服务型制造：制造业崛起的必由之路
工业化的发展，就是制造业不断崛起和壮大的历程。制造业是国民经济的物质基础和产业主体，是支撑一个国家从农业社会向工业社会转型的战略性产业。当前，制造业发展正呈现出一系列新的特点和趋势，尤其是在信息技术应用日益广泛和深入的背景下，全球制造业正在从“生产型制造”向“服务型制造”转变。中国提出加快推进信息化与工业化融合，这一融合的基础是产业融合，产业融合的关键是制造业崛起，制造业崛起的标志是从“生产型制造”到“服务型制造”的转变。
服务型制造成为全球制造业发展新趋势
从生产型制造向服务型制造转变是当前制造业发展的一个基本趋势。它在微观层面上表现为企业从生产型企业向服务型企业转变，在中观层面上表现为从制造业城市向服务业城市转变，在宏观层面上表现为服务型经济的形成。
随着经济全球化的加剧，各国制造业产业分工逐步细化，跨区域的产业融合不断升级，制造与服务融合型企业迅速增加，服务型制造成为全球制造业发展的新趋势。当前全球制造业的服务化呈现出3种态势。
一是制造业企业的产业价值链逐步由以产品为中心向以提供服务为中心转变。越来越多的制造企业不再仅仅关注产品的生产，而是将注意力逐步转移到产品的开发、改进、销售、售后服务以及回收等领域。企业不再仅仅提供产品，而是以提供产品、服务、支持、自我服务和知识的“集合体”为最终目标。生产企业加速从生产型制造向服务型制造转变。这个转变的过程大致经历以下3个阶段：第一阶段是以制造业为中心的工业化时代，此时制造与服务相互独立，生产型服务只是企业的内部活动；第二阶段是以制造业为主伴有服务业的后工业化时代，此时制造与服务共生互动，生产型服务逐渐市场化；第三阶段是服务业为主伴有制造业的服务型经济时代，此时制造与服务渐次融合。据德勤公司研究报告《基于全球服务业和零件管理调研》表明，在其调查的80家制造业公司中，服务收入占总销售收入的平均值超过25%；有19%的制造业公司的服务收入超过总收入的50%。
二是制造企业提供的服务类型逐步多元化。根据对全球上市公司财务分析库(OSIRIS)中排名前50位的制造业企业的分析，可以将其提供的服务类型分为以下12种：1.咨询服务；2.设计和开发服务；3.金融服务；4.安装和实施服务；
5.租赁服务；
6.维护和支持服务；
7.外包服务和运营服务；
8.采购服务；
9.知识产权和房地产；10.零售和分销服务；11.系统和解决方案；12.客运和货运服务。其中，最常见的服务产品包括设计和开发(21.92%)、系统和解决方案
(15.70%)、零售和分销(12.18%)以及维护和支持(11.94%)服务。
三是制造业服务化的水平与地区经济的发展程度呈正向相关。调查公司AndyNeely对全球13000家制造业上市公司提供的服务进行了研究，结果表明，发达国家制造业服务化的水平明显高于正处在工业化进程中的国家。美国制造与服务融合型的企业占制造企业总数的58%，芬兰的这一比值为51%、马来西亚是45%、荷兰是40%、比利时是37%。中国制造业的服务化进程相对落后，具备服务型制造能力的企业仅占所有企业的2.2%。
这是中国制造业发展长期处于价值链低端的重要原因。
推进我国制造业服务化的几点思考
服务化是制造业发展的基本趋势，推进中国制造业服务化发展是实现我国工业由大到强的突破口，是加快信息化与工业化融合的重要内容，是建立现代产业体系的必由之路，对我国制造业发展具有重要现实意义。当前，要加快推进我国制造业服务化进程。
一是树立制造与服务融合的产业发展观。
工业化是人类社会由于货物和服务的商业性生产而引发的社会转型的历史过程，随着科学与技术的发展，工业化的内涵也在不断地发生变化。
在信息化背景下，制造业和服务业之间的传统界限正在快速消失，传统制造业意味着有形产品的生产，但今天的消费者需要的则是将有形物和无形服务捆绑在一起的产品，要找到一种既不含服务活动也没有植入任何服务关系的制成品已非常困难，制造业和服务业的概念在某种程度上正妨碍着我们正确理解当代经济演进的趋势。
在产业发展的大趋势下，中国新型工业化道路的实践需要人们树立制造与服务的融合发展观。新型工业化道路不仅仅是工业的发展道路，新型工业化道路也不仅仅是产业发展的道路。在制造业与服务业融合的大背景下，对于制造业发展的问题的判断、趋势的分析、规律的把握，以及政策的出台、规划的制定，需要从产业融合的角度出发，全面系统地分析问题和解决问题。
二是把制造业服务化作为推进两化融合的重要任务。
信息化是制造业发展的重要方向，是推进生产型制造向服务型制造转变的重要手段，也是两化融合的战略重点。
工业和信息化部成立后明确指出，信息化具有覆盖面广、渗透性强、带动效应明显的优势，要从实际出发，找到制造业信息化的切入点。当前，制造业仍是全球竞争的战略重点之一，制造业价值链不断扩展和延长，产品愈来愈融生产和服务于一体，制造和服务之间的界限越来越模糊，以产品制造为核心的传统发展模式向基于产品提供综合全面的服务模式转变，并形成了服务型制造这一新的制造方式。
在这一进程中，信息化发挥着重要的推动作用，信息技术与制造环节的融合日益深化，呈现出设计信息化、装备智能化、流程自动化、管理现代化的发展趋势，以及产品设计、客户定制、集成制造、市场营销、供应链管理、质量管理、测试认证、金融服务等方面的服务活动。制造业信息化的过程也是向服务型制造转型的过程，只有把握这一发展趋势，才能寻求到制造业信息化的突破口。
三是把推进制造业服务化作为重大专项的重要内容。
面对制造业服务化的趋势，包括发达国家在内的许多国家和地区加快组织推进制造业服务化工程。
美国将制造服务化称为基于服务的制造
(Service-basedmanufacturing)，从2002年开始，美国国家自然科学基金把针对服务工程的ESS项目(exploratoryresearchonengineeringtheservicesectors)作为重点领域，欧盟在第六框架(Frame-6)中把从事网络化环境下的协同设计与制造研究作为重点业务进行研究。
日本将制造业服务化称为服务导向型制造
SOM(Service-orientedmanu-facturing)，并开始资助相关智能制造系统方面的研究。
面对全球制造业发展的新趋势，我国需要在国家中长期科技规划和制造业发展进程中，把推进制造业服务化作为一项重要内容全面部署。
A service-oriented manufacturing: the only way for the rise of manufacturing
