Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature
Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.
2. Classification of Literature
1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.
2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply.
3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc.
4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order.
5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.
6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.
3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature
1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing.
2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and
in most cases is rather unitary.
3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use
of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.
4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc.
4. Discussion
4. How do you understand Mr. Yan’s three-word guide xin, da, ya ? What’s your opinion on
the principles or criteria of translation?
Xin, da, ya namely, “faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”. The principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin. On the part of the translator, he or she should follow them while translating; whereas on the part of the reader or critic, he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.
Accuracy (准确) and smoothness (流畅).
5. What are literal translation（直译）and free translation（意译）? And what principles should a translator abide by in applying them?
Literal translation means not to alter the original words and sentences. To keep the sentences
and style of the original .
Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and
spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.
In the application of literal translation, we should endeavor to rid ourselves of stiff patterns and rigid adherence to translation rules, trying to be flexible; while in the practice of free translation, we should be cautious of subjectivity, avoiding groundless affirmation or arbitrary fabrication.
Unit 2 Professional Papers
1. Definition of professional papers
A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.
2. Classification of professional papers
1) Report Paper：The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject.
2) Research paper：A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.
3) Course Paper：Course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term, also called “term paper”.
4) Thesis Paper：Unlike report papers, the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend.
3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers
1) Formal Style（正式性）：A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes. Generally speaking, formal writing sets an unusually high value on objectivity, meticulousness, accuracy, and restraint.
2) Specialized Terms（专业性）：The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.
3) Rigid Sentence Structure（严谨的句式结构）：The arguments in professional papers will be concisely and concretely.
4) Formatted Elements（固定的内容格式）：A complete professional paper usually has a regular format composed of the following elements: the title, author(s), affiliation(s), abstract, keywords, introduction, body of the paper (theoretical description including calculation, inference, reasoning, conclusion, etc. or experimental description including techniques, methods, materials, results and analysis, etc.), acknowledgments, appendices, references or bibliography, etc.
5. Diction
(1)This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.
（event）这场战争将成为这一代人经历的最重大的事件。
(2)It is quite another story now.
（situation）现在的情况完全不同了。
(3)Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.
（inside information）有些没让参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。
(4)He'll be very happy if that story holds up.
（statement）如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。
(5)The Rita Haywoth story is one of the saddest.
（experience）丽泰·海华丝的遭遇算是最惨的了。
(6) A young man came to Scotti's office with a story.
（law case）一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。
(1) 申请书Letter of Application
(2) 报告书Report
(3) 协议书Agreement
(4) 成绩通知书Grade Report
(5) (使用)说明书Directions
(6) 旅行委托书Booking Form (7) 成交确认书Sales Confirmation
(8) 电视机使用说明书Television
Operation Guide
(9) 白皮书WhiteBook
(10) 家书Letter from Home
Unit 3 Reports
1. Definition of Report
A report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so.
2. Content of Report
Reports are usually expected to include the following:
1) Information or the data that the writer has been able to collect, which may be general or detailed.
2) Calculations which the writer has been able to work out after considering all the data that he/she has been able to collect.
3) Conclusions at the end of the report in addition to those referred to above.
4) A recommended course of action, with the recommendations clearly based on the conclusions that the author has previously mentioned.
3. Classification of Reports
1) Informal Reports：Informal reports are short. Often they are issued in a memorandum or letter form.
2) Semiformal Reports：Semiformal reports refer to reports of the following kinds: test and laboratory reports, investigation or evaluation reports and suggestions and proposals, etc.
3) Formal Reports：Formal reports have a much more commanding presence than informal or even semiformal reports.
4. Linguistic Features of Reports
1) Various Patterns(多种类型)：Letter form report（文字式）Schematic form report（图表式）Short report (or Summary report)（简短扼要式）Mixed form report（混合式）
2) Self-sufficient(自圆其说)：Anyone who is likely to read it should be able to do so without having to rely on his/her memory or consult his/her files for extra information.
3) More Active V oice(多主观)：The pronoun “I” is readily evident in the informal memo reports.
4) Clear Citation(引用要清楚)：When the material is quoted directly, quotation marks must be used. If words are omitted from a quotation, ellipses (...) should be substituted.
5) Standard Language：The language used is normally not complex but straightforward. It is brief yet fully informative. Present facts clearly and in logical sequence. The conclusion should be general and not too abrupt, and it should follow logically from what has preceded it.
Unit 4 Abstracts
1. Definition of Abstracts
An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.
