Looking good by doing good[Jan 15th 2009]
Economics focus
Looking good by doing good
Jan 15th 2009
From The Economist print edition
Rewarding people for their generosity may be counterproductive
Illustration by Jac Depczyk A LARGE plaque in the foyer of Boston’s Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA), a museum housed in a dramatic glass and metal building on the harbour’s edge, identifies its most generous patron s. Visitors who stop to look will notice that some donors—including two who gave the ICA over $2.5m—have chosen not to reveal their names. Such reticence is unusual: less than 1% of private gifts to charity are anonymous. Most people (including the vast majority of the ICA’s patrons) want their good deeds to be talked about. In “Richistan”, a book on America’s new rich, Robert Frank writes of the several society publications in Florida’s Palm Beach which exist largely to publicise the charity of its well-heeled residents (at least before Bernard Madoff’s alleged Ponzi scheme left some of them with little left to give).
As it turns out, the distinction between private and public generosity is helpful in understanding what motivates people to give money to charities or donate blood, acts which are costly to the doer and primarily benefit others. Such actions are widespread, and growing. The $306 billion that Americans gave to charity in 2007 was more than triple the amount donated in 1965. And though a big chunk of this comes from plutocrat s like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, whose philanthropy has attracted much attention, modest earners also give generously of their time and money. A 2001 survey found that 89% of American households gave to charity, and that 44% of adults volunteered the equivalent of 9m full-time jobs. Tax break s explain some of the kindness of strangers. But by no means all.
Economists, who tend to think self-interest governs most actions of man, are intrigue d, and have identified several reasons to explain good deeds of this kind. Tax breaks are, of
course, one of the main ones, but donors are also sometimes paid directly for their pains, and the mere thought of a thank-you letter can be enough to persuade others to cough up. Some even act out of sheer altruism. But most interesting is another explanation, which is that people do good in part because it makes them look good to those whose opinions they care about. Economists call this “image motivation”.
Dan Ariely of Duke University, Anat Bracha of Tel Aviv University, and Stephan Meier of Columbia University sought, through experiments, to test the importance of image motivation, as well as to gain insights into how different motivating factors interact. Their results, which they report in a new paper*, suggest that image motivation matters a lot, at least in the laboratory. Even more intriguingly, they find evidence that monetary incentives can actually reduce charitable giving when people are driven in part by a desire to look good in others’ eyes.
The crucial thing about charity as a means of image building is, of course, that it can work only if others know about it and think positively of the charity in question. So, the academics argue, people should give more when their actions are public.
To test this, they conducted an experiment where the number of times participants clicked an awkward combination of computer keys determined how much money was donated on their behalf to the American Red Cross. Since 92% of participants thought highly of the Red Cross, giving to it could reasonably be assumed to make people look good to their peers. People were randomly assigned to either a private group, where only the participant knew the amount of the donation, or a public group, where the participant had to stand up at the end of the session and share this information with the group. Consistent with the hypothesis that image mattered, participants exerted much greater effort in the public case: the average number of clicks, at 900, was nearly double the average of 517 clicks in the private case.
However, the academics wanted to go a step further. In this, they were influenced by the theoretical model of two economists, Roland Benabou, of Princeton University, and Jean Tirole, of Toulouse University’s Institut d’Economie Industrielle, who formalised the idea that if people do good to look good, introducing monetary or other rewards into the mix might complicate matters. An observer who sees someone getting paid for donating blood, for example, would find it hard to differentiate between the donor’s intrinsic “goodness” and his greed.
Blood money
The idea that monetary incentives could be counterproductive has been around at least since 1970, when Richard Titmuss, a British social scientist, hypothesised that paying people to donate blood would reduce the amount of blood that they gave. But Mr Ariely and his colleagues demonstrate a mechanism through which such confound ing effects could operate. They presumed that the addition of a monetary incentive should have much less of an impact in public (where it muddle s the image signal of an action) than in private (where the image is not important). By adding a monetary reward for participants to their
experiment, the academics were able to confirm their hypothesis. In private, being paid to click increased effort from 548 clicks to 740, but in public, there was next to no effect. The trio also raise the possibility that cleverly designed rewards could actually draw out more generosity by exploiting image motivation. Suppose, for example, that rewards were used to encourage people to support a certain cause with a minimum donation. If that cause then publicised those who were generous well beyond the minimum required of them, it would show that they were not just “in it for the money”. Behavioural economics may yet provide charities with some creative new fund-raising techniques.
