When studying foreign speech, don’t forget about body language, says Anne Merritt.学习外国语言时，别忘了身体语言，语言学作家安妮·梅里特讲到。
Something as simple as a smile can display friendliness in one culture, embarrassment in another, impatience in a third. Even silence means different things in different places.有些动作，简单如一个微笑，可以在第一种文化中表示友好，第二种中表示尴尬，第三种中表示不耐烦。甚至沉默在不同的地方也有不同的意味。
Language learners will put a lot of time (and money) into mastering the vocabulary and structure of a foreign language without ever considering these non-linguistic parts of communication.语言学习者投资了大量的时间（和金钱）去掌握一门外语的词汇和语法结构，却从来没有考虑过这些在沟通过程中和语言学无关的方面。
To help you master these significant parts of communication –or simply avoid making an embarrassing faux pas –here are four non-verbal traits that vary from culture to culture...为了帮助大家掌握这些交流中的重要方面——或者只是简单地避免失态——以下是四种在多个国家文化中各不相同的身体语言……
Gestures手势
When trying to communicate through a language barrier, it’s natural to use gestures as a way of illustrating your point. We assume it’s helpful, since our words are b eing visually reinforced. Hand motions are, however, culturally relative, and the wrong gesture can inadvertently lead to confusion or offence.尝试战胜语言障碍交流的时候，自然而然地就会用手势作为一种描述自己观点的方式。我们认为这会有所帮助，因为这样一来我们说的话会在视觉上得以强调。然而，手势和文化相关，错误地使用手势会在无意中带来交流中的困惑或冒犯。
The thumbs-up sign is equivalent to the middle finger in Greece and Sardinia. Tapping your finger to your temple is a gesture to show memory in North America, but suggests insanity in Russia. Even nodding yes or shaking one’s head no can be misunderstood abroad. The yes-no gestures are reversed in countries like Bulgaria and Albania. In Turkey, “no”is gestured by nodding the head up and back.在希腊和撒丁岛，竖大拇指等同于竖中指。用手指敲太阳穴，在北美表示记忆，在俄罗斯则表示精神错乱，甚至连点头肯定或者摇头否定在国外也可以被误解。这个肯定和否定的方式在诸如保加利亚和阿尔巴尼亚这样的国家是反着的。在土耳其，否定是通过上下点头表示的。
It’s not just the individual gestures that can cause miscommunication, but the rate of gesturing. Some societies, like Italy and Spain, are known for talking with their hands. Others are more reserved with body movement as a form of politeness. In parts of East Asia, gesturing is considered boorish behaviour, and would be rude in a professional setting.不仅是这些单个的手势可以造成错误传达，还有手势的使用程度。在有些国家，像意大利和西班牙，人们以用手势交谈著称。其他国家在使用身体语言方面则更加保守以表示礼貌。在有些东亚地区，使用手势被认为是粗鲁的行为，而且在职业场合中会很无礼。
Silence沉默
Though it can feel like a void in communication, silence can be very meaningful in different cultural contexts. Western cultures, especially North America and the UK, tend to view silence as problematic. In our interactions at work, school, or with friends, silence is uncomfortable. It is often perceived as a sign of inattentiveness or disinterest.尽管沉默感觉上是交流的空缺，它却可以在不同的文化背景中充满含义。西方文化中，尤其在北美和英国，倾向于将沉默看做有疑问的。平时在工作，学校以及和朋友的交流互动中，沉默是让人不舒服的。它通常被当作不在意或者不感兴趣的表现。
In other cultures, however, silence is not viewed as a negative circumstance. In China, silence can be used to show agreement and receptiveness. In many aboriginal cultures, a question will be answered only after a period of contemplative silence. In Japan, silence from women can be considered an expression of femininity.Though the North American/European instinct may be to fill the silence, this can be cross-culturally perceived as pushy and arrogant.然而，在
其他文化中，沉默却不是负面的反应。在中国，沉默可以用来表示认同和接受。在许多土著文化中，一个问题提出后，只有在沉默中思考之后，才会有人回答。在日本，女性的沉默被看作是女性气质的展现。尽管北美/欧洲人的直接反应是去填补沉默的空缺，这在其他文化中却会被认为是爱出风头或者自大的表现。
Touch身体接触
Britain, along with much of Northern Europe and the Far East, is classed as a “non-contact” culture, in which there’s very little physical contact in people’s daily interactions. Even accidentally brushing someone’s arm is grounds for an apology. B y comparison, in the high-contact cultures of the Middle East, Latin America, and southern Europe, physical touch is a big part of socialising.英国以及大多数北欧和远东国家，被归为“没有身体接触”的文化，因为人们的日常互动中几乎没有身体接触。甚至不小心擦到别人的手臂也必须要道歉。与之形成对比的，是中东，拉丁美洲和南欧等这些人与人之间有着频繁身体接触的国家——身体接触是社交活动中的很大一部分。
What’s more, there are different standards for who touches whom and where. In much of th e Arab world, men hold hands and kiss each other in greeting, but would never do the same with a woman. In Thailand and Laos, it is taboo to touch anyone’s head, even c hildren.此外，关于谁和谁接触以及接触哪个部位都有不同的标准。在大多数阿拉伯世界，男性之间会在问候的时候握手并亲对方，但绝不会对女性做同样的事情。在泰国和老挝，触摸任何人的头部，甚至小孩子，都是禁忌。
