心血管解剖专业英语
abdominal aorta 腹主动脉
anterior cardiac vein 心前静脉
anterior inferior sinus of pericardium 心包前下窦
anterior interventricular branch 前室间支
anterior interventricular groove 前室间沟
anterior papillary muscle 前乳头肌
anterior tibial artery 胫前动脉aorta 主动脉
aorta arch 主动脉弓
aortic glomera 主动脉小球
aortic orifice 主动脉口
aortic sinus 主动脉窦
aortic valve 主动脉瓣
aortic vestibule 主动脉前庭
arterial ligament 动脉韧带artery 动脉
ascending aorta 升主动脉
atrioventricular bundle 房室束
atrioventricular junction region 房室交界区
atrioventricular node 房室结
atrioventricular septum 房室隔
axillary artery 腋动脉
Bachmann 束上房间束
brachial artery 肱动脉
brachiocephali trunk 头臂干capillary 毛细血管
cardiac apex 心尖cardiac apical incisure 心尖切迹
cardiac base 心底
carotid sinus 颈动脉窦
carotid glomera 颈动脉小球
central fibrous body 中心纤维体
circumflex branch 旋支
celiac trunk 腹腔干
collateral circulation 侧支循环
common hepatic artery 肝总动脉
conus arteriosus 动脉圆锥
coronary sinus 冠状窦
coronary sulcus 冠状沟
crista terminalis 界嵴
crus 房室交点
deep palmar arch 掌深弓
dorsal artery of foot 足背动脉
endocardium 心内膜
epicardium 心外膜
Eustachian 瓣下腔静脉瓣
external carotid artery 颈外动脉
external iliac artery 髂外动脉
facial artery 面动脉femoral artery 股动脉
fibrous pericardium 纤维心包
fossa ovalis 卵圆窝
great cardiac vein 心大静脉
heart 心ileal arteries 回肠动脉
ileocolic artery 回结肠动脉
inferior mesenteric artery 肠系膜下动脉
interatrial septum 房间隔
internal carotid artery 颈内动脉
internal iliac artery 髂内动脉
internal pudendal artery 阴部内动脉
internal thoracic artery 胸廓内动脉
interventricular septum 室间隔
jejunal arteries 空肠动脉
left and right common iliac artery 左、右髂总动脉
left atrioventricular orifice 左房室口
left atrioventricular valve 左房室瓣
left atrium 左心房left auricle 左心耳
left bundle branch 左束支
left colic artery 左结肠动脉
left common carotid artery 左颈总动脉
left coronary artery 左冠状动脉
left gastric artery 胃左动脉
left pulmonary artery 左肺动脉
left subclavian artery 左锁骨下动脉
left ventricle 左心室
maxillary artery 上颌动脉
middle cardiac vein 心中静脉
middle colic artery 中结肠动脉
middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉
mitral complex 二尖瓣复合体
mitral valve 二尖瓣
moderator band 节制索
myocardium 心肌层
non-coronary leaflets or sinuses 无冠状动脉半月瓣（窦）（即右后半月瓣）opbique pericardial sinus 心包斜窦
obturator artey 闭孔动脉
orifice of coronary sinus 冠状窦口
orifice of inferior vena cava 下腔静脉口
orifice of pulmonary trunk 肺动脉口
orifice of superior vena cava 上腔静脉口
ovarian artery 卵巢动脉
pacemaker cell P 细胞，起搏细胞
papillary muscles 乳头肌pericardial cavity 心包腔pericardium 心包peroaeal artery 腓动脉popliteal artery 腘动脉
posterior interventricular branch 后室间支posterior interventricular groove 后室间沟posteriorpapillary muscle 后乳头肌
posterior tibial artery 胫后动脉
pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干
pulmonary valve 肺动脉瓣
radial artery 桡动脉renal artery 肾动脉
right atrioventricular orifice 右房室口
right atrioventricular valve 右房室瓣
right atrium 右心房
right bundle branch 右束支
right colic artery 右结肠动脉
right coronary artery 右冠状动脉
right fibrous trigone 右纤维三角
right pulmonary artery 右肺动脉
right ventricle 右心室
septomarginal trabecula 隔缘肉柱
serous pericardium 浆膜心包
sigmoid arteries 乙状结肠动脉
sinuatrial node 窦房结
small cardiac vein 心小静脉
smallest cardiac veins 心最小静脉
splenic artery 脾动脉
subcalvian artery 锁骨下动脉
sulcus terminalis 界沟
superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓
superficial temporal artery 颞浅动脉
superior mesenteric artery 肠系膜上动脉superior rectal artery 直肠上动脉supraventricular crest 室上嵴
testicular artery 睾丸动脉
Thebesian 瓣冠状窦瓣
thoracic aorta 胸主动脉
Thorel 氏束后结间束
thyrocervical trunk 甲状颈干
trabeculae carneae 肉柱
transitional cell T细胞，过渡细胞
transverse pericardial sinus 心包横窦
tricuspid valve 三尖瓣
tricuspid valve compled 三尖瓣复合体
ulnar artery 尺动脉
umbilical artery脐动脉
