The methods of diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis
1. What Measures Can Be Taken to Prevent Bone
Loss?
? R1. Maintain adequate calcium intake; use calcium supplements, if needed, to meet minimal required
intake (Grade A; “best evidence”level or BEL 1).
? R2. Maintain adequate vitamin D intake; supplement vitamin D, if needed, to maintain serum levels of
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] between 30 and 60
ng/mL (Grade A; BEL 1).
? R3. Limit alcohol intake to no more than 2 servings
per day (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R4. Limit caffeine intake (Grade C; BEL 3).
? R5. Avoid or stop smoking (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R6. Maintain an active lifestyle, including weightbearing exercises for at least 30 minutes daily (Grade
B; BEL 2).
2. What Nonpharmacologic Measures Can Be Recommended for Treatment of Osteoporosis?
All the foregoing measures plus the following:
? R7. Maintain adequate protein intake (Grade B; BEL
3).
? R8. Use proper body mechanics (Grade B; BEL 1).
? R9. Consider the use of hip protectors in individuals
with a high risk of falling (Grade B; BEL 1).
? R10. Take measures to reduce the risk of falling
(Grade B; BEL 2).
? R11. Consider referral for physical therapy and occupational therapy (Grade B; BEL 1).
3. Who Needs to Be Screened for Osteoporosis?
? R12. Women 65 years old or older (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R13. Younger postmenopausal women at increased
risk of fracture, based on a list of risk factors (see section 4.5) (Grade C; BEL 2).
4. How Is Osteoporosis Diagnosed?
? R14. Use a central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement (Grade B; BEL 3).
? R15. In the absence of fracture, osteoporosis is defined
as a T-score of -2.5 or below in the spine (anteroposterior), femoral neck, or total hip (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R16. Osteoporosis is defined as the presence of a
fracture of the hip or spine (see section 4.4.2) (in the absence of other bone conditions) (Grade B; BEL 3).
5. How Is Osteoporosis Evaluated?
? R17. Evaluate for secondary osteoporosis (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R18. Evaluate for prevalent vertebral fractures (see section 4.7.1) (Grade B; BEL 2).
6. Who Needs Pharmacologic Therapy?
? R19. Those patients with a history of a fracture of the hip or spine (Grade A; BEL 1).
? R20. Patients without a history of fractures but with a
T-score of -2.5 or lower (Grade A; BEL 1).
? R21. Patients with a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5
if FRAX (see section 4.5) major osteoporotic fracture probability is ≥20% or hip fracture probability is ≥3% (Grade A; BEL 2).
7. What Drugs Can Be Used to Treat Osteoporosis?
Use drugs with proven antifracture efficacy:
? R22. Use alendronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid,
and denosumab as the first line of therapy (Grade A;
BEL 1).
? R23. Use ibandronate as a second-line agent (Grade A; BEL 1).
? R24. Use raloxifene as a second- or third-line agent (Grade A; BEL 1).
? R25. Use calcitonin as the last line of therapy (Grade C; BEL 2).
? R26. Use teriparatide for patients with very high fracture risk or patients in whom bisphosphonate therapy
has failed (Grade A; BEL 1).
? R27. Advise against the use of combination therapy (Grade B; BEL 2).
8. How Is Treatment Monitored?
? R28. Obtain a baseline DXA, and repeat DXA every
1 to
2 years until findings are stable. Continue with follow-up DXA every 2 years or at a less frequent
interval (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R29. Monitor changes in spine or total hip bone mineral density (BMD) (Grade C; BEL 2).
? R30. Follow-up of patients should be in the same facility, with the same machine, and, if possible, with
the same technologist (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R31. Bone turnover markers may be used at baseline
to identify patients with high bone turnover and can be used to follow the response to therapy (Grade C; BEL
2).
9. What Is Successful Treatment of Osteoporosis?
? R32. BMD is stable or increasing, and no fractures are present (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R33. For patients taking antiresorptive agents, bone turnover markers at or below the median value for premenopausal women are achieved (see section 4.9) (Grade B; BEL 2).
