考博英语翻译笔记
倒装和分割结构
为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。
1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。
译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。
2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom”generation reached its child-bearing years.
分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。
译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。
3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.
分析：该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much ，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。
译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业
4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.
分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果only 修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。
译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。
5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West .
分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。
译文：1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。
6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.
分析：hardly…when 的结构表示“刚…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时，而when （或before ）分句中使用过去时。还有，与hardly…when…结构类似的用法还有barely (scarcely)…when…
译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。
7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
分析：such…that 结构可将such 或含有such 的词组放在句首，使全句采用部分倒装。与此用法类似的还有so…that 结构。
译文：她在排演中搞得太过分，以致两名男演员退出不干了。
8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water.
分析：本句为表语前置，表示强调。正常语序应为：It is certain that…。
译文：植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。
9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain.
分析：这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接，从而将第二个并列分句的表语前置。
译文：我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋，而且还会继续是穷光蛋。
10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen.
分析：正常语序应为：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。为使语言生动形象，文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译出原句的语言效果。这里bear=carry 。
译文：从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车，车上坐着学校最著名的人物。
语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割结构。英语中，分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如，英语句子的主语和谓语一般都紧密相联，它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。但是，在有些情况下，或是为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻；或是为了语义严密，结构紧凑，在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成分。此外，还有定语（或定语从句）与其中心词被分隔；某些词语与其所要求的介词被分隔；动词与其宾语被分隔；介词与其宾语被分隔等等。总之，英语的分割应遵循尾重原则（应把长而复杂的成分放在句末，使结构匀称）和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息，即语意重点放在句末）。同时，在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意义。
1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fe ll under Turner’s spell.
分析：本句的主干结构是：Most novelists and historians…fell under Turner’s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。under a spell ：被迷住，着迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语，起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句when they considered women at all 是定语从句who considered women in the West 中的状语成分。
译文：从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描写妇女，就会描述西部妇女，而且都被特纳迷住。
2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position.
分析：the claim 和其同位语that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被the claim 的定语从句that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按照顺序翻译，将其翻译为分句。
译文：美国人常认为，在他们国家，一个人的地位可以从社会最底层上升到社会最上层，亚伯拉罕?林肯就是极好的例子。
3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination—indeed, some call it unprecedented determination—to succeed.
分析：本句的主干结构是：…there were negotiations and…threats of failure 。“overcome by…”是过去分词短语，修饰threats of failure 。stubborn determination 和其定语动词不
定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。
译文：在最后的八年里，进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判，其间屡经失败之虞，但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决心——确实有人称之为前所未有的决心——而渡过难关，取得了胜利。
4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark.
分析：in trying to solve 插在the problem 和定语从句which…之间，起到承上启下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics 为investigations 的后置定语，起到分割作用。
译文：由于剩余价值的发现，使问题明朗化了。而先前，无论资产阶级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。
5. A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described.
分析：lay open 和an empire of learning 被介词短语to us 分割。本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人1982 年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把“better”译为副词“更好地”。
译文：更好地了解中国的文明，将为我们打开一个知识的王国，对这个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。
6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States —a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer.
分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语as a first consideration 分割，做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在1933 年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多，翻译时可把名词转译为动词。
译文：我们首先应考虑的是，坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分之间的相互依赖关系——即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开拓精神。
7. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of.
分析：连词as 引导的比较状语从句中，it 代替for two old people to be 。to be 后省略了fond of each other 。to be 做分割成分。
译文：象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。
8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy—both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away—and sentiment.
分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。lack of physical and mental energy 和sentiment 是并列结构，作two other reasons 的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。
译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其他两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。
9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo
that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead.
总裁助理assistant president
综合治理comprehensive treatment
安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents
信息化information-based;informationization
智力密集型concentration of brain power;knowledge-intensive
外资企业overseas-funded enterprises
下岗职工laid-off workers
分流reposition of redundant personnel
三角债chain debts
素质教育education for all-round development
豆腐渣工程jerry-built projects
社会治安情况law-and-order situation
民族国家nation state
台独"independence of Taiwan"
台湾当局Taiwan authorities
台湾同胞Taiwan compatriots
台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。Taiwan is an inalienable part ofthe Chinese territory.
西部大开发Development of the West Regions
可持续性发展sustainable development
风险投资risk investment
通货紧缩deflation
扩大内需to expand domestic demand
计算机辅助教学computer-assisted instruction(CAI)
网络空间cyberspace
虚拟现实virtual reality
网民netizen(net citizen)
电脑犯罪computer crime
电子商务the e-business
网上购物shopping online
应试教育exam-oriented education
学生减负to reduce study load
下岗laid-off workers
下海plunge into the commercial sea
下网off line
小康之家well-off family;comfortably-off family
新秀up-and-coming star,rising star
新新人类New Human Being；X Generation
信息港info port
形象小姐/先生image representative of a product or a brand
虚拟网virtual net
学生处students'affairs division
研究生毕业证/学位证graduate diploma/graudate degree'sdiploma
摇钱树cash cow
以人为本people oriented;people foremost
义务教育compulsory education
易拉罐pop can
应试教育examination-oriented education system
舆论导向direction of public opinion
运球dribble
在职博士生on-job doctorate
早恋puppy love
招生就业指导办公室enrolment and vocation guidance office
证券营业部stock exchange;security exchange
知识产权intellectual property rights
中专生secondary specialized or technical school student
中流砥柱mainstay,chief corner stone
专卖店exclusive agency;franchised store
自我保护意识self-protection awareness
综合国力comprehensive national strength
综合业务数字网integrated service digital network(ISDN)
公正、公平、公开just,fair and open
好莱坞大片Hollywood blockbuster
黄金时段prime time
假唱lip-synch
劲射power shot
拉拉队cheering squad
来电显示电话机caller ID telephone
论文答辩(thesis)oral defense
泡沫经济bubble economy
票贩子scalper,ticket tout
拳头产品competitive products;knock-out products;blockbuster
三角恋爱love triangle
三维动画片three-dimensional animation
"扫黄"、"打非"eliminate pornography and illegalpublications
申办奥运会bid for the Olympic Games
实现中华民伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinesenation
市场疲软sluggish market
素质教育education for all-around development
筒子楼：tube-shaped apartment
脱贫致富cast(shake,throw)off poverty and set out on a road toprosperity 网吧Internet bar
网恋online love affair
网上冲浪surf the Internet
网上交易平台online trading platform
网友net friend
无人售票self-service ticketing
无绳来电显示电话cordless telephone with caller ID
无线应用协议WAP（wireless application protocol）
英语100个长难句分析
1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.
