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高铭暄《刑法学》(第7版)配套题库【章节题库】 第四章 犯罪概念与犯罪构成【圣才出品】

高铭暄《刑法学》(第7版)配套题库【章节题库】 第四章 犯罪概念与犯罪构成【圣才出品】
高铭暄《刑法学》(第7版)配套题库【章节题库】 第四章 犯罪概念与犯罪构成【圣才出品】

第四章犯罪概念与犯罪构成

一、概念题

犯罪构成(浙江工商大学2016年研;人大2013年研;武大2012年研)

答:犯罪构成是指刑事法律规定的、决定某一行为的社会危害性及其程度,并为该行为成立犯罪所必须的客观要件和主观要件的总和。犯罪构成是一系列主客观要件的有机统一。任何一个犯罪构成都是包括许多要件的,这些要件有表明犯罪客体、客观方面的,有表明犯罪主体、主观方面的,它们的有机统一就形成某种罪的犯罪构成。犯罪构成是追究行为人刑事责任的依据,是区分罪与非罪、此罪与彼罪界限的标准。

二、简答题

1.简述决定社会危害性轻重大小的因素。(东财2010年研)

答:社会危害性,是指行为对刑法所保护的社会关系造成或可能造成这样或那样损害的特性。在社会主义社会,由于人民当家作主,国家和人民的利益是完全一致的,所以,犯罪的社会危害性,也就是指对国家和人民利益的危害性,犯罪的本质就在于它危害了国家和人民的利益,危害了社会主义社会。如果某种行为根本不可能给社会带来危害,法律就没有必要把它规定为犯罪,也不会对它进行惩罚。某种行为虽然具有社会危害性,但是情节显著轻微危害不大的,也不认为是犯罪。

决定社会危害性轻重大小的因素主要包括:

(1)行为侵犯的客体,即行为侵犯了什么样的社会关系。如危害国家安全罪侵犯的是社会主义的国体、政体和国家安全,因此,危害国家安全罪比其他犯罪的社会危害性要大,是最危险的犯罪。放火罪、爆炸罪危害公共安全即广大人民生命财产的安全,社会危害性也

很大。故意杀人罪危害人的生命,故意伤害罪危害人的健康,二者的社会危害性就有所不同。

(2)行为的手段、后果以及时间、地点。犯罪的手段是否凶狠,是否残酷,使用不使用暴力,在很大程度上决定着社会危害性的轻重大小。

(3)行为人的情况及其主观因素,如成年人还是未成年人,故意还是过失,有预谋或没预谋;动机、目的的卑劣程度;偶尔犯罪还是累犯、惯犯。这些情况,在社会心理上的影响是不同的,所以它们对社会危害性程度也是起制约作用的。

2.试述社会危害性与刑事违法性之关系。(华南理工2009年研)

答:(1)社会危害性

犯罪是危害社会的行为,即具有一定的社会危害性。行为具有一定的社会危害性,是犯罪最基本的特征。社会危害性,是指行为对刑法所保护的社会关系造成或可能造成这样或那样损害的特性。

在社会主义社会,由于人民当家做主,国家和人民的利益是完全一致的,所以,犯罪的社会危害性,也就是指对国家和人民利益的危害性,犯罪的本质就在于它危害了国家和人民的利益,危害了社会主义社会。如果某种行为根本不可能给社会带来危害,法律就没有必要把它规定为犯罪,也不会对它进行惩罚。某种行为虽然具有社会危害性,但是情节显著轻微危害不大的,也不认为是犯罪。

(2)刑事违法性

犯罪是触犯刑律的行为,即具有刑事违法性。

犯罪也是违法行为,但不是一般违法行为,而是违反刑法即触犯刑律的行为,是刑事违法行为。违法并不都是犯罪,只有违反刑法的才构成犯罪。只有当危害社会的行为触犯了刑律的时候,才构成犯罪。

(3)社会危害性与刑事违法性的关系

行为的社会危害性是刑事违法性的基础;刑事违法性是社会危害性在刑法上的表现。只有当行为不仅具有社会危害性,而且违反了刑法,具有刑事违法性,才可能被认定为犯罪。

3.简述犯罪构成的特征。(东财2010年研)

答:犯罪构成是指依照我国刑法的规定,决定某一具体行为的社会危害性及其程度而为该行为构成犯罪所必需的一切客观和主观要件的有机统一。犯罪构成有以下特征:(1)犯罪构成是一系列主客观要件的有机统一。任何一个犯罪构成都是包括许多要件的,这些要件有表明犯罪客体、客观方面的,有表明犯罪主体、主观方面的,它们的有机统一就形成某种罪的犯罪构成。

(2)任何一种犯罪都可以由许多事实特征来说明,但并非每一个事实特征都是犯罪构成的要件;只有对行为的社会危害性及其程度具有决定意义而为该行为成立犯罪所必需的那些事实特征,才是犯罪构成的要件。犯罪构成与案情这两个概念虽有联系,但不是同一个意思。犯罪构成是案情中最重要的部分,是基本的案情;然而,还有些案件情况不一定是犯罪构成的要件。

(3)行为成立犯罪所必须具备的诸要件,是由我国刑法加以规定或包含的。换言之,事实特征必须经由法律的选择,才能成为犯罪构成的要件。在立法者看来,正是这些要件的综合,对于说明该行为成立犯罪恰到好处,缺少其中一个要件不行,但再附加什么也不必要。行为是否构成犯罪与是否触犯刑律是一致的。说某种行为构成犯罪,就是因为它触犯了我国刑法的规定,具备了刑法所规定的和包含的构成要件。

4.何谓基本的犯罪构成?(武大2005年研)