uterine artery子宫动脉
vascular anastomosis血管吻合
vein 静脉
vertebral artery 椎动脉
wenchebach 束结间束
静脉V einaccessory hemiazygos vein 副半奇静脉
angular vein 内眦静脉
anterior jugular vein 颈前静脉
axillary vein 腋静脉azygos vein 奇静脉
basilica vein 贵要静脉
brachiocephalic vein 头臂静脉cephalic vein 头静脉
common iliac vein 髂总静脉cystic vein 胆囊静脉
deep facial vein 面深静脉diploic vein 板障静脉
external iliac vein 髂外静脉
external jugular vein 颈外静脉
external vertebral plexus 椎外静脉丛
facial vein 面静脉femoral vein 股静脉
great saphenous vein 大隐静脉
hemiazygos vein 半奇静脉
hepatic portal vein 肝门静脉
hepatic vein 肝静脉
inferior mesenteric vein 肠系膜下静脉
inferior vena cava 下腔静脉
internal iliac vein 髂内静脉
internal jugular vein 颈内静脉
internal vertebral plexus 椎内静脉丛
jugular venous arch 颈静脉弓left gastric vein 胃左静脉
median cubital vein 肘正中静脉median vein of forearm 前臂正中静脉ovarian vein 卵巢静脉paraumbilical vein 附脐静脉
pterygoid venous plexus 翼静脉丛pulmonary vein 肺静脉
renal vein 肾静脉
retromandibular veiin 下颌后静脉
right gastric vein 胃右静脉
small saphenous vein 小隐静脉
splenic vein脾静脉
subclavian vein锁骨下静脉
superior mesenteric vein肠系膜上静脉
superior vena cava上腔静脉suprarenal vein肾上腺静脉
testidular vein睾丸静脉venous angle 静脉角
venous valve 静脉瓣
心理学专业英语复习资料 I. Translate the Following English Phrases into Chinese 1. Research Methods 研究方法 2. Psychophysics 心理物理学 3. Theories of Learning 学习理论 4. Social Cognition 社会认知 5．Personality Test 人格测试 6. Extraneous Variable 无关变量 7. Longitudinal Study 纵向研究 8. Crystallized Intelligence 晶体智力 9. Motor control 运动控制 10. Corpus Callosum 胼胝体 11. Group Thinking 群体思维 12. Social Loafing 社会懈怠 13. Social Exchange 社会交换 14. Social Approval 社会赞许 15. Diffusion of Responsibility 责任分散 16. Recency Effec 近因效应 17．Trace Decay 痕迹消退 18. Retrograde Amnesia 倒摄遗忘 19. Social Support 社会支持 20. Self-efficacy 自我效能 21. Case Study 个案研究 II. Translate the Following Chinese Word Groups into English 1. 机能主义functionalism 2. 自我实现self—actualization 3．一般规律研究法nomothetic method 4. 分层抽样stratified sampling 5. 外在信度external reliability 6. 选择性注意selective attention 7. 知觉恒常性perceptual constancy 8. 自我概念self concept 9. 液体智力fluid intelligence 10. 安全型依恋secure attachment 11. 性别图示gender schema 12. 亲社会行为pro social behavior 13. 从众实验conformity experiment 14. 头脑风暴brain storming 15. 社会助长social facilitation 16. 旁观者效应bystander effect 17. 标准差standard deviation 18. 柱状图bar chart 19. 正态分布normal distribution
《心血管解剖生理病理》 考试时间：120分钟 考试总分：100分 遵守考场纪律，维护知识尊严，杜绝违纪行为，确保考试结果公正。 1、一患者呼吸表现为有规律的呼吸几次后，突然停止一段时间，又开始呼吸，周而复始，这种呼吸节律称为（ ） A.叹息样呼吸 B.Kussmaul 呼吸 C.Cheyne-Stokes 呼吸 D.Blots 呼吸 E.抑制性呼吸 2、高热的体温范围为（ ） A.38．5~39℃ B.39．1~41℃ C.38．1~38．5℃ D.41．1~41．5℃ E.41．5℃以上 3、2级高血压，血压水平为（ ） A.收缩压160~179mmHg ，舒张压100~109mmHg B.收缩压 150~159mmHg ，舒张压90~109mmHg C.收缩压140~149mmHg ，舒张压90~99mmHg D.收缩压170~189mmHg ，舒张压90~109mmHg E.收缩压160~179mmHg ，舒张压109~119mmHg 姓名：________________ 班级：________________ 学号：________________ --------------------密----------------------------------封 ----------------------------------------------线---------------------- ---
4、发热疾病中，常见合并肝脾肿大的是（） A.急性肾盂肾炎 B.疟疾 C.药物热 D.肺结核 E.麻疹 5、导致声音嘶哑的原因不正确的是（） A.肺癌纵隔淋巴结转移 B.气管内异物 C.用嗓过度 D.贲门癌 E.声带小结 6、男性雄激素的作用不包括（） A.腋毛多 B.阴毛呈菱形分布 C.皮脂腺分泌多，有痤疮 D.声音高调 E.睾丸和阴茎的发育 7、判断营养状态的方法错误的是（） A.皮下脂肪 B.毛发 C.皮肤 D.体重指数 E.消耗增加 8、判断成人发育正常的指标，不正确的是（） A.胸围等于身高的一半 B.两上肢展开的长度约等于身高 C.头长为身高的1／ 5~1／6 D.坐高等于下肢的长度 E.前臂曲侧或上臂背侧下1／3处脂肪分布差异最小 9、女性雌激素的作用不包括（） A.外阴发育 B.体毛过多 C.乳房发育 D.子宫发育 E.卵巢发育 10、发热伴皮肤黏膜出血,淋巴结肿大常见于（）