[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.
[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
4. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
[参考译文] 在美国经济中，私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。
5. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns.
[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。
6. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.
[参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服务。
7. Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.
[参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成
人后的潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。，
8. The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.
[参考译文] 在过去的30年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。
9. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices.
[参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。
10. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. [参考译文] 除去议会有27件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。
11. If its message were confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention.
[参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人会关注它。
12. The workers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts.
[参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显示其努力的人们的例证。
13. As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. [参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。
14. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time--consuming, and sometimes even overwhelming.
[参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招。
15. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site.
[参考译文] 通过远程会议，专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们的家庭或工作跑到一个遥远的开会地点。
16. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates oragainst the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows.
[参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构，在这个结构里面善于竞争的A类好像在某个方面要比他们B类的同辈更胜一筹。
17. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.
[参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经验和其他资格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要以一种有条不紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。
18. The Corporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain.
[参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前会这样，但是它的角色、它的规模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下的讨论话题。
19. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.
[参考译文] 这场辩论是由政府发动的，政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的人一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里，甚至要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。
20. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.
[参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求，并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代和第三代人(领导公司)的时候，经常会毁掉那些家族公司的财富。
21. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
[参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的*纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个因素，这种财富不但远离了土地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与公司的负责任的管理毫无关系。
22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community exceptthat of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的"舒适"阶级提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，他们除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会，向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟社会的其他阶层毫无瓜葛。
23. The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the
workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good.
[参考译文] 这样的"股东"对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、思想和需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。
24. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.
[参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古老家族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有这样的私人关系。
被动语态翻译
英语中被动语态使用范围很广，凡是在不必或不愿说出或无从说出施动者以及为了便于连贯上下文或者为了强调动作的承受者等场合，往往都用被动语态。英语被动句的翻译主要有以下几种情况：
一、译成汉语主动句。
1．原句中的主语、谓语不变，译文中没有表示被动的标志，如“被、把”字等，形式上是主动句，表达被动意义。例如：Eg. On Practice has been translated into many foreign languages. 《实践论》已译成许多国家的文字。Eg. The whole country was armed in a few days. 几天以内，全国就武装起来了。
2．原句中的主语移到谓语之后，译作宾语。Eg. Another middle school has been set up in our district．我们区又办了一所中学。Eg. 1，200 people had been saved soldiers in the earthquake. 在地震中，战士们已救出1200人。
3．译成带表语的主动句。Eg. The decision to attack was not taken lightly. 进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。Eg. In the old society，women were looked down upon. 在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的。
4．含主语从句的被动句型译为主动句。以it作形式主语的英语句子，翻译时常要转为主动形式，有时可加上“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定主语。例如：Eg. It is reported that the enemy has been breeding new strains of killer viruses．据报道敌人正在培育新的杀人病毒。Eg. It is suggested that meeting be put off till next Monday．有人建议会议推迟到下星期一举行。Eg. It is well known that natural light is actually made up of many colours．众所周知，自然光其实是由许多种颜色构成的。
这类句型还有：it is said that... ／It is supposed that...／It must be pointed out that...／It is asserted that...／It is generally considered that... 二、译成汉语被动句
为了强调被动动作或突出施动者时，可以将英语被动句译为汉语被动句。
1．汉语句中有“被”、“遭受”等词。Eg. North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain，which caused severe flooding．华北地区遭受了一场意外的大雨袭击，引起了严重的水灾。Eg. The window pane was broken by the child. 窗上玻璃被这小孩打碎了。
2．译成“为……所”的结构。Eg. Granny Wang was forced by familv circumstances to enter a knitting mill in Shanghai as a child labourer at the age of twelve. 王大妈为家境所迫，十二岁就到上海一家针织厂作童工。Eg. I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card. 我为这些话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞卡上了。三、译成“招”、“使”和“由”字句
Eg. The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire. 大火使这家著名的旅馆几乎全部毁坏。Eg. The plan is going to be examined first by the research group. 计划将先由研究小组加以研究。Eg. By evening the occupation was complete，and the people were chased off the streets by an eight o'clock curfew. 至傍晚，占领已告完成八点钟开始的宵禁把人们从街上赶回家。四、译成无主语句
Eg. Some measures must be taken to control the water pollution. 必须采取某些措施来控制水污染。Eg. Methods are found to take these materials out of the rubbish and use them again. 现在已经找到了从垃圾中提取这些材料并加以利用的方法。
综上所述，英语被动句多数情况下译成汉语的主动句，只有在特别强调被动动作或特别突出被动句才译成汉语被动句。我们要选一种既符合汉语习惯，又保持上下文连贯的译法。同时，既要注意语态转换的一般规则，也要注意其例外情况，有的被动语态形式已习语化了，更是不可忽视的。
英语数字的翻译
英语中的有些数词在汉译时可以等值翻译。但是，也有不少数词在汉译中不能等值翻译，或者完全不译出来。这种翻译处理方法是为了使汉译句子能符合汉语的表达习惯。以下分别举例说明。
1）等值翻译：
Eg. a drop in the ocean
沧海一粟
Eg. within a stone's throw
一箭之遥
Eg. ki11 two birds with one stone
一箭双雕
Eg. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.．
吃一堑，长一智。
2）不等值翻译：
Eg. at sixes and sevens
乱七八糟
Eg. on second thoughts
再三考虑
Eg. by ones and twos
两两地，零零落落地
Eg. Two heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。
Eg. --Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all.
