本科毕业论文（设计）
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摘要
《白鲸》是美国伟大的象征主义大师麦尔维尔的一部重要作品，发表于1851年。但是当时并没有引起人们的重视，直到1919年以后才被文学界重视。我觉得《白鲸》之所以受到如此重视，不仅在于它生动细致的描写了捕鲸的壮观场面和过程，以及对人物心世界的深刻挖掘，在很大意义上还取决于它的象征意义，从而展现了作者对人类文明和命运的独特反思。小说捕鱼的过程就是善与恶、人与自然之间无休止的战争的最好说明。本文将对各个要素的象征意义进行探索分析。实际上,小说里的多种人和物看似是作者编纂的，其实他们都具有一定的象征意义，都蕴含着作者对社会、对人生的独特见解。对于小说的象征意义众说纷纭，有人认为白鲸是善的象征，有人又把它看作是恶的体现，还有人认为它代表着大自然，代表着资本主义，“一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特”，在作者的笔下白鲸颇有神秘色彩。小说中所使用的象征手法还有很多,例如船长，船，伊什梅尔等，这种写作手法的使用使这篇小说意义深远,令人回味无穷。所以它被称为是一部“可以让读者任意理解的”巨著,深受读者和现代评论家的赞美。本文将对Moby Dick、Ahab、Ishmael and Pequod、Queequeq and the sea六个素材的象征意义进行探索分析。
关键词：莫比迪克;象征主义;自然
ABSTRACT
Moby Dick, published in 1851, is one masterpiece of Melville who is the noticeable symbolist master of American. But it failed to bring him the fame he had acquired in the 19th. There is no denying that Moby Dick attracted so seriously attention, not only lies in its vivid and detailed description of the spectacular process of whaling, as well as the deep excavation of the inner world of characters, to a great extent, it also depends on its symbolism which show unique reflection of human civilization and the fate. The course of whaling is the embodiment of the ceaseless conflicts between good and evil, of nature’s indifference to man.
This thesis will explore the symbol of the various elements in the novel. A variety of elements in this novel appears to be made up by the author, in fact, they have a certain symbolic significance, which contains the unique insights into life and society. Melville makes this conflict live for the reader using symbols which invite various interpretations. The white whale, Moby Dick, some think it symbolizes good, the other regard it as embodiment of evil, while more insist it represents the nature, even the capitalism. “There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people’s eyes”, in author’s pen, Moby Dick is quite mysterious. There is a plethora of symbolic using, for instance, Captain Ahab, the ship, Ishmael, and so on. This writing techniques lead to a far-reaching significance. So it is known as “a book which readers can understand arbitrarily”, praising by the readers and modern critics, I will analyze the symbolism of Moby Dick, Ahab, Ishmael and Pequod, Queequeq and the sea six material here.
Key Words：Moby Dick，symbolism，nature
Table of Contents
Chapter One INTRODUCTION (1)
1.1 Background of Herman Melville (1)
1.2 The plot of Moby Dick (1)
Chapter Two MOBY DICK AND AHAB (3)
2.1The Symbolic meaning of Moby Dick (3)
2.2Moby Dick’s whiteness (4)
2.3The Symbolic meaning of Ahab (4)
Chapter Three OTHER SYMBOLIC (7)
3.1The Symbolic meaning of Ishmael and Queequeq (7)
3.2 The Symbolic meaning of Pequod (8)
3.3Symbolic meaning of the sea (9)
CONCLUSION (11)
REFERENCES (12)
THE SYMBOLISM OF MOBY DICK Chapter One INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Herman Melville
Herman Melville was born in New York, and his childhood was happy to the age of eleven when his father died in debt. He had little education and began to work early. He had be a bank clerk, a salesman, and a school teacher, and when these all failed to offer him a decent livelihood, he went to sea at about twenty. He was a Whaler, about the lowest of sailors. In that capacity he saw life from the bottom as did Mark Twain. He went to Liverpool, England, and the South Pacific, spending most of his young manhood on the sea. From his experiences and adventures on the sea would come the material for his Moby Dick.
1.2 The plot of Moby Dick
Moby Dick, from which we can get to know the nineteenth-century American mind and American itself, is first a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds indifferent and even hostile universe. And it is a sprawling colossus into which the author kept dumping everything he saw as necessary to prove his point.
The story goes roughly as follows. Ishmael, feeling depressed，seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him to the kill. He hangs a doubloon on the mast as a reward for anyone who sights the whale first. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.
Moby Dick is a highly symbolic work .If we only come to see the story from the
surface, the novel is no genius, but if we can see the structure under the story deeply, we can recognize the meaning is significant.
Chapter Two MOBY DICK AND AHAB
2.1The Symbolic meaning of Moby Dick
Moby Dick is the White Whale; the world’s largest creature. Moby Dick possesses various symbolic meanings for various individuals.