The purpose of an abstract is to provide prospective readers the opportunity to judge the relevance of the longer work of their projects.
2. Classification of Abstracts
Depending on which information they contain, abstracts can be classified into major types: indicative (or descriptive) abstracts, informative abstracts, indicative - informative abstracts and author abstracts.
descriptive abstract把问题进行了概述但对研究结果未提及，而在informational abstract 中提供了主要研究结果。因此，信息型文摘提供的信息比叙述型文摘要多。
1) Indicative (or descriptive) abstracts（指示性摘要）：An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.
2) Informative abstracts（信息类摘要）：An informative abstract summarizes as much as the essential elements of the document as possible, presenting and explaining all the main material contents in the complete article/paper/book.
3) indicative / informative abstracts (综合性摘要)：It presents a summary of the essential arguments and findings of the original, whilst those aspects of the document those are of minor significance are treated indicatively.
4) Author abstract：Author abstracts are abstracts prepared by authors of the document that has been subjected to abstracting.
5) Slanted abstract（专业性摘要）
6) Telegraphic abstract
7) Mini-abstract
8) Mission-oriented abstract
9) Finding-oriented abstract：A finding-oriented abstract is most often used when:
(1).applying for research grants
(2).completing the Ph.D dissertation or M.A. thesis
(3).writing a proposal for a conference paper
10) Highlight abstract
3．Linguistic Features of Abstracts
1) Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences：An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. A topic sentence is usually followed by a number of supportin g sentences and finally the concluding sentences.
2) Using Brief but Informative Sentences：The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.
3) Arranging in One Paragraph：All abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only.
4) Being Concise：Conciseness is paramount.
Unit 5. Proposals
1. Definition of Proposal
A proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken. “Written offer to solve a technical problem”, “specified plan of management”, and “for a specified compensation” are the main elements of a proposal.
2. Classification of Proposals
1) Informal Suggestions：A suggestion offers an idea and briefly discusses its advantages and disadvantages. Generally speaking, most suggestions are internal documents and are written as memorandums.
2) Semiformal Proposals：A semifinal proposal presents ideas for resolving a problem or improving a situation, evaluates them against certain criteria, and often recommends what action should be taken. A semiformal proposal may be written as a memorandum or letter or even in semiformal report format.
3) Formal Proposals：A formal proposal describes an organization’s plans for carrying out a large project for a major client. Formal proposals are normally lengthy documents that sometimes run to several volumes.
3. Format of Proposal
The elements that are essential to every proposal are: (1) statement of need; (2) project objectives; (3) statement of procedures; (4) statement of strengths, and (5) a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the program.
Unit 6. Conference Documents
1. Definition of Conference Documents
Conference documents are printed materials distributed before or at or after a conference, concerning the announcements, arrangements, and other information of the conference, usually made by the sponsoring organization or the organizing committee of the conference.
2. Classification of Conference Documents
1) Documents in the Preparation of a Conference or Symposium（会议前）
Documents in the preparation of a conference or symposium consist of Announcements and Call for Papers; Instructions for Authors; Instructions for Speakers; Registration Form; Accommodation Registration Form; Invitations, and General Information containing preliminary Time Schedule, etc.
2) Documents Distributed at a Conference or Symposium（会议中）
Documents distributed at a conference usually include: conference program with all sessions, workshops, and other social activities listed; Book of Abstracts or Conference Proceedings (or Preprints volume) including Conference Paper Abstracts; Conference Daily Schedule, and so on.
3) Documents Distributed after a Conference or Symposium（会议后）
Documents distributed after a conference usually include: post-conference proceedings. This may be the permanent record of the conference or symposium; some special issue of selected papers in a certain Journal; newsletters for some regularly-held conferences, which are issued at regular intervals for the purpose of disseminating current information relevant to an academic organization, etc.
Unit 7 Reviews
1. Definition of Review:
A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.
2. Classification of Reviews
1) Literature Review（文学评论）：Literature review is written on a particular subject (or a specialty) through analysis, study, synthesis, comment on the basis of extensively referencing professional materials both at home and abroad. It is a kind of comprehensive, summary and commentary article.
2) Book Review（书评）：Book review is a kind of research writing, an article published in a newspaper or periodical that announces the publication of a new book. It tells what the book is about and evaluates it.
3. Linguistic Features of Reviews
1) General Contents of Book Reviews
A good book review is always within the scope of three elements:(1) it tells what the book is about; (2) it asserts a judgment of the book's worth; (3) it defends that judgment.