The development of industrialization, is a process of manufacturing rise and expansion. Manufacturing is the material foundation of the national economy and industry the main body, is to support a country from an agricultural society to industrial society transformation strategic industries. At present, the development of manufacturing industry is present a series of new characteristics and trends, particularly in the application of information technology under the background of increasingly extensive and in-depth, global manufacturing is from "made in production" to "service-oriented manufacturing". China accelerate the informatization and industrialization fusion, the fusion is the basis of industrial convergence, industry integration is the key to the rise of manufacturing, the manufacturing of the rise of marks from "made in production" to "service-oriented manufacturing".
A service-oriented manufacturing become the new trend of development of the global manufacturing
Shift from production-oriented manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing is a basic trend of current manufacturing industry development. Its performance in micro level from production-oriented enterprises to service-oriented businesses, for the enterprise at the medium level of transition from manufacturing to services city, at the macro level is the form of a service economy.
With the economic globalization intensifies, the manufacturing industry division of labor gradually thinning, cross-regional industrial convergence of escalating, manufacturing and service enterprises increased rapidly, a service-oriented manufacturing become a new trend in the development of global manufacturing. The current global manufacturing value-chain presents three kinds of situation.
I t is a manufacturing enterprise of the industry value chain by centering on the products as the center to provide services. More and more manufacturing enterprises is no longer just focus on the production, but the focus gradually shifted to product development, improvement, sales, after-sales service and recycling, and other fields. Companies not only provide products, but to provide products, services, support, self service and the "collection" as the ultimate goal of knowledge. Production enterprises to accelerate the transition from production manufacture to a service-oriented. In the process of the transformation of the following three stages: the first stage is based on manufacturing center of the era of industrialization, the manufacturing and services are independent of each other, production-oriented service is enterprise's internal activity; The second phase is mainly manufacturing services with the post-industrial era, the manufacturing and service the symbiotic interaction, production-oriented service market gradually; The third stage is the service industry is given priority to with manufacturing service economy era, the manufacturing and service gradually merge. According to deloitte research report "based on the global services and parts management research" shows that in the survey of 80 manufacturing companies, service income average more than 25% of total sales revenue; 19% of the manufacturing company's service revenue more than 50% of the total.