To character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil. Indeed, in the novel the whale is described as a destructive, hostile and mysterious being which is difficult to conquer. But such evil is not just totally in form. So, to some degree, the white whale is metaphor for the industrialization of the capitalism. In the 19th century, whaling is a very dangerous vocation, which can “being one into the abyss of future and time”. Only those impoverished and desperate would risk their life in such dangerous. The author makes a mysterious atmosphere in the novel and express human’s incapability in face to the fate. On one hand, it shows the fear and panic of Melville to the newborn capitalism, and the strength of capitalist social productivity. On the other hand reflects his sympathy and concerns to the fate and situations of people at this time.
It symbolizes nature to human beings, for it is powerful, complex, mysterious, and dangerous. It swims peacefully in the sea until disturbed by humans, then shows a terrible fury and anger. Melville tries to convey to us such a faith: man cannot triumph over nature. In order to live a better life, one must follow certain principles, rather than doing absurd things like Ahab, who is obsessed with revenge. Ahab has no chance of killing Moby Dick, yet he engaged in his suicide plan to kill the whale. In the end the ship sank with the flag enfolding a sky-hawk from its natural home among the stars, indicating that if American keeps revenging on and going against nature, it is ironically seeking its own destruction. So when Ahab desperate to kill the white whale, the white whale also strike the crew. Symbolically, this is punishment of the nature. Ahab’s plan make the tragic fate fo r himself and the crew of the Pequod. Facts speak louder than words. A series example proved that while we are disrupting the order of the nature world, we are the ultimate victims, for nature is seeking its revenge.
2. 2Moby Dick’s W hiteness
To some degree it is also symbol of good and purity because of its whiteness. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing, as Howard P.Vincent observes. The white whale has lived a happy life in the nature and never intentionally hurt man. But the sailors want to conquer and kill it while at last be killed by it. At the same time, white symbolizes the mystery of the universe. To human, the secret of universe is white; people could see nothing except the white. This is one of the author's permissive opinions: man is so little in front of the strong nature that he could never know about the secret of the nature. We must realize that we are not the master of the earth. Men and nature are supposed to coexist in great harmony. Just as Darwin said “only obey nature, can conquer nature”.
2.3The Symbolic Meaning of Ahab
Ahab, the captain of the ship Pequod, is the other central character and the primary focus of the novel. Ahab is a typical Melvillean “isolato”. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid to hunt Moby Dick which makes him loss his leg. He hates Moby Dick which is an embodiment of nature. After the wound of his pride in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe.
He is an opponent of the white whale. He is a Symbol of solipsism.In order to settle his personal avengement, Ahab alternated kindness with profit, ignoring the crew’s interests and life, persist the sailors to hunt the white whale. At last the staffs except Ishmael are all buried in the sea. Ahab became a devil who is more exposed than Moby Dick here. He is the embodiment of the evil and darkness of human’s consciousness. What he doing is not in a rational and moral principle but chain by instinct and impulse, this is bound to lead to tragedy.
The name Ahab in Moby Dick is symbolic and taken from the Bible, in which Ahab is described as a king who turns vile, having had someone killed so he could be
