2015年3月托福真题回忆及解析
【导语】有志者，事竟成，破釜沉舟，百二秦关终属楚；苦心人，天不负，卧薪尝胆，三千越甲可吞吴。永不满足是我向上的动力。以下是无忧考网小编为你搜集整理的2015年3月部分托福真题，希望可以对你有所帮助！2018年3月托福共举行了三场考试分别是3月7日、3月14日、3月28日
3 月 7 日托福考试写作真题回忆：
第一套：
Taking children to field trips( for example, to a museum) is a better
way of education than learning at school in a classroom.
这道题目是一个比较对比类的题目。此类题目在托福写作中是非常常见的。对于这类题目，我们应该注意的是，在分论点的展开过程中，应该每一段都体现出题目中两个对象的比较和对比。另外，此题属于校园生活类话题，在历年的托福考题中也并不鲜见，难度并不大。
例文：
People have always been looking for effective ways to educate our
children, who determines the future of a nation. In that case, some
original and creative teachers start their classes with field trips,
which I believe is a better way than learning at school in a classroom
in educating students.
In the first place, going on field trips enables the students to study
actively and positively. The unknown excitement and adventures of field
trips can always attract the students as it is the nature of them to be
curious about the events that they rarely or never experienced. Before
the trips, they will be so curious that they will do research on the
destinations, looking for their origin and history. And that
helps with the ability to gain information from a variety of approaches, libraries, magazines, TV programs, the internet, and so forth. Conversely, in normal everyday classes, the students have to study what the textbooks and teachers tell them, where there exists no internal motivation, which is an essential part for efficient learning. we can see that the traditional classrooms creates passive learning, whereas the field trips contributes more to active learning.
In addition, the active learning resulting from out-of-classroom
activities lasts longer than passive learning and helps the students understand the theories and principles better. As different field trips possesses different excitement, students curiosity never reduces. On the other hand, young people can
study better by witnessing how the theories and principles work and how great the masters’ works are.
Students remember things when they are experiencing in person instead of listening to stories in normal classrooms.
I admit that there might be some disadvantages on the field trips, which classrooms do not have. It might be hard for the teachers to put the
students in order and ensure their security. But as long as we have enough teachers taking care of them on the trip and tell them to obey the rules,
the students will be easy to deal with and we can minimize the possibility
of danger. As a result, we cannot sacrifice the beauty of field trips because of the problems that we can handle.
To sum up, the benefits that field trips can bring is evident and
schools should provide more opportunities for the students to go on the trips. In this way, the students will be more active in learning and the study efficiency will be improved and they will create a more beautiful
world for us, using the knowledge they obtained on campus.
第二套：
People will spend less time in cooking and preparing for food in 20 years. Do you agree or disagree.
此题是一道典型的时间对比类题目，考察的是今明对比，考生选择同一或不同意都
比较好想出理由点，此题的难度也不大。
如果同意可以讲：1，生活节奏加快，人们忙于工作;2，高科技厨具的发明，减少了
做饭时间;3，人们生活水平提高了，更愿意买饭，因为更美味。
如果不同意可以讲：1，做饭是一件快乐的事，是减轻压力释放心情的好方法;2，人
们不用忙于工作了，更有时间做饭;3，自己做得更健康，更卫生。
例文：
The most unforgettable memories in my childhood was when I sat in the kitchen and watch my mother cook delicious food for me. While cooking, she usually tells me stories and the philosophy of life of those stories. Until today, she cooks for me in the way she did when I was little. However, in twenty years from
now, society will undergo great changes and so will people’s cooking habits. They wonderful cooking
moments will not appear and people will spend less time in cooking.
In the first place, the development of technology allows people to reduce
the time spent in cooking and preparing for food, which can be predicted through what is happening now, compared with what it was in the past. Today, we have microwave ovens, electromagnetic ovens, blenders and many other cookers to accelerate the cooking process. What took hours hours for us to prepare costs only a few minutes. So we can safely say that in twenty years from now, the technology will be more advanced and continue to help us reduce the time for cooking. And the new equipment will be widely welcomed. In addition, the speed at which people live will increase and people
will be busier. With the increment of human population, the job market
will be more and more fierce. In order not to get swept out of the work place, people will have to devote more to their work and leave less time
for other activities in life,cooking, for example. And this is the reason why I mentioned the popularity of new cooking devices in the last paragraph.