2) General Contents of Literature Reviews
A good literature review usually (1) includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; (2) reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; (3) provides the reader with a great number of references.
3) Presentation of a Review
Heading，Layout，References，Notes，Name and biographical data
Unit 8. Indexes and Bibliography
1. Definition of indexes/bibliography
A systematically arranged list giving enough information about each item to enable it to be identified and traced a list of the subjects or topics entailed in a book , magazine , computerized data base , collection of audio-visual materials , encyclopedia or other compilation of recorded information .
2. Definition of bibliography
1.A systematically arranged list of books and detailed description of books as physical objects .
2 bibliography is traditionally the academic study of book as physical , cultural objects in this sense .
1或2都可以
3. What must be included in a bibliography?
1.Author
2.title and subtitle
3.place of publication –for books only
4.publisher-for books only
5.date of publication
6.page numbers.
4. Classification of indexes
1 Printed indexing
2 electronic indexing
5. Classification of bibliography
1. national bibliography
2. subject bibliography
3. individual bibliography
4. annotated bibliography
6. Linguistic features of bibliography
1) Format of a Bibliography：Bibliographies are always typed at the beginning on a new page. Most of them are alphabetically arranged and indented flush-and-hang to set off the alphabetical sequence.
2) More Than One Work by an Author：After the first listing of an entry by an author or group of co-anthors who have more than one work listed in the bibliography, that person’s name is replaced in succeeding, adjacent entries by a dash.
3) Headings：Depending on their scope as explained at the beginning of this section, bibliographies may be headed Bibliography or List of References.
4) Author-Date System(直接在后面的括号里注明)：The name “author-date” is derived from the fact that the documentation within the text is made up of the name of the author being cited and the date of the work by that author, together with a specific page number if needed. For example:
IBM’s instructions include the discussion of fan-fold forms (IBM, 1995).
5) Number System(在引用处标明，并后续给出解释)：The number system is much like the author-date system but differs from it in the fol lowing: only a superscript numeral, not the author’s name and the date, appears in the text. For example:
Space-time, usually thought of as four-dimensional, may have as many as seven dimensions2.
Self-introduction 自我介绍 Name：William Shakespeare Graduated University：××××××××××× Major：English Literature Admission Time：20XX-09-01—20XX-06-30 Telephone：+86×××××××(MP) E-mail：520521××××@https://www.doczj.com/doc/7312679191.html, （后附范文5篇及10类常见问题解答,总有一个适合你！） 20XX年XX月XX日
目录 范文一（英文） (3) 范文一（中文） (3) 范文二（英文） (3) 范文二（中文） (3) 范文三（英文） (3) 范文三（中文） (3) 范文四（英文） (3) 范文四（中文） (3) 范文五（英文） (3) 范文五（中文） (3) 十类常见问题解答 (3) （一）"What can you tell me about ......?".. (3) （二）"What would you like to be doing......?" .. (3) （三）"What is your greatest strength ?" (3) （四）"What is your greatest weakness?" (3) （五）"How do you feel about your progress to date?" (3) （六）行为面试问题 (3) （七）压力面试问题 (3) （八）案例面试问题 (3) （九）非常规问题 (3) （十）其他常见的英语面试问题 (3)
范文一（英文） --适合医学、理、工、农、艺、政治经济学相关专业 Good afternoon dear professors, my name is ××, it is really a great honor to have a chance for this interview. Now I?ll introduce myself briefly. I am ××years old, born in ××province.I received my bachelor degree in 20××, supervised by Professor ××, in ××University. I have been interested in scientific research. In the past few years, I published more than ××（5）papers about numerical methods for the fractional PDE. Furthermore, I am participating in the research of two projects funded by National Natural Science Foundation. At the same time, I undertake a lot of teaching loads, more than ××（200）periods each year. However, with the time going on, the more I studied and experienced, the clearer I realized that I really need study further. Thus, I began to prepare for ××（the doctor?s entrance examination）. Owing to my hard work, I passed the first examination. If I am given the chance of further study, I will work hard to enrich my knowledge and make myself to be a well-qualified ××（doctor）. I am very easy to get on with, so I have lots of friends. Sometimes I prefer staying alone, reading, surfing the internet to gain some latest news of my profession, also, I?m keen on ××（playing basketball）.