摘要：麦尔维尔以其丰富的想象力和创造力赋予小说《白鲸》中的莫比·迪克多重象征寓意。白鲸丰富的象征意义赋予小说永恒的艺术张力和无穷魅力。 关键词：白鲸;矛盾化身;艺术张力 阐释学认为,文本意义总是相对的,理解是生产性的。不同时代的阐释者对一部作品意义的理解,总是根据理解者自己的需要做出对文本的新解释,正所谓“诗无达诂”。事实上,作品中的人物对作品的某个事物的理解也是触景动怀,别有激发,各不相同。以此出发,梅尔维尔《白鲸》中富有传奇色彩的白鲸莫比·迪克在不同人物独特视角的诠释中赋予其多重的象征寓意,各随所得,见仁见智。 一、对小说的叙述者伊希米尔来说,白鲸既代表高洁安宁,也代表恐怖死亡,它是宇宙间一切对立矛盾的结合。它象征宇宙的浩阔与奥秘、上帝的无边神力、人类的命运与前途,它给伊希米尔的重要启迪不是简单的摧毁,而是努力完善认识、不懈地追求真理的神秘力量。首先,伊希米尔描述了白鲸莫比·迪克在人们的心中引起的善与美的遐想“,在它那巨大而温和的头部的上方弥漫着由于它难以言全的沉思默想而产生一片重重的雾气;而那片雾气,正如有时候你所看到的那样,又被彩虹照耀得光辉四射,仿佛上天已在它的思想上盖上了他那朱红印似的。”这种庄严与华贵几乎可与上帝的形象相媲美。特别是,它雪白的前额和山一样的脊背更增添了它的神秘莫测。让人觉得它是一种神化之物,是神圣不可侵犯的。这也是众多捕鲸者把白鲸看成是上帝的象征,极力劝阻亚哈不要去捕杀它的原因。其次,伊希米尔认为,白鲸是自然的代表,令人捉摸不定。它是神奇的大自然的产物,它代表着自然界的神秘和力量。只要人类不去打扰它,自然是安静、和平的、友善而美丽的。面对大自然,梅尔维尔通过伊希米尔表达了对白鲸自然美的赞美“,白鲸!……白鲸!……这美得出奇的乳白色庞然大物……在地平线上光彩夺目的太阳照耀下,它像清晨蔚蓝的海面上一块富有生命的乳色玻璃闪闪发光,熠熠生辉”。再次,白色对伊希梅尔而言,象征宇宙的不确定、空虚、无限,对于作者那似有似无的颜色既代表美丽纯洁,又代表死亡与灵魂。从一开始,伊希米尔就承认白鲸的白色“比什么东西都更让我害怕……不管它们是愉快可敬的,或者崇高的,反正在这种颜色最深层的意中总是潜藏着一种捉摸不透的东西,比让人恐惧的血之红色更让人的灵魂为之惊恐。”白色是大鲸、雪山、海洋、熊和信天翁以及亡灵裹尸布的颜色。可是伊希米尔又告诉读者白色就是明显的没有颜色,它什么也不表示,又象征着一切事物,是各种颜色的凝结物和综合体。因此,白色在这里与其说是象征着上帝、魔鬼或死亡,还不如说代表着让人发抖的虚空。在这里,伊希米尔尽管感受到了巨大的恐惧,却不知道它到底源于何处,这就是白色的威力。它的存在,其实本无所谓善恶,但是人无法清楚地理解它所体现的宇宙奥秘而使其显得神秘莫测。人类和白鲸抗争,无异于和命运抗争。所以,在伊希米尔看来,白鲸真正的可怕在于它的白色,在于它身上的那一缕耀眼的白色以及它所象征的无形的力量。它就是女妖“塞妊”的美妙歌声,引诱水手走向死亡。在全体船员中,只有伊希米尔幸存,因为只有他对白鲸的看法不断地发生变化。最初,他认为,白鲸是恶的化身,与其他人一起要发誓杀死莫比·迪克,但随着认识的深化,他觉得人还不如鲸,尽管人类爱他的伙伴,然而人类毕竟是唯利是图的趋利动物。这种趋利癖好常与人的仁爱之心格格不入。他对人类的进一步认识,即他的成长和他对白鲸的逐渐了解使他相信白鲸是神的化身,是一种神性和灵性的动物,它可以体察到某种恐惧,然而却能与之共处的。他这种对白鲸、对自然的理解使他明白了人与自然的关系,同时也使他获得了精神和灵魂的重生。二、伊希米尔把白鲸看作是大自然的化身,而在船长亚哈眼里,白鲸是邪恶的化身“:一切最使人狂怒和痛苦的事情,一切足以搅起事物的沉渣的东西,一切附有恶念的真理,一切使人焦头烂额的东西,一切在人类生活中和思想上对鬼怪神魔的不可理喻的信奉,一切的邪恶等等,都是摩比·迪克这一有形的化身”。它是亚哈心中邪恶与恐怖、难以征服而又必须予以摧毁的仇敌。白鲸不仅是肉体上的大敌,也是“万般邪恶的偏执的化身”的精神宿敌。白鲸莫比·迪克有着“雪山一样的背峰”,它天生使人畏惧,它突击的时候,一再表现那种无以伦比的充满机
毕业论文 （或毕业设计） 文献综述 文献综述题目 （中文小二号黑体居中或英文Times New Roman小二号加粗居中或日文明朝体小二号加粗） 学生姓名指导教师 二级学院专业名称 班级学号 年月日
（标题Times New Roman三号加粗） The Literature Review of The Mystery of Antonio’s Sadness in The Merchant of Venice （正文用Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，各段首行空4个字符，书名用斜体加粗） Written sometime between 1596 and 1598, The Merchant of Venice is classified as both an early Shakespearean comedy (more specifically, as a "Christian comedy") and as one of the Bard's problem plays; it is a work in which good triumphs over evil, but serious themes are examined and some issues remain unresolved. In The Merchant of Venice , Shakespeare wove together two ancient folk tales, one involving a vengeful, greedy creditor trying to exact a pound of flesh, the other involving a marriage suitor's choice among three chests and thereby winning his (or her) mate. Shakespeare's treatment of the first standard plot scheme centers around the villain of Merchant, the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who seeks a literal pound of flesh from his Christian opposite, the generous, faithful Antonio. Shakespeare's version of the chest-choosing device revolves around the play's Christian heroine Portia, who steers her lover Bassanio toward the correct humble casket and then successfully defends his bosom friend Antonio from Shylock's horrid legal suit. Antonio, as the title character, is sad from the beginning to the end of the play but never names the cause of his melancholy even when his friends ask him. Antonio plays the role as an outcast in the play. Shakespeare uses Antonio’s sadness simply as the device to set the tragic tone in the comedy or make Antonio be one of his melancholic characters in his works? Or Antonio is the representative of the complicated human nature? Antonio's unexplained melancholy is a significant element in understanding the play. 1. Studies on The Merchant of V enice（Times New Roman + 四号+首缩进4字符，下同） Karl Marx once cited that Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in the world.