? R34. One fracture is not necessarily evidence of failure. Consider alternative therapy or reassessment for
secondary causes of bone loss for patients who have recurrent fractures while receiving therapy (Grade B;
BEL 2).
10. How Long Should Patients Be Treated?
? R35. For treatment with bisphosphonates, if osteoporosis
is mild, consider a “drug holiday”after 4 to 5
years of stability. If fracture risk is high, consider a
drug holiday of 1 to 2 years after 10 years of treatment (Grade B; BEL 1).
? R36. Follow BMD and bone turnover markers during
a drug holiday period, and reinitiate therapy if bone
density declines substantially, bone turnover markers increase, or a fracture occurs (Grade C; BEL 3).
11. When Should Patients Be Referred to Clinical Endocrinologists?
? R37. When a patient with normal BMD sustains a
fracture without major trauma (Grade C; BEL 4).
? R38. When recurrent fractures or continued bone loss occurs in a patient receiving therapy without obvious treatable causes of bone loss (Grade C; BEL 4).
? R39. When osteoporosis is unexpectedly severe or has unusual features (Grade C; BEL 4).
? R40. When a patient has a condition that complicates management (for example, renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, or malabsorption) (Grade C; BEL 4).
Thisfigure is taken from page 28 of
the 2011 Osteoporosis
Prevention and Treatment
Guidelines (in Japanese). a In
patients taking bisphosphonates,
measure after stopping drug for
at least 6 months, and in
patients taking other
osteoporosis drugs, measure
after stopping drug for at least
1 month. b Measure one type
each of a resorption marker and
formation marker. c Excluding
eldecalcitol. d In patients
expected to be on long-term
bisphosphonate therapy,
measure bone resorption
markers and BAP or P1NP.
Changes in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis Together with significant changes in the disease concept of osteoporosis, new technology continues to be incorporated
into clinical diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. With
the introduction of DXA to measure BMD, more precise diagnostic criteria have been established [11]. The measurement of bone metabolic markers, approved by NHI in
routine clinical practice in the field of osteoporosis, has
allowed (1) estimation of bone turnover state at the time of measurement, (2) prediction of the rate of BMD change in
near future, (3) assessment of the effect of drug treatment,
and (4) evaluation of bone quality [10].
In addition, with the introduction into clinical practice of
various bone antiresorptive drugs which can prevent fractures based on scientific evidence, the incidence of fractures
due to osteoporosis has decreased according to
epidemiologic studies [12].
In the future, with the goal of ideal treatment to increase
bone mass, the risk of fracture or osteoporosis will be evaluated from the bone loss to decide whether to initiate