Using the advanced cooking devices is not the only way that people use
to deal with the complicated work. Also, deep down in their mind, they
will love to buy whatever they think is delicious to reward themselves
for the sacrifice in work. They have already worked hard enough to make a living and the dishes from good restaurants, which are more delicious
than the one cooked by themselves, is exactly what they deserve. Thus, it
is evident that they will cook or prepare food by themselves less. Admittedly, some food in restaurants is not healthy enough and is
sometimes not clean. But I believe that, in twenty years, the supervision
of the government will be more comprehensive and we can minimize this
kind of problem.
How you cook or whether you cook or not does not matter. What really matters is the health and happiness. So choosing a healthier way to cook
and eat is essential for the future happiness, which we all pursue.
第一套
第一章
Colonial America and Navigation Acts
讲英国对殖民地推行的Navigation Acts ,有出口法律限制小商品批发之类的
解析：本文属于历史类文章，关注殖民政策。在之前的 TP0 文章中少有类似内容，但是跟经济相关的文章还是有的。从机经要点词来看，内容不太难，但是从之前的TP0 文章判断，历史经济类文章，通常句长偏长，而且阅读时易做脑补, 对学员的句法能力是较大的一个挑战，建议还是平时扎实基本功。
参考阅读：
Throughout the colonial period, after the middle of the seventeenth century, the one great source of irritation between the mother country and her colonies was found in the Navigation Acts. The twofold object of these acts was to protect English shipping, and to secure a profit to the home country from the colonies. As early as the reign of Richard II steps had been taken for the protection of shipping, but not before 1651 were there any British statutes that seriously hampered colonial trade. The Long Parliament in 1642, exempted New England exports and imports from all duties, and a few
years later all goods carried to the southern colonies in English vessels were put on the free list
In 1651, however, while Cromwell was master of England, the first of the famous Navigation Acts was passed. The chief provisions were, that no goods grown or manufactured in Asia, Africa, or America should be transported to England except in English vessels, and that the goods of any European country imported into England must be brought in British vessels, or in vessels of the country producing them. The law was directed against the Dutch maritime trade, which was very great at that time. But it was nowhere strictly enforced, and in New England scarcely at all.
In 1660 the second of these memorable acts was passed, largely embodying
the first and adding much to it This act forbade the importing into or the exporting from the British colonies of any goods except in English or colonial ships2 and it forbade certain enumerated articles -- tobacco, sugar, cotton, wool, dyeing woods, etc. -- to he shipped to any country, except to England or some English plantation. Other goods were added at a later date. Such goods were to pay heavy duties when shipped to England, and in 1672 the same duties were imposed on goods sold from one colony to another. Had these laws been strictly enforced, the effect on the colonies that produced the "enumerated" articles would have been disastrous, for they enjoyed a flourishing trade in these goods with other countries. Other articles, such as grain, salt provisions, and fish, were not put on the
list, because these were produced in England, and, had the entire colonial production been sent to that country, the English producer would have been ruined.3 Rice was also allowed to be shipped direct to all ports south of Cape Finisterre. Some things, however, the Parliament did purely to favor the colonies,-- it prohibited the raising of tobacco in England and kept Spanish tobacco out by high duties, it kept out Swedish iron by a high tariff, to the advantage of the colonies, and it paid a bounty on various colonial products.
In addition to these laws there were two other classes of laws, all, however, belonging to the same system, which tended to impede the development of the colonies, ?the corn laws and the laws against manufacturing. The corn laws in the interest of the British farnier, beginning about 1666, practically shut out from England grain raised in the colonies. This drove New England and New York to manufacturing, and this again led England to forbid manufacturing in the colonies. These laws were far more effective than the Navigation Acts. It is stated that in 1708 New York manufactured three fourths of the woolen and linen goods used in the colony, and also fur hats in great numbers, many of which were shipped to Europe and the West Indies. This trade was largely suppressed by English laws passed at various times. In 1732 an act forbade the exporting of hats to England, to foreign countries, or from one colony to another. It also limited the number of persons a maker of hats might employ. Iron was found in all the colonies, and forges and furnaces were established in many
places. But in 1750 Parliament enacted a
law declaring that "no mill or other engine for rolling or slitting iron/' "nor any furnace for making steel shall be erected in the colonies"! After this only pig and bar iron could be made. Parliament also enacted laws at various times restricting the manufacture of woolen goods. These laws bore heavily on the northern colonies, but were little felt in the South, where manufactories were rare.