附件3： 江苏大学毕业生离校系统简明操作步骤（本科生） 教务处教材科： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，审核学生是否还有欠费或者教学仪器未归还情况。 财务处收费管理科、核算科： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，对学生财务情况进行核算，以确定该学生是否可以离校。后勤集团公寓管理中心： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将办理完退宿手续的学生该环节的办理状态置为通过。信息化中心： 从信息门户登入离校系统对上网费用进行结算，注销学生一卡通。 图书馆： 从信息门户登入离校系统对图书借阅、上机欠费情况进行核查。 学工处： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将学生证注销过的学生该环节办理状态置为通过。 学院： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，导出所有离校手续已办理完成的学生名单，作为学生签收毕业证、学位证、报到证等证件的材料。 学生： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，查看自己的离校状态，如果有相应环节没有通过，只需要将该环节相关事宜办理完成即可。 江苏大学毕业生离校系统简明操作步骤（硕士研究生） 导师： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，批准学生离校。 财务处收费管理科、核算科： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，对学生财务情况进行核算，以确定该学生是否可以离校。后勤集团公寓管理中心： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将办理完退宿手续的学生该环节的办理状态置为通过。信息化中心： 从信息门户登入离校系统对上网费用进行结算，注销学生一卡通。 图书馆： 从信息门户登入离校系统对论文提交、图书借阅、上机欠费情况进行核查。
学工处： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，将学生证注销过的学生该环节办理状态置为通过。 学院： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，导出所有离校手续已办理完成的学生名单，作为学生签收毕业证、学位证、报到证等证件的材料。 学生： 从信息门户登入到离校系统，查看自己的离校状态，如果有相应环节没有通过，只需要将该环节相关事宜办理完成即可。
江苏大学食品科学与工程专业介绍 食品科学与工程 培养目标：本专业主要培养具有食品科学、食品工程技术、化学、物理学、生物学、计算机应用技术和管理学的基本知识，良好的知识结构和较强的创新精神，能独立从事食品开发、食品生产技术管理、质量控制、工程设计和市场营销等相关企事业部门工程技术和工程管理的高级人才。 培养特色：本专业是江苏省特色专业、江苏大学品牌专业，拥有食品科学与工程博士学位授权一级学科和江苏省农产品生物加工与分离工程技术研究中心，师资队伍实力雄厚，具有国内外先进的计算机无损检测系统、食品农产品分析检测大型仪器、天然产物有效成份萃取分离设备和多条中试实习生产线等先进的教学科研仪器与设备。通过学习，学生获得科学的、创造性的思维方法，掌握食品、生物、化工和机电工程方面的基础知识；拥有食品生产技术管理、食品工程设计与科学研究等方面技能，具有食品加工、储藏和资源综合利用方面的基本能力。 主要课程：食品工艺学概论、食品分析、食品质量与安全检测、食品加工机械与设备、食品工厂设计、食品工程原理、发酵食品工艺学、果蔬食品加工工艺学、畜产食品加工工艺学、粮油食品加工工艺学、有机化学、生物化学、微生物学、食品化学、食品物理学、机械工程基础、电工电子学等。 深造机会：本专业所在学科设有食品科学、粮食油脂及植物蛋白工程、农产品加工及贮藏工程、水产品加工及贮藏工程和食品营养与安全等5个博士点、5个硕士点，设有食品科学与工程博士后流动站。目前有博士生导师13人，硕士生导师21人，在读博士研究生、硕士研究生170多人。 就业状况及趋势：近三年，本专业毕业生就业情况良好，就业率达97%以上，毕业生中多人考取清华大学、浙江大学等高校的研究生，考研录取率达30%左右。毕业生可在各类食品企业以及有关公司、科研单位、管理部门或高等院校从事管理、研究、开发、设计、营销和教学等工作。
Unit 1. General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1. Classification of Professional Papers A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1) Report Paper The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject. The author(s) may not give his/their own opinion on the issue, nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them ins sensible sequence. 2)Research Paper A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions. It draws its material from many sources. Its aim is to assemble facts and ideas and by studying then to draw new conclusions as to facts or interpretations, or to present the material in the light of a new interest. Research papers are or can be the most important and reliable sources for textbooks, monographs, and all other documentary works. 3) Course Paper Different from the report paper and research paper, a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term. So its contents usually should be in line with the course requirements and under the instruction of the course instructor. Since this type of paper is always written and handed in at the end of the term , it is also called ―term paper‖. 4) Thesis Paper (Dissertation论述) A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.Unlike a report paper, a thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that the writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. Writing a thesis paper requires the writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not. 2.General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Academic writing in English is linear, which means it has one central point or theme with every part contributing to the main line of argument, without digressions（扯开，离题）or repetitions. Its objective is to inform rather than entertain. Accordingly, academic writing is structured, formal and objective. Its language is often abstract and complex.
Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation 1. Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. 2. Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks(教科书)：In general, a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning. 2) Monographs(专著)：A monograph is an artide or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply. 3) Papers(论文)：A complete paper is usually composed of the following elements: title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references, etc. 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书)：An encyclopedia is a book or set of books dealing with every branch of knowledge, or with one particular branch, in alphabetical order. 5) Periodicals(期刊)：A periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals. 6) Special Documentation(特别文件)：Special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals. 3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature 1) Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing. 2) Syntactically(在语句构成上), scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary. 3) Morphologically(在词法上), scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word. 4) Besides, non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs, formulas, charts, tables, photos, etc. 4. Discussion 1. What is your opinion on the importance of translation? Can you cite some examples to support your idea? As a means of communication, translation plays an important role in human civilization. for example , in the West, literary translation can be traced back to 300 BC; while in China, recorded translation activities are even earlier, dating from Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC). A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds. For example ,the ordinary word “menu”. Its original meaning is “a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals. However, when it is used in computer science, its meaning shifts to “a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.” 2. What is translation? Do you agree with the author’s point of view? Why or why not? If the word “translation” refers to a subject, it is a science. If it refers to some specific pieces
考研操作系统-13 (总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、单项选择题(总题数：5，分数：13.00) 1.死锁与安全状态的关系是______。 （分数：2.00） A.死锁状态有可能是安全状态 B.安全状态有可能成为死锁状态 C.不安全状态就是死锁状态 D.死锁状态一定是不安全状态√ 解析：[解析] 概念题。死锁一定不安全，不安全未必会死锁，安全一定不会死锁。 2.订购机票系统处理来自各个终端的服务请求，处理后通过终端回答用户，所以它是一个______。 （分数：5.00） A.分时系统 B.多道批处理系统 C.计算机网络 D.实时信息处理系统√ 解析：[解析] 分时系统是多个用户通过终端机器同时使用一台主机，这些终端机器连接在主机上，用户同时与主机进行交互操作而互不干扰。该系统的主要特点是：交互性、及时性、独立性和多路性。 多道批处理系统允许多个程序同时装入到主存储器中，使一个中央处理器轮流地执行多个作业，各个作业同时使用各自的外围设备，提高了计算机系统的资源使用效率。该系统具有以下特征：多道性、无序性和调度性。 计算机网络是指把多个计算机有机地结合起来，提供一种统一、经济而又有效地使用各台计算机的方法，可实现各个计算机之间相互传送数据。计算机网络最主要的特点是数据通信和资源共享。 实时信息处理系统：根据用户提出的查询要求进行信息检索和处理，并在较短的时间内对用户作出正确的响应。例如，把计算机用于民航飞机票的预定、查询、售票及情报检索系统等。 3.下面的叙述中，正确的是 ____ 。 （分数：2.00） A.同一进程内的线程可并发执行，不同进程的线程只能串行执行 B.同一进程内的线程只能串行执行，不同进程的线程可并发执行 C.同一进程或不同进程内的线程都只能串行执行 D.