drug treatment, and strategies will be sought to maintain or increase QOL in osteoporosis and assess fracture risk in lifestyle-related diseases. In other words, there will be relentless efforts towards establishing a comprehensive
system to manage osteoporosis.
Change in views about the significance of measuring
bone metabolic markers
The significance of measuring bone metabolic markers was originally considered important as a surrogate marker for
BMD change rates, but now its significance as a means to evaluate bone quality [13] and to assess the future risk of fracture has been emphasized [14–16]. In addition, because
the newly available antiresorptive drugs markedly inhibit
bone metabolic markers, the measurement of bone metabolic markers is a useful means to assess drug efficacy [17, 18]. Although the use of bone metabolic markers now has
an important role in the daily management of osteoporosis, their use in Japan is still insufficient because of
insurance coverage limitations [19]. Since the Japan Osteoporosis Society first created the 2001 guidelines,
new bone metabolic markers have been introduced into
clinical practice. The availability of new osteoporosis treatments that promote bone formation has changed the clinical application of bone metabolic markers in current practice. Therefore, the necessity to revise the current
clinical practice led to the proposal to create these new
2012 guidelines
骨质疏松诊治方法
1. 可采取何种措施预防骨丢失？
推荐（R）1. 保持足量钙摄入；如果需要，利用钙添加剂亦最低摄入要求（A级；最佳证据水平[BEL]1）。
R2. 保持足量维生素D摄入；如果需要，添加维生素D使血清25-羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]水平保持在30~60 ng/ml之间（A级；BEL 1）。
R3. 限制酒精摄入，每日饮酒不超过2次（B级；BEL 2）。
R4. 限制咖啡摄入（C级；BEL 2）。
R5. 避免吸烟或戒烟（B级；BEL 2）。
R6. 保持活动性生活方式，包括每日至少30分钟承重锻炼（B级；BEL 2）。
2. 哪些非药物性方法可被推荐用于治疗骨质疏松？
前述方法加下述方法：
R7. 保持足量蛋白质摄入（B级；BEL 3）。
R8. 机体功能运用适当（B级；BEL 1）。
R9. 在跌倒风险较高的个体中考虑应用髋保护器（B级；BEL 1）。
R10. 采取措施降低跌倒风险（B级；BEL 2）。
R11. 考虑转诊行理疗或职业治疗（B级；BEL 1）。
3. 哪些人需要行骨质疏松筛查？
R12. 65岁以上女性（B级；BEL 2）。
R13. 基于危险因素列表，骨折风险升高的绝经后女性（C级；BEL 2）。
4. 骨质疏松如何诊断？
R14. 采用双能X线吸收（DXA）测定法（B级；BEL 3）。
R15. 无骨折时，骨质疏松被定义为脊柱、股骨颈或髋骨T评分≤-2.5（B级；BEL 2）。
R16. 无其他骨骼疾病时，骨质疏松被定义为髋骨或脊柱骨折（B级；BEL 3）。
5. 骨质疏松如何评估？
R17. 对继发性骨质疏松进行评估（B级；BEL 2）。
R18. 对椎骨骨折情况进行评估（B级；BEL 2）。
6. 哪些人需要接受药物治疗？
R19. 伴有髋骨或脊柱骨折史的患者（A级；BEL 1）。
R20. 无骨折史但T评分≤-2.5的患者（A级；BEL 1）。
R21. T评分为-1.0至-2.5之间，但FRAX严重骨质疏松性骨折概率≥20%或髋骨骨折概率≥3%的患者（A级；BEL 2）。
7. 哪些药物可用于治疗骨质疏松？
使用具有明确抗骨折效果的药物：
R22. 以阿伦膦酸盐、利塞膦酸盐、唑来膦酸和denosumab作为一线治疗药物（A级；BEL 1）。
R23. 以伊班膦酸盐作为二线药物（A级；BEL 1）。
R24. 以雷洛昔芬作为二线或三线治疗治疗药物（A级；BEL 2）。
R25. 以降钙素作为最后治疗药物（C级；BEL 2）。
R26. 使用特立帕肽治疗二膦酸盐无效的极高危骨折风险患者（A级；BEL 1）。
R27. 不建议采用联合治疗（B级；BEL 2）。
8. 治疗如何监测？
R28. 测定基线DXA，并且每1至2年重复测定DXA直至结果稳定。其后每2年或更长的时间间隔进行DXA随访（B级；BEL 2）。
R29. 监测脊柱或髋骨骨密度（BMD）变化（C级；BEL 2）。
R30. 随访患者应由同一所医疗机构、同样的设备以及（可能时）相同的技师来实施（B 级；BEL 2）。
R31. 在基线时可应用骨转换标志物确定骨转换较高的患者，并且可用于随访治疗反应（C级；BEL 2）。
9. 何谓骨质疏松治疗成功？
R32. BMD稳定或升高，并且无骨折出现（B级；BEL 2）。
R33. 对于服用抗重吸收药物的患者，骨转换标志物水平处于绝经前女性中位值或以下（B级；BEL 2）。