你能便宜一点卖吗？对不起，不二价.
Eg. He had one over the eight after be drank only half bottle of the wine.
他才喝了半瓶酒就醉得七歪八倒了。
英语倍数句型及其译法
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些（如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、（12）等，见圈码）很容易译错——其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：
倍数增加
(一) A is n times as great（long，much，…）as B.（①）
A is n times greater （longer，more，…）than B.（②）
A is n times the size （length，amount，…）of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为；A的大小（长度，数量，……）是B的n倍[或A比B大（长，多，……）n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as （three times longer than，three times the length of ）that one.
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍（即长两倍）。
注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than（as，of）B常被省去。
（二）increase to n times（④）
increase n times／n-fold（⑤）
increase by n times（⑥）
increase by a factor of n（⑦）
以上四式均应译为：增加到n倍（或：增加n-1倍）。
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.
The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986．
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍（即提高1倍或2倍）。
The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
漏电压增加了3借（即增加到原来的4倍）。
注：在这类句型中increase常被raise，grow，go/step up，multiply等词所替代。
（三）There is a n-fold increase/growth…（⑧）
应译为：增加n-倍（或增至n倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
（四）double (增加1倍），treble（增加2倍），quadruple（增加3倍）。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled．
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
（五）此外，英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：
A is as much （large，long，…）again as B.（= A is twice as much （large，long，…）as B.（⑩）
应译为：A比B多（大，长，……）1倍。
A is half as much （large，1ong，…)again as B.
【= A is one and a half times as much （large，1ong，…）as B.】（11）
应译为:A比B多（大，长……）一半（即A是B的一倍半）。
倍数减少
（一）A is n times as small （light，slow，…）as B.（12）
A is n times smaller （lighter，slower，…) than B.（13）
以上两句均应译为：A的大小（重量，速度，……）是B的1/n[或A比B小（轻，慢，……）（n-1）/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16（即比氧原子约轻15/16）。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半（即是普通纸厚度的1/2）。
注：当相比的对象B很明显时，than/as B常被省去。
（二）decrease n times/n--fold （14）
decrease by n times（15）
decrease by a factor of n（16）
以上三式均译为：减少到1/n[或：减少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce，shorten，go／slow down等词替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3（即缩短到2/3）。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times，the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.
电压升高9倍，电流强度便降低9/10（即90％）。
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
（三）There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…
应译为：减至1/n [或：减少（n一1）/n]。（17）
这个句型还有其它一些形式，
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed．
发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不同的是，英语在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句型（除了不含倍数词的again句型外）都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减n倍，而是净增或净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④；句型(13)表示的倍数比差＝句型12，且decrease（by）3 times应译为“减少2/3”，而不是“减少3/4”。
英语和汉语语言结构和表达习惯有很多差异之处，翻译时往往不能死扣原文逐词逐句译出。本文拟谈谈形容词的翻译问题。
一、一些原义并无否定意思的形容词和别的词搭配有时可译成否定句
1. These goods are in short supply.
这些货物供应不足。
2. This equation is far from being complicated.
这个方程一定也不复杂。
二、为了使译文自然流畅，读起来顺口，在一些形容词前可根据上下文内容加上副词“很”、“最”等字
1. It was as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.
这是我度过最愉快的一天。
2. It is easy to compress a gas.
气体很容易压缩。
三、有时可将英语的“形容词+名词短语”译成汉语的主谓结构
1. She spoke in a high voice.
她讲话声音很尖。
2. This engine develops a high torque.
这台发动机产生的转矩很大。
四、如果一个名词前有几个形容词修饰，英译时应根据汉语习惯决定其顺序
1. a large brick conference hall
一个用砖砌的大会议厅
2. a plastic garden chair
一把在花园里用的塑料椅子
五、英语中一些表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词同连系动词构成复合谓语时，翻译时可将形容词译成动词
1. Y ou are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
2. Such criticisms have become familiar in his later commentaries on America.
类似的批评在他后来写的评论美国的文章中屡见不鲜。
3. He is truly sorry for his past, and he has undertaken to give up motorcars entirely and for ever.
他诚恳地忏悔过去，并保证永远不再玩汽车。
六、由于语言习惯不同，英语里的形容词有时译成汉语副词
1. I am going to be good and sweet and kind to every body.
我要对每一个人都亲切、温顺、和善。
2. He asked me for a full account of myself and family.
他详尽地问起我自己和我家里的情况。
3. Another war will be the absolute end of our country.
再来一次战争将彻底毁灭我们这个国家。
从以上几个方面可以看出，译好形容词是使译文通顺、流畅的一个环节。
英汉互译的几种方法
在翻译中，针对词汇空缺现象，在词汇的借用、引用方面通常采取四种形式：音译、直译、改编、意译
1. 音译：人名、地名以及一些表示新概念而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时，均可采用音译法介绍到译文语言中去，如: [汉译英] 磕头（kowtow），荔枝（litchi）；[英译汉]、engine （引擎），motor（马达），sofa(沙发)，logic（逻辑）
2．直译：paper tiger(纸老虎)，lose face（丢脸），Seeing is believing.（百闻不如一见。）Out of mind，out of sight.（眼不见，心不烦）
3.改编：所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意义补充的翻译，在翻译的“改编法”中，译者总是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性，另一方面更希望译文含义明朗，使读者一目了然。
比如，汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语，可译成This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中，“鲁班”变成了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter" 否则鲁班究竟是什么人，不知道典故的外国读者就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见，如巧克力糖（chocolate），鸦片烟（opium），高尔夫球（golf），来福枪（rifle），尼龙布（nylon）4．意译法：填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺，采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常见的有效方法。如果某一语言观象，在译文语言中只的用意义相同的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇
来翻译时，那么就等于说译文语言的形式中存在着一个“空缺”。比如，有许多词以及由这些词代表的思想概念，最先只存在于某种语言中，当把这些词或概念介绍到另一种语言中去时，我们可采取音译，直译法，同时也可采用意译法，而且意译译文可从语音、语法、语义等方面都合乎译文语言的规范，因此最易为读者接受。比如：communism，democracy,和proletariat等外来词变成“共产主义”“民主”和”无产者”时，可以说最先是意译的结果。同时，由于“共产主义”，“无产者”等完全是按我们汉语的构词规则，用汉语的构词材料构成的。因此，这种意译只不过是属于一种概念的借鉴而已。
1．记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的
Remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten.Alter what is changeable, and accept what is mutable.