The second is to provide service type gradually diversified manufacturing enterprises. According to the global financial analysis library (OSIRIS) of listed companies in the analysis of the top 50 manufacturing enterprises, the services it provides types can be divided into the following 12:1. Consulting services; 2. Design and development services; 3. Financial services; 4. Installation and implementation services; 5. Leasing services; 6. Maintenance and support services; 7. Outsourcing services and operational services; Purchasing services; 8. 9. The intellectual property rights and property; Retail and distribution services; 10. 11. The systems and solutions; 12. Passenger and freight services. Among them, the most common services including product design and development (21.92%), systems and solutions (15.70%), retail and distribution (12.18%) as well as the maintenance and support services (11.94%).
Three is the level of service and manufacturing area was positively related to economic development level. Research firm AndyNeely services provided by the global 13000 manufacturing listed companies was studied, results show that the level of manufacturing service was obviously higher than that of developed countries are in the process of industrialization of the country. The blending of U.S. manufacturing and
services companies accounted for 58% of the total number of manufacturing enterprises, a Finnish the ratio of 51%, Malaysia is 45%, the Netherlands is 40%, Belgium is 37%. Process of service of China's manufacturing industry is relatively backward, with a service-oriented manufacturing capabilities of enterprises accounted for only 2.2% of all enterprises.
This is China's important reason for the value chain of low-end manufacturing development are in a long time.
Some thoughts on China's manufacturing industry as a service Service is the basic trend of manufacturing industry development, promote the development of China's manufacturing service is to realize the breakthrough for the development of our country industry from large to strong, is to accelerate the important content of informatization and industrialization fusion, is the only way to establish modern industrial system, the development of manufacturing industry of our country has important practical significance. At present, to accelerate the process of service industry in our country.
One is to set up manufacturing and service integration of industry development.
Industrialization is the human society due to the commercial production of goods and services as a result of the historical process of social transformation, with the development of science and technology, the connotation of industrialization is in constant change.
Under the background of informatization, the traditional boundaries between manufacturing and services is rapidly disappearing, the traditional manufacturing means a tangible products, but today's consumers demand are the tangible and intangible services bundled together in the product, to find a kind of both neither contain nor service activities into any service of manufactured goods is very difficult, the concept of manufacturing and service sectors to some extent are hindering our correct understanding of the trend of the contemporary economic evolution.
Under the trend of industry development, the practice of China's new industrialization road need people to set up manufacturing and service development. A new road to industrialization is not only industrial development path, a new road to industrialization development path is not merely a industry. In the backdrop of the manufacturing and services integration, for the development of the manufacturing problem of judge, trend analysis, grasp the rules, as well as the establishment of policy, planning, from the perspective of industrial convergence, comprehensively systematically to analyze and solve problems.
combination of service.The second is the manufacturing industry as an important task of promoting two
Informationization is the important direction of manufacturing industry, is an important means of production manufacturing to service-oriented manufacturing shift, and combination of strategic focus.
Clear after founding the ministry of industry and information technology, the informationization has wide coverage, strong permeability, driving effects obvious advantages, from set out actually, find the breakthrough point of the manufacturing
informatization. At present, the manufacturing industry is still one of the strategic focus of global competition, manufacturing expanded and extended value chain, the product becomes more and more of unity of production and service, has become increasingly blurred the boundaries between manufacturing and services, product manufacturing as the core of traditional development mode change to provide comprehensive services to based on product model, and formed a service-oriented manufacturing a new way of manufacture.
In this process, information plays an important role, information technology and manufacturing integration deepening, presents the design information, intelligent equipment, process automation, the development trend of management modernization, as well as product design, customized, integrated manufacturing, marketing, supply chain management, quality management, testing, certification services, financial services, etc. The process of manufacturing informatization is transforming to a service-oriented manufacturing process, only grasp the development trend, can seek to breakthrough for the development of manufacturing industry informatization.
Three is to put the advance manufacturing service as the important content of major projects.