R34. 骨折并非治疗失败的必需证据。对于接受治疗时出现复发性骨折的患者，可考虑调整治疗或对骨丢失的继发性原因进行重新评估（B级；BEL 2）。
10. 患者应接受多长时间的治疗？
R35. 对于双膦酸盐治疗而言，如果骨质疏松轻微，可考虑在稳定4至5年后短期停药。如果骨折风险较高，可考虑在治疗10年后停药1至2年（B级；BEL 1）。
R36. 在药物停用期间随访BMD和骨转换标志物，如果骨密度显著降低、骨转换标志物升高或骨折发生，则应重新启动治疗（C级；BEL 3）。
11. 何时应将患者转诊至内分泌医师？
R37. 当患者BMD正常，在无严重创伤的情况下仍出现骨折（C级；BEL 4）。
10 mg/日。
（下图是用画图工具做的）
这个图表来源于2011年骨质疏松症的预防和治疗指南(日文版)第28页。a．服用双膦酸盐类药物患者在停药至少6个月后进行测量，服用其他骨质疏松症药物的患者在停药至少1个月后进行测量。b．测量骨吸收标记物和形成标记物各一种。c．不包括艾地骨化醇。d．预计长期应用双膦酸盐治疗的患者，测量骨吸收标志物和BAP或PlNP。
骨质疏松诊断和治疗的变化
随着骨质疏松症疾病概念的更新，新的技术不断被纳入骨质疏松症的临床诊断和治疗中。随着DxA测量BMD的引进，已经建立了更精确的诊断标准。NHI允许在骨质疏松常规临床检查中测量骨代谢指标：(1)评估测量时的骨代谢状态，(2)预测未来近期BMD变化的速度，
(3)评估药物治疗的效果，(4)评价骨质量。此外，随着各种可预防骨折的抗骨吸收药物引入临床实践，流行病学研究显示，骨质疏松性骨折的发生率已经有所下降。在未来，理想治疗方法的目标是增加骨量，根据骨丢失评估骨质疏松症或骨折的风险，以决定是否开始药物治疗，策略将寻求保持或提高骨质疏松症患者的生活质量评估与生活方式有关疾病的骨折风险。换句话说，将努力建立一个完善的骨质疏松症管理体系。
骨代谢指标测量的意义的变化
骨代谢指标测量的意义最初被认为是一种重要的BMD变化率的替代指标，但现在其意义为一种评估骨质量的手段。和评估未来发生骨折的风险。此外，由于新的抗骨吸收药物能明显抑制骨代谢指标，因此骨代谢指标的测量也成为一个有效的评估药物疗效的方法。虽然现在骨代谢指标的使用在骨质疏松症的日常管理中具有重要的作用，但由于医疗保险覆盖的限制，他们的使用在日本仍然是不够的。自从日本骨质疏松症学会第一次制定了2001年指南，新的骨代谢指标已引入临床实践。新的促进骨形成的骨质疏松症治疗方法的应用，已经改变了骨代谢指标在目前实践中的临床应用。因此，有必要修改目前的临床实践，提出了制定新的2012年指南的建议。
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
1)你应该适当花一点时间休息和锻炼。(reasonable) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) 总的来说，孩子们比过去任何时候都更健康，受到了更好的教育。(in general) In general, children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) 待适当的机会来临，他就能抓住。(come along) Wh en the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4）每天他都留出点时间跟家人在一起，享受生活。(set aside) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life 5) 我记得那些黑暗的街道以及同父亲手拉手走路的情景。(hand in hand) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father 6) 他最终辜负了父母的期望。(live up to) He finally failed to live up to his parents’ expectations. 相比之下，我们的用油量大幅度上升了。(in contrast) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) 经过努力，他成功地克服了自己的致命弱点。(overcome) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. 1) 人们认为，悲观常常会导致绝望、疾病和失败。 It is believed that pessimism often leads to hopelessness, sickness and failure. 2) 与此相反，乐观主义能使你幸福、健康和成功。 Optimism, by contrast, can make you happy, healthy and successful. 3) 当你做某件事失败时，把失败当作一种学习的经历从中汲取益处。 When you fail in something, profit from the failure as a learning experience ) 在问题或困难面前，要想想自己的长处并树立起自信心。 Think about your strengths and build up self-confidence in front of problems or difficulties. 5) 不要让消极的想法阻碍你。 Don’t let negative thoughts hold y ou back. 6) 每个人都经历过失败和失望，因此不要过多地责怪自己。 Everyone has experienced failures and disappointments, so don’t blame yourself too much. 1) She wore a dress ____with a pattern of rose__________ (有玫瑰图案) on it. 2) Helen had ____prepared a wonderful/good meal for us_ (为我们准备了一顿丰盛的饭菜). 3) Ann _______promised faithfully___ (信誓旦旦地保证) that she would never tell. 4) Could you ____deliver this letter__ (把这封信送到) to the accounts department? 5) We were offered ____a selection of milk and plain____chocolate (精选的牛奶巧克力和纯巧克力). 