In South Korea, elders can touch younger people with force when trying to get through a crowd, but younger people can’t do the same. Naturally, these different standards of contact can lead to misunderstanding. An Argentinian may see a Scandinavian as cold and aloof, while the Scandinavian may see the Argentinian as pushy and presumptuous.在南韩，年长者想要穿过人群时可以使些力气去碰触年轻人，但是年轻人不能这样做。这些不同的标准自然可能引发误解。一个阿根廷人也许认为斯堪的纳维亚人冷漠，然而这个斯堪的纳维亚人则可能认为阿根廷人自大冒昧。
Eye Contact眼神接触
In most western countries, frequent eye contact is a sign of confidence and attentiveness. We tend to assume that a conversation partner who looks away is either disengaged or lying. Of course, this is not the standard around the world.在大多数西方国家，频繁的眼神接触是自信和专注的表现。人们倾向于认为眼神飘离的谈话者要么不在意，要么在说谎。当然，这绝不是世界标准。
In many Middle Eastern countries, same-gender eye contact tends to be more sustained and intense than the western standard. In many Asian, African, and Latin American countries, however, this unbroken eye contact would be considered aggressive and confrontational. These cultures tend to be quite conscious of hierarchy, and avoiding eye contact is a sign of respect for bosses and elders. In these parts of the world, children won’t look at an adult who is speaking to them, and nor will employees to their bosses.在很多中东国家，同性间的眼神接触比起西方国家会更多更久。然而，在很多亚洲，非洲和拉丁美洲国家，这种不间断的眼神接触会被认为是充满侵略和对抗意味的。这些国家很在意等级，避免眼神接触是对老板和年长者表示尊重。在这些地区，孩子不会盯着对他们讲话的大人看，员工也不会这样看老板。
South Korean plastic surgeons are among the best in the world. In fact they’re so good that people from other countries like China and Japan are actually having trouble getting back home. 韩国整容手术的技术可谓世界一流，以至于一些来自中国或日本的整容者在结束手术后回国总会遇到一些麻烦。
That’s sounds really crazy, but it’s true. When most people get a nose job or a lip job, they just look like ‘enhanced’ versions of t hemselves. But people returning from a plastic surgery vacation in South Korea are truly transformed. You’d have to look very closely at the ‘before’and ‘after’photographs, and even then, it’s hard to make a connection. So I suppose you couldn’t really blame airport officials for stopping these tourists from returning home. 这听起来很疯狂，但却是事实。一些人做了隆鼻或丰唇手术后，整个脸看起来都更立体了。在韩国整形以后绝对是大变身。即使
你仔细观察整容前后的对比照片，也很难发现这竟然是同一个人。所以我想你也不会责怪机场的工作人员把她们拦下来了吧。
Thankfully, Korean hospitals have found a way to work around the issue. They are now handing out ‘plastic surgery certificates’ on request to overseas patients. These certificates include the patient’s passport number, the duration of stay, the name and ocation of the hospital and the hospital’s official seal. Travelers can use the certificate to help convince immigration officials on the return trip home. 好在韩国整形医院找到了解决办法。他们会给海外整形者发放“整形手术证明”。这个证明包括了整形者护照的编号，在韩国停留的时间，医院的名称和地址以及医院的印章。患者在回国的时候可以用这张证明说服那些机场官员。
In a bizarre incident, a total of 23 women were recently held back at Chinese immigration. They were between the ages of 36 and 54, and had bigger eyes, higher noses and slimmer chins than depicted on their passports. “After they took off their huge hats and big sunglasses following our request, we saw them looking different, with bandages and stiches here and there,”said Chen Tao, a Shanghai Hongqiao Airport Officer. “We had to compare their uncorrected parts with their photos very carefully.”最近发生了件奇事，由23名中国女性组成的整形旅行团回到了中国。她们的年龄都在36岁至54岁之间，本人和护照上的照片相比，眼睛更大，鼻梁更高，下巴更尖。上海虹桥机场的海关人员陈涛说：“她们应要求拿掉帽子和眼镜之后，我发现她们和护照上完全不一样了，脸上缠着绷带或是充满针眼。我们必须十分仔细地对比她们脸上没有做过手术的地方。”
In 2011, about 2,500 medical tourists visited South Korea. The number increased ten-fold last year, to a whopping 25,176 visitors. Interestingly, a majority of these tourist s are from China. While the Chinese are gaining in prosperity, they don’t seem to trust their doctors anymore. According to plastic surgeon Park Byong-choon, “Chinese parents come to Korea even for childbirth. The death of a young singer under a Chinese co smetic surgeon’s knife a few years ago makes people think twice about doing it at home.”2011年，总共有2500人到韩国进行整形手术。去年这个数字翻了四翻。有趣的是，这些人大多数来自中国。虽然中国越来越繁荣，但人们对医生似乎没那么信任了。一位韩国整形医师说：“中国父母甚至带着刚刚出生的婴儿来。几年前一位中国歌手因整容去世，这件事让中国人在选择国内整形机构时变得格外慎重。”
When showbiz celebrities junk media-speak for a spontaneous burst of plain talk, controversies ensue. But it is better they hold personal beliefs that offend than fake a semblance of propriety that pleases.
Chinese filmmaker Feng Xiaogang is known for his uncompromising remarks as well as for his top-grossing movies. Whenever he appears at the annual Shanghai International Film Festival, some newspapers reserve headline space for him, knowing full well that he will "fire at some person or object" and create shock waves throughout the industry or even beyond it.