同一进程或不同进程内的线程都可以并发执行√ 解析：同一进程内的多个线程可以并发执行，不同进程内的多个线程也可以并发执行。 4.以下关于计算机操作系统类型说法错误的是 ____ 。 （分数：2.00） A.网络操作系统和分布式操作系统都可以配置到计算机网络上 B.实时操作系统是实现实时控制的系统，它由外部信号触发而工作 C.基本操作系统包括批处理系统、分时系统、实时系统 D.按照配置操作系统的计算机规模大小，可以将操作系统分类为批处理系统、分时系统、实时系统、网络系统和分布式系统√ 解析： 5.单处理器系统中，可并行的是 ____ 。 Ⅰ．进程与进程Ⅱ．处理器与设备Ⅲ．处理器与通道Ⅳ．设备与设备 （分数：2.00） A.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ B.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ C.Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ
江苏大学 2012年工程硕士招生领域及所含专业、研究方向 一、机械工程（430102） 所含专业： 1. 机械制造及其自动化 3. 机械设计及理论 2. 机械电子工程 所含研究方向： 1. 计算机辅助设计与制造 17. 机械制造中的智能检测技术及应用 机器人的控制技术 18. 2. 模具设计制造新方法电力传动控制技术3. 虚拟机械设计及制造 19. 功率变换技术在机械加工中的应用激光加工与检测技术 20. 4. 计算机控制技术在机械制造中的应用 5. 现代制造与检测设备 21. 机械产品造型研究 22. 6. 机电传动与控制机械人工智能测试与控制 23. CAD/CAE与计算机图形处理技术 7. 计算机辅助测试 24. 8. 系统监测与控制 计算机管控一体化 25. 9. 智能机械与机器人网络信息系统10. 机 械设计及其自动化 26. 先进成形技术先进材料制造与性能表征11. 27.摩擦学 28.表面科学与技术 12.现场总线控制技术13. 跨学科交叉及应用 29. 机械系统工程及其质量管理 14.磁力机械及电磁流变学 30.节能减排装备 关键设计与制造技术基于网络的设计制造及远程监控15. 31.可再生能源（风电、核电、精密与超精密加工16.高能束加工、 32.光电、生物质发电）装备关键设计与制造技术 430103二、光学工程（）所含研究方向：激光冲击波强化延寿技术激光加工技术及应用1. 2.光纤通信工程 3.光电检测技术 4.光学系统设计光电子材料和器件 5. 6.现代照明设计与应用 8.7.LED技术及其工程应用 光电传感器件 10. 平板显示技术9.光谱分析仪器及应用 12.生物光子技术11. 现代光信息处理技术光伏技术及应用13. 14. 15.薄膜、涂层、复合材料激光检测技术 ）三、仪器仪表工程（430104 所含研究方向：虚拟仪器技术1. 2.网络化智能测试系统设计 无线传感网络技术3. 4.新型传感技术 嵌入式系统与仪器 6.智能仪器技术 5. 信号与信息处理技术 8.无损检测技术与故障诊断7. 9.光电检测技术 10.计算机视觉测量与图象处理 11.机器系统过程监测与控制 12.汽车、船用仪表技术
考试题型： 一．回答问题 二．文体对比stylistic features: subjective(主观的)/objective(客观的) 三．语篇分析---textual development /analogy 四．语篇改写句子和句子之间衔接词语少了 There are numerous reasons for……at first, …….secondly, ….In addition, /additionally, /furthermore, …/what is more, Unit 1 General Introduction to Professional Paper Writing 1.1 Classification of professional paper A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and research findings on any deliberately chosen topic. 1)Report paper读书报告2)Research paper 研究论文 3)Course paper课程论文4)Thesis paper(Dissertation)学术论文 1.2 General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style Generally, English Academic writing is: 1) complex(复杂)--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language 2) formal(正式)--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use contractions, colloquialisms and slang. 3) impersonal and objective(客观)--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather than you. 4) explicit(清楚)--Academic writing is explic it about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. 5) accurate(准确)--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with narrow specific meanings. 6) cautious or tentative(用词谨慎) 7) responsible(负责)---Academic writing refers to information from a range of print, digital and other sources, all of which must be clearly referenced in your text references other writers’ work. Question & Exercises：Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each. Answer: Compared with these two passages, I find that there are differences in styles, passage 1 is informal, subjective, for example: ―I’m......‖，―don’t......‖ While the second passage is a scientific research paper, it’s formal, objective and complex, for example,(长句，被动语态等） (subjective---objective, simple---complex, for example......) Unit 2 Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords 2.1 Titles 2.1.1. General functions 1). Generalizing the Text (总结全文)