外国文学名著简介：白鲸 美国著名作家梅尔维尔的长篇小说《白鲸》创作于1851年，小说描写一位捕鲸船长在在海上捕鱼时，不慎被白鲸咬掉了一条腿，他发誓要找到白鲸。船长航行了几乎整个世界，历尽千辛万苦，终于找到了白鲸。于是，船长命令船员们靠近白鲸叉死它，船员明知九死一生但不得不服从船长的命令，他们叉中了白鲸，受伤的白鲸凶狠地冲向他们的鱼船，鱼船被撞得粉碎，船上的人除一人死里逃生外，都与白鲸同归于尽了。 小说中称霸海洋的白鲸被写成一种强大可怕的、对人怀有敌意又难以制服的怪物。它是人类难以摆脱并深受其害的人间罪恶的象征。小说描写了捕鲸的艰难和捕鲸工人的智慧和勇敢，很有现实意义，有浓重的象征意味和神秘色彩。小说扑朔迷离、欲辩难言的意境在20世纪30年代引起欧美文学界强烈反响，成为浪漫主义的杰作。 梅尔维尔是美国浪漫主义小说家和诗人。青年时代当过水手，在长达四年的海上生活中，品尝了捕鲸船上的艰难与困苦。在南太平洋航行期间，他在一个海岛上的土著泰比人中间生活了一段时间。他初创作的小说《泰比》和《奥穆》都是以他的经历见闻为基础，描写异国风土人情的作品。作者把未开化的、未被近代文明玷污的人们的纯朴生活同资本
主义的文明相互对照，对资本主义制度进行了深刻的揭露。梅尔维尔是美国浪漫主义后期的代表人之一。作品带有一种神秘和悲观的色彩。代表作品长篇小说《白鲸》所表现的神秘和悲观的浪漫主义色彩引起当时欧美文学界很大的反响，并因此被尊为美国第一流的浪漫主义作家。 本片根据美国著名作家梅尔维尔的巨著《白鲸》改编拍摄。片中主人公亚哈由美国著名影星格里高利·派克饰演。 捕鲸船船长亚哈被一条叫莫比·迪克抹香鲸咬断一条腿。为了复仇，他利诱威逼船员们不顾一切地去追捕白鲸，既不顾船员们的生命安危，也不顾陆续出现的凶险以及袄教徒的不祥预言，他们像发疯似的在大海上与白鲸周旋恶斗，最后终于击中白鲸，他的捕鲸船也被狂怒的白鲸掀翻，船员们葬身海底，亚哈本人被缠结的捕鲸绳绞死，只有水手以实玛利一人死里逃生，成为悲壮故事的叙述者。
【英语专业】毕业论文参考文献汇总 【文学类】 柳鸣九编选新小说派研究北京中国社会科学出版社，1986 徐葆耕西方文学心灵历史北京清华大学出版社，1990 殷企平小说艺术管窥天津：百花文艺出版社，1995 戴维洛奇小说的艺术北京：作家出版社，1998 高奋西方现代主义文学源与流宁波：宁波出版社，2000 侯维瑞现代英国小说史上海：上海外语教育出版社，1986 胡经之，王岳川主编文艺学美学法论北京：北京出版社，1994 黄晋凯主编荒诞派戏剧北京：中国人民大学出版社，1996 霍夫曼佛洛伊德主义与文学思想王宁译北京：三联书店，1987 拉曼塞尔顿编文学批评理论刘象愚，陈永国等译北京：北京大学出版社，2000 霍纳韦勒克近代文学批评史（第4卷）上海：上海译文出版社，1997 李维屏英美现代主义文学概观上海：上海外语教育出版社，1998 吕同六主编20世纪世界小说理论经典北京：华夏出版社，1995 罗伯特斯皮勒美国文学的周期——历史评论专集王长荣译上海：上海外语出版社，1990 罗德霍顿美国文学思想背景房炜等译北京人民出版社，1991 梅佛里德曼意识流，文学手法研究上海：华东师范大学出版社，1992 米兰昆德拉小说的艺术孟湄译北京：三联书店，1995 史志康主编美国文学背景概观上海：上海：上海外语出版社，1998 【语言学】 奥马利第二语言习得的学习策略上海：上海外语出版社，2001 陈保亚20 世纪中国语言学方法论济南：山东教育出版社，1999
丁言仁英语语言学纲要上海：上海外语出版社，2001 费尔迪南德索绪尔普通语言学教程长沙：湖南教育出版社，2001 冯翠华英语修辞大全北京：商务印书馆，1996 桂诗春，宁春言主编语言学方法论北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1998 桂诗春应用语言学长沙：湖南教育出版社，1998 何兆熊新编语用学概要上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000 何自然语用学与英语学习上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997 侯维瑞英语语体上海：上海外语教育出版社，1988 胡壮麟语言学教程（修订版）北京：北京大学出版社，2001 黄国文语篇与语言的功能北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002 黄国文语篇分析概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1988 