In 2010, Hollywood mogul Harvey Weinstein excused himself after making a brief statement at one of the festival#39;s popular forums, saying he had to catch a flight, and Feng followed up by saying Weinstein was "an outright fraudster".
The press later checked Weinstein#39;s itinerary and found him shopping in Shanghai later that day rather than rushing to the airport. Of course, Feng was not aware of that; he was referring to Weinstein#39;s handling of Chinese films in the North American market. The co-founder of Miramax Films and co-chairman of The Weinstein Company countered in a subsequent statement that Feng#39;s film, The Banquet, which he distributed in the United States, was among the most profitable of the Chinese director#39;s movies in that market.
In Hollywood, Weinstein is considered to be brash, but compared with Feng he is almost a diplomat. I#39;ve heard him in interviews refusing to bad-mouth his Hollywood peers, I mean those who had rubbed him the wrong way or those whose guts he hated. It seems an industry practice that one should not do this kind of thing openly.
So, what is your assessment of Feng and his behavior? Is he a loose cannon whose childish recklessness will eventually undo his career, or is he a rare exception in a business where a facade of hypocrisy is to be meticulously maintained even though backstabbing is generally the norm? By attacking Weinstein at such a high-profile event, said some pundits, Feng had cut out the possibility of his movies ever finding their way into wide distribution across the Pacific.
Showbiz is not an industry whose practitioners can freely express themselves, at least not those in the big league. They have public personas from which they derive their livelihood. The public has a certain expectation of them, which is usually determined during the molding phase of a career. Feng started out as witty but non-confrontational, a positioning shaped by his early comedies. But as revealed in his two memoirs, he kept his head low and his works inoffensive so that they would have an easier time with both censors and audiences.
As his status as the top film comedian of our age solidified, he became more and more vocal. In 2004, he led a relief charity drive for the survivors of the Indian Ocean tsunami. In recent years, he has repeatedly assailed the country#39;s film censorship system. After the release of his latest comedy, Personal Tailor, he threw down the gauntlet to the nation#39;s film critics, whom he charged with deliberately misguiding the public.
All these are shortcuts to upsetting different strata of society. Even the charity effort effectively set him against the glitterati he managed to organize because each of them deemed it a snub when they did not get the publicity they sought.
I won#39;t go into details about the ruckus with the critics because it involved me as well.
Most members of the public tend to view such acts in light of the specific viewpoints being proffered. If they agreed with Feng in his scuffle with the critics, they would say he#39;s a man of integrity and courage, daring to stand up to bullies whom thought they controlled public opinion; if not, the argument would be that he is not gracious towards criticism, which is a blemish for a person of his prominence.
However, if we take a step back and scrutinize celebrity behavior, we must determine whether our society benefits from the beau monde that is decorum-abiding and politically correct or one that dares to speak its mind even when it goes against the tide. In other words, are they unelected flag carriers of our tastes and preferences, or are they individuals entitled to their own opinions, some of which have nothing to do with their profession?
Coincidentally, Feng was once on the receiving end of a similar volley from a colleague. Actor Sun Haiying time and again lambasted his work for being crass. Sun, who rose to fame after starring in a television drama series about veteran revolutionaries titled Days of Burning Fervor, obviously represented the old establishment in his aesthetics and he attacked low-brow entertainment, official corruption and homosexuality with equal gusto.
Feng shot back by saying Sun had had his brain damaged by the burning fervor. A further examination would reveal that Feng was pitted against Sun on only the aesthetic point. In his memoir, he has detailed his positive feelings about Sun#39;s role as a soldier, which reminded him of his own military service.
The back and forth between them was conducted through the traditional press. Nowadays one can do this without the filtering of an intermediary by going directly to social media. Either way, it may not be an optimal approach to a rational debate. But it has its own way of bringing issues of gravitas to the surface of simmering sentiments. There#39;s nothing like the exchange of two firebrands, each with tens of millions of followers on a microblog, to spark an intense interest in matters of wider ramification.
Had Feng kept quiet, only a few industry insiders would have been informed of the ways Chinese movies are distributed overseas. Had Sun suppressed his aversion to gays, he might have not learned that many of his peers in the entertainment business are among the targets of his moral indignation. And we the public might not have detected a rift in
generational perception of the standards for entertainment products.
People in showbiz are caught in a quandary. It is generally deemed inappropriate to make public comments on the works of their peers. And other topics could be beyond the reach of their professional expertise. Sure, some stars champion causes close to their hearts or endorse propositions of a charitable nature. But most steer clear of outright controversies.
People like Feng Xiaogang have their own logic. They want to carve out more space for their views after they have attained a certain level of professional achievement and social influence. Rather than placing themselves in a straitjacket of public anticipation, they turn their clout into more leeway for what they say and what they do.
Feng is a paragon of this art. In his memoirs, he goes to great lengths to offer his take on many of the hottest filmmakers of our era, which is taboo unless it is padded with ingratiating eulogies. He manages to get his points across in a language that seems deferential yet does not drown out the truth. It is a linguistic skill he also employs in his movies, which makes it harder for people from other cultures to fully appreciate them.
Even though I do not see eye to eye with Sun Haiying on many of the points he raised, I don#39;t think he should be shamed into silence simply because his perspective would be seen by some as a sign of bigotry. His candor is helpful to the future reconciliation of what are now regarded as moral disparities, just as positive role models can help dispel the clouds of stigma.
