英美文学史复习笔记

Chapter 1Old and Medieval English

Literature(450—1066-1340)

1.Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.

2.Romance:

①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.

②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.

③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.

④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.

Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.

⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.

2. Heroic couplet:

Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.

3. The theme of Beowulf:

The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.

5. Chaucer’s achievement:

①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.

②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.

③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.

④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has been securely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.

6. ―The F ather of English poetry‖:

Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.

①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.

②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).

③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.

④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.

⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him ―the father of English poetry‖.

【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)

A. William Langland’s Piers Plowman

B. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales

C. John Gower’s Confession Amantis

D. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

【答案】B

Chapter 2: The Renaissance Period(14th—mid-17th Century)

1.The Renaissance:

The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th & 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, with the flowering of painting, sculpture & literature. From Italy the movement went to embrace the rest of Europe. 2. Humanism:

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the ancient authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side. Through the new learning, humanists not only saw the arts of splendor and enlightenment, but the human values represented in the works. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.

Ⅰ. William Shakespeare

1. The bibliography

William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets the world has ever known.

3. The major contributions

38plays (historical plays, tragedies and comedies)

2 narrative poems: Venus, The Rape of Lucrece

154 sonnets

4. His play-creation

five historical plays: Henry IV, part I, II, and III; Richard III; and Titus Andronicus（泰特斯, 提图斯）.

four Comedies, including: The Comedy of Errors; The Two Gentlemen of Verona（维罗纳）; The Taming of the Shrew（泼妇的驯服）, and Love’s Labor’s Lost

Five historical: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, part I, II, Henry V Six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You like(皆大欢喜), Twelfth Night, and the Merry Wives of Windsor（温莎公爵的快乐情妇）

Two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar

Seven tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra（克利奥帕特拉）, Troilus and Cressida（特洛伊罗斯和克雷西达）, Coriolanus（科里奥兰纳斯）

Two comedies: All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure

romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest

Two final plays: Henry III, and The Two Noble Kinsmen

7. Shakespeare’s writing characteristics

The progressive significance of the theme--humanism

The successful character portrayal—women’s characters

The masterhand in constructing the plot

The ingenuity of his poetry

The mastery of his language

Ⅱ. John Milton

Lycidas

his 3 major poetical works:Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671),& Samson Agonistes(1671).

①Epics: Paradise Lost失乐园

Paradisen Regained复乐园

②Dramatic poem:

③The Defence of the English People为英国人民声辩

④On His Blindness我的失明

Chapter 3: The Neoclassical Period(17th—18th Century, 1660~1798) 1. Duration:

Neoclassical period is the one in English literature between the return of Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1978.It’s in fact a turbulent period.

8. Gothic novels:

Gothic novels are mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted or dilapidated Middle Class castles. They appeared from the middle part of the 18th century. Richard Brinsley Sheridan was the leading figure among a host of playwrights. And of the witty and satiric prose, those written by Jonathan Swift are worth studying.

【例题】The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the following notions EXCEPT ______. (0904)

A. self - esteem

B. self - reliance

C. self - restraint

D. hard work

【答案】A

Ⅰ. Daniel Defoe

1. Daniel Defoe’s major works:

The Shortest Way with the Dissenters.

The True-born Englishman

The Review

Robinson Crusoe (most famous of his work, his masterpiece)

Captain Singleton《辛格尔顿船长》

Moll Flanders《摩根.佛兰德斯》

Colonel Jack《杰克上校》

Roxana《罗克珊娜》

A Journal of the Plague Year.《大疫年日记》

Ⅱ. Jonathan Swift

2. Masterpieces

A Tale of a Tub (satirist) 《木桶的故事》

The Battle of the Books 《书籍之战》

The Examiner 《主考》

Gulliver’s Travels (his greatest satiric work) 《格列佛游记》

A Modest Proposal (more powerful) 《一个温和的建议》

The Drapier’s Letters《专培儿之信》

Ⅲ. Henry Fielding

2. Contributions:

①Father of the English Novel—because of his contribution and establishment of the form of the modern novel

②Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory and practice:

First: give the modern novel both its structure and its style

Second: adopted the ―third-person narration‖ in which the author became the all-knowing God

3. Main works:

The earlier essays:

The True Patriot and the Liberty of Our Own Times

The Jacobite’s Journal

The Convent-garden Journal

Plays:

The Coffee-House Politician

The Tragedy of Tragedies

Pasquin

The Historical Register for the Year

Novels:

The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams

The History of Jonathan Wild the Great

The History of Tom Jones, aFoundling –masterpiece on subject ofhuman nature

The history of Amelia- a story of the unfortunate life of an idealizedwoman, a maudlin picture of the social life

Chapter 4: The Romantic Period1798—1832, the early 30 years in

19th Century )

1. Historical background:

Internationally,

①The French Revolutions:②Rousseau

These paved the way for the development of Romanticism in the

literature internationally

Nationally,

①Industrial revolution (Industrialization, Further capitalization and

Urbanization)

②The survival of fittest (the sharper contradictionbetween capitalists

andthe labors)

These are the national basis of the production of Romanticism

3. The definition, duration and characteristics of the Romanticism:

①The definition:

The Romantic Movement, which associated with vitality, powerful emotion and dreamlike ideas, is simply the expression of life as seen by the imagination rather than by prosaic common sense.