6) Tell the children to ___keep out of mischief / behave themselves_____(别胡闹). 7) We could hear _____the sound of distant thunder_____ (远处打雷的声音). 8) The project has now __received approval from the government (得到政府的批准). 9) Kelly loved her husband ____in spite of the fact that he drank too much (虽然他喝酒太多). 10) Experts seem unable to ____agree whether the drug is safe or not_ (就这个药是否安全取得一致意见). 1. Not every bomb has hit its target. 并非每个炸弹都击中了目标。 2. We can have one or the other but not both simultaneously. 我们能够得到其中一个，但不能同时两个都有。 3. She wanted nothing more than work. 她只想要工作。 4. You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 5. I have yet to receive an apology from a child who just ran over my foot while chasing a sibling. 有个小孩在追逐自家的兄弟姐妹时踩了我的脚，却仍未向我道歉。 1. 并非所有父母都和你一样能提供很多情况。 Not all parents are as informative as you
个人简历——各类奖学金、各种称号、各种职位中英文对照： 一、国家及校级奖项、称号 国家奖学金National Scholarship 国家励志奖学金National Encouragement scholarship 三好学生标兵Pacemaker to Merit Student 三好学生Merit Student 学习优秀生Model Student of Academic Records 突出才能奖Model Student of Outstanding Capacity 先进个人Advanced Individual/Outstanding Student 优秀工作者Excellent staff 优秀学生干部Excellent Student Cadre 优秀共青团员Excellent League Member 优秀毕业生Outstanding Graduates 优秀志愿者Outstanding V olunteer 先进班集体Advanced Class 优秀团干Outstanding League Cadres 学生协会优秀干部Outstanding cadres of Student Association 学生协会工作优秀个人Outstanding Individual of Student Association 精神文明先进个人Spiritual Advanced Individual 社会工作先进个人Advanced Individual of Social Work 文体活动先进个人Advanced Individual of Cultural and sports activities 道德风尚奖Ethic A ward
室内设计空间-中英文对照 General: 一般 Plan - 平面图 Elevation -立面图 Section - 剖面图 Detail Drawing- 大样图 Ceiling Plan - 天花图 Plan: 平面 lighting layout Plan - 灯光设计图 Electrical Layout Plan - 电图 (一般指带有电制-socket 的图) Fire Service Layout Plan - 消防系统 MVAC Layout Plan - 空调系统 Detail Drawing: 详图 Floor Pattern Detail - 地板图 Stone Pattern Detail - 石图 Schedule: ( 附助图表 ) Lighting Schedule - 灯具表 1\ Florescent Light 2\ Spot Light (directional /non-directional) 3\ Light trough Socket Schedule - 电气表 Window and Door Schedule - 门窗表 Hardware Schedule - 五金器具表 Sanitary fixture Schedule - 洁具(卫生设备)表 家居篇: Living Room - 客厅 Dining Room - 饭厅 foyer - 玄关 Kitchen – Bath - 厕所、浴室 Study - 书房 Store - 贮物室 Master Bed Room - 主人房 Guest Bed Room - 客房 Suite - 套房 Balcony - 露台
英语翻译题库 Translation. Directions: This part is to test your ability to translate English to Chinese. Each of the 10 sentences is followed by four choices of suggested translation marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. 1. When exporting goods, it is essential to arrange insurance cover in case the goods are lost or damaged in transit. A.为了促进货物出口, 减少货物的丢失或者损坏, 必须发展保险业. B.出口时, 货物基本上都会上保险, 这样货物就避免了丢失或损坏. C.出口货物时必须办理保险, 以防货物在运输过程中丢失或者损坏. D.出口前货物一般都会上保险, 以便在货物遗失或损坏后得到赔偿. 2. If we do not receive payment by the end of this month, we will have no alternative but to take legal action. A.如果本月底我们还收不到付款, 我们将会采取除申诉以外的一切行动. B.如果在本月底我们仍未收到货款, 我们别无选择, 只能采取法律行动. C.