江苏大学学科教学（英语）考研经验分享 考研一战成功，初试418分，专业排名第二名，其中政治76分，英语二82分，专业一133分，专业二127分，分享一点点经验，希望可以帮助到大家： 首先是政治， 我用的是肖秀荣的精讲精练，肖四肖八，肖老的政治押题确实厉害，用完肖老的资料考场上还是比较胸有成竹的。我在政治上花的时间不是很多，暑假只是刷了一遍选择题，晚上会看下徐涛的政治视频，帮助我加深印象。我系统的开始复习政治是九月份，到考前肖老的一千题差不多刷了两三遍的样子。考前的最后两个星期，就是疯狂背诵肖四肖八，尤其是肖四，一定要多备几遍，这样考场上做题才比较得心应手。 其次是英语二， 英语二我用的是张剑的黄皮书系列，主要是刷真题，早上会早起背单词。因为我本身就是英语专业，加上英语二也不是很难，我在英语二上花的时间也不多，在考试前大概刷了三遍真题，背了几篇作文就进了考场。不过我自己其实对英语二的分数不是很满意，最后没把控好时间，作文写的比较匆忙，丢了不少分，所以大家考场的时候一定要有很强的时间观念，把握好时间，切勿因为时间不够而丢分让自己遗憾。 然后是333教育综合 ，这门课我应该是花的时间最多的一门，因为这门内容特别多，
需要花费大量的时间去理解和背诵。我用的是某学姐的笔记，结合学校的真题以及视频讲解，将内容整个梳理了一遍然后就是花时间背书，我刚开始也背的比较慢，背书的过程非常辛苦，可是自己坚持下来了就一定会有回报。在考试前，我一共背了八九遍的样子，最后考试的内容差不多都在自己的预测范围之内。专业二相比于专业一会简单点，背诵起来不是那么困难，内容后也没有专业一多，我主要是自己买的考研资料加上学校的真题一起背诵的。 以上就是我考研的一点心得，希望可以帮助到学科英语的学弟学妹们！最后祝大家考研顺利！一战成功！
Unit 3 1、Apart from marriage, a journey to a new place, a drive on the road, a ride in an airplane, a business transaction, even a chance remark may result immediately or ultimately in tragedy. 除了婚姻，到一个陌生的地方去旅行，在路上开车，坐飞机，进行一次生意上交易，甚至于一次无意间说的话可能马上或最终导致悲剧的发生。 2、To many of us, gambling is, in many cases, a non-toxic drug against boredom and apathy, and may well help preserve good temper, patience and optimism, which will do us a world of good. 对我们中的许多人来说，在很多情况下赌博是一种用来应对无聊和无趣的无毒的药。它极有可能有助于我们保持良好的心态，使我们有耐心、乐观向上。这将使我们获益匪浅。 3、As a matter of fact, few of us have the right to condemn gambling as few of us can say that they never gamble---even if it is only investing a few pence in a football sweep or a “lucky dip”. 事实上，我们中很少有人有权利去谴责赌博，因为很少有人敢说他们从不赌博---哪怕只是把很少的钱用于赌一场足球比赛的胜利或用来摸彩袋。 4、If a man makes gambling an obsession---almost a form of insanity---he will not lose his property gained through years of toil, he will also lose his dignity and conscience. 如果一个人沉迷于赌博---几近疯狂的程度---他将失去经过多年辛勤工作得来的财产，也会失去自尊和良知。 5、If one sticks to his limits, it is more a game of fun rather than the root of all evils. 假如一个人始终在限度范围内赌博，那么赌博在更大程度上是一种娱乐的游戏，而不是万恶之根源。 6、We can accomplish this by encouraging an interest in so many other activities that gambling itself will lose its fascination as an opiate to a colorless and dreary existence. 我们能够控制赌博，鼓励人们对如此多的其他活动产生兴趣从而使赌博失去其魅力，不能成为调节无聊乏味生活的一个良方。 A. Translate the following passage into Chinese. 1、Nearly every grown-up knows the fact that the love of money is the root of all evils and yet, not everyone can avoid being fooled by money. For some people, for instance, money has no blood relations and they think that money in purse will be always in fashion. There are people who think that money is ace of trumps or that something above everything else. However, not everyone throws the same light on money and not everyone would be blinded by it, for they know money is a good servant, but a bad master. 几乎每一个成年人都知道爱钱乃万恶之源这一事实。然而，并非每个人能躲过被钱捉弄。譬如对有些人来说，钱不认亲。他们认为钱包里的钱不会过时。有人认为钱是王牌之王或钱是最好的通行证。无论他们怎么认为，他们都把钱看得高于一切。然而，每个人对钱的理解不尽相同，不是每个人被钱迷失方向，因为他们知道钱是个好的仆人，坏的主人。 2、They know that sometimes money unmakes its makers and they are fully aware of