【例题】Which of the following poems is a landmark in English poetry? (0704)

A. Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge

B. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”by William Wordsworth

C. “Remorse”by Samuel Taylor Coleridge

D. Leaves of Grass Walt Whitman

【答案】A

6. Main representatives:

①Main representatives—poets:

Pre-Romanticism:(Blake and Burns)

The first generation: (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey)

The younger generation: (Byron, Shelley and Keats)

②Main representatives—novelists

Jane Austen--- love and marriage

Walter Scott --- main works(book)human nature

③Gothic novelists

Ann Radcliffe and Mary Shelley

Gothic novel:

It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic Movement

Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance

Ⅰ.William Blake

1．Introduction:

English poet, artist, & philosopher,made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets.

4. Main works:

Early works: Poetical Sketches《诗学札记》

Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》

Songs of Experience《经验之歌》

The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》

The similarities and differences between two volumes: Generally:

Hold the similar subject-matter

The childhood is the central to his concern

The tone, emphasis and conclusion differ

Specifically:

Infant Joy against Infant Sorrow

Lamb against Tyger

Chimney SweeperⅠagainst Chimney SweeperⅡ

The Book of Urizen

The Book of Los

The Four Zoas

Milton

【例题】William Blake’s central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experiences_______, which gives the two books a strong social and historical reference. (0804)

A. youth hood

B. childhood

C. happiness

D. Sorrow

Ⅱ. William Wordsworth

1. Introduction:

William Wordsworth, known as ―the Lake Poets‖ together with Coleridge and Southey,is the leading figure of the English Romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period

2. Types of his poem according to his poetic outlook:

According to the subjects, Wordsworth’s sho rt poems can be classified into two groups:poems about nature and poems about human life.

①Poems about nature:

I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud

An Evening Walk

My Heart Leaps up

The Sailor’s Mother

The Affliction of Margaret

The Old Cumberland Beggar

The Idiot Boy

The Solitary Reaper

To a Highland Girl

Ⅲ. Percy Bysshe Shelley

1. Introduction:

Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense & original lyrical poet in the English language.

3. His major works:

Early works:

Queen Mab:

Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude

Hymn to Intellectual Beauty

Mont Blanc

Julian and Maddalo

The Revolt of Islam

The Cenci

Hellas

The Cloud

To a Skylark:

: Adonais

Ode to the west Wind (Best of all the well-known lyric pieces )

Ode to Liberty

Ode to Naples

Sonnet: England in 1819

Men of England

Major prose essay: Defense of Poetry

Ⅳ.Jane Austen

1. Introduction:

It was Jane Austen who brought the English novels, as an art of form, to its maturity and she had been regarded as one of the greatest of all novelists.

Austen is universally regarded as the founder of the novel which deal with unimportant middle-class people.

2.Major works:

In her lifelong career, Jane Austen wrote altogether six complete novels, which can be divided into two distinct periods.

Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Her first novel

Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见The most popular of her novels dealing with the five Bennet sisters & their search for suitable husbands Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺satirizes those popular Gothic romances of the late 18th century

Mansfield Park曼斯菲尔德庄园presents the antithesis of worldliness & unworldliness

Emma 爱玛gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity

Persuasion 劝导contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations

【例题】“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.” The quoted part is taken from ______.（0804）

A. Jane Eyre

B. Wuthering Heights

C. Pride and Prejudice

D. Sense and Sensibility

【答案】C

Chapter 5: The Victorian Period

Ⅰ. Charles Dickens

2. His Major Works:

Period of youthful optimist

Sketches by Boz (1836); The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1836-1837);Oliver Twist (1837-1838);Nicholas Nickleby (1838-1839); The Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841); Barnaby Rudge(1841)

American Notes (1842); Martin Chuzzlewit(1843-1845);A Christmas Carol (1843); Dombey& Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)

Bleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857);

A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); Our Mutual Friend (1864-1865); Edwin Drood (unfinished)(1870)

【例题】Among the works by Charles Dickens _______ presents his criticism of the Utilitarian principle that rules over the English education system and destroys young hearts and minds. （0804）

A. Bleak House

B. Pickwick Paper

C. Great Expectations

D. Hard Times

【答案】D

Ⅱ. Charlotte Bronte

1. Charlotte's Literary Creation and her Writing Characteristics:

Charlotte Bronte's works are all about the struggle of an individual towards self-realization,about some lonely & neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, & understanding & a full, happy life. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. Her works are famous for the depiction of the life of the middle-class workingwomen, particularly governesses.