李延富主编英语语言学基本读本济南：山东大学出版社，1999 李运兴语篇翻译引论北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2000 刘润清西方语言学流派北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999 刘润清等现代语言学名著选读（上下册）北京：测绘出版社，1988 刘润清等语言学入门北京：人民教育出版社，1990 陆国强现代英语词汇学（新版）上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999 戚雨村现代语言学的特点和发展趋势上海外语教育出版社，1997 秦秀白文体学概要长沙：湖南教育出版社，1990 孙志外国语言研究论文索引（1995—1999）上海外语教育出版社，2001 索绪尔普通语言教程北京：商务印书馆，1999
白鲸英文名句 导读：本文是关于句子大全的文章，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、伟大人物，刹那间所积起的深重痛苦，往往等于常人终其一生所经历的全部平淡痛苦。 Great men, the deep pain accumulated in an instant, are often equal to all the plain pain that ordinary people experience throughout their lives. 2、我愿意像一根火柴，去点燃我的目标。哪怕它是火药，我也在所不惜。 I would like to be like a match to light my goal. Even if it is gunpowder, I will spare no effort. 3、海鸟围着此地盘旋，声声凄厉。海涛滚滚而去，仍旧寻常。一切都像是没有发生一样。 Seabirds hovered around the place, their voices were sad. The waves rolled away, still ordinary. Everything seems to have never happened. 4、它们在胸前划着十字，一边谴责同类的这种行为，一边乞求上帝饶恕他们。 They crossed their breasts, condemning similar acts and begging God to forgive them.
5、然而，我叫得越响亮，我的灵魂就越畏惧。 However, the louder I shout, the more terrified my soul is. 6、即使是牺牲自己，我也会照亮什么，我敢于这样做。我有这个决心。 Even at the expense of myself, I will illuminate what I dare to do. I have this determination. 7、对于本性阴险的海洋来讲，人类的这种态度无疑是对他的挑衅，所招致的也无疑是毁灭。 For a sea of insidious nature, this attitude of human beings is undoubtedly a provocation to him, and the result is undoubtedly destruction. 8、本来我可以静静地想很多，可是我的心和我的头脑始终剧烈地跳动，根本静不下来，而有时一旦静下来了，又像是被冻结了一般。 I could have thought a lot in silence, but my heart and my mind were beating violently all the time and could not be quiet at all. Sometimes once it was quiet, it seemed as if it had been frozen. 9、人类的疑虑往往是在他已成为局中人时最为强烈，可面对这无奈的局面，他自己却还要自欺欺人地加以掩饰。 Human doubts are often the strongest when he has become a player, but in the face of this helpless situation, he has to deceive himself to cover it up.