Probably the harshest of England's laws in the suppression of colonial trade was the Molasses Act of 1733. By this act prohibitive duties were placed on molasses and sugar, from the French West Indies to the colonies.4 New England enjoyed a great trade with the islands, receiving molasses and sugar for flour, stock, lumber, and fish, part of which could not be sold to England owing to the corn laws. Had the Molasses Act been enforced, the prosperity of New England would have been at an end.
第二篇：
Mass Production: Method and Impact
讲工业革命造成产品过剩，通过广告和其他一些手段推销产品
解析：本文属于历史类文章，关注的是工业革命与广告的问题。在 TP0 里有很多关于工业革命的内容，多讲述能量相关内容，还有关注工人地位的，也有关注广告的，例如Children and Advertising ,而工业革命与广告联系还是首次提到，但是从机经关键词判断，难度适中，学员仅需重点关注不同手段的目的即可。
参考阅读：
The economies of mass production come from several sources. The primary cause is a reduction of nonproductive effort of all types. In craft
production, the craftsman must bustle about a shop, getting parts and assembling them. He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods.
The probability of human error and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery. A reduction in labour costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower cost than using traditional, non-linear methods.
However, mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a design or production process after a production line is implemented. Also, all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary. The starter cost for the machinery can be expensive so the producer must be sure it sells or the producers will lose a lot of money.
The Ford Model T produced tremendous affordable output but was not very good at responding to demand for variety, customization, or design changes. As a consequence Ford eventually lost market share to General Motors, who introduced annual model changes, more accessories and a choice of colors. With each passing decade, engineers have found ways to increase the flexibility of mass production systems, driving down the lead times on new product development and allowing greater customization and variety of products.
In the 1830s, French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville identified one of the key characteristics of America that would later make it so amenable to the development of mass production: the homogeneous consumer base. De Tocqueville wrote in his Democracy in America (1835) that "The absence in the United States of those vast accumulations of wealth which favor the expenditures of large sums on articles of mere luxury... impact to the productions of American industry a character distinct from that of other countries' industries. [Production is geared toward] articles suited to the wants of the whole people".
Mass production improved productivity, which was a contributing factor to economic growth and the decline in work week hours, alongside other factors such as transportation infrastructures (canals,
railroads and highways) and agricultural mechanization. These factors caused the typical work week to decline from 70 hours in the early 19th
century to 60 hours late in the century, then to 50 hours in the early 20th century and finally to 40 hours in the mid-1930s.
Mass production permitted great increases in total production. Using a European crafts system into the late 19th century it was difficult to meet demand for products such as sewing machines and animal powered mechanical harvesters. By the late 1920s many previously scarce goods were in good supply. One economist has argued that this constituted "overproduction" and contributed to high unemployment during the Great Depression. Say's law denies the possibility of general overproduction and for this reason classical economists deny that it had any role in the Great Depression.
Mass production allowed the evolution of consumerism by lowering the unit cost of many goods used.