2．能冲刷一切的除了眼泪，就是时间，以时间来推移感情，时间越长，冲突越淡，仿佛不断稀释的茶
Apart from tears, only time could wear everything away. While feeling is being processed by time, conflicts would be reconciled as time goes by, just like a cup of tea that is being continuously diluted.
3．怨言是上天得至人类最大的供物，也是人类祷告中最真诚的部分
Complaints are the greatest offerings that God obtains from human beings, as well as the most faithful prayers human beings might utter to God.
4．智慧的代价是矛盾。这是人生对人生观开的玩笑。
Wisdom appears in contradiction to itself, which is a trick life plays on philosophy of life.
5．世上的姑娘总以为自己是骄傲的公主（除了少数极丑和少数极聪明的姑娘例外）
Girls always look on themselves as proud princesses, with the exception of a small number of either extremely ugly or exceedingly smart ones.
6．如果敌人让你生气，那说明你还没有胜他的把握
It can be inferred that you lack confidence in a victory over your rivals from the fact that you’re irritable against them.
7．如果朋友让你生气，那说明你仍然在意他的友情
From that you would get angry with your friends, we can conclude you sitll care about the friendship between you.
8．令狐冲说“有些事情本身我们无法控制，只好控制自己。”可是，他算什么！！“Something is out of our control, so we have to command ourselves.“said Linghu Chong, a known character in a Chinese novel about persons adept in martial arts(武侠小说？）. Who is, however, fucking he?
9．我不知道我现在做的哪些是对的，那些是错的，而当我终于老死的时候我才知道这些。所以我现在所能做的就是尽力做好每一件事，然后等待着老死。
Only till my natural death.could I tell which of what I have been doing is right or wrong, so now I have to try to do well in everything, and then wait to die a natural death.
10．也许有些人很可恶，有些人很卑鄙。而当我设身为他想象的时候，我才知道：他比我还可怜。所以请原谅所有你见过的人，好人或者坏人
Some may be wicked, and some may be despicable. Only when I put myself in their position did I know they are more miserable than I. So forgive all that you have met, no matter what kind of persons they are.
11．鱼对水说你看不到我的眼泪，因为我在水里．水说我能感觉到你的眼泪，因为你在我心
里。
“Y ou couldn’t see my tears cause I am in the water.“Fish said to water. “But I could feel your tears cause you are in me.“Answered water.
12．快乐要有悲伤作陪，雨过应该就有天晴。如果雨后还是雨，如果忧伤之后还是忧伤．请让我们从容面对这离别之后的离别。微笑地去寻找一个不可能出现的你！
Happiness is accompanied by sorrow, and it would turn sunny after rain as well. If rain remains after rain and sorrow remains after sorrow, please take those farewells easy, and turn to smilingly look for yourself who is never to appear.
13．死亡教会人一切，如同考试之后公布的结果？？虽然恍然大悟，但为时晚矣！
Like the outcome after an exam, death makes us aware of anything, That is, it’s too late to take a tumble.
14．你出生的时候，你哭着，周围的人笑着；你逝去的时候，你笑着，而周围的人在哭！When you were born, you’re crying but lookers-on were smiling. When you are passing away, you’re smiling but lookers-on are crying.
15．男人在结婚前觉得适合自己的女人很少，结婚后觉得适合自己的女人很多
Man might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and contrarily when they get married.
16．于千万人之中，遇见你所遇见的人；于千万年之中，时间的无涯荒野里，没有早一步，也没有晚一步，刚巧赶上了Among thousands of people, you meet those you’ve met. Through thousands of years, with the boundlessness of time, you happen to meet them, neither earlier nor a bit too late.
17．每个人都有潜在的能量，只是很容易:被习惯所掩盖，被时间所迷离,被惰性所消磨. Everyone has his inherent ability( power or capacity?) which is easily concealed by habbits, blured by time, and eroded by laziness( or inertia?).
18．人生短短几十年，不要给自己留下了什么遗憾，想笑就笑，想哭就哭，该爱的时候就去爱，无谓压抑自己
Be sure that you have never had any regrets in your life which only lasts for a few decades. Laugh or cry as you like, and it‘s meaningless to oppress yourself.
19．《和平年代》里的话：当幻想和现实面对时，总是很痛苦的。要么你被痛苦击倒，要么你把痛苦踩在脚下While our dream is confronted with the reality, you always feel painful. Just trample on the pain, or you‘ll be beat down by it.
20．真正的爱情是不讲究热闹不讲究排场不讲究繁华更不讲究嚎头的
A true love is what doesn‘t strive for busyness, for extravagance, for luxury, and moreover for hokum.
21．生命中，不断地有人离开或进入。于是，看见的，看不见了；记住的，遗忘了。生命中，不断地有得到和失落。于是，看不见的，看见了；遗忘的，记住了。然而，看不见的，是不是就等于不存在？记住的，是不是永远不会消失？
There is someone that is coming or passing away in your life around the clock, so you may lose sight of those seen, and forget those remembered. There is gain and loss in your life, so you may catch sight of those unseen, and remember those forgotten. Nevertheless, doesn‘t the unseen exist for sure? Will the remembered remain for ever?