The Revelation of the Western Maritime Literature’ Vicissitude 姓名：叶牡丹学号：2010520070 班级：1013 Literature Review The Western Maritime Literature In the western countries, from the 17th to the 19th century, there are producing a large number of literary works, which relate to sea or take sea as a description object. From a special angle, presenting the relationship between human and sea ,human and nature ,and various understanding of human’ own po wer at that time , all of these providing a kind of special literary reading. However ,after entering the 21st century ,when human conquer ocean and nature rapidly ,we lost the wonderful imagination of ocean ,and no longer take ocean as a medium to express human’s good qualities .We divert the attention to the damages done by human to the sea . The Western Maritime Literature shift from passionate to cool style .This change is worth literary studying and the common concern of the social studies. Due to the kinship with the ocean, man has always taken the ocean as the aesthetic object and included it into the reflections upon history. The sea, one of the important regions of the Western, has become the common subject and theme in the Western literature. Sea literature as an important type of Western literature makes the ocean as a background or the narrative object, of reflects the relationship among ocean and human by describing shipping and island life. Western sea literature consisting of numerous outstanding works, distinctive artistic characteristics, a wide range of literary influence, such as The Old Man and the Sea ,Moby Dick, Robinson Crusoe and Leagues Under the Sea and so on,has a long historical tradition and profound cultural significance. Western sea novel occupies a prominent place in Western literature; to some extent, it represents the highest level of the Western sea literature. Sea literature is an important component in Western literature as well as an indispensable part of the literary canon. No matter as a geographical area for production, living, transportation and colonization, or a cultural symbol of mystery, fortune, power, conquering, and promise, the sea plays a constructive part in sustaining and enriching Western literature. The large number of sea literature not only enriches narrative aesthetics, but also contributes to the molding of national character and culture. However, t here is not a clear definition of “sea literature” or “maritime literature” in
白鲸的简短自我介绍五篇范文 白鲸的自我介绍(一) 白鲸，学名：Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas，1776)，一角鲸科白鲸属的一种动物。额头向外隆起突出且圆滑，嘴喙很短，唇线宽阔。身体颜色非常淡，为独特的白色。白鲸与其他鲸类相比，惟一明显不同的是：当夏季皮肤呈淡黄色的色调时，可以蜕换。 游动时通常比较缓慢，在海浪和浮冰中难以辨识。白鲸喜欢生活在海面或贴近海面的地方;潜水能力相当强，对于北极的浮冰环境有很好的适应力。 世界上绝大多数白鲸生活在欧洲、美国阿拉斯加和加拿大以北的海域中。几个白鲸集中的地区已成为赏鲸圣地，包括加拿大东部的圣劳伦斯河下游与哈德逊湾西部的丘吉尔河河口。 白鲸的自我介绍(二) 白鲸躯体粗壮，呈白色或黄色，头圆、喙短，没有背鳍。成熟 的白鲸整个躯体会呈现独特的白色，头部在比例上显小，上有额隆，喷气孔后有轮廓清晰的褶皱。
躯体表面常布疤痕，也可能有褶皱与脂肪褶层。背脊取代背鳍，位于上部中后位置，尾鳍后缘或呈暗棕色，中央缺刻明显，尾叶外突随年龄增长愈加明显。颈部可自由活动，能够点头及转头。胸鳍宽阔呈刮刀状，活动自如;唇线宽。雄性胸鳍上弯，随年龄增长愈加明显。[1] 身体大部分皮肤很粗糙。成鲸的白色皮肤有时会在夏季发情时稍带淡黄色调，但蜕皮后即消失。白鲸体色会随年龄而改变，从初生时的暗灰色转变成灰、淡灰及带有蓝色调的白色;当白鲸长到5至10岁性别特征成熟时，就会变成纯白色，而背脊、胸鳍边缘以及尾鳍终身都保持暗色调。 发声时额隆改变形状，并可能产生共鸣。齿式：16~22/16~18。 初生仔鲸长1.5~1.6米，重80公斤;成体约3~5米，重0.4~1.5吨 白鲸的自我介绍(三) 主要栖息于河道入口、峡湾、港湾以及北冰洋常年有光照的温暖浅海，夏季也会出现在河口水域。栖息地水温一般8~10℃。白鲸群进入河口迁徙目的地时显得十分兴奋，虽然已经进行了长距离迁徙，但似乎一点儿都不觉得累。除了用不同的歌喉不停地“交流”之外，还用自己宽大的尾叶突戏水，将身体半露出水面，
英语专业毕业论文常见几种参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设\计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子 教学学报，2003(6)：107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计（论文）教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – 67. 2．专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧，王连成.图书馆史研究[Ｍ].北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18，31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A V oice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4．论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In C.Nelson & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313. [10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78. 5．学位论文 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7. 6．研究报告 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究 院, 1997：9-10. 7．电子文献 【格式】[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名.电子文献出处[电子文献及载体类型标识].或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期. 【举例】 [13] 王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL]. http: //https://www.doczj.com/doc/777127466.html,/pub/wml.txt/980810–2.html, 1998–08–16/1998–10–04.
The Scarlet Letter (1850), a story of rebellion within an emotionally constricted Puritan society, is an undisputed masterpiece written by Hawthorn. The Scarlet Letter reveals both Hawthorne…s superb craftsmanship and the powerful psychological insight wit h which he probed guilt and anxiety in the human soul. Hawthorne…s remarkable sense of the Puritan past, his understanding of the colonial history in England, his apparent preoccupation with the moral issue of sin and guilt, and his keen psychological analysis of people are brought to full display in this novel. So his dream is Thought, full of mental activities. Thought propels action and grows organically out of the interaction of the characters. With modern psychological insight, Hawthorne probe the secret motivation in human behavior and the guilt and anxiety that he believed resulted from all sins against humanity, especially those of pride. Hawthorne is a master of symbolism. The structure and the form of the novel are carefully worked out to cater for the thematic concern. By using Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has brought to the community and people living in that community. As a key to the whole novel, the letter A takes on different layers of symbolic meanings as the plot develops. The ambiguity is one of the salient features of the work. Published in 1851, Moby Dick is considered a master piece by Herman Melville. Holding the thesis that ―all visible objects are but as pasteboard mask,‖ Melvil le strikes through the surface of his adventurous narrative to formulate concepts of good and evil imbedded as allegory in its events. Under Melville…s pen, Moby-Dick urns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the u niverse, a spiritual exploration into man…s deep reality and psychology. Melville uses symbols as representations of different ideas, and through facts and incidents to acquire universal meanings: the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truths. The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil; for the author, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search of the truth.