娱乐圈所谓的名人们要是愿意和媒体坦率地进行一次谈话，绝对会引来争议。但是比起装作道貌岸然的伪君子，让所有人都满意，人们更愿意看到他们宁愿冒犯所有人，也要坚持自己的信仰。
中国著名电影制作人冯小刚为众人所熟知，他言语犀利，直言不讳，同时他所导的电影票房屡创新高。他只要一出现在上海国际电影节上，某些报纸杂志都会下意识地把头版头条留给他，因为他们知道他一定会“对某人或某事枪林弹雨般地抨击”，震惊全行业，甚至影响其他行业。
2010年，好莱坞电影大亨哈维·韦恩斯坦(Harvey Weinstein)在电影节的热门论坛上三言两语地说了几句，随后借口说自己得去赶飞机，先行离开。冯小刚紧接着便说道韦恩斯坦就是个“不折不扣的伪君子。”
后经媒体查证韦恩斯坦的旅行日程，发现韦恩斯坦当天并没有赶去机场，而是在上海购物。当然，冯小刚当时说那话时并不知情，他所指的韦恩斯坦对在北美市场上映的中国电影没有认真对待。米拉麦克斯电影公司创始人之一兼韦恩斯坦公司董事长的韦恩斯坦随后针对此事回应道，他在美国发行了冯小刚拍摄的电影《夜宴》，这部影片在所有中国导演拍摄的作品中，盈利遥遥领先。
在好莱坞，韦恩斯坦的无礼傲慢人尽皆知，但是和冯小刚相比，他俨然就是个虚伪的政客。我曾在采访节目中听到韦恩斯坦坦言拒绝攻击诽谤业内同行人士，哪怕是那些公然抨击过他的和那些他讨厌的人。似乎这已然成为一种行业规则：人们不应该在公开场合说这类话题。
因此，你会如何评价冯小刚的行为呢?他是个我行我素，自以为是的狂妄之徒吗?他的幼稚鲁莽终将导致其事业毁于一旦吗?或者说他是这个满是尔虞我诈，分秒如履薄冰的行业中，众人皆“假”我独“真”的稀罕物?一些权威人士说，冯小刚在这样万众瞩目的场合毫不客气地给了韦恩斯坦一击，也就埋葬了之后在北美大陆大肆宣传他的电影的可能性。
娱乐圈不是个能够自由说话的地方，至少对那些有头有脸的名人来说不是。他们有着他们赖以生存的公众角色，人们对他们有相应的期望，这种期望在他们事业成型之初就已设定。冯小刚起步之初机智灵活，遇事和缓，这是他早期创作喜剧之时的姿态，但就像他的两部回忆录中所展现的那样，早年他低调做人，所创作品也无所影射意义，一方面是为了电影审片更好通过，另一方面怕受众接受不了。
如今，作为当代最杰出的喜剧演员的他终于不再沉默。2004年，他发起了扶持印度洋海啸风暴中幸存者的救灾慈善活动。近年来，他一再抨击我国的电影审查制度。在发布了他的最新喜剧影片《私人定制》后，他又把矛头指向了国内的影评人，指责他们故意误导公众。
这些都让他“惹恼”了社会不同阶层人士。即使是公益活动，也让所召集的上层人士很恼火，因为他们认为宣传效果未达预期。我不想对此事引起的骚动作过多的叙述，因为我也是当事人之一。
很多旁观者试着用某种特殊的视角来看待这种行为。如果他们支持冯小刚对影评人的指责，那么他们就会说他是个正直勇敢的人，敢于和那些自以为可以掌控观众思想的权贵斗争;如果他们不支持，那么他们就会说他不善于接受批评，这对于这样一个杰出的人来说是一大污点。
然而，如果我们冷静地细细观察名人的所作所为，我们就应该弄明白到底是规规矩矩，政治立场明确的上层人士对社会进步有利?还是那些敢于承受千夫所指而说真话的人?换句话说，所谓的名人，他们是高举大众喜好品味旗帜的先锋呢?还是有权表达自己观点的普通人罢了?甚至是可以表达某些和自己行业并不相关的观点?