Facing the trend of manufacturing industry as a service, including developed countries, many countries and regions to speed up the service organization to promote manufacturing engineering.
The United States will manufacture Service called based on Service (Service - basedmanufacturing), beginning in 2002, the national natural science foundation of ESS for Service engineering project (exploratoryresearchonengineeringtheservicesectors) as key areas, the European Union in the sixth Frame (Frame - 6) engaged in the study of networked environment of collaborative design and manufacturing business as the key for research.
Japan will manufacturing Service called Service oriented manufacturing SOM (Service - orientedmanu - facturing), and started funding the related research on intelligent manufacturing system.
Facing the new trend in the development of global manufacturing, the country needs in the national medium and long-term science and technology development planning and manufacturing process, to promote manufacturing industry as an important content of service comprehensive deployment.
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
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Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
例： 参考文献： [1]毛蕴诗. 跨国公司战略竞争与国际直接投资[M].广州: 中山大学出版社 [2]ALEXANDER N. International Retailing [M].Oxford:Blackwell Business,1997 .日本税法[M].战宪斌,郑林根,译.北京:法律出版社.信息技术与信息服务[M]//许厚泽,赵其国.信息技术与应用.,於方,蒋红强,等. 建立中国绿色GDP 核算体系:机遇、挑战与对策[C]//潘岳,绿色GDP 核算体系国际研讨会论文集. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2004:35-42. 黄祖洽.软凝聚态物理研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2005,41(1) :N, MYERS H. European Retail Expansion in South East Asia[J].European 1999,34(2): 45-50. 丁文祥.数字革命与竞争国际化[N]. 中国青年报, 2000-11-20 (15). 张志祥.间断动力系统的随机扰动及其在守恒律方程中的应用[D].北京:北京大学数学学院,1998. 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管 道与压力容器的LBB 分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院莫少强.数字式中文全文文献格式的设计与研究[J/OL].情报学报,1999,18(4):https://www.doczj.com/doc/792154318.html,/periodical/qbxb/qbxb990407.htm. 奚纪荣,邱志方.武略文韬:军事知识趣谈[M/OL].上海: 汉语大词典出版社, 2001: [13]杜莲.“9·11”事件影响英国出版news/20010929/200109290016.htm. 英文作者姓名全部 用大写字母
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师
Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish
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（英文原文装订在前）
Journal of American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(7): 2421-2425. (文献翻译必须在中文译文第一页标明文献出处：即文章是何期刊上发表的，X年X 卷X期，格式如上例所示，四号，右对齐，杂志名加粗。) [点击输入译文题目-标题1，黑体小二] [点击输入作者，宋体小四] [点击输入作者单位，宋体五号] 摘要[点击输入，宋体五号] 关键词[点击输入，宋体五号] 1[点击输入一级标题-标题2，黑体四号] [点击输入正文，宋体小四号，1.25倍行距] 1.1[点击输入二级标题-标题3，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 1.1.1[点击输入三级标题-标题4，黑体小四] [点击输入正文，宋体小四，1.25倍行距] 说明： 1.外文文章必须是正规期刊发表的。 2.翻译后的中文文章必须达到2000字以上，并且是一篇完整文章。 3.必须要有外文翻译的封面，使用学校统一的封面； 封面上的翻译题目要写翻译过来的中文题目； 封面上时间与开题时间一致。 4.外文原文在前，中文翻译在后； 5.中文翻译中要包含题目、摘要、关键词、前言、全文以及参考文献，翻译要条理
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Real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a mixture of high- and low-index particles Peter John Rodrigo, Vincent Ricardo Daria and Jesper Glückstad Optics and Plasma Research Department, Ris? National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark jesper.gluckstad@risoe.dk http://www.risoe.dk/ofd/competence/ppo.htm Abstract: We demonstrate real-time interactive optical micromanipulation of a colloidal mixture consisting of particles with both lower (n L < n0) and higher (n H > n0) refractive indices than that of the suspending medium (n0). Spherical high- and low-index particles are trapped in the transverse plane by an array of confining optical potentials created by trapping beams with top-hat and annular cross-sectional intensity profiles, respectively. The applied method offers extensive reconfigurability in the spatial distribution and individual geometry of the optical traps. We experimentally demonstrate this unique feature by simultaneously trapping and independently manipulating various sizes of spherical soda lime micro- shells (n L≈ 1.2) and polystyrene micro-beads (n H = 1.57) suspended in water (n0 = 1.33). ?2004 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.7010) Trapping, (170.4520) Optical confinement and manipulation and (230.6120) Spatial Light Modulators. References and links 1. A. Ashkin, “Optical trapping and manipulation of neutral particles using lasers,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 4853-4860 (1997). 