寻找好行善[ 2009年1月15日]
经济焦点
寻找好行善
2009年1月15日
来自经济学人印刷版
回报人民的慷慨可能会适得其反
插图由江淮Depczyk
在波士顿当代艺术学院（ICA ），装在一个巨大的玻璃和金属建筑海港的边缘博物馆大厅一个大匾，确定其最慷慨的赞助人。谁停下来看看的游客会发现，一些捐助者，其中包括两名是谁给了ICA的超过250万美元，已选择不透露他们的名字。这种沉默是不寻常的：私人礼物给慈善机构的不到1％是匿名的。大多数人（包括ICA的主顾绝大多数），希望他们的善行被谈论。在“Richistan ”一书中对美国的新富，罗伯特·弗兰克写在佛罗里达州棕榈滩的存在主要是为了宣传其富有的居民（以慈善的几个社会出版物的至少前伯纳德·麦道夫涉嫌庞氏骗局留下他们中的一些与小左给）。
事实证明，私人和公共慷慨之间的区别是理解什么促使人们把钱给慈善机构或献血，它的作用是昂贵的实干家，主要造福他人帮助。这种行为很普遍，而且越来越多。该十亿$ 306美国人给了慈善事业在2007年的三倍以上捐赠在1965年的金额。虽然这很大一部分来自像比尔·盖茨和沃伦·巴菲特，他的慈善事业备受关注富豪，谦虚仔也给他们的时间和金钱的慷慨。2001年的一项调查发现，美国家庭的89 ％给了慈善事业，和成人的44 ％自愿9m的全职工作当量。减税解释一些陌生人的仁慈。但绝不是全部。
经济学家，谁倾向于认为自我利益支配的人大部分动作，都好奇，并已确定了几个理由来解释这种善行。减税是的，当然，主要的人之一，但捐助者有时也直接为他们的痛苦付出和感谢信的单纯的思想就足以说服别人咳出。有些人甚至充当出于纯粹的利他主义。但最有趣的是另一种解释，这是人们做的好，部分是因为它使他们看起来好于那些意见，他们所关心的。经济学家称之为“形象的动机”。
杜克大学的丹阿雷利，特拉维夫大学解剖学的Bracha和哥伦比亚大学的Stephan Meier法所追求的，通过实验，以测试图像动机的重要性，以及为深入了解不同的激励因素如何相互作用的。他们的研究结果，他们在一个新的文件*报告，表明图像动机问题很多，至少在实验室。更有趣的是，他们发现的证据表明，货币激励实际上可以减少慈善捐赠，当人们被看好在别人眼中的渴望驱动部分。
关于慈善的形象建设的一种手段关键的东西，当然，它可以工作只有别人知道这件事，并认为有问题的慈善机构的积极评价。因此，学者认为，人们应该给予更多的时候他们的行动是公开的。
为了测试这一点，他们进行了一项实验，其中的时间和参加人数单击确定多少钱，捐给代表他们向美国红十字会电脑按键的尴尬组合。由于参与者的92 ％的人认为红十字高度，给予它可以合理地假定，使人们看好他们的同龄人。人被随机分配到一个私人组，其中只有参与者知道捐款的数额，或公共团体，其中参与者不得不站出来在会议结束时，与该组分享这些信息。符合这一假设形象要紧，参与者施加更大的努力，公众的情况下：平均点击次数，在900 ，是517的点击次数近一倍私营个案平均。
然而，学术界想去了一步。在这方面，他们由两位经济学家罗兰Benabou ，普林斯顿大学，和吉恩梯若尔，图卢兹大学的研究所德ECONOMIE工业公司，谁形式化的想法，如果人们行善好看，引入货币或理论模型，影响其他奖励进入组合可能使问题复杂化。谁看到有人得到报酬献血的观察员，例如，将很难对捐赠者的内在“善”和他的贪婪区分。
血钱
有观点认为，金钱奖励可能会适得其反，至少自1970年以来，当理查德Titmuss ，英国的社会科学家，科学家的假设，支付人来献血会降低血液中，他们给量已经出现。但阿雷利先生和他的同事证明，通过它这种混杂影响可以运作的机制。他们推测，除了一个货币激励的应具有小得多的冲击中公开（其中它muddles一个动作的图象信号）比在私人（其中图像是不重要的）。通过增加金钱奖励，让参加者自己的实验中，学者们能够证实他们的假设。在民间，被支付单击努力增加从548点击次数740 ，但在公共场合，还有旁边没有效果。
三人还提高了设计巧妙的回报其实可以绘制出更慷慨通过利用图像的动机的可能性。假设，例如，奖励被用来鼓励人们支持某种原因以最小的捐赠。如果说事业再公布那些谁是慷慨的远远超出了他们的最低要求，那就表明他们“在它的钱”不只是。行为经济学还可能成为慈善机构一些有创意的新的筹资技术。
大学英语B阅读翻译及写作 TEST 1 阅读1： 有这些关于两位美国总统杰克逊和范布伦试图解释英语词组OK的故事。我们不知这些故事的真实性，但他们都是很有趣。第一种解释是根据杰克逊总统读书少的事实。事实上，他读写有困难。当他接到重要的文件，他努力地去读，然后让助手解释内容，如果他赞成，他就会在公文上写上Oll Korrect二字，问题就在于他不知道如何拼写，所以他真正写的是“ol korekt”.过了一段时间，他简称为“OK”. 第二种解释是根据范布伦总统的出生地纽约是事实。范布伦的朋友组织了一个俱乐部帮助他竞选。他们把它称之为Old Kinderhook 俱乐部，支持范布伦的人被称为“OK”。 阅读2. 尽管美国有很多陆地，生产事物所占用的地甚至不到现在人口所居住的地方多很多，现在大多数的人都生活在一个大都市里，从事农业和林业的人不到十分之一，多多少少总有一部分人仍然生活在城镇附近，那儿原有的景象正在不断地改变：每个小城镇都很相识，那有代表性的城镇相当于那富有大自然美好景色的农村，但是大部分美国人不在住在那里了，现在有一半人口住在30个大城市里，这好比一百万人居住在每一个比德国、英国大的免职里，更不用说法国了。据统计，城市和乡村的人口应该被处改并且告诫，那是因为有人把区域分类作为农村，在城镇范围内开车旅行，并且逐渐盖满房子，以致于很难说出农村一下子变成郊区城镇，但是越来越多典型的美国人居住在大城市里好比居住在小的城镇环境里。 阅读3 如果我们被准确地问及我们一年前所做的事情，我们就会不得不说我们不能记起。