今日托福考试两套题，新旧题混合，其中第一套里新题偏多。词汇汇总如下：
第三篇：
Art and Culture of Pacific Northwest
讲的美国土著人的图腾柱与面具制作工艺和它们的图案的含义
解析：本文属于艺术类文章，关注美国土著人的图腾柱以及面具，在 TPO 里类似的文章不多，少有的艺术类文章也多关注洞穴艺术、电影等内容，没有专门关注图腾柱或面具相关内容。但在实战中，对于没有没有遇到过的背景知识，学员无需惊恐，导致思路不清，一般对于特殊的背景，阅读文章都会先来解决背景的问题才会进入主题，所以对生僻的知识，学员更需要先理解背景再开始做题。
参考阅读：
Although the dominant culture in the Pacific Northwest today is Anglo-
American and Anglo-Canadian, there is significant Mexican and Chinese influence. 23% of Vancouver, B.C. is Chinese, and 50% of residents of the City of Vancouver do not speak English as their first language. Parts of Oregon and Washington are bilingual in both English and Spanish, and Native American culture is strong throughout the Pacific Northwest. The hippie movement also began in California and the Pacific Northwest. There have been proposals for certain parts of the Pacific Northwest becoming its own country because of the shared ecoregion and culture, the most well-known being Cascadia. However, the region is strongly divided by the international border, and this division has grown more rather than less powerful over the 20th century. Carl Abbott argues that, given the twin factors of limited economic integration vis-a-vis NAFTA, and cultural similarities, he views the major cities as "going their separate ways" as east-west gateways of commerce, competing with each other, rather than forming north-south connectors of a tentative "megaregion."
Cannabis use is relatively popular, especially around Vancouver BC, Bellingham, Seattle, Olympia, Spokane, Portland and Eugene. Several of these jurisdictions have made arrests for cannabis a low enforcement priority. Medical marijuana is legal in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, as well as in Alaska, though that state prohibits its sale and has no licensed dispensaries, and in the Yukon, although less than 50 of the territory's residents are licensed to use medical marijuana and no legal dispensaries operate within its borders. As of December 6, 2012 possession
of less than an ounce of marijuana for recreational use by persons over 21 years of age became legal in Washington state as a result of state ballot measure Initiative 502, which was approved by the state's voters on November 6, 2012 by a ten-point margin.
The Pacific Northwest has the lowest rate of church attendance in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of atheism; this is most pronounced on the part of the region west of the Cascades. A recent study indicates that one quarter of those in Washington and Oregon believe in no religion. Similarly, according to the 2011 National Household Survey, 44% of British Columbia residents reported no religion.
Religion plays a smaller part in Pacific Northwest politics than in the rest of the United States. The religious right has considerably less political influence than in other regions. Political conservatives in the Pacific Northwest tend to identify more strongly with free-market libertarian values than they do with more religious social conservatives. That said, three of the four major international charities in the region are religious in nature: Northwest Medical Teams International, World Concern, World Vision International, and Mercy Corps. This is part
of a long tradition of activist religion. The Skid Road Group, a shelter offering soup and sermons to the unemployed and recovering alcoholics, was launched in Vancouver, with the Salvation Army having deep roots in the Gastown district, dating back to the era of the construction of the
Canadian Pacific Railway (1880s) and attained prominence in the same centers during the Klondike Gold Rush.
The region is also known as a magnet for a wide range of philosophical and spiritual belief systems. Eastern spiritual beliefs have been adopted by an unusually large number of people (by North American standards), and Tibetan Buddhism in particular has a strong local following. The Northwest Tibetan Cultural Association, claimed to be the largest organization of its kind in the world, was founded in Portland in 1993.
The region is home to many unique Christian communities, ranging from the Doukhobors to the Mennonites. The Mennonite Central Committee Supportive Care Services is based in Abbotsford, BC. The Mennonite Central Committee and the Mennonite Disaster Service enjoy a heavy rate of enlistment and donations from the strong Mennonite community in British Columbia's Fraser Valley. The Doukhobors, whose church is the Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ, are a Russian anabaptist sect whose migration to Canada was aided by Count Leo Tolstoy and who are today focussed in the West Kootenay and Boundary regions of Southeastern British Columbia, their history in Canada includes resistance to state education and industrial development (see Sons of Freedom). Also within the region there is a fairly strong representation of Orthodox churches (Greek, Russian, Serbian and others), as well as the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. Religious sees that are based in the Pacific Northwest include the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces of Portland, Seattle, and Vancouver, Province 8 of the Episcopal
Church in the United States of America, the Anglican Ecclesiastical Province of British Columbia and the Yukon, and the suffragan dioceses that make up those provinces.
Yogic teachings, Sufism, tribal and ancient beliefs and other philosophies are widely studied and appreciated in the region. The Lower Mainland of British Columbia has a very large Sikh community. Oregon has a considerable Quaker (Society of Friends) population. There has been major growth in
Chinese Buddhist temples since the increase in immigration from East Asia in the 1980s, especially in Vancouver.