试论白鲸的多层象征意义 摘要：赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的《白鲸》是世界文学长廊中的一颗璀璨明星，无数文学家，评论家写文章解读该作品，他们的切入点各不相同，而象征手法是其中重要一项，对于作品的理解起着十分重要的作用。本文剖析了作品中的人物亚哈，白鲸莫比·迪克，及航船裴廓德号及海洋的象征意义，和主题的象征意义，从而更加深刻的理解这一名著。 关键词：白鲸；象征意义； 《白鲸》是美国作家麦尔维尔发表于1851年的一部小说，在当时，没有引起人们的重视，甚至可以说受到了出奇的冷落。但是，到了20世纪30年代，人们才惊奇地发现，这是一部文学史上少有的杰作，它的深刻与伟大可以和任何一部名著相媲美。其实，《白鲸》的故事很简单：就是一条鲸鱼和一个船长的故事。莫比、迪克是一条凶猛无比的白鲸，它横行海上多年，曾使无数捕鲸船和水手命丧大海，成了许多航海者心中恐惧的妖魔；亚哈是一艘船的船长，在一次与白鲸的遭遇中，他被咬掉一条腿，为了复仇，他网罗了一群冒险者，开始在茫茫大海中搜捕白鲸行动。经过多年苦苦寻找，终于，找到了白鲸，经过六天六夜的激烈搏斗，虽然命中白鲸，可是，亚哈本人及其他水手、捕鲸船也都粉身碎骨，同归于尽。《白鲸》的确代表了梅尔维尔的艺术顶峰。《白鲸》是一部独具魅力的作品，小说的风格奇异多变，主题多解，最主要的是作者成功地运用了19世纪美国小说最多用的象征手法。 一、白鲸奠比·迪克的象征意义 莫比·迪克是一条带有传奇色彩的白色巨鲸，小说就以这条巨鲸的名字命名。“异教徒水手”把它收稿当成海怪，疯子迦百列把它当成镇教神的化身，亚哈把它当作自己的仇敌，以实玛利则认为它代表着残酷的空虚和宇宙的浩阔。自鲸莫比·迪克天生使人畏惧，它常常在大海里翻腾，施展出可怕的暴力，它曾使无数的捕鲸者藏身大海。它无处不在，并且会在同一时间里出现在不同的地方。人们的铁叉对它毫无伤害，它身上插遍了铁枪头，却还能安然无恙地游来游去。“白鲸”在这里成了一种超然的对人怀有敌意而又难以征服的神秘力量，进而它又被人们理解为世间一切“恶”的化身，凡是一切最使人狂怒和痛苦的事情，一切足以搅起事务的残渣的东西，一切附有恶念的真理，一切使人焦头烂额的东西，一切有关生命思想的额神秘而又不可思议的鬼神邪说，一切的邪恶等等，都是莫比·迪克的明显化身。若从社会政治的角度去理解和阐释白鲸的象征意义，这白鲸在一定程度上可以说是象征着那庞大的资本主义生产过程中与生产者相对立的那种力量。正如批评家安妮特·鲁宾斯坦所指出的那样：“由于要在船上提取并储存油脂，捕鲸船实际上就成为一座流动的工厂。它是一种将现代企业与极权的君主制相结合的组织形式；”白鲸这个尚不被理解而又威力无穷的怪物，实际上是作者对资本主义强大的生产力既感到不可理解又感到恐惧不安的心理的真实反映。也表现出他对处在这一变动时代的人类命运的忧患意识以及他们处境的深切同情。白鲸同时又是上帝神力的象征，“在它那硕大柔和的头顶，由于它那无法言传的沉思默想而挂着一顶雾气重重的华盖，而这种雾气??你有时看得到又被??彩虹耀得光辉灿烂，仿佛上天已经批准了它的思想似的。”白鲸还是大自然的化身。这样，小说的象征意义在于表明：人类如果一无止境地疯狂掠夺大自然，必将被大自然所埋葬。白鲸的象征意义究竟是什么?这就像白鲸身上那“雪白的异常的前额，”“金字塔似的白色背峰”一样叫人难以琢磨，它既代表着高洁安宁，又代表着恐怖邪恶，或者它干脆就是矛盾冲突的化身。 二、船长亚哈的象征意义 亚哈船长是白鲸的对立面，他又象征着什么呢?首先，亚哈为了报私仇，一意孤行，无视船东们的利益，置船员们的生死于不顾，并且，他充分利用自己作为船长的职权，对水手们进行威逼利诱，最后使所有船员(一人除外)都葬身海底。这时，亚哈成了比白鲸还要邪恶的魔王。但是同时，亚哈又是一个敢于反抗神明，反对习俗常规，坚毅无畏，百折不回，英勇善战，经验丰富的船长。他跟可怕的大海斗争了四十年，他遭受过一次又一次的挫折，但是他永远不会被击败。这也正如海明威的《老人与海》中圣地亚戈所说的：人不是为失败而生的，一个男子汉可以被消灭，不能被打败。作品中亚哈自己也印证了这句话：“我要走遍合恩角??走遍挪威的旋涡流，走遍地狱的火坑去追击到它后，这才散手。”表面上，亚哈追击的是白鲸，但更深层次上，它要打败的是一种邪恶的化身。此时亚哈成了人类挑战自然，战胜自的代表。另外，亚哈还代表着资本主义大生产方式，代表着那些不顾一切掠夺大自然的狂徒。所以，亚哈的象征意义和白鲸一样，不是唯一的或者绝对的，其性格是多重的，矛盾的，其象征意义也是复杂的，难以把握的。在它身上，善与恶并存，美与丑共在。它既是害人者，也是受害者，它对大自然的反叛必然招致灭亡，而社会从一开始就已使亚哈成了精神上，肉体上的受害者和畸形人。他自杀性的自我表现和反叛社会的疯狂行为，原本是社会对他彻底孤立的必然结果。亚哈的悲剧具有及其深刻而又恢弘的意义。 三、航船裴阔德号和海洋的象征意义 在《白鲸》中，裴阔德号航船是来自陆地的力量，海洋则代表着自然，他们之间的对立比较也具有明显的象征意义：航船裴阔德代表的陆地是有限的，但是相对海洋来说它是安逸舒适的；而海洋是元边无际，变幻莫测的，它象征着凶险。同时水是生命之源，因此海洋在这里也代表着深奥难测
