and Tobias Gorge Smollet may be regard as the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe. A. Henry Fielding B. Daniel Defoe C. Joseph Addison D. Richard Steel 8. The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was _____ A. Henry Fielding B. Daniel Defoe C. Joseph Addison https://www.doczj.com/doc/796834492.html,urence Sterne 9. The most outstanding figure of the epoch of Enlightenment in England was ______. A. Oliver Goldsmith B. Jonathan Swift c. Thomas Grey D. Richard Steel 10. Daniel Defoe was the writer of ______ A. Gulliver’s Travels B. Robinson Crusoe C. Jane Eyre D. A Modest Proposal 11. Gulliver’s Travels was written by ______. A. Laurence Sterne B. Daniel Defoe C. Jonathan Swift D. Oliver Goldsmith 12. Tom Jones was written by _____ A. Oliver Goldsmith B. Jonathan Swift c. Thomas Grey D. Henry Feilding 13. The songs of Innocence was written by ____ A. William Wordsworth B. William Blake C. Robert Burns D. J.Keats 14. With the publication of William Wordsworth’s _____ in collaboration with S.T. Colerige, romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature. A. The Cloud B. To a Sky-lark C. to Autumn D. Lyrical Ballads 15.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind!” is an epigrammatic line by __. A.J.Keats B.W.Blake C.W.Wordsworth D.P.B.Shelley 16. ______ was Byron’s greatest work. A. Don Juan B.She Walks in Beauty C. Cain D. Manfred. 17.Ulysses (1922) is generally acknowledged to be ______’s masterpiece and a typical example of stream of consciousness technique. A. James Joyce B. Virginia Woolf C. D. h. Lawrence D. Charles Dickens 18. The Title Vanity Fair was borrowed by Thackeray from the_____ by Bunyan. A. Pilgrim’s Progress B. Canterbury Tales C. Paradise Lost D. Beowulf

自考英语本科英美文学选读教你投机取巧过英美文学整理加强版

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