但是我们将每一天所做的事写在一本簿子上并保存在内，我们应该能够回答那些问题。那历史也一样。很多事已被忘记，是因为我们没有将它们记录在案。有时人类会记录那些在他们回家发生的最重要的事，但是经常会被大火或战争而销毁掉。有时会因为那个时候或那个地方的人民不知道怎么写字，就根本没有任何文字记录。例如，我们知道很多关于4，000年前住在中国大地上的人们，就是因为他们会写字，并且能够把文字记载流传到他们的后代。但是我们几乎不知道一些有关于在非洲中部200多年前住在那里的人们的事，因为他们没有学写字。当然，有时候即使人们不会写字，他们仍然会知道一些过去的事。他们可从老人们口里所说到，还有一些关于重要事件的歌曲、舞蹈和已被编造出来的故事，并且这些通过被唱和演出就能告诉人们很多梗概。就如大部分人都会很自豪地告诉别人，在过去他们父亲那代所做过的一些事情。对于这，我们会叫它作“记忆性的历史”。它们有些现在已被记载。那作为历史记载的话是不准确和没有高价值的，是因为当在讲话反复使用时，词句会比抄写下来容易改变得多了。但是对于要进行文字记载的地方，这样的口述故事是非常有帮助的。 完型填空： 你会发现大学的课程是不同与高中学校的课程，你将会有更多的工作和责任却没有太多的被动，另一方面，你也有更多的自由??有自由去选择学什么，什么时候学，或者为什么而学，你将需要练习最大量的自我训练。这是最辛苦的一种训练，因为这是资源的，和你只能是你自己一个去行动（面对），你决定的学习习惯将会是你将来成功的决定因素，或是缺陷。另外，你会发现你的导师跟你早先遇到过的那些人有些相识，他们会希望你更加投入到你的学习习惯和时间安排上。记住，许多你学到的是发生在课室以外的。你的导师会给你附加的帮助在课堂以外。如果这时候证明你的课正在生效、实行。在你能力和技术都能控制掌握的条件下，你需要有效果地安排你的时间，以便使你在大学里取得成功。一个与有效利用时间的有关的表会使你能够使工作和游玩都包含在内，当你获得一份工作，不久你会发现不足仅是做你想的，更是你所希望的。 作文： 你同学建华在国外学习，你们经常用英文通信。他即将完成学业，不久前来信说将回国工作。请根据下列提示回信：注意：1词数100左右； 2 行文英连贯，内容应完整； 3 开头语与落款已为你写好。 June 8th Dear Jianhua, I’m very glad to have received the letter you sent me two weeks ago. I’m very glad to know that you have finished your studies abr oad. And what you are studying is well needed nowadays in China. It will be quite easy for you to find a good job. I know a few big companies in our city are hoping to hire people like you. I’m working for the computer company now, and I must work from nine clock to five . If you are free, please come to visit me . I am looking forward to your letter . Best wishes, Minghua TEST 2 Passage 1
学外语 学习外语是我一生中最艰苦也是最有意义的经历之一。虽然时常遭遇挫折，但却非常有价值。 我学外语的经历始于初中的第一堂英语课。老师很慈祥耐心，时常表扬学生。由于这种积极的教学方法，我踊跃回答各种问题，从不怕答错。两年中，我的成绩一直名列前茅。 到了高中后，我渴望继续学习英语。然而，高中时的经历与以前大不相同。以前，老师对所有的学生都很耐心，而新老师则总是惩罚答错的学生。每当有谁回答错了，她就会用长教鞭指着我们，上下挥舞大喊：“错！错！错！”没有多久，我便不再渴望回答问题了。我不仅失去了回答问题的乐趣，而且根本就不想再用英语说半个字。 好在这种情况没持续多久。到了大学，我了解到所有学生必须上英语课。与高中老师不同，大学英语老师非常耐心和蔼，而且从来不带教鞭！不过情况却远不尽如人意。由于班大，每堂课能轮到我回答的问题寥寥无几。上了几周课后，我还发现许多同学的英语说得比我要好得多。我开始产生一种畏惧感。虽然原因与高中时不同，但我却又一次不敢开口了。看来我的英语水平要永远停步不前了。 直到几年后我有机会参加远程英语课程，情况才有所改善。这种课程的媒介是一台电脑、一条电话线和一个调制解调器。我很快配齐了必要的设备并跟一个朋友学会了电脑操作技术，于是我每周用5到7天在网上的虚拟课堂里学习英语。 网上学习并不比普通的课堂学习容易。它需要花许多的时间，需要学习者专心自律，以跟上课程进度。我尽力达到课程的最低要求，并按时完成作业。 我随时随地都在学习。不管去哪里，我都随身携带一本袖珍字典和笔记本，笔记本上记着我遇到的生词。我学习中出过许多错，有时是令人尴尬的错误。有时我会因挫折而哭泣，有时甚至想放弃。但我从未因别的同学英语说得比我快而感到畏惧，因为在电脑屏幕上作出回答之前，我可以根据自己的需要花时间去琢磨自己的想法。突然有一天我发现自己什么都懂了，更重要的是，我说起英语来灵活自如。尽管我还是常常出错，还有很多东西要学，但我已尝到了刻苦学习的甜头。 学习外语对我来说是非常艰辛的经历，但它又无比珍贵。它不仅使我懂得了艰苦努力的意义，而且让我了解了不同的文化，让我以一种全新的思维去看待事物。学习一门外语最令人兴奋的收获是我能与更多的人交流。与人交谈是我最喜欢的一项活动，新的语言使我能与陌生人交往，参与他们的谈话，并建立新的难以忘怀的友谊。由于我已能说英语，别人讲英语时我不再茫然不解了。我能够参与其中，并结交朋友。我能与人交流，并能够弥合我所说的语言和所处的文化与他们的语言和文化之间的鸿沟。