很巧的是，曾有一次冯小刚也成了靶子。演员孙海英再三批评他的作品缺乏深度。孙海英因出演革命战争系列电视剧《激情燃烧的岁月》而渐渐走入公众视线，他有着旧时的审美观，坦言攻击低俗娱乐，官员腐败和同性恋。
冯小刚回应他，说道孙海英拍摄《激情燃烧的岁月》烧坏了脑子，而此言之后被澄清只针对孙海英的审美观而言。在他的回忆录中，他对孙海英战士一角的扮演表示认可，说那让他回想起了自己的服兵役生活。
两人之间的口水风波最终在传统媒体的形式中得以平息。现今，人们可以绕过中间媒介，直接在社交媒体上解决这种问题，无论哪种方式，理性地说可能都不是最佳方式。它总能让简单的得体礼貌性问题发展成为个人情绪大爆发。没什么能够像这样的有着数百万微博粉丝的“两支战火”在一系列问题上的“正面交锋”更能激起人们强烈的兴趣了。
如果冯小刚当时没站出来，那么只有业内少部分人士知道中国电影在国外的宣传状况;如果孙海英当时压制住了他对同性恋的厌恶，他可能就不会知道许多娱乐圈内许多同行人原来都是他那次道德指控中的中枪者。而我们作为观众也不会知道新的一代对于娱乐产品已经有了他们新的标准。
娱乐圈内人士正备受煎熬，一般来说，他们不能去评论业内同行的作品，而其他方面的话题又不是他们本业，无法深谈。当然，某些明星根据自己的内心或者本着慈善的出发点来支持或拥护某个事业或建议。但是绝大多数都避开这种显而易见的争议性话题。
像冯小刚这样的人都有着自己的逻辑，他们在已经取得了一定程度的专业成绩和社会影响力之后，想要更多地表达自己的观点，而不是继续穿着大众的期望给他们设计的紧身衣，同时，他们的影响力也为他们的言行举止预留出了更多的自由空间。
冯小刚就能将自身影响力发挥到极致。在他的回忆录中，他评论了很多我们这个时代当红的电影制作人，除非满是逢迎谄媚的赞美词，一般这种做法是触犯禁忌的。而他能够用恭顺的语言把自己真正想表达的内容蕴含其中，这也是他在电影中经常采用的语言技巧，这就让其他文化的人们更难欣赏他所拍的电影。
尽管我对孙海英的许多观点还是不敢苟同，但我不认为仅仅因为某些人会把他的观点当成他顽固不化的话柄，他就应该羞愧得退出荧幕。他的直率有利于在将来调和现有的道德差异，就如正面的榜样能够驱散负面的污点。
Perhaps the world#39;s oldest message in a bottle, cast into the sea near Germany 101 years ago, has been presented to the sender#39;s granddaughter, it#39;s been reported.
这可能是世界上最古老的漂流瓶信件了：101年前有人把一个装有家书的漂流瓶扔进了德国附近的海域中;如今这个漂流瓶已经被送交给他的孙女了。
Last month, fishermen in the Baltic Sea pulled an old beer bottle out of the water, along with their catch. Inside they found a postcard, dated 17 May 1913, from a man called Richard Platz asking for his message to be forwarded to his address in Berlin, the Local website reports.
Local 网站报道，上个月波罗的海的渔民捕鱼时在水中打捞出了一个古老的啤酒瓶。他们发现这个漂流瓶里面有一张明信片，日期写着1913年5月17日，是一个名叫里查德·普拉茨的男子寄出的。里查德请求将这封漂流瓶信件寄送到他在柏林的地址。
Researchers at the International Maritime Museum in Hamburg were eventually able to track down Angela Erdmann, 62, who lives in Berlin. Platz was her grandfather. She visited the museum last week and was able to hold the bottle.
国际海事博物馆的研究员最终找到了住在柏林62岁的安吉拉·埃德曼，她是普拉茨的孙女。上星期埃德曼去拜访了博物馆，然后拿到了这个漂流瓶。
"That was a pretty moving moment," she tells German news agency dpa. "Tears rolled down my cheeks."
“那一刻相当令人感动，”她告诉德意志新闻社记者。“我激动得热泪盈眶。”
Erdmann says she never knew her mother#39;s father, who reportedly died in 1946 when he was 54 years old. But she says the discovery of his message has inspired her to find out more about him.
埃德曼说她从来没见过妈妈的父亲，据说他是在1946年去世的，享年54岁。她还说这封漂流瓶家书启发她去寻找更多有关爷爷的信息。
Hundreds of Swedish workers are trialling a six-hour working day in the hopes that it will cut sick leave and save the country money.几百名瑞典员工正在测试6小时工作制，希望借此减少员工请病假、提高工作效率，以缩减国家开支。
In an experiment, workers in one government department in Gothenburg are to be put on to six-hour days on full pay, while workers in another department will work a standard seven-hour day.在测试中，哥德堡市的政府部门工作人员工作6小时并拿全薪，而另一各部门的员工则仍需坚持7小时标准工作时间。
Mats Pilhem, Left Party deputy mayor of Gothenburg, hopes the six-hour staff will take fewer sick days, and have better physical and mental health as a result.马茨·皮尔赫姆是哥德堡左翼党副市长，他希望6小时工作制可以减少员工病假，促进员工身心健康。
Speaking to The Local, he said: 'We think it's time to give this a real shot in Sweden.在接受Local网站的采访中，他说：“我们认为是时候给瑞典一个改变的机会了。”
He claimed that a car manufacturer in the city had trialled the six-hour day with promising results.他还说哥德堡一家汽车生产商已经测试了6小时工作制，效果喜人。
He added that in other sectors, such as social care, the problem was not a lack of employees but people working
inefficiently over the course of a long shift.他补充说，在其他诸如社会福利等部门，问题不在于缺少雇员，而在于长时间工作制度中员工的工作效率较低。
For 16 years around 250 staff at Kiruna council worked a six-hour shift, but the policy was abandoned in 2005 after a report found that it had no impact on health.基律纳市政委员会的250名员工曾在16年里遵从6小时工作制，但后来有报告称这对健康没有任何影响，于是在2005年这一制度废止了。
Another trial in on staff in one hospital department in Stockholm had to be abandoned after workers in other departments became resentful, and a third on childcare workers was scrapped because it drove up costs.斯德哥尔摩市一家医院的一个部门也进行了6小时工作制测试，然而随后却因其他部门的员工愤愤不平而废止；此外，在儿童护理员工中所做的测试也因成本上升而终止。
However, Pilhem dismissed the criticisms, saying: 'We've worked a long time on this, we've not planned it to be an election thing.'然而皮尔赫姆力排众议，他说：“我们已经研究它很久了，不会说停就停的。”
2014年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语（二）标准试题 (课程代码：00015) 第一部分：阅读判断题(每题1分，共10分) 下面的短文后列出了10个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，选择A;如果该句提供的是错误信息，选择B;如果该句的信息文中没有提及，选择C。 Running: Sport or Way of Life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there's nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortable clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you don't need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But don't be fooled into thinking the sport of running is easy, It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscles? It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you don't get sick as easily. It can even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more clearly. How do you get engaged in the sport if you don't know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simple internet search can help some in your find area. Then programs show you how