22．我们确实活得艰难，一要承受种种外部的压力，更要面对自己内心的困惑。在苦苦挣扎中，如果有人向你投以理解的目光，你会感到一种生命的暖意，或许仅有短暂的一瞥，就足
以使我感奋不已。
It‘s true that we have been leading a difficult life, for we need not o nly to be under various external pressures, but also to be in the face of internal perplexities.Y ou would be affected by the warmth of life if someone gives you an understanding look during your bitter struggle.Even a mere glance would make you moved and inpired.
23．我不去想是否能够成功,既然选择了远方,便只顾风雨兼程；我不去想,身后会不会袭来寒风冷雨,既然目标是地平线,留给世界的只能是背影.
I wouldn‘t care success or failure, for I will only struggle ahead as long as I have been destined to the distance. I wouldn‘t care the difficulties around, for what I can leave on the earth is only their view of my back since I have been marching toward the horizontal.
24．后悔是一种耗费精神的情绪.后悔是比损失更大的损失,比错误更大的错误.所以不要后悔Penitence is something that enervates our spirit, causing a greater loss than loss itself and making a bigger mistake than mistake itself, so never regret.
2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】 导读：本文2018年考博英语翻译练习及参考【三篇】，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 【第一篇：健康的乐观主义】大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有的结果。Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔获，总会有一些演讲比其它演讲效果差。接着是重塑，他分析了这个效果不好的演讲，并且从那些起作用和不起作用的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后，需要有这样一种观点，那就是承认，在广阔的生命当中，一次演讲根本算不上什么。参考译文Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things
2010考研翻译笔记（主讲：唐静） 一、考研翻译的三大基本问题 （一）考研翻译的解题“奥秘” 做真题，而不是看翻译 做翻译＝写汉字 （二）考研翻译的题型、命题原则和考试容 1、题型 ①大的方面：主观题——汉字书写工整 ②小的方面：阅读题 没有必要通读全文 有些情况下，需要阅读划线句子的上下文 划线句子有代词，需要读上下文 2、命题原则 ①体裁偏向学术文献，比较抽象 ②题材偏向文科领域（1998年理科的） ③划线的句子长30个字左右，为长难句 3、考试容=考点 1）考察专有名词、词组和多义词的解释 （1）专有名词 人名、地名、国家名称、术语、组织机构名称（2）专业术语 Big Bang大爆炸理论 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论（3）学科术语 anthropoloist人类学家 anthropological人类学的 inflationary universe theory宇宙膨胀理论 SARS非典 （4）词组 as……as by means of home appliances家用电器die out灭绝 （5）多义词： school 学派before以前serve起作用 life 生命、生活 （6）熟词生义 set （成套）设备；集、集合 offend 冒犯；排污超标；污染超标particle 粒子（7）生词：超纲词 2）考察一般性翻译技巧，包括词序调整、词义选择 A、词序调整：即改变英语单词在汉语译文中的先后顺序 46)Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. 在联系不同民族和国家方面，电视也许以前没有像在最近欧洲事件中起如此重大的作用。 例如：I studied very hard in the classroom at 6 every morning. 我每天早晨六点钟在教室认真学习。 B、词义选择：即选择一个单词的意思来翻译，解决单词问题（单词不认识怎么办） 词义选择的方法： a、分析词根、词缀 multimedia 多媒体，传媒determinism 决定论methodology 方法论anthropological 人类学的 b、分析上下文来翻译： ①借生词的上下文来造句 人类有能力______环境（改造/征服/适应）Television is one of the meas.（电视是一种工具/方式/媒介）②借助上下文或根据汉语习惯做同义替换 aspect方面 P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. deal with 处理，解决aspect在这里为“问题” P10-50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” 处理挑战？deal with在这里为“应对/解决” 在应对（面对/解决）如此大规模的挑战的时候，… P1-74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 优雅的系统？elegant“完善的、完美的、优良的”3）考察具体句型的翻译 包括定语从句、状语从句、被动结构 （三）考研翻译的方法 直译为主，适当意译直译不等于死译 考研翻译的标准和步骤： 1、标准：准确、通顺、完整；严复：信、达、雅 傅雷：神似；钱钟书：化境 2、衡量的方式：读 3、翻译步骤： 第一步：通读全句、查找连接 第二步：分析成分、划分意群 第三步：选择词义、表达贴切 第四步：适当调整、书写译文 考研翻译步骤例题：P7 61）One difficulty is that / almost all of what is called behavioral science / continues to trace behavior to / states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature ,and so on. 第一步：通读全句、查找连接 第二步：分析全句，划分译群 主语：one difficulty 谓语：is that引导的表语从句从句的主语：almost all of what is called behavioral science（被动）谓语：continues 第一个to：不定式的符号第二个to：介词的符号，后接名词4个名词：states of mind ,feelings ,traits of character ,human nature作并列宾语 第三步：选择词义表达 1、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为behavioral science 行为科学continue 继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到states of mind 心理状态feelings感觉、感情、情感character 性格train 特征human 人类nature大自然；本性and so on 等等 第四步：适当调整、书写译文 2、one 一个difficulty 困难is 是→在于that almost 几乎all 所有what is called 被称之为→所谓的behavioral science 行为科学……（不通顺） 3、one 一个 is 是→在于that almost 几乎what is called 被称之为→所谓的行为科学……（不通顺） 4、将all放在behavioral science 后：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都（加上）continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 到……（不对劲） 5、第二个to 到换为根据：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都continue继续trace sth. to sth. ;trace:追踪、跟踪behavior 行为第二个to 根据……（还不对劲） 6、第二个to 根据放到trace跟踪前：一个困难在于所谓的行为科学几乎全部都根据心理状态情感性
考博英语翻译笔记 倒装和分割结构 为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺序翻译，也可以按照字面意思翻译。非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序译法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的if 省略，并将助动词提前。 译文：例如，它们(指测试)并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才干。 2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday's “baby boom ” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：该句中so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用so 来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。 译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用——而且随着昔日在“ 生育高峰期” 出生的 一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这同样起了作用。 3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：该句的Much as I have traveled 是一个由as 引导的让步状语从句。相当于though I have traveled much ，但语气要比后者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。 译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职业 4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。Only 后加副词、介词、状语从句时要用部分倒装。但是要注意的是，如果only 修饰的不是状语，则不用倒装。 译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正确。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West . 分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒装。 译文：1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析：hardly…when的结构表示“冈U…就…”。含有这种结构的句子常将hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外，hardly分句中一般采用过去完成时，而when (或before )分句中使用过去时。还有，与hardly…when… 结构类似的用法还有barely (scarcely)…whe n … 译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out.