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
迎接评估大学英语阅读与写作训练材料 作文范文一Fighting Criminals Today the crime rate in some cities of our country is rising. Many citizens often complain about the thefts and robberies that have taken place in the areas they live in and appeal to the governments at all levels to take effective measures to reduce the crime rate. Faced with criminals, some people are so frightened that they shamelessly give up the fight and other people turn a blind eye to them. However, some people are brave enough, to risk their lives to fight the criminals. Their fearless actions prevented the criminals from doing evils, saved the victims, and protected the public properties. To reduce the crime rate, we all the people should first receive a law education. Criminals must be severely punished. Meanwhile we should set up a foundation to reward those who fight criminals. It is also important to call on people to learn from those heroes and encourage more people to stand up to crime. 作文范文二:Advertisements Advertisements are getting their way into people's lives. People depend on advertisers in their daily lives because they are consumers. The advertisers are always manufacturers. Sometimes they are salesmen. Their merchandise needs advertising. Thus nearly every product is advertised. To some extent, good advertising means success while bad advertising can means failure. There are many ways to advertise and 'ads' come in different forms. Newspaper carries advertisements. Some products are announced on TV and radio which have a wide audience. Billboards also carry advertising. Advertising is a big industry now and many agencies are set up to furnish a variety of services for it. However, advertising is not always truthful. A product is often misrepresented. The advertiser exaggerates the benefits of the merchandise he wants to sell. Thus, he misrepresents the truth. The consumer falls victim to such advertising. Millions of people have bought advertised products and they haven't always been satisfied. 作文范文三:My first Job Before I started at university, I took my first job as a waitress in a nice restaurant. At the night before my first day，I was too excited to go to sleep and as a result, I got up late in the morning. I threw on my clothes and rushed over to the restaurant.