Chaper 1 psychoanalysis n. 精神分析brain n. 脑 intestine n.肠inflammation n.炎症endoscope n.内镜pancreas n.胰腺psychology n.心理学electrocardiogram n.心电图enteritis n.肠炎tumor n.肿瘤 muscle n.肌肉organ n.器官 abdomen n.腹（部）organism n.有机体，生物体surgeon n.外科医生surgery n.外科（学）malignant a.恶性的immune n.免疫 tissue n.组织molecule n.分子，微小颗粒urine n.尿液stool n.大便，粪便vertebra n.椎骨formula n.处方 cortex n.皮质，皮层appendix n.阑尾 thorax n.胸larynx n. 喉 pharynx n.咽 Chapter 2 kidney n.肾脏receptor n.感受器，受体chromosome n.染色体embryo n.胚胎 gene n.基因catabolism n.分解代谢
anabolism n.合成代谢infection n.感染puncture n.穿刺fat n.脂肪 spine n.脊柱exocrine a.外分泌的cartilage n.软骨spleen n.脾脏gallbladder n.胆囊digestive system 消化系统urinary a.泌尿的respiratory a.呼吸的uterus n.子宫skull n.头颅，头骨pelvic cavity 盆腔trachea n.气管esophagus n.食管bronchial tube 支气管aorta n.主动脉diaphragm n.横膈膜pleura（复，pleurae）n.胸膜urinary bladder 膀胱rectum n.直肠cartilage n.软骨umbilicus n.脐ovary n.卵巢 inferior a.下面的superior a.上面的skeletal muscle 骨骼肌striated muscle 横纹肌 Chapter 3 capillary n.毛细血管artery n.动脉chamber n.腔，小室atrium n.心房ventricle n.室，脑室，心室valve n.瓣膜 mitral a.僧帽状的，二尖瓣的breastbone n.胸骨
心理学是什么－－What Psychology Is Why people do the things they do is an age-old question. However, psychology--the science concerned with behavior, both humans and animals--is only about 125 years old. Despite its youth, it is a broad discipline, essentially spanning subject matter from biology to sociology. Biology studies the structures and functions of living organisms. Sociology examines how groups function in society. Psychologists study two critical relationships: one between brain function and behavior, and one between the environment and behavior. As scientists, psychologists follow scientific methods, using careful observation, experimentation, and analysis. But psychologists also need to be creative in the way they apply scientific findings. Psychologists are frequently innovators, evolving new approaches from established knowledge to meet changing needs of people and societies. They develop theories and test them through their research. As this research yields new information, these findings become part of the body of knowledge that practitioners call on in their work with clients and patients. Psychology is a tremendously varied field. Psychologists conduct both basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and other types of students. They test intelligence and personality. They assess behavioral and mental function and well-being, stepping in to help where appropriate. They study how human beings relate to each other and also to machines, and they work to improve these relationships. And with America undergoing large changes in its population makeup, psychologists bring important knowledge and skills to understanding diverse cultures. Many psychologists work independently. They also team up with other professionals--for example, other scientists, physicians, lawyers, school personnel, computer experts, engineers, policy makers, and managers--to contribute to every area of society. Thus we find them in laboratories, hospitals, courtrooms, schools and universities, community health centers, prisons, and corporate offices. Psychologists traditionally study both normal and abnormal functioning, and also treat patients with mental and emotional problems. Today, they are increasingly concentrating on behaviors that affect the mental and emotional health and mental processes of healthy human beings. For example, they work with business executives, performers, and athletes to combat stress and improve performance. They advise lawyers on jury selection and collaborate with educators on school reform. They show up immediately following a disaster such as a plane crash or bombing, to help victims and bystanders recover from the trauma, or shock, of the event. They team with