2012年考博考试英语翻译策略 无论是英汉翻译，还是汉英翻译，就翻译的过程而言，只有两个：一是对原文的理解，二是用译文来表达。 汉英翻译三步策略之一：定主语 1．翻译的单位 在翻译中，最小的翻译单位是什么？是篇章吗？是段落吗？是句子吗？是单词吗？甚至是音节吗？这是一个翻译理论家长期以来争论不休的一个话题。现在大多数翻译家、翻译理论家和翻译实践家都趋向于以篇章或者是整个问题为基本的翻译单位。但是，对于初学翻译的人来说，或者那些根本没有掌握翻译的人，要去应付一个翻译考试的时候，笔者认为，句子可能是最好的翻译单位。 什么是句子？或者具体说来，在汉英翻译中，要把汉语翻译成英语，究竟什么是英语的句子？ 柯林斯词典对英语句子的定义是这样的：A sentence is a group of words which，when they are written down，begin with a capital letter and end with a full stop，question mark or exclamation mark. Most sentences contain a subject and a verb.具体说来，英语的句子可以这样来定义：一个句子就是一组词，在书面语中，每一个句子首词的第一个字母大写，句末用句号、问号或者感叹号；大多数句子有主语和谓语。 根据英语句子的定义，我们可以清楚的知道，英语的句子中，大多数句子都有主语和谓语。那么汉英翻译，只要我们能把汉语转变成为准确通顺的英语，就需要搭建英语的主语和谓语等句式结构。而英语本身语法非常严谨，逻辑非常严密的特点，所以，在汉英翻译中，主语的确定和谓语的选择就是成功构建英语句式结构的关键，也是保证英语译文和汉语原文功能对等的关键。 2．确定汉语原文的主语为英语译文的主语 1）把汉语原文中的主语直接翻译成英语充当译文的主语，这是一种最简单、最可靠的对应方法，也是我们做汉英翻译“定主语”的时候首先应该考虑的方法。如： 例1．当前，国际形势正经历着自冷战结束以后最复杂、最深刻的变化。（中国
2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案【十篇】 仰望天空时，什么都比你高，你会自卑;俯视大地时，什么都比你低，你会自负;只有放宽视野，把天空和大地尽收眼底，才能在苍穹泛土之间找到你真正的位置。无须自卑，不要自负，坚持自信。以下我无忧考网为考生整理的《2018考博英语翻译练习题及答案第二部分【十篇】》供您查阅。 2018考博英语翻译练习：泡腊八蒜 考博英语翻译题型多为汉译英，各博士招生院校大多都有此题型，考博英语复习初期阶段新东方在线考博频道为考博生们整理了一些考博英语翻译练习，供大家平日复习。 泡腊八蒜是中国北方，尤其是华北地区的一个习俗。顾名思义，就是在阴历腊月初八的这天来泡制大蒜。其实材料非常简单，就是醋和大蒜瓣儿。做法也是极其简单，将剥了皮的蒜瓣儿放到一个可以密封的罐子、瓶子之类的容器里面，然后倒入醋，封上口放到一个冷的地方。慢慢地，泡在醋中的蒜就会变绿，最后会变得通体碧绿的，如同翡翠碧玉。老北京人家，一到腊月初八，过年的气氛一天赛过一天，
华北大部分地区在腊月初八这天有用醋泡蒜的习俗。 译文参考： Laba garlic bulbs in the north,particularly in North China,a custom. As the name suggests,at the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar day the Chinese people are apt to cook garlic.In fact,the materials is very easy, that is,vinegar and garlic petal.Approach is extremely simple too,the rinded garlic cloves can be sealed into a jar,flasks and the favor inside the container,then pour vinegar,sealed port into a cold location. Slowly, the garlic drenched in vinegar ambition turn green,and finally transform entire body green as emerald jade.Old Beijing human,1 to the eighth daytime of the twelfth lunar month,one day outdo the air of Chinese New Year day in most parts of north China this day be serviceable in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month vinegar and garlic bulbs custom. 解析： 大蒜：garlic
北京协和医学院考博英语翻译模拟及备考方法 计算机、网络和健康计算机、网络给人们生活带来便利，但他们同时又影响人们的健康。计算机、网络所带来的影响： 一、电磁辐射可带来多种疾病，可损害眼部，如引起青光眼等，长时间可造成手部、腕部等关节和肌肉损害，甚至可引起精神疾病，如失眠、烦躁、激动等等。 二、引起网络综合征。 三、如何减少计算机、网络所带来的影响 四、应用电脑室内光线要适当，多注意通风，保持室内空气清新。 五、多注意适当休息，并自我调整，如锻炼身体，自我身体检查，健康保证。 （PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ: 772678537)六、多进食富含维生素A和蛋白质的食物，如胡萝卜、橘子、肝、牛奶、鸡蛋等。多饮茶也有好处。 对于大多数人讲，医学考博英语关键在于听力和作文。听力可快速提高，我当时每天早起上网下载一段或两段新闻。反复听，一遍就5-6分钟.逐步回听懂。另外听力要从难的听起，哪怕刚开始只能懂几个单词，这个很重要。切记。若速度太快，可先看一下相关的新闻了解一下背景。再听，完全听懂为止，贵在坚持，一天2次，各半小时。很管用。 作文，应该在平时的积累。临时复习技巧：一是背一些万能作文的框架，到时套用，主要使你的作文有良好的“骨架和关节”。二是到相关英文报纸的网站，开阔视野，还有就是注意相关的重点单词。三是阅读中注
意一些写作中的好的例句，积累些，很精华的，到时来几句，很长分数的。 我认为此书最大的优点在于把医学词汇进行了汇编，这一部分也最有用。至于书中的其他部分，我认为借鉴即可，切勿陷入题海战术，那样太费脑子了。应明确仅有这一本书是远远不够的，必须结合自己的实际情况弥补，本人在复习时甚至重新学习了实用英语语法，我建议各位一切从实际出发，有针对性的补自己的不足，决不可以靠着一本书，必须广开思路。最好能搞到真题若干套，进行题海战术复习。 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑
医学考博英语翻译习题 An AIDS Mystery Solved (1) About 15 years ago， a well-meaning man donated blood to the Red Cross in Sydney，Australia，not knowing he has been exposed to HIV-1，the virus that causes AIDS. Much later，public-health officials learned that some of the people who got transfusions? containing his blood had become infected with the same virus; presumably they were almost sure to die. But as six years stretched to 10，then to 14，the anxiety of health officials gave way to astonishment. Although two of the recipients have died from other causes，not one of the seven people known to have received transfusions of the man’s contaminated blood has come down with AIDS. More telling still，the donor，a sexually active homosexual，is also healthy. In fact his immune system remains as robust as if he had never tangled with HIV at all. What could explain such unexpected good fortune? (2) A team of Australian scientists has finally solved the mystery. The virus that the donor contracted and then passed on，the team reported last week in the journal Science. contains flaws in its genetic script that appear to have rendered it innocuous?. “Not only have the recipients and the donor not progressed to disease for 15 years，”marvels molecular biologist Nicholas Deacon of Australia’s Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Re-search，“but the prediction is that they never will.”Deacon speculates that this “impotent”HIV may even be a natural inoculant? that protects its carriers against more virulent