2. K. Svoboda and S. M. Block, “Biological applications of optical forces,” Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 23, 247-285 (1994). 3. D. G. Grier, “A revolution in optical manipulation,” Nature 424, 810-816 (2003). 4. M. P. MacDonald, G. C. Spalding and K. Dholakia, “Microfluidic sorting in an optical lattice,” Nature 426, 421-424 (2003). 5. J. Glückstad, “Microfluidics: Sorting particles with light,” Nature Materials 3, 9-10 (2004). 6. A. Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation-pressure,”Phys. Rev. Lett. 24, 156-159 (1970). 7. A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Opt. Lett. 11, 288-290 (1986). 8. K. Sasaki, M. Koshioka, H. Misawa, N. Kitamura, and H. Masuhara, “Optical trapping of a metal particle and a water droplet by a scanning laser beam,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 60, 807-809 (1992). 9. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Trapping of low-index microparticles in an optical vortex,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15, 524-533 (1998). 10. K. T. Gahagan and G. A. Swartzlander, “Simultaneous trapping of low-index and high-index microparticles observed with an optical-vortex trap,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16, 533 (1999). 11. M. P. MacDonald, L. Paterson, W. Sibbett, K. Dholakia, P. Bryant, “Trapping and manipulation of low-index particles in a two-dimensional interferometric optical trap,” Opt. Lett. 26, 863-865 (2001). 12. R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Fully dynamic multiple-beam optical tweezers,” Opt. Express 10, 597-602 (2002), https://www.doczj.com/doc/792154318.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-14-597. 13. P. J. Rodrigo, R. L. Eriksen, V. R. Daria and J. Glückstad, “Interactive light-driven and parallel manipulation of inhomogeneous particles,” Opt. Express 10, 1550-1556 (2002), https://www.doczj.com/doc/792154318.html,/abstract.cfm?URI=OPEX-10-26-1550. 14. V. Daria, P. J. Rodrigo and J. Glückstad, “Dynamic array of dark optical traps,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 323-325 (2004). 15. J. Glückstad and P. C. Mogensen, “Optimal phase contrast in common-path interferometry,” Appl. Opt. 40, 268-282 (2001). 16. S. Maruo, K. Ikuta and H. Korogi, “Submicron manipulation tools driven by light in a liquid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 133-135 (2003). #3781 - $15.00 US Received 4 February 2004; revised 29 March 2004; accepted 29 March 2004 (C) 2004 OSA 5 April 2004 / Vol. 12, No. 7 / OPTICS EXPRESS 1417
本科毕业设计 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Designing Stable Control Loops 文献、资料来源：期刊 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2010.3.25 院（部）：信息与电气工程学院 专班姓学业：电气工程与自动化级： 名： 号： 指导教师：翻译日期：2011.3.10
外文文献： Designing Stable Control Loops The objective of this topic is to provide the designer with a practical review of loop compensation techniques applied to switching power supply feedback control. A top-down system approach is taken starting with basic feedback control concepts and leading to step-by-step design procedures,initially applied to a simple buck regulator and then expanded to other topologies and control algorithms. Sample designs are demonstrated with Math cad simulations to illustrate gain and phase margins and their impact on performance analysis. I. I NTRODUCTION Insuring stability of a proposed power supply solution is often one of the more challenging aspects of the design process. Nothing is more disconcerting than to have your lovingly crafted breadboard break into wild oscillations just as its being demonstrated to the boss or customer, but insuring against this unfortunate event takes some analysis which many designers view as formidable. Paths taken by design engineers often emphasize either cut-and-try empirical testing in the laboratory or computer simulations looking for numerical solutions based on complex mathematical models.While both of these approach a basic understanding of feedback theory will usually allow the definition of an acceptable compensation network with a minimum of computational effort. II. S TABILITY D EFINED Fig. 1.Definition of stability Fig. 1 gives a quick illustration of at least one definition of stability. In its simplest terms, a system is stable if, when subjected to a perturbation from some source, its response to that