law enforcement and public health officials to analyze the causes of such events and prevent their occurrence. Involved in all aspects of our fast-paced world, psychologists must keep up with what's happening all around us. When you're a psychologist, your education never ends. Psychology is a discipline with a bright future. Among fields requiring a college degree, it is expected to be the third fastest-growing field in America through the year 2005 and to continue to grow steadily for at least another dozen years after that. Opportunities for work in psychology are expanding in number and scope. The move toward preventing illness, rather than merely diagnosing and treating it, requires people to learn how to make healthy behavior a routine part of living. Indeed, many of the problems facing society today are problems about behavior, for example, drug addiction, poor personal relationships, violence at home and in the street, and the harm we do to our environment. Psychologists contribute solutions to problems through careful collection of data, analysis of data, and development of intervention strategies--in other words, by
Dear Sir： Thank you for giving me the chance to interview and it is my pleasure to introduce myself to you. My name is…., born in ...., ….city, ….province. I major in ……and I will graduate from the…….. Medical University in July, 2010. Hope a chance to work and develop in your department. During the past three years, under the strict guidance of my tutor, professor ……in college of ………, I have learned systematically the theory of profession and got the basic manipulative skills about …….. With the help of my supervisor, I have successfully finished the subject “………” and grasped some experimental skill , such as cell culture, DNA extraction and other molecular biology technique; abstraction, separation, ….. .. I passed the CET band 4 test in2006, after that, I tried my best to learn Medical English and mastered a lot of professional vocabulary. I am good at listening, speaking, reading and writing.. I can manipulate computer proficiently and master Microsoft Office software, also be familiar with SPSS and Photoshop, etc. During three-year study in research, I studied hard and strived for excellence in our field. I benefit from working together with excellent colleague. I developed quality of diligence, responsibility, kindness and honesty. My inter nship in college of ….. could qualify me for this job, and I believe I can be fit for the position quickly. I am looking forward to working in your department. If I am admitted, I will be thankful and try my best to work for you. Thank you very much. 简单一点的 Hello, everyone, my name is Alice, I am from Medical college of Xi’an Jiaotong University. My hometown is Xi’an, Shanxi province. I am so lucky to be here for this interview. At the very beginning, I would like to talk about my major. When I was an undergraduate student, I studied clinical medicine for five years in Jiaotong University. During my graduating education, my major is internal medicine, specifically, it’s about digestive diseases, like HBV, immune gastroenteritic diseases, and so on. I worked very hard on my study and clinical practice all through the past 8 years, and gradually, I have mastered a lot of useful knowledge and skills about my major. Em, as for my English, I have passed the CET-6 college English test, besides, in order to keep my interest of English，I also studied Advanced Oral English for one year，and now I am good at speaking and writing English.