strains? of the virus，much as infection with cowpox warded off smallpox in 18th-century milkmaids. (3) If this ______ proves right，it will mark a milestone in the battle to contain the late-20th century’s most terrible epidemic. For in addition to explaining why this small group of people infected with HIV has not become sick，the discovery of a viral strain that works like a vaccine would have far-reaching implications. “What these results suggest，”says Dr. Barney Graham of Tennessee’s Vanderbilt University，“is that HIV is vulnerable and that it is possible to stimulate effective immunity against it.” (4) The strain of HIV that popped up? in Sydney intrigues scientists because it contains striking abnormalities in a gene that is believed to stimulate viral duplication. In fact，the virus is missing so much of this particular gene —known as nef，for negative factor —that it is hard to imagine how the gene could perform any useful function. And sure enough，while the Sydney virus retains the ability to infect T cells —white blood cells that are critical to the immune system’s ability to ward off infection —it makes so few copies of itself that the most powerful molecular tools can barely detect its presence. Some of the infected Australians，for example，were found to carry as few as one or two copies of the virus for every 100000 T cells. People with AIDS，by contrast，are burdened with viral loads thousands of times higher. (5) At the very least，the nef gene offers an attractive target for drug developers. If its activity can be blocked，suggests Deacon，researchers might be able to hold the progression of disease at bay，even in people who have developed full-blown AIDS. The need for better AIDS-fighting drugs was underscored last week by the actions of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration advisory panel，which recommended speedy approval of two new AIDS drugs，including the first of a new class of compounds called protease? inhibitors?. Although FDA commissioner David Kessler was quick to praise the new drugs，neither medication can prevent or cure AIDS once it has taken hold.
考博英语练习题 1. Daily nutrition, weight, and physical activities in the family will largely determine whether your children are _____ to children diabetes. A. likely B. susceptible C. influential D. Sustainable 2. The accusations we bring against others should be ____ ourselves; they should not ____ complacency and easy judgments on our part concerning our own moral conduct. A. denigration of.., exclude B. instructions to... equate C. parodies of... satirize D. warnings to... justify 【翻译练习】 1、英译汉参考译文 The researchers, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, say when people are living together they share behaviors, such as eating meals together and watching TV. The scientists also note that marriage provides a number of health benefits, including decreased cigarette smoking and lower mortality. 2、汉译英 举行的峰会可以促进六国之间的友好合作关系。 【参考答案】 1.B 【句子大意】每日汲取的营养成分，体重和在家锻炼很大程度上决定您的孩子是否容易患上儿童糖尿病。 【精析】likely“很可能的，合适的”；susceptible“易受影响的”；influential“有影响的，有势力的”；sustainable“可以忍受的，足可支撑的”；故选B项。 2.D 【句子大意】那些对他人的控告应该视为对我们自己的一个警告；我们不能够仅凭自身道德行径就有理由去妄下定论并且骄傲自满。 【精析】denigration of 诋毁，贬损；exclude排除，排斥；instructions教导，说明；equate使相等，视为平等；parodies of模仿，效仿；satirize讽刺，挖苦；Warnings to 警告；justify证明合法。根据原文，可根据第一句话，首先排除AC选项，对他人的控告不能是对自身的一种诋毁，或效仿。故选D项。 【翻译参考答案】 1、英译汉参考译文 北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)的研究人员说，两个人生活在一起就会一同行动，比如说一块儿吃饭看电视。科学家们还强调，婚姻会带来许多健康方面的好处，比如说少抽烟，死亡率也会降低。 2、汉译英参考答案 The Summit Sessions held in Shanghai could foster better relations and cooperation between the six counties. ===============================================================================
人大考博英语汉译英专项练习（1-10，含详解） 专项练习1 科技是人类文明进步的动力源泉。古老的中国，曾在世界科技史上占有重要地位。今天的中国人民，不仅与全世界共享科技文明的成果，也在各个领域推动世界科技的进步。科技奥运将反映科技最新进展，集成全国科技创新成果，推出一届高科技含量的体育盛会；提高北京科技创新能力，推进高新技术成果的产业化及其在人民生活中的广泛应用，使北京奥运会成为展示高新技术成果和创新实力的窗口。 【参考译文】 Science and technology is the source power which can drive civilization of Human being. China, an old-line country, has had a high position in the world’s technology history. Today, Chinese people are not only sharing the harvest of technology and civilization with people from rest of the world, but promoting the science and technology in all kinds of field as well. High-tech Olympics means that we will closely follow the latest high-tech developments home and abroad and integrate the high-tech achievements nationwide so as to host a magnificent sports event in high-tech achievement. In doing so, Beijing’s capacity in high-tech innovation will be improved and the application of high-tech achievements in production and people’s life promoted. Beijing Olympic Games will be a window to showcase our high-tech achievements and innovative capacity. 