江苏省成人高等教育计算机基础统考 说明： 1．运行桌面上“考试系统”，进入登录界面。 2．操作题答题时，一般需要自行启动相应的应用程序，所有考生答案文件必须保存在考生文件夹中。 一、选择题 1．将十进制51转化为二进制数是。 A．110111 B．110011 C．110101 D．101010 2. 在微机中存储一个汉字需个字节。 A． 4 B． 3 C． 2 D． 1 3．计算机中的内存包括。 A．CPU、RAM和ROM B．RAM和ROM C．Cache和磁盘 D．RAM和寄存器 4．世界上公认的第一台电子数字计算机是年诞生的。 A．1945 B．1946 C．1947 D．1959 5．CAD是计算机应用的一个重要方面，它是指。 A. 计算机辅助工程 B. 计算机辅助设计 C．计算机辅助教学 D．计算机辅助制造 6. 下列设备中，都是输出设备。 A．键盘，触摸屏，绘图仪 B．扫描仪，触摸屏，光笔 C．投影仪，数码相机，触摸屏 D．绘图仪，打印机，显示器 7．“1MB”的准确含义是。 A．1000K个二进制位 B．1000K个字节 C．1024K个二进制位
D．1024K个字节 8．计算机宏病毒的特点是。 A．改写系统BIOS B．破坏计算机硬盘 C．以邮件形式发送 D．寄生在文档或模板宏中 9. 微机中的系统总线可分成。 A．输入总线和输出总线两种 B．数据总线和控制总线两种 C．控制总线和地址总线两种 D. 数据总线、地址总线和控制总线三种 10．SCSI接口是之间的接口。 A．外设与外设 B．CPU与存储器 C．主机与外设 D．存储器与外设 11．“Cache”是指。 A．移动硬盘 B．光存储器 C．高速存储器 D．介于CPU与内存之间的一种高速存取数据的芯片12．一台微机最关键的物理部件是。 A．网卡 B．显示器 C．硬盘 D．主板 13．目前计算机有很多高级语言，例如。 A．Delphi，Visual BASIC，ACCESS B．Java，Excel，Visual C++ C．Visual BASIC，Oracle，C++ D．C，C++，Java 14．下列软件产品中，是操作系统。 A．Office2000 B．Foxmail C．Unix D．SQL Server 2000 15．VB中实现分支结构的语句有。 A．For语句和Loop语句 B．Do While语句和For语句 C．If语句和Select Case语句 D．While 语句、For语句和Repeat语句 16．操作系统是一种软件。
江苏大学XXXX级硕士研究生英语期 末考试样卷 考试科目：文献阅读与翻译 考试时 间：XXXXXX Directions:Answer the following questions on the Answer Sheet. 1. How many kinds of literature do you know? And what are they? (5%) 2. How many types of professional papers do you know? And what are they? (5%) 3. What are the main linguistic features of Professional Papers? (10%) 4. What are the purposes of abstracts? How many kinds can the abstracts be roughly classified into? And what are the different kinds? (10%) 5.What is a proposal? How many kinds of proposals do you think are there? What are the main elements of a proposal? (10%) 6.Give your comments on the linguistic features of the following passage. (15%) Basic Point-Set Topology One way to describe the subject of Topology is to say that it is
考研的这段经历让我明白了一点，只要有一点的希望，也不能绝望。由于苏大的竞争压力比较大我是压线进的复试，我觉得可能我这次就是陪太子读书了，但心想大不了就是个死，为了二战涨涨经验也好，我并没有放弃。最终尽最大的努力，让我从最小的期望中获得了希望。 先聊聊我情况： 我是本科上的是一个双非的一本，考研的时候本来想得是报一个成功率比较高的学校的，但我的女友执意要报苏州大学，她向往江南水乡，我不希望就这么天各一方，就这么放弃这段感情，所以也只好从了她的愿报了苏大。 再者我姐上的是苏大，她也建议我报苏大，原因有三个一是苏大的题目都会从参考书目当中出，而且参考书给的目录很全，知识点掌握起来比较容易，再有苏大的师资力量雄厚，虽然比不上二外清北这样的专业学校和名校，但在南方来说算是比较强的了，最后江南水乡是真的好，真的养人。就算跟女朋友分了，分分钟找个更水灵的。 废话就先说到这直接上干货。 苏大英语语言文学的统考的科目是政治、基英、二外和翻译与写作（英语），这其中俄语和日语是自命题，法语和德语是统考。 先来讲一下政治的复习： 我高中时上的是文科，而且我的文综成绩比较好，所以对于政治我并不是特别担心。至于报不报辅导班，我觉得是因人而异的，因为每个人的基础不一样，学习进度也不一样，虽然政治并不能拉分，但复习起来还是会花费很多的时间和精力，如果跟班学确实能更加的系统有层次，但如果自己本身的基础比较好，自然学习的时候也就比一般的人快，如果跟班学的话会拖慢节奏。 政治就是传说中的《李凡政治新时器》一定要看，因为每年出的题目基本不会超出这个范围。题的话我建议还是用李凡的，李凡的配套题平时练练手，最后阶段的押题卷是一定要买的，而且不能只是做更要背，尤其是大题，尽量多背几道题。 法语： 我当初选择法语主要是因为我大学学英语的时候跟着我女友学的就是法语，她觉得法国电影浪漫，法国人讲起法语来都很优雅。但学了法语之后才知道，学