如果本月底我们还收不到订货, 我们就不得不采取其他办法了. D.如果本月底我们还收不到订购的货物, 我们就不得不拒绝付款. 3. Party B has the right to a written notice to Party A under the following conditions. A.乙方在下述情况下有权以书面通知甲方取消合同. B.乙方有义务在下述条件下通知甲方签定书面合同. C.乙方在下列条件下有权拒绝接受甲方书写的合同. D.乙方在下列情况下才得有权与甲方终止书面合同. 4. I have already given instructions for the task to be taken up first and the engineers doing the job to work overtime. A.我已下达指示, 首先要承担这项任务, 并且从事该项工作的工程师们必须加 班. B.我已做了说明, 从事该项工作并肯加班的工程人员具有优先权来参与这项 任务. C.我已经下达指令, 涉及该项工作的人员应首先接受该项任务, 并且要加班工 作. D.我已做了解释, 首先必须有工程师们愿意加班工作才能有可能来完成这项 任务. 5. Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man. A.尽管电子计算机有许多优点，可是它不能理解创造性工作，也不能代替人类。 B.有许多优点的电子计算机也不能代替人类去做创造性工作。
翻译考试证书比较
难易程度对应水平湖南、广东、广西、海南、武汉、广 州、四川、贵州、云南、西藏、重 庆、陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏、新 疆、兵团、西安；法语、德语口译和 笔译考试在北京、上海进行；日语口 译和笔译考试在北京、上海、大连、 山东（济南、青岛）、天津、重庆、 福建、广东、广州、浙江、江苏、吉 林、黑龙江、湖北、武汉；俄语、 西 班牙语、阿拉伯语口译和笔译考试、 英语同声传译考试只在北京进行。 三级笔译部分：英译汉要求600 个单 词；交替传译要求300个单词全；二 级笔译部分：英译汉要求800个单 词；口译要求1000个单词。 三级，非外语专业本科毕业、通过大 学英语六级考试或外语大专毕业生水 平，并具备一定的口笔译实践经验； 二级，非外语专业研究生毕业或外语 专业本科毕业生水平，并具备3-5年 的翻译时间经验；一级，具备8-10 年的翻译实践经验，是某语种互译方 初级笔译考试英译汉掌握 250个单词；口译考试要求 400个单词左右；交替传译要 求掌握250个词左右。中级 笔译要求300个单词；口译 英译汉要求500个单词左右。 初级，北外英语专业本科二年级 或二年级以上水平；中 级，北外英语专业本科毕业或研 究生水平；高级，北外 高级翻译学院毕业生或以上 水平。 英语高级，具有大学英语六级或同 等英语能力水平；英语中级，具有 大学英语四级或同等英语能力水 平；日语口译，相当日本语能力考 试二级水平。
面的专家 证书作用翻译专业资格（水平）考试纳入国家职 业资格证书制度，统一规戈叽翻译专业 资格（水平）证书将取代传统的翻译专 业技术职务评审。 自身语言运用能力的证明地方执业资格证书 证书有效 期每3年重新注册登记一次，一次 注册有效期3年 尚无规定尚无规定 证书有效 范围全国范围内有效；在与我国签署 相互认证协议的国家有效。 全国范围内有效上海市有效 证书种类英语三级笔译证书英语三级口译证书 日语三级笔译证书日语 三级口译证书法语三级笔译证 书法语三级口译证书英语二级笔译证 书英语二级口译证书日 语二级笔译证书日语二级口译 证书法语二级笔译证书法语二级口译证 书 初级笔译证书初级口译证书中级 笔译证书中级口译证书咼级笔译 证书咼级口译证书 英语高级口译证书英语中级 口译证书日语口译证书 央语口译基础能力证书 考核语种 英、日、俄、德、法、西班牙、 阿拉伯语 英语英语、日语 成绩查询考试结束后10-12周考试结束大约10周后不详 相同点 人事部教育部 上海市委组织部、人事局、教 育局 考试等级资深翻译：长期从事翻译工作，具有广 播科学文化知识和国内领先水平的双语 互译能力，能够解决翻译工作中的重大 疑难冋题，在理论和实践上对翻译事业 的发展和人才培养作出重大贡献。 一级口译、笔译翻译：具有较为丰富的 科学文化知识和较咼的双语互译能力， 能胜任范围较广、 初级笔译证书：本证书证明持有人 能够就一般难度的材料进行英汉 互译，能够胜任一般性文件或商务 等方面材料的翻译工作。中级 笔译 证书：本证书证明持有人能够就普 通英汉原文材料进仃互译，能够胜 任一般性国际会议文件、科技或经 贸等材 英语咼级口译证书：通过该项目的 培训和考试，为国家机关、企事业、 公司和涉外单位造就一批能胜任各类 涉外项目谈判、高层次会晤、新闻发 布会、记者招待会以及国际研讨会的 翻译，并为同声翻译人才的培养打好 基础。英语中级口译证书：可从事 一般的生活翻译、
常用室内设计词汇-中英文对照 室内设计-interior design 室内设计师- interior designer 建筑-architecture 建筑师-architect 景观-landscape 家具-furniture 灯光-lighting 照明-illumination 家居设计-residential design 商业设计-commercial design 软装-FF&E（furniture fixture and equipment) 人体工程学-ergonomics 空间-space 精品酒店-boutique hotel 草图-draft or sketch 规格-specification 汇报或讲解-presentation 渲染或着色-rendering 透视-perspective 规范-code 对称-symmetry 不对称-asymmetry 轴线-axis 空间篇 住宅类 客厅，起居室—living room 餐厅-dinning room 玄关-foyer 卧室-bedroom 主卧-master bedroom 次卧-second bedroom 客卧-guest bedroom 厨房-Kitchen 厨岛kitchen island 书房-study room 衣帽间-cloakroom 卫生间-bathroom , toilet , bath 储藏室-storage 楼梯-stair 阳台-balcony 花园-garden 露台-patio 商业类 1办公类 接待处- reception 候客区-waiting Area or lounge 会议室（小型的）-meeting room or seminar 会议室（大型的）-conference