新编大学英语（第二版）第一册阅读文参考译文 Unit One 以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而他们却落在了一所有传教士们办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，她的双腿被炸伤。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。救援小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。如果不立即采取行动，显然她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要相配血型的血。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适，而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有相配的血型。 5 这位医生会讲一点越南语，忽视会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。接着问他们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们（只是）瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴又摇了摇头。
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
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Unit 1 1. A very curious boy, Tom, is interested not only in whats but also in whys and hows. 汤姆是个非常好奇的男孩，他不仅对“是什么”感兴趣，而且也对“为什么”和“怎么会”感兴趣。 2. Happiness, according to Prof. Smith, is the ability to make the most of what you have. 据史密斯教授说，幸福就是你能充分利用你所有的一切。 3. You’d better keep the book where your 15-year-old son can’t get his hands on. 你最好把这本书放在你15岁的儿子找不到的地方。 4. The story was very funny and Bill kept laughing while reading it. 这故事非常滑稽，比尔一边读一边不停地笑。 5. High-achieving students do not necessarily put in more time at their studies than their lower-scoring classmates. 成绩优秀的学生未必比他们得分较低的同学在学习上花费更多的时间。 6. How did you manage to persuade these students to take the speed-reading course 你是怎样设法说服这些学生修读快速阅读课的 7. Working hard is important, but knowing how to make the most of one's abilities counts for much more. 用功是重要的，但知道如何充分利用自己的才能更重要得多。 8. She asked her students to think for themselves rather than telling them what to think. 她要求学生独立思考，而不是告诉他们该思考什么。 Unit 2 1. Referring to the differences between American English and British English, he said, “The United States and Britain are, after all, two different countries.” 在谈及美国英语和英国英语的差别时，他说：“美国和英国毕竟是两个不同的国家。” 2. Prof. Smith encourages his students to think for themselves. “I am just as happy,” he often says, “even if you challenge me or completely disagree with me.” 史密斯教授鼓励他的学生独立思考。他常说：“即使你们对我提出质疑或者完全不同意我的看法，我也同样高兴。” 3. We called on him to take part in our conversation about pop music, but as soon as he joined in, he introduced a new topic and referred to the NBA finals of the previous week. 我们请他参加我们关于流行音乐的谈话，但他一参加进来就引入一个新的话题，谈起了上周的NBA决赛。 4. The driver is responsible for this accident. His car knocked down a tree and a man on his bike. 司机应对这次事故负责。他的车撞倒了一棵树和一个骑车的人。
unit 1 TextA Love and logic: The story of a fallacy 爱情与逻辑：谬误的故事 1 I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn't stand the idea of being the only football player who didn't, so he made a pact that he'd give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn't the brightest guy. Polly wasn't too shrewd, either. 在我和室友罗伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次约会。那一年校园里每个人都有件皮夹克，而罗伯是校足球队员中唯一一个没有皮夹克的，他一想到这个就受不了，于是他和我达成了一项协议，用他的女友换取我的夹克。他可不那么聪明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。 2 But she was pretty, well-off, didn't dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition. 但她漂亮而且富有，也没有把头发染成奇怪的颜色或是化很浓的妆。她拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。 3 "Radiant" she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her "well-spoken". “光彩照人”，她已经是了。而我也能施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。 4 After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. "What are we going to talk about?" she asked. 在一起外出度过了美好的一天之后，我驱车来到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡树下。我的想法有些怪异。而这个地方能够俯瞰灯火灿烂的城区，我觉得它会使人的心情变轻松。我们呆在车子里，我调低了音响并把脚从刹车上挪开。“我们要谈些什么？”她问道。 5 "Logic." “逻辑学。” 6 "Cool," she said over her gum. “好酷啊，”她一边嚼着口香糖一边说。 7 "The doctrine of logic," I said, "is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let's look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter." “逻辑学的原理，”我说道，“即清晰思考的主要原则。逻辑上出现的问题会歪曲事实，其中有些还很普遍。我们先来看看一种叫做‘绝对判断’的逻辑谬误。”