绝密★启用前试卷类型：A 2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(广东卷) 英语 本试卷共12页,三大题,满分135分.考试用时120分钟 注意事项： 1. 答卷前，考生务必用黑色笔迹的钢笔或签字笔将自己的姓名和考生号、考场号、座位号填写在 答题卡上。用2B铅笔讲试卷类型（A）填涂在答题卡相应的位置上。将条形码横贴在答题卡右上角“条形码粘贴处”。 2.选择题每小题选出答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上学科网对应题目选项的答案信息点涂黑；如需改 动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，答案不能答在试卷上。 3.非选择题必须用黑色字迹的钢笔或签字笔作答，答案必须写在答题卡各题目指定区域内相应位置 上；如需改动，先划掉原来的答案，然后再写上新的答案；不准使用铅笔和涂改液。不按以上要求作答的答案无效。 4.考生必须保持答题卡的整洁，考试结束后，将试题与答题卡一并交回。 I 语言知识及应用（共两节，满分45分） 第一节完形填空(共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分) 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从1—15各题所给的A、B、C和D项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again, teenagers have 1 feelings about their parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2 between parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over 3 rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children’s refusal to help with the 4 . On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually zxxkwhen parents blame them for 5 the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket. The research, conducted by St. George University, shows that different parents have different 6 to these problems. However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but 8 clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their children’s 9 . On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience the 10 of their actions can do better. For example, when teenagers who don’t help their parents with the shopping don’t find their favorite drink in the refrigerator, they are forced to 11 their actions. Psychologists say that 12 is the most important thing in parent-child relationships. Parents should 13 to their children but at the same time they should lend an ear to what
2014年高考英语试题及答案全国卷2
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试新课标II卷 英语 本试卷分第I卷（选择题）和第II卷（非选择题）两部分。考试结束后，将本试卷和答案卡一并交回。 注意事项： 1．答第I卷前考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。 2．选出每小题答案前，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号框,不能答在本试卷上，否则无效。 第一部分阅读理解（共两节，满分40分） 第一节(共15小题；每小题2分，满分40分) 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出最佳选项。并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑． A Arriving in Sydney on his own from India, my husband, Rashid, stayed in a hotel for a short time while looking for a short time while looking for a house for me and our children.
During the first week of his stay, he went out one day to do some shopping. He came back in the late afternoon to discover that his suitcase was gone. He was extremely worried as the suitcase had all his important papers, including his passport. He reported the case to the police and then sat there，lost and lonely in strange city, thinking of the terrible troubles of getting all the paperwork organized again from a distant country while trying to settle down in a new one. Late in the evening, the phone rang. It was a stranger. He was trying to pronounce my husband’s name and was asking him a lot of questions. Then he said they had found a pile of papers in their trash can（垃圾桶）that had been left out on the footpath. My husband rushed to their home to find a kind family holding all his papers and documents. Their young daughter had gone to the trash can and found a pile of unfamiliar papers. Her parents had carefully sorted them
一、大作文 1.用英语以Learn to Smile 为题写一篇短文 注意：1. 词数80-100个。短文的开头已给出，不计入总数。 2.参考词：自信(confidence n.) (confident adj.) 打败beat (beat、beaten)v. 3.短文包括所有内容要点，不可逐词翻译，可适当发挥。文中不得出现真实的人 名、校名等。 Learn to Smile Smiling is an attitude（态度）to life. In our life, there may be something unpleasant. For example, you fail in an examination; or another time, you are misunderstand by your friends. These unpleasant things may make you feel bad. Then what will you do? Why not learn to smile? Smiling to yourself can bring back you confidence. Sometimes, the greatest enemy is yourself. that’s to say. Sometimes, you are beaten by yourself. We should also learn to smile to others. It will help us to get closer to others. So smiling is the most widely understood language.
2014年12月 Part I Listening Comprehension (15 minutes) Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A) New York City. B) An evening party. C) An air trip. D) The man’s job. From the dialogue we learn that the man is to take a flight to New York. Therefore,C) An air trip is the correct answer. You should mark C) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Now the test will begin. 1. A) Production planning. C) Public relations. B) Financial affairs. D)Import and Export. 2. A) More workers are needed. C) Raw materials are more expensive. B) Advertising costs more. D) Workers' salaries are higher. 3. A) To look for a dream job. C) To continue his study. B) To visit his friends. D) To find a chance to do business. 4. A) He is good at programming. C) He is nice and kind. B) He is suitable for the job. D) He finds the job difficult. 5. A) Interviewer and interviewee. C) Doctor and nurse. B) Buyer and seller. D) Shop assistant and customer. Section B Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short conversations. There are 2 recorded conversations in it. After each conversation, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and the questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A), B), C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Now the test will begin. Conversation l 6. A) He was too busy. C) His company has moved away. B) He got a new offer. D) His company has closed down.