第二套
第一篇：
版本一：埃及首都的选择。现在这个首都之所以选择是因为可以很好地administrating ,里一个地方很近，其他两个城市都离那个地方很远，而且这个首
者 P 也很好的 trade communicate 之类的。版本二：讲埃及选都，因为 M 地也很
容易控制整个埃及，然后可以控制尼罗河的贸易和沙漠中的贸易。古埃及 M 地选址
的好处，第一段是写地理位置好，有助于管理，是在尼罗河的 triangle 处；第二段
写政治有利，另外还有一个好处是有利于海上贸易。第二段还提到了 outwash fan (冲积扇），第三段：除了以上两个好处，M 地还有陆上贸易的好处。词汇题：vast。解析：本文属历史类话题，主要关注埃及选都的原因。从机经回忆来看，文章
结构比较清晰，按照常见的因-果类文章的方式，各段一一解释埃及选择 M 城的原因。此类文章在 TP0 中有很多，是同学务必要掌握并熟悉的文章结构。参考阅读：
In the Early Dynastic Period about 3150 BC, the first of the Dynastic pharaohs solidified their control over lower Egypt by establishing a capital at Memphis, from which they could control the labor force and agriculture of the fertile delta region as well as the lucrative and
critical trade routes to the Levant The increasing power and wealth of the pharaohs during the early dynastic period was reflected in their elaborate mastaba tombs and mortuary cult structures at Abydos, which were used to celebrate the deified pharaoh after his death. The strong institution of kingship developed by the pharaohs served to legitimize state control over the land, labor, and resources that were essential to the survival and growth of ancient Egyptian civilization.
Ancient Memphis is located about 27 km south of its descendant, the modern capital Cairo, at and around the town of Mit Rahina.Memphis was recurrently the administrative centre of the politically unified state of Egypt in Pharaonic times: it was founded about 3000 BC to control the trade and travel routes that converged on the Nile Valley from the delta to the north and from the Red Sea and Saharan oases via caravan routes across the eastern and western deserts respectively. Although there were scattered agricultural and light-industrial sites in this region as early as 3400 BC, there is so far no evidence of any large conurbation before 3000 BC, the beginning of the Dynastic period.
At the height of its political importance Memphis was a vast metropolis that stretched at least 10 km from north to south along the west bank of the Nile. Its necropolis (cemetery area), which is represented by the distribution of pyramid sites, was even longer, bounded in the north by Abu Rawash and extending south through Giza, Abusir, Saqqara, Dahshur and Mazghuna, with a southern outlier far to the south at Meidum. The central
and most intensively used section of the necropolis is the high plateau most commonly known by the name of Saqqara, with the medieval and modern town at its southern end. Here the first pyramid enclosures were laid out and many of the royal and high-status (elite) tombs of the Old Kingdom and later times were built
After the rise to prominence of the Twelfth Dynasty (c. 2000 BC) at Thebes, which became the southern capital, Memphis remained an administrative centre of national importance and the main shipbuilding and marshalling yard for military campaigns to the Levant and Anatolia. The Pharaohs were crowned here, and during the Eighteenth Dynasty (sixteenth-fifteenth centuries BC) the younger co-regents -- the war leaders of the New Kingdom--were often based in the city as a forward line of command against possible invasion from the north. Indeed, occupation ended at Memphis only when the great cliff-top monastery of Apa Jeremias was finally abandoned in the tenth century AD.
After the foundation of Alexandria in the fourth century BC, and more importantly of the Islamic capital Fustat in the seventh century AD, Memphis was depopulated, and even its location was eventually lost until the sixteenth century AD, when it was correctly identified by the Napoleonic expedition of 1799- 1801. Its Arabic name, Manf, survived until early in the twentieth century, and has recently been revived to help promote the tourist trade.
Guidebooks frequently describe the physical remains of Memphis as
"disappointing", "sparse" or "almost completely disappeared", but this creates a false impression: the surviving ruin field covers 6 km2 and that represents only a small part of the full extent of the ancient city. Seven artificial hills or mounds (in Arabic, koms or tells) surround a series of depressions (birkas), which were once flooded by the Nile and which represent sacred areas where secular building was prohibited or discouraged: these low-lying areas are now mostly under crops or modern housing. Sediment cores drilled by the Memphis survey team indicate a depth over much of the site of up to 6 m of man-made deposits below modern ground level.