心理学专业英语总结——HXY 随意传阅·顺颂试安 注释：1.“*”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用 2.“”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择 3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择 4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表（只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词） 5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义 6.“,”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子 Chapter 1——Perspectives in psychology 心理学纵览 Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门 ●What is psychology? 心理学是什么 Definitions: The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. 定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究 Psychology come from: ①philosophy, ②biology ③physics. 心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学 When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline. 形成于：1879年，作为独立学科 History (develop): structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, humanistic approach, biological approach. 历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 ●The psychoanalytic approach to psychology 精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud, unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders, built up an theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。 Assumptions: unconscious processes, psychic determinism, hydraulic drives, psychodynamic conflict, stages of development. 假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力（攻击、性），心理动力冲突，发展阶段 Methods of investigation: case study (method), free association (tech), dream analysis (tech). 研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of explanation: personality development, moral/gender development, aggression, abnormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德/性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆 *Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific. 缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性 ●The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论 Origins & history: John Watson, empiricism, learning. 历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习 Assumptions: behaviour is learned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied. 假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为 *Areas of explanation: language acquisition, moral development, attraction, abnormality.
医学生研究生复试英语自我介绍 lls than the knowledge ifself. Because in the mordern world ,as you know, knowledge is updating day and night, but if you prosess the ability of “how to learn”, then you can keep up with the development of society. In order to get the opportunity for this interview, I have been waiting too long and made pain-staking efforts to stay here. It’s the second year that I take the national postgraduate entrance examinations.I think that is my disadvantage . But every coin has two sides , that’s a lso my advantage to some extent. Because during the course of preparing the exam, I have developed good self-learning skills and time-planning abilities. I have found the most efficient learing method that conforms to me. Most importantly, I have developed a strong heart towards setbacks and difficulties. This experieces will be unfogettable throughout my life. I will never foget the time that I was told my score for the primary exam. Then I confirmed my believings----fortune always appreciate a hard-working man. Thank you for your attention! Good morning, dear professors.