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江） 英语试题 选择题部分（共80分） 第一部分：英语知识应用（共两节，满分30分） 第一节：单项填空（共20小题，每小题0.5分，满分10分） 从A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题纸上将该选项标号涂黑。 1. ---I am going to Spain fort a holiday soon. --- ______. A. It’s my pleasure B. Never mind C. Leave it alone D. Good for you 2. The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ______ week, often long into ______ night. A. a; the B. the; 不填 C. a; a D. 不填；the 3.An average of just 18.75cm of rain fell last year, making ______ the driest year since California became a state in 1850. A. each B. it C. this D. one 4.Joe is proud and ______, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame. A. strict B. sympathetic C. stubborn D. sensitive 5.I don’t become a serious climber until the fifth grade, ______ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. A. when B. where C. which D. why 6.We most prefer to say yes to the ______ of someone we know and like. A. attempts B. requests C. doubts D. promises https://www.doczj.com/doc/759412769.html,st week a tennis ball hit me on the head, but I tried to _______ the pain, believing that it would go away sooner or later. A. share B. realize C. ignore D. cause 8.“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _____ my mother used to tell me. A. what B. how C. that D. whether 9.No matter how carefully you plan your finances, no one can _____ when the unexpected will happen. A. prove B. imply C. demand D. predict 10.While staying in the village, James unselfishly shared whatever he had with the villagers without asking for anything ______ . A. in return B. in common C. in turn D. in place 11.Sofia looked around at all the faces: she had the impression that she _____ most of the guests
2014年中考英语作文题目预测及范文 一．假如你是一所国际学校校办英文杂志的学生编辑。你看了下面这封信后，也想写一篇关于该信的读后感，内容要点包括：你对此事件的看法；解释你的理由并提出你的建议；向受害者表达尽快康复的祝愿。 Today，I received the reader’s letter. I was shocked at it. Personally speaking，I think we should pay more attention to the food safety. The government must make some necessary laws. What’s more，some businessmen shouldn’t be only interested in making money. They must care about people’s health. We’d better not eat anything in dirty places though some food is delicious, because eating unhealthy food does harm to our health. Finally，I hope the family in the accident will get better soon。 二．中国西南地区干旱的英语作文 Saving water is very important for us. There will be less fresh water in the future. We must avoid any chance of wasting water. We should take actions in or daily life. For example, take shorter water at any time, leave the sink running. Every time you use water, you should turns off taps after using. We need to be careful and save a little bit of water for years and years. If we don’t save wate r, the last drop of water will be our tears. 三．毕业感想 初中生活马上就要结束了，三年的初中生活一定给你留下了很多挥之不去的回忆。请你给大家讲一个最值得你回忆的故事。包括时间、人物、事情经过和事后你的感想（请不要写出真实的学校名称以及真实姓名）。 提示词供参考。three years，memories，one of，one day，think，happy/ sorry How time flies！I have studied in my school for three years. And I will graduate from middle school soon. I am eager to share my happiness and sadness with you. I had so many memories in three years’ life. On e of them impressed me very much. I still remember，when I began to learn English，I found it too difficult. No matter how hard I tried，I still couldn’t do well in it and almost gave it up. As soon as my English teacher found my problem，she had a talk with me about how to learn English well. Since then，she has kept helping me. Little by little，I’ve become interested in English and I’m good at it. I think I am so lucky to become one of her students. I’ve learned a lot from her. I will try to help others when they are in trouble. I think it is a happy thing to help others. 四．目前深圳市正在积极创建全国文明城市，中学生也在为之努力。假如你是你是某中学的一名学生张通，请根据下列图表所示内容，给笔友John写一封电子邮件，介绍有关情况。 注意：1.邮件内容应包含所有要点，不要简单翻译，可适当发挥; 2.文中不得使用真实姓名、校名等信息; 3.词数90左右(邮件中已经写好了的部分，不计入总词数)。 4.参考词汇：civilized 文明的respect 尊敬 Dear John, I’m glad to hear from you. Now let me tell you something about our city. Shenzhen is trying to set up a national civilized city. We middle school students are also doing some things for it. We are all polite to our teachers. (In class, we listen carefully to them./ When we meet them, we
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标I) 英语 注意事项： 1. 本试卷分第Ⅰ卷（选择题）和第Ⅱ卷（非选择题）两部分。第Ⅰ卷1页至10页，第Ⅱ卷11页至13页。 2. 答题前，考生务必将自己的姓名，准考证号填写在本试卷相应的位置。 3. 全部答案在答题卡上完成，搭载本试卷上无效。 4. 第Ⅰ卷听力部分满分30分，不计入总分，考试成绩录取时提供给高校作参考。 5. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第Ⅰ卷 第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分） 做题时，现将答案标在试卷上，录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。 第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话，每段对话后有一个小题。从题中所给的A,B,C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 例：How much is the shirt? A.￡ 19.15 B.￡ 9.18 C.￡ 9.15 答案是C。 1.What does the woman want to do ? A. Find a place B. Buy a map C.Get an address 2. What will the man do for the woman? A. Repair her car B.Give her a ride C.Pick up a aunt 3. Who might Mr Peterson be? A. new professor B.A department head C.A company director 4. What does the man think of the book? A.Quite different B.Very interesting C.Too simple 5.What are the speakers talking about? A.Weather B.Clothes. C.News.