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。
大学英语提高班课程:阅读与写作5E01 金戌捷 Email: jin_xj@https://www.doczj.com/doc/728935873.html, 班级QQ群号：462648764 Office: E521 1.课程教材: Reading: English for Academic Study 2.课程授课及考核方式: （1）小组讨论，自主学习，团队研习，反思日志, 项目制作 （2）课程总成绩构成: 平时成绩（40%）+ 期末考试成绩（60%） （3）课程平时成绩构成：考勤(10%)+ 课堂表现presentation(20%) + 作业(30%) +测试及论文(40%) （4）作业: 2篇作文及互评 + 2篇阅读反思日志 （5）阅读反思日志: i.每组从书中选定一篇上课时未使用过的文章,组员单独阅读并完成课后练习, 然后讨论汇总,完成反思日志。 ii.每组汇总制作项目时所阅读的所有资料文章数据,完成反思日志。 （6）项目制作(演讲 +论文): 学生以3-4人一组完成一项项目制作，其具体内容与执行方式由每组同学自行 设计，要求确定一个topic (e.g. energy, business, science technology, society today, food, HR management, fashion, etc.)，提出一个具体可行的research question，阅 读相关背景资料，收集数据，分析回答所提出的问题。最后每位同学完成小组 演讲 (每人3-5分钟) ,每组提交一篇论文,每人撰写其中一个章节200字左 右。 ***** 选题建议：以学科专业为依托，从日常生活学习兴趣出发 ***** 3.课程内容与进度表:
西蒙顿说，如果事业上取得巨大成就者具有什么共性的话 If great achievers share anything, said Simonton, it is an relenting drive to succeed. “There is an tendency to think that they are endowed with something super-normal,” he explained. “But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes. It’s a difference in degree. Greatness is built upon tremend ous amounts of study, practice and devotion.” He cited Winston Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during World War II, as an example of a risk-taker who would never give up. Thrust into his office when his country’s moral was at its lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people. In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired to nation when he said, “We should not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end… We shall never surrender.” 一些人不愿表达感激之情，因为他们觉得这不会受欢迎。 Some person refrain from expressing their gratitude because they feel it will not be welcome. A patient of mine, a few weeks after his discharge from the hospital, came back to thank his nurse. “I don’t come sooner,” he explained, “because I imagined you must b e bored to death with people thanking you.” “On the contrary,” she replied, “I am delighted you came. Few realize how much we need encouragement and how much we are helped by those who give it.” Gratitude is something of which none of us can give too much. For on the smiles, the thanks we give, our little gestures of appreciation, our neighbors build up their philosophy of life. 一般西方人解决问题的方法是与之搏斗。 The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, “When the going gets tough, the toug h get going,” is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight.Dr.de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the step is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapse. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over. Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says,is a new technique of thinking about things—a technique that avoids this fight altogether,and solves the problem In an entirely unexpected fashion. 学生的成绩达不到老师的期望是常有的事 When a student's work did not measure up to the teacher's expectations, as often happened, the student was not treated with disappointment, anger, or annoyance. Instead, the teacher assumed that this was an exception, an accident, a bad day, a momentary slip — and the student believed her and felt reassured. The next time around, he tried harder, determined to live up to what the teacher knew he could to. The exact part of communication that tells a child, "I expect the best," is difficult to pinpoint. In part it consists of a level tone showing assurance, a lack of verbal impatience, an absence of negative qualities such as irony, put-downs, and irritation.The teacher who expects the best asks her questions with conviction, knowing the answers she gets will be right, and the child picks up