答:(1)犯罪构成

犯罪构成是指依照我国刑法的规定,决定某一具体行为的社会危害性及其程度而为该行为构成犯罪所必需的一切客观和主观要件的有机统一。

根据我国刑法,任何一种犯罪的成立都必须具备四个方面的构成要件,即犯罪客体、犯罪客观方面、犯罪主体、犯罪主观方面的构成要件。

①犯罪客体是指刑法所保护而为犯罪所侵犯的社会主义社会的社会关系。

②犯罪客观方面是指犯罪活动的客观外在表现,包括危害行为、危害结果以及危害行为与危害结果之间的因果关系。

③犯罪主体是指达到法定刑事责任年龄、具有刑事责任能力、实施危害行为的自然人或相关单位。

④犯罪主观方面是指行为人有罪过(包括故意和过失)。有些罪的犯罪构成还要求有特定的犯罪目的。

(2)基本的犯罪构成

基本的犯罪构成是以犯罪构成的形态为标准所作的区分。基本的犯罪构成是指刑法条文就某一犯罪的既遂状态所规定的犯罪构成。刑法分则条文大多是以单个行为人的犯罪既遂状态为标本,来规定各个具体犯罪的构成。但也有少数条文是以两个或两个以上行为人犯罪的既遂状态为标本规定具体的犯罪构成的。当然,基本的犯罪构成是相对于修正的犯罪构成而言的。修正的犯罪构成是指以基本的犯罪构成为前提,适应犯罪过程中的未完成形态和共同犯罪的形式,变通而成的犯罪构成。

5.简述我国刑法中的犯罪构成及其共同要件。(中南财大2007年研;中南财大2004年研)

相关试题:试论我国犯罪构成的基本要素。(论述题,中山大学2016年研)

答:犯罪构成,是指依照我国刑法的规定,决定某一具体行为的社会危害性及其程度而为该行为构成犯罪所必需的一切客观和主观要件的有机统一。

(1)犯罪构成是一系列主客观要件的有机统一。任何一个犯罪构成都是包括许多要件的,这些要件有表明犯罪客体、客观方面的,有表明犯罪主体、主观方面的,它们的有机统一就形成某种罪的犯罪构成。

(2)任何一种犯罪都可以由许多事实特征来说明,但并非每一个事实特征都是犯罪构成的要件;只有对行为的社会危害性及其程度具有决定意义而为该行为成立犯罪所必需的那些事实特征,才是犯罪构成的要件。

(3)行为成立犯罪所必须具备的诸要件,是由我国刑法加以规定或包含的。即事实特征必须经由法律的选择,才能成为犯罪构成的要件。根据我国刑法,任何一种犯罪的成立都必须具备四个方面的构成要件,即犯罪客体、犯罪客观方面、犯罪主体、犯罪主观方面。

①犯罪客体是指我国刑法所保护的、为犯罪行为所侵害的社会关系。行为之所以构成犯罪,首先就在于侵犯了一定的社会关系,而且侵犯的社会关系越重要,其对社会的危害性就越大。如果某一行为并未危害刑法所保护的社会关系,就不可能构成犯罪。

②犯罪客观方面,是指刑法所规定的、说明行为对刑法所保护的社会关系造成损害的客观外在事实特征。犯罪客观方面是构成犯罪所必须具备的要件。

犯罪客观方面的要件,也可称为犯罪客观方面的内容或犯罪客观要件,是指犯罪成立在犯罪客观方面所必须具备的条件,是犯罪客观方面的下位概念。犯罪客观方面是就刑法分则中各种犯罪成立均必须具备某些客观事实特征而概括出来的一个范畴,为犯罪构成的共同要件之一;犯罪客观方面的要件则是相对具体的,是指刑法分则中某种犯罪成立在客观方面应当具备的客观要素。犯罪客观方面的要件具体表现为危害行为、危害结果,以及行为的时间、

地点、方法(手段)、对象。

③犯罪主体,是指实施危害社会的行为、依法应当负刑事责任的自然人和单位。自然人主体是我国刑法中最基本的、具有普遍意义的犯罪主体,单位主体在我国刑法中不具有普遍意义但具有其特殊性。我国刑法中犯罪主体(就自然人犯罪主体而言)的共同要件有两个:a.犯罪主体必须是自然人;b.作为自然人的犯罪主体必须具备刑事责任能力。

④犯罪主观方面,是指犯罪主体对自己行为及其危害社会的结果所抱的心理态度。它包括罪过(即犯罪的故意或者过失)以及犯罪的目的和动机这几个因素。其中,行为人的罪过即其犯罪的故意或者过失,是一切犯罪构成都必须具备的主观要件;犯罪的目的只是某些犯罪构成所必备的主观要件,它一般不影响定罪,而只影响量刑。

6.如何理解我国刑法中的犯罪概念?

答:根据我国《刑法》第13条的规定,犯罪是指违反我国刑法,应受刑罚惩罚的严重危害社会的行为。它具有以下三个基本特征:

(1)犯罪是危害社会的行为,即具有一定的社会危害性。

行为具有一定的社会危害性,是犯罪最基本的特征。社会危害性是指行为对刑法所保护的社会关系造成或可能造成损害的特性。在社会主义社会,人民当家作主,国家和人民的利益完全一致,因而,犯罪的严重社会危害性实质上是指对国家和人民利益的危害性。没有社会危害性,就没有犯罪;社会危害性没有达到相当的程度,也不构成犯罪。

(2)犯罪是触犯刑律的行为,即具有刑事违法性。

违法行为有多种,包括民事违法行为、经济违法行为、行政违法行为、刑事违法行为。犯罪是一种违法行为,但不是一般意义上的违法行为,而是刑事违法行为即触犯刑法的行为。违法并不都是犯罪,只有违反刑法的才构成犯罪。

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