2014中考英语作文热点话题作文 1、低碳生活现在全世界都在倡导―低碳生活‖(low-carbon life)，即：降低二氧化碳的排放，采取低能量、低消耗、低开支的生活方式。低碳生活对我们大家都有好处，请你写一篇短文向一家英文报社投稿。内容包括：你的具体做法、你的感受以及建议。 提示词语：be good for, everyone, ride a bike, think, make a difference, environment, suggest, reuse ★范文 Low-carbon life is good for everyone. To help with the environment, I always walk or ride a bike to school instead of taking a car. Besides, I will try to use things that can be recycled and I never forget to turn off the lights when I leave the classroom. I think it’s my duty to live a low-carbon life. And even the simplest activities can make a real difference to the environment. So I suggest we should reuse books as long as possible. And we’d better not spend much money on expensive clothes. If everyone does something for the environment, I believe the earth will be a better place。 2、毕业感想初中生活马上就要结束了，三年的初中生活一定给你留下了很多挥之不去的回忆。请你给大家讲一个最值得你回忆的故事。包括时间、人物、事情经过和事后你的感想(请不要写出真实的学校名称以及真实姓名)。 提示词语：three years, memories, one of, one day, think, happy/ sorry ★范文 How time flies! I have studied in my school for three years. And I will graduate from middle school in a month. I am eager to share my happiness and sadness with you. I had so many memories in three years’ life. One of them impressed me very much. I still remember, when I began to learn English, I found it too difficult. No matter how hard I tried, I still couldn’t do well in it and almost gave it up. As soon as my English teacher found my problem, she had a talk with me about how to learn English well. Sinc e then, she has kept helping me. Little by little, I’ve become interested in English and I’m good at it. I think I am so lucky to become one of her students. I’ve learned a lot from her. I will try to help others when they are in trouble. I think it is a happy thing to help others。 3、保持健康生活习惯健康的生活习惯对于成长中的我们是非常重要的。你认为健康的生活习惯应当是怎样的呢？请根据下面的信息提示，写一篇短文，首句已给出。 信息提示：健康饮食；早睡早起，不熬夜；参加运动，强身健体。 要求：根据信息提示，把握要点，适当发挥，不逐字翻译。字数在80词左右。 ★范文 I think healthy habits are very important for us. All of us want to be healthy. First, we should get enough sleep during the night. We can go to bed early and get up early. Staying up late is bad for our health. Second,
2014年4月自考英语二00015试题及答案 第一部分：阅读判断（10*1分） Running: sport or way of life? You go through the channels several times and find that once again there’s nothing on TV that interests you. Not a problem! Just put on some running shoes and comfortabl e clothes and go for a run. One of the best things about the sport of running is that you d on’t need expensive equipment. All you need is a good pair of running shoes and a safe environment. But d on’t be fool ed into thinking the sport of running is easy. It requires discipline and concentration. Running is good for you both physically and mentally. It strengthens your heart, lungs, and muscl es. It makes you more aware of your body. Running also improves your body so that you d on’t get sick as easily. It c an even help you to stay more focused in school because exercise helps you to think more cl early. How d o you get engaged in the sport if you d on’t know much about it? Most schools offer running programs. A simpl e Internet search can help you find some in your area. The programs show you how running can offer competition or just be for fun. They also teach runners to set practical goals and take care of their bodies. Runners have great respect for each other because they know how difficult the spor t can be. If you go to a race, you’ll see peopl e cheering for all the runners. Running isn’t always about how fast you are running or how far you’re going. It’s about getting out there and d oing it. Participation is more important than competition, and effort is recognized over talent. It you’re looking for more than just a sport, running may be the perfect choice for you. 1.You may find it interesting to go for a run. A.True B. False C. Not Given 2.The sport of running is easy. A.True B. False C. Not Given 3.It’s hard to find a safe environment for running.
2014年高考英语试题以及答案 第二部分：知识运用（共两节，45 分） 第一节单项填空（共15 小题；每小题1 分，共15 分） 从每题所给的ABCD 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 例：It’s so nice to hear from her again. , we last met more than thirty years ago. A. What’s more B. That’s to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not 答案是D。 21. Some animals carry seeds from one place to another, ______ plants can spread to new places. A. so B. or C. for D. but 22. ---Hi, let’s go skating. --- Sorry, I’m busy right now. I _______ in an application form for a new job. A. fill B. have filled C. am filling D. will fill 23. Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves _______ half an hour. A. by B. in C. for D. until 24. ________carefully if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab..
2014年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(山西新课标 I) 英语 第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分60分） 第一节（共15小题；每小题3分，满分45分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A The Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity Challenge Dare to Take the Curiosity Challenge! The Cambridge Science Festival (CSF) is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge. The challenge invites, even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world. Students are being dared to draw a picture, write an article, take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about. To enter the challenge, all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival, MIT Museum, 265 Mass Avenue, Cambridge 02139 by Friday, February 8th. Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday, April 21st. Guest speakers will also present prizes to the students. Winning entries will be published in a book. Student entries will be exhibited and prizes will be given. Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served. Between March 10th and March 15th, each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration. The program guidelines and other related information are available at: https://www.doczj.com/doc/759412769.html,. 21. Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge? A. School students. B. Cambridge locals. C. CSF winners. D. MIT artists. 22. When will the prize-giving ceremony be held? A. On February 8th. B. On March 10th. C. On April 21st. D. On March 15th. 23. What type of writing is this text? A. An exhibition guide. B. An art show review. C. An announcement. D. An official report. B Passenger pigeons(旅鸽) once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers. Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群) so large that they darkened the sky for hours. It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point, there were more than 3 billion passenger pigeons – a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the