心脏的解剖结构及生理 一、心脏的位置 心脏是整个血液循环中推动血液流动的泵。心脏的位置位于胸骨体和第2-6肋软骨后方、胸椎第5-8椎体前方的胸腔中纵隔内，2/3部分居左侧胸腔，1/3部分在右侧。 二、心脏内部解剖 心脏由心肌细胞构成，有瓣膜及四个腔。心尖部主要由左心室构成，心底部由大动脉、静脉组成。心脏的四个腔包括：左心房、左心室、右心房、右心室。右心房室之间的瓣膜称三尖瓣，左心房室之间的瓣膜是二尖瓣。右心室与肺动脉之间的瓣膜称肺动脉瓣，左心室与主动脉之间的瓣膜称主
动脉瓣。瓣膜的功能是防止心房和心室在收缩或舒张时出现血液反流。在左右心房及心室间有肌性房间隔和室间隔，使左右心之间互不相通。右心房血液的流入口有上、下静脉；右心房的血液出口为肺动脉；左心房血液的流入口为肺静脉；左心室的血液流出口为主动脉。 心包可分为几层：纤维 心包，是最外层的坚韧结 缔组织囊；内膜，也称浆 膜，包括脏层和壁层。脏 层紧贴心脏，也称为心脏 的心外膜层，壁层位于脏 层和纤维心包的中间。心 包腔（脏层心包和壁层心
包中间的腔膜）内可容纳10-30ml的心包液，这些液体可起到润滑及减轻心脏收缩时产生的摩擦力的作用。 三、心脏的传导系统 心脏的传导系统由特殊分化的心肌细胞组成，主要功能是产生并传导激动，维持心脏正常的节律。心肌细胞具有兴奋性、传导性、自律性和收缩性。传导系统包括：窦房结、结间束、房室交界区、房室束、左右束支及浦肯野纤维。心脏窦房结的自律性最高，是正常人心脏的起搏点，其后自律性高低排列依次为房室交界区、房室束、左右束支及浦肯野 纤维。
四、冠状动脉解剖及冠脉血液循环 （一）冠状动脉解剖：营养心脏的血管称冠状动脉，共有左、右两支，分别为左冠状动脉和右冠状动脉，冠状动脉起源于主动脉根部的左右动脉瓦式窦内。左冠状动脉又有两个分支：前降支和回旋支。前 降支沿途发出三组分支，左 室前支（分布于左心室前壁 的中下部，也称对角支）、右 室前支、室间隔前动脉。回 旋支发出左室前支（主要分 布于左室前壁的上部，其中 分布于心室钝缘的动脉支称 钝缘支）、左室后支及左房 支。右冠状动脉的分支有： 右室前支、右室后支、左室 后支、后降支、右心房支。 （二）冠状动脉主要血管供应心肌部位 冠状动脉主要血管供应心肌 前降支心脏前壁、左室前侧壁、室间隔的前2/3 回旋支左室侧壁、后侧壁、高侧壁 右冠状动脉右心室、左心室下壁、左心室后壁、室间隔后1/3 （三）冠状循环
心理现象 mental phenomenon 心理过程 mental process 心理状态 mental state 心理活动 mental activity 意识 consciousness 心理维度 psychological dimension 心理运动 psychomotor 内部活动 internal activity 普通心理学 general psychology 实验心理学 experimental psychology 行为科学 behavioral science 心身关系 mind-body relation 心理机能定位 localization of mental function 心理能动性 mental activism 外周论 peripheralism 先天理论 nativistic theory 强调遗传素质决定人心理的产生与发展。 遗传 heredity 目的论 teleology 认为生物和人类的活动受一定目的的引导。 活动 activity 活动理论 activity theory 认知心理学 cognitive psychology 认知 cognition 相对于情感、意志等心理过程的所有认识过程的总称。包括知觉、注意、表象、学习记忆、问题解决、思维和言语等心理过程。 认知过程 cognitive process 认知结构 cognitive structure 元认知 metacognition
认知失调 cognitive dissonance 认知地图 cognitive map 认知技能 cognitive skill 认知方式 cognitive style 信息 information 信息论 information theory 信息加工 information processing 信息加工心理学 information processing psychology 信息加工理论 information processing theory 信息加工模型 information processing model 中央处理器模型 central processor model 信息储存 information storage 信息提取 information retrieval 人工智能 artificial intelligence, AI 计算机类比 computer analogy 计算机模拟 computer simulation 计算机模型 computer model 唯心主义心理学 idealistic psychology 意动心理学 act psychology 唯意志论 voluntarism 唯灵论 spiritualism 强调超自然精神作用。 心灵学 parapsychology 心灵决定论 psychic determinism 心灵致动 psychokinesis, PK 心理技术学 psychotechnics 内省 introspection 内省法 introspective method 直觉主义 intuitionalism
目录 解剖和生理 (2) 心脏 (2) 瓣膜 (3) 知识检查 (5) 血管解剖 (6) 血管组成 (7) 大动脉 (9) 升主动脉 (10) 正常升主动脉 (10) 主动脉弓 (11) 正常主动脉弓 (11) 牛状弓 (14) 其他重要的主动脉弓畸形 (16) 重要的血管分支 (17) 胸主动脉 (18) 腹主动脉 (19) 通路 (19) 相关结构 (20) 主动脉分支 (21) 髂总动脉 (21) 髂外动脉 (21) 髂内动脉 (22) 下肢动脉 (22) 概要 (23) 解剖和生理问题 (24) 解答 (27)
解剖和生理 欢迎大家查阅本培训计划中有关解剖与生理的部分。在这一章节中，我们将从心脏的基本结构开始讨论，主要讲述主动脉弓。 心脏 心脏大致跟人的拳头一样大，由四个腔组成两个独立的泵，这四个腔分别由瓣膜和中纵膈分隔开来。 中纵隔：把心脏分为左右两部分的间隔。 心脏位于两肺之间，约2/3位于胸骨左侧。右侧心腔接受含氧量较少的体循环血液，并将血液泵入肺。左侧心腔接受来自于肺的新鲜氧合血并将其输送到身体各部。血液输入，输出心脏的的必经之路就是大血管。 大血管：大直径的血管，比如主动脉。 右心房 左心房 右心室 左心室 图1 心肺系统 心脏是一个双泵系统，左右两侧各有两个不同的心腔。下表说明了每一侧的特征。 右侧 左侧 右心房—高尔夫球大小—接受来自身体各个部分的静脉系统的含氧量较低的血液 左心房—高尔夫球大小—接受来自于肺的含氧丰富的血液 右心室—接受来自右心房的血并把血液泵入肺进行氧合 左心室—具有较厚的心肌—接受来自左心房的血液并把血泵入主动脉供全身使用 右心腔—右心腔是一个低压系统，主要任务是将静脉血输入肺，使静脉血纯化氧合 左心腔—左心腔负责产生足够的压力将氧合血送到身体各个组织和器官
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;