...
第二篇：
关于地球和金星 fluid water 的区別，金星和地球有很多共同点，最大的区别是distance from solar,金星以前和地球都有很多水；但是由于离太阳近，所以水就蒸发了，大气就剩下了 C02 地球液态水流动很好，而且有很多 river valley , 这些水不仅提供了早期生物的生存条件，还盖面了地球的表面。解析：本文属于天文类文章，关注地球和金星水区别。从背景知识来判断，涉及到水循环与太阳距离的关系以及各自的表面特征。天文类文章因为背景知识略特殊，部分学员可能会出现短板，在平时备考时，建议专门准备，同时训练自己对阅读生词的容忍度。参考解析：
Venus is often named as Earth's twin because both worlds share a similar size, surface composition and have an atmosphere with a complex weather system.
The figure on the right compares Venus and Earth spacecraft images. The surface of Venus is shown in orange as radar images while the atmosphere is
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage ? (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation. 2. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
托福（TOEFL）考试阅读模拟试题（4） Questions 11-20 Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called “experimental naturalism”, or “instrumentalism”. Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions.
0308 托福试题 阅读( 55minutes ) Question 1-11 seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15) structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen If food is allowed to stand for some time, putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful spontaneous generation microbiologist Louis showed that structures present in air closely found not that it to be seen in such process by which of the theory of French chemist and opponent was the Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur resemble the microorganisms
2017年01月07日托福口语考题回忆 Task 1 The university wants to provide student more entertainments and three choices provided below, which do you prefer and why. l A theater performance by the student actors l A concert provided by professional musician l A lecture from a professor Sample Answer: Well, as a student, I will choose a theater performance by the student actors. For one thing, this kind of activity will improve their cooperation skills. To be more specific, a theater performance includes the whole process of organizing, participating, and promoting an event. Whether the student director or the actor take the responsibility to achieve his/her duty, so this is a great opportunity for them to learn how to deal with other people. Moreover, a performance could greatly inspire them to be more creative. I mean, in order to make a good show, students may have lots of difficulties to cope with, so they have to be flexible to face any emergency. As a result, they may come up with lots of new ideas to make it. Because of these two reasons, I believe this is the best choice. (140 words) Task 2 Friends may disagree with each other, and still maintain friendship. Do you agree with or disagree with this idea, why Sample Answer: Of course I agree with this idea. Firstly people are bound to be different. We have various family background as well as education background even though we are friends. So it is quite naturally that there come up different ideas toward one problem. For example I like watching movie in the movie theatre while my best friend Amy hate sitting in the dark place. But I never require her to go with me; we are still very close friends. Also, the friend who holds a different attitude with me sometimes could inspire me to think from another way. Maybe a very sharp discussion can lead me to an inspiring idea. After all, the experiences and knowledge of one person is limited. For me, I like the friend who are differ from me. (132 words) Task 3 阅读 标题：Create a Student Magazine 原因1： Students spend a lot of time on their paper, and some of them have high quality. So we need a magazine to publish those good quality papers.