room 办公室- office 经理办公室manager office 开放式的工作区-work area 多功能室-multi-function room 2酒店类 入口-entrance 出口-exit 大堂-lobby 前厅-vestibule 过道-corridor 休闲区,等候区-lounge 宴会厅-ballroom 客房-guestroom 套间-suite 行政套房-executive suite 总统套房-presidential suite 健身中心—fitness center or gym 瑜伽-yoga 泳池-swimming pool Spa 咖啡厅-cafe 酒吧-bar 餐厅-restaurant 备餐-pantry 电梯-elevation or lift 卫生间-restroom 男-men's 女women's 影院-cinema 商务中心-business center 行李间-luggage store 盥洗室-lavatory 3其他类 天花-ceiling 长廊-pavilion 零售店-retail store 大厅(堂）-hall 展览-gallery
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
（英语）高三英语翻译试题经典 一、高中英语翻译 1．高中英语翻译题：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 1．美食是人们造访上海的乐趣之一。（visit） 2．街头艺术家运用创意将鲜艳明亮的色彩带进了老社区。（bring） 3．在你生命中，如果有一个人你需要对他说对不起，那么就去向他道歉吧。（apology）4．这个游戏的独特之处在于它让孩子学会如何应对现实生活中的问题。（what） 5．申请材料需要精心准备，这样你心仪的学校才会对你的能力有全面、准确地了解。（in order that） 【答案】 1．Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【解析】 【分析】 1．本句重点考察两个知识点。一个是乐趣之一，说明此处的乐趣应该用复数，必须是可数名词，因此选择pleasure。另一个是题目中给出的visit，需要谨慎处理，是用做动词还是名词。此处我们给出一个时间状语从句when people visit Shanghai，同时还可使用其他从句进行处理。所以答案是Delicious food is one of the pleasures when people visit Shanghai. 2．本题难度不大，重点是明亮的色彩的表达，可以使用bright colors, 也可以使用bright and vivid colors. 所以答案是Street artists bring bright and vivid colors into older neighborhoods with originality 3．本题考查there be + 定语从句从而构成条件状语从句。另外考察“道歉”用“make apology to sb.”。所以答案是If there is someone to whom you need say sorry in your life, make an apology to him. 4．本题考察what引导的主语从句，以及“be peculiar to”的用法。所以答案是What makes this game peculiar lies in that it teaches kids how to handle the problems in real life. 5．本题主要考固定词组的掌握，为了使用in order that引导出的目的状语从句。另外也考查 preferred school，have…knowledge/ understanding of…，overall，accurate等。所以答案是The applications should be carefully prepared in order that the school you like can have an overall and accurate knowledge of your abilities. 【考点定位】翻译句子
各种证书英语翻译 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
一、国家及校级奖项、称号国家奖学金 National Scholarship 国家励志奖学金 National Encouragement scholarship三好学生标兵Pacemaker to Merit Student三好学生 Merit Student学习优秀生Model Student of Academic Records 突出才能奖 Model Student of Outstanding Capacity 先进个人 Advanced Individual/Outstanding Student优秀工作者Excellent staff优秀学生干部 Excellent Student Cadre优秀共青团员 Excellent League Member优秀毕业生 Outstanding Graduates 优秀志愿者 Outstanding Volunteer先进班集体 Advanced Class 优秀团干 Outstanding League Cadres 学生协会优秀干部 Outstanding cadres of Student Association学生协会工作优秀个人Outstanding Individual of Student Association 精神文明先进个人 Spiritual Advanced Individual社会工作先进个人Advanced Individual of Social Work文体活动先进个人 Advanced Individual of Cultural and sports activities 道德风尚奖 Ethic Award 精神文明奖 High Morality Prize 最佳组织奖 Prize for The Best Organization 突出贡献奖 Prize for The Outstanding Contribution工作创新奖Prize for The Creative Working 团队建设奖 Prize for The Team Contribution 二、各系比赛与奖项