Analysis of the symbolism of the Pequod in Moby Dick "Moby Dick " is a typical work of the most use of symbolism in American literature.The whaling ship named Pequod also has profound symbolic significance. Pequod, an Indian race eliminated by the white American, was one of the most tragic-fated Native American Indian nations. The name of Pequod itself indicated sinking doom of the whaling ship and the tragic end of the ship crash. Meanwhile,the voyage of Pequod was also a symbol of long-life misery journey. All the hardships of hard work was only for the end to perish, and the strong natural forces cannot be resisted by the great determination or perseverance as well as the ultimate fate of destruction cannot be changed.Although Pequod that was characterized by human wisdom played a significant role in the whaling process, the tragedy between the Moby Dick and human beings embodied nature and mankind cannot conquer mutually. Thus the stubborn confrontation will only bring disastrous consequences. In the novel, Pequod was portrayed as a company with all the shareholders, a floating factory at sea, which has the typical characteristics of capitalist industry in nineteenth Century. In the
Abstract Moby-Dick is regarded as the masterpiece of Herman Melville. It contains plenty of symbolism. Understanding the symbolic meanings of the characters and subjects in the novel is important. This paper analyses the symbolic meanings of different individuals in order to make a better understanding of the novel. Moby Dick represents God owing to his godlike characters and his awfully severe beauty. Ahab symbolizes the league human with evil. In the whaling trip, we can see his bravery and patience, as well as his madness and stubbornness. The third symbolic element is the idea of the “counterpane” that is woven throughout the story as a symbol of the world’s multiculturalism. Melville develops the symbol proving that the world is indeed a counterpane of diverse cultures, races, and environment, in which we are always connected by our humanity. Key words:symbolism; Moby Dick; Arab; counterpane 摘要 《白鲸》被看作是赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的杰作。它包含了大量的象征主义。在这部小说中，理解人物事物的象征意义是非常重要的。为了更好的理解这部小说，这篇论文将分析不同个体的象征意义。其中的白鲸被描写成无处不在，无所不能的万能的上帝。埃哈布船长为复仇远涉重洋捕捉白鲸，最后自己，同伴与白鲸同归于尽的事迹，既表现了人类的勇敢与忍耐，也反映了他们的偏执与疯狂。另一个贯穿全文的象征就是“床单”，它象征世界不同文化的混合与交织，世界就像一块由多种布拼凑而成的床单，由不同的文化、种族、背景交织而成，人们在一起相互依靠，相互依存，小说中来自不同国家的船员就是最生动形象的体现。 关键词：象征主义；白鲸；埃哈布; 床单