专项练习2 去年，美国联邦航空管理局把用来计算飞机载荷的乘客平均体重提高了10磅。因为当时原油价格创下了历史新记录，作为应对措施，很多公司不得不提高机票价格中的燃料费用。 美国人和欧洲人不断发胖的趋势促使政府发动健康运动，同时人们严厉谴责许多食品公司。麦当劳连锁店在谴责声中受到冲击，因而不得不在最近几个月里修改菜单，增加了一些更有利于健康的食物。这一举动促使麦当劳的盈利增加。然而，据专家预测，人类注定会越来越胖，会对航空公司的利润空间形成不断增加的压力。 【参考译文】 Last year, the Federal Aviation Administration increased by ten pounds the average passenger weight they use to calculate aircraft loads. Since then crude oil prices have hit record levels, with many firms responding by raising the fuel surcharge they add to ticket prices. The rising level of obesity in the US and in Europe has prompted government health campaigns and harsh criticism of a number of food firms. Restaurant chain McDonald’s has taken the brunt of the attack and has in recent months reworked its menu to include healthier options. The move has helped lift profits. The prediction by experts, however, is that humans are set to become bigger, putting increasing pressure on airline profit. 专项练习3 据最新估计，雅典奥运会的开支已达到100亿美元，这对于希腊这样的小国来说可是一笔不小的数目，何况它曾经是欧盟中最贫穷的国家。 希腊对这次奥运会可能带来的美好前景寄予厚望，并想借此机会（向世界）展示一个“焕然一新”的希腊，以吸引新的投资者和游客。但是，本国运动员的兴奋剂丑闻和旅游业的低靡破坏了希腊的形象，这使希腊政府十分恼火。希腊财政部的一位重要官员告诉记者，希腊只有正确处理好公众关系，才能使雅典奥运会的开销变成投资。
考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法考博英语翻译中的长难句令本身对生词感到无力的考生更加焦灼，新东方在线考博频道教你四个方法来解析考博英语翻译长难句。 考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法一：逆序法 逆序法即倒置法。有些英语长难句的表达次序与汉语习惯不同，甚至语序完全相反，这就必须从原文的后面译起，逆着原文的顺序翻译。例如：“There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”该句可分为三部分①“There was little hope”;②“continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose”;③“in a neighborhood that was strange to me.”前两层表结果，第三层表原因。 这句英语长句的叙述层次与汉语逻辑相反，因此要打破原句的结构，按照汉语造句的规律重新加以安排。译为：这一带我不熟悉，天黑以后继续进行调查，取得结果的希望不大。 考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法二：顺序法 有些英语长难句按逻辑关系安排，与汉语的表达方式比较一致，或者叙述的一连串动作按发生的时间先后安排，这类句子可按原文顺序译出，相比较要容易一些，大家可以按照正常的思维翻译即可。 考博英语翻译长难句的四大方法三：分译法 有些考博英语长难句的主句与从句或主句与修饰语间的关系并不十分密切，为使意思连贯，建议考生们可把长句中的从句或短语化为句子分开来叙述，有时还可适当增加词语。例如：“He became deaf at five af ter
“Fat， dumb and happy，” commercial banks are being quickly replaced as financial intermediaries （1）What would happen to the U．S． economy if all its commercial banks suddenly closed their doors？ Throughout most of American history， the answer would have been a disaster of considerable proportions， akin to the Depression brought about by the chain－reaction bank failures in the early 1930s． But in 1993 the startling answer is that a shutdown by banks might be far from disastrous． （2）Consider this： though the economic recovery is now 27 months old， not a single net new dollar has been lent to business by banks in all that time． Last week the Federal Reserve reported that the amount of loans the nation’s largest banks have made to businesses fell an additional $2．4 billion in the week ending June 9， to $274．8 billion． Fearful that the scarcity of bank credit might undermine the fragile economy， the White House and federal agencies are working feverishly to encourage banks to open their lending windows． In the past two weeks， government regulators have introduced steps to make it easier for banks to lend． For instance，less paperwork will be needed to process loans， and formal appraisals are no longer required for every real estate loan． （3）Is the government’s concern fully justified？ Who really needs banks these days？ Hardly anyone， it turns out． While banks once dominated business lending， today nearly 80% of all such loans come from nonbank lenders like life insurers， brokerage firms and finance companies． Banks used to be the only source of money in town． Now businesses and individuals can write checks on their insurance companies， get a loan from a pension fund， and deposit paychecks in a money－market account with a brokerage firm．“It is possible for banks to die and still have a booming economy，” says Edward Furash， a Washington bank consultant． （4）The irony is that the accelerating slide into irrelevance comes just as the banks reaped record profits of $43 billion over the past 15 months， creating the impression that the industry is staging a comeback． But that income was not the result of smart lending decisions． Instead of earning money by financing America’s recovery， the banks mainly invested their funds — on which they were paying a bargain－basement 2% or so — in risk－free Treasury bonds that ______ 7%． That left bank officers with little to do except put their feet on their desks and watch the interest roll in．