室内设计外文翻译外文文献英文文献自然简约—对 室内设计现象分析 附件2:外文原文 Natural simplicity - on interior design Analysis Abstract: The natural, simple interior design show is a way of life, it allows us closer to nature, more emphasis on functionality, more concerned about life itself. create a poetic space. Keywords: minimalism; space; grade; interior design; feeling Ancient times, Chinese wooden framework architecture of ancient India, the Orient, Europe, building caves in ancient Greece, ancient Rome and so on decorative stone building closely integrated with the components, with the main building, however. dissolved into Europe in the early seventeenth century Baroque times and the mid-eighteenth century the Rococo era, began with the interior decoration of the main building separated from the main building external and internal fitting-out period in the use of the mismatch, thus leading to the main building and interior decoration of the separation, in the construction of the French court architecture and aristocratic mansion, the new occupation "decorative artisan" was born, the building's internal frequency continuous modification, fixed the main building, the replacement building, "clothing" the time has come. Baroque-style architecture of
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
汉译英专项练习 一、倍数增减的表示法 5 1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍). is 2.5 times greater than Force N2 （考点：倍数+形容词/副词比较级+ than） 2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍). reacts three times as fast as the other one （考点：倍数+ as +形容词/副词+ as） 3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍). is 49 times the size of the moon （考点：倍数+名词） 4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一). wants to raise the rent by a third （考点：动词+ by +数词/百分比/倍数） 5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍). plan to double their investment （考点：double +名词） 二、时态6 1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了). or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to the church （考点：将来完成时） 2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了). the children had fallen asleep （考点：过去完成时） 3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _______________(我姐姐将在海边度假). my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside （考点：将来进行时） 4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历). have been revising my resume all the morning （考点：现在完成进行时） 5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了). No. It has been five years since I went on holiday （考点：It has been…since sb. did sth.表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了） 6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了). He has been in the army for 5 years （考点：1.现在完成时；2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间） 三、被动语态5 1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代). is being replaced by the computer and the projector （考点：被动语态的现在进行时） 2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版). will have been published by the end of this year （考点：被动语态的将来完成时）