2019托福阅读：模拟试题及答案解析（6） 【托福】 Although only 1 person in 20 in the Colonial period lived in a city, the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America. They were at the cutting edge of social change. It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared — the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. "The cities predicted the future," wrote historian Gary. B. Nash, "even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe, the Middle East and China." Except for Boston, whose population stabilized at about 16,000 in 1760, cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century. In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775, more than 200,000 immigrants arrived on North American shores. This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year, and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast. Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years, reaching about 30,000 in 1774, New York grew at almost the same rate, reaching about 25,000 by 1775. The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities. The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country, and by the mid-eighteenth century it
2015 13 1.25 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? When working on a project, it’s better for classmates or colleagues to communicate face to face than sending emails. 2.1 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Movies and televisions have more negative influences than positive influences on young people's behavior. 3.7 2 Some people think that it is an important part of a child’s education to go on field trips (for example, museums), other people think a child’s time is better spent learning in a classroom at school. What is your opinion? 3.28 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's better to complete a project and then start another one than to do several things at the same time. 4.12 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend money helping more people access the Internet instead of improving public transportation. 6.13 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's better to spend money enjoying life like going on vacation than to save money for the future. 6.29 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it's better to make friends with intelligent people than with people who have a sense of humor? 9.5 In order to attract more tourists, the government could either improve safety by hiring more police or improve its appearance by repairing old buildings and streets. Which way do you think is more effective? 9.12 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order to achieve success, we must be more similar to others than be different from others. 10.10 Which is better for children's education: 9-month study and 3-month break or 3-month study and 1-month break? 10.11 Instead of spending money on exploration of outer space, government should 10.25
Section Two: Structure and Written Expression 1. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in adry atmosphere. (A) The surface of marble is (B) The surface of marble, which (C) Although the surface of marble (D) The surface of marble 2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, orhot or cold. (A) it (B) whether it (C) how (D) since it 3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry. (A) his being one of the finalists (B) to be one of the finalists (C) one of the finalists (D) the one finalist who 4. The Moon is much closer to Earthis the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides. (A) unlike (B) than (C) but (D) where 5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds. (A) weighs (B) is weighed (C) weighing (D) to weigh it 6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process ofcounting. (A) have been many (B) there have been many (C) many (D) when many 7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with theneeds of society. (A) the rights of (B) to the rights for (C) for the rights to (D) with the rights by 8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the UnitedStates. (A) ratified (B) ratify (C) to ratify (D) have ratified 9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as (A) that of sand (B) that sand is (C) sand is that (D) what of sand 10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whosemaximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour. (A) are rarely (B) rarely (C) of rarely (D) they rarely 11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for theStudy of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People. (A) Margaret Walker did (B) Margaret Walker (C) Margaret Walker who (D) Margaret Walker and 12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments,knives, and other artifacts. (A) Which was hammering (B) which hammered (C) was hammered (D) hammered 13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas fromwhich waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific. (A) the Rocky Mountains (B) where the Rocky Mountains (C) the Rocky Mountains in which 1
0308 托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that
2019年7月托福真题回忆 学习是一个长期坚持的过程，对于考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，日积月累，考试就会更容易一点点。无忧考网搜集整理了2019年7月托福真题回忆，希望对大家有所帮助。2019年7月举行了4场考试，考试时间为7月6日、7月7日、7月13日、7月28日。以下内容仅供参考。 7月6日托福阅读真题回忆： Passage1、白垩纪的物种 Passage2、cichild 的繁殖交配 Passage3、 The Reason of the Explosion of Starfish Passage4、 The Origins of Food Production Passage5、Newspaper development in Europe Passage6、松鼠储藏红果子和白果子的原因 Passage7、 marsupial 和其他哺乳动物的区别 Passage8、 The Medieval Agricultural Revolution Passage9、 Bird Colonies Passage10、 Successful Invaders Passage11、 Sensing Airflow Passage12 、地球氧气产生 词汇题 1.undoubtedly = certainly 2.accomplished = achieved 3.intermediate = in-between 4.reinforce = strengthen
5.exercised = applied 6.emergence = rise 7.tactic = strategy 8.thus = consequently 9.isolated = widely separated 10.distinct = clear 11.mutual = shared 12.vicinity =region 13.contribute to = add to 14.exhaust = use up 15.on balance = overall 16.prolifically = abundantly 17.readily = easily 18.prior to = before 19.intended = desired 20.in principle = theoretically 21.constraints = limitations 22.surely = certainly 7月6日托福口语真题回忆： Q1 ： Should students choose their own courses, or should the professors assign the courses to them? Q2：阅读：学校要在官网提供视觉校园导览 听力：Agree
老托福阅读真题及答案 解析 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
老托福阅读真题及答案解析 托福从听、说、读、写四方面进行英语能力全面考核。托福频道为大家提供了这四个方面的资料，希望对大家有所帮助。 Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates. When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can contribute to this temperature gradient. Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material. Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation environment. In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks. When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo. Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure place to rest. 1. What is the main idea of the passage (A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment. (B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs. (C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots. (D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.