Jane Eyre:

Ⅲ. Thomas Hardy

2. His Major Works:

Poetry: The Dynasts

Hardy himself divided his novels into three groups:

A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873); The Trumpet Major (1880)

Desperate Remedies-；The Hand of Ethelberta

Under the Greenwood Tree

The Return of the Native

The Mayor of Casterbridge

Tess of the D'Urbervilles

Jude the Obscure

【例题】Thomas Hardy's pessimistic view of life predominated most of his later works and earns him a reputation as a ______ writer.（0904）

A. realistic

B. naturalistic

C. romantic

D. stylistic

【答案】B

Chapter 7: The Modern Period

1. Modern period: from the second half of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.

6. The development Dramas in the 20th century:

①Modernism:

Oscar Wilde —the pioneer of modern drama

George Bernard Shaw –best known since Shakespeare

W.B. Yeats, Lady Georgory, J.M. Synge and Sean O’Casey

Ⅰ. George Bernard Shaw

3. His major works:

Five novels -- best one Cashel Byron's Profession (1886)

Criticism -- Our Theaters in the Nineties (1931).

Man and Superman (1904) and Back to Methuselah(1921).Caesar and Cleopatra (1898) and St. Joan (1923).Too True to Be Good (1932)

Ⅱ. T. S. Eliot

He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.

3. T. S. Eliot's major achievement in drama writing:

He was one of the important verse dramatists in the first half of the 20th century. Besides some fragmentary pieces, Eliot had written in his lifetime five full-length plays:

Murder in the Cathedral (1935)大教堂谋杀案

The Family Reunion (1939)团员

The Cocktail Party (1950)鸡尾酒会

The Confidential Clerk (1954)机要秘书

The Elder Statesman (1959) 资深政客

Part Two: American Literature

Chapter 1: The Romantic Period

英美文学学习笔记-The_Romantic_Period-EL1

Chapter 3 The Romantic Period-the English Literature A basic introduction to the romantic period. 1) Began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2) what are the characxteristics of the Romantic literature? A) In poetry writing, the Romantics employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the "Lyrical Ballads"acts as a manifesto for the new school B)The Romantics not only extol the faculty of Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. B) The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration. C) They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject. D) Romantics also tend to be nationalistic. 3) The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. 4) We can say that Romanticism actually consitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer 1) Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet , shwoing a contempt for the rule of reason,i th l i l t diti f th 18th t d t i th i di id l'i i ti )y y g world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.William Blake opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual's imagination.2) The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings; his Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery,poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone . 3) particularly the practice of selling young children into apprenticeships, a practice which provides the context for the opening lines of the "Chimney Sweeper." The two "Chimney Sweeper" poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance,i.e.the exploitation of child labor,examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor,and an ideological cir cumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of "illusory happiness;" the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. 4) Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity(天堂与地狱的结合一诗标志着他创作上的成熟). 5) The Bok of Urizen, The Book of Los, The Four Zoas, and Milton (尤来森之书，洛斯之书，四个左义斯，弥尔顿）。 The Tyger The Chimney Sweeper ( from Songs of Innocence/Experien ce)

英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要

《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。

《外国文学史》复习资料

（华南师范大学主考，课程号：0540） □古代希腊罗马是欧洲文化的发源地。 □恩格斯说：“没有奴隶制，就没有罗马帝国。没有希腊文化和罗马帝国所奠定的基础，也就没有现代的欧洲”。 □古希腊位于地中海东北部，这一地区的文化史称“克里特－迈锡尼文化”。 □荷马时代或英雄时代，最重要的文学成就是神话和诗史。 □希腊神话诸神。 地母：该亚、天神：乌拉诺斯、雷电之神：宙斯、太阳神：阿波罗、智慧女神：雅典娜、月亮神：阿尔忒弥斯、战神：阿瑞斯、美神：阿佛罗狄特、火神：赫菲斯拖斯、神使：赫尔墨斯。 □希腊神话的特点是人神同形同性。 □古希腊的三大抒情竖歌诗人是阿尔凯奥斯、萨福、阿那克瑞翁。 □古希腊最著名的女诗人是萨福，被誉为第十位文艺女神。 □古希腊最重要的合唱琴歌诗人是品达罗斯。 □古希腊最著名的讽刺诗人是阿耳喀罗科斯。 □《伊索寓言》产生于奴隶制城邦形成时期。 □古希腊的文化中心是雅典。 □亚里士多德的文艺理论著作是《诗学》。 □“新喜剧”的重要作家是米南德，代表作是《恨世者》和《萨摩斯女子》。 □罗马的戏剧是在罗马原有的民间戏剧的基础上，接受希腊戏剧的影响而发展起来的。有悲剧，也有喜剧。 □古罗马的喜剧作家作家有普劳图斯和泰伦提乌斯。 □普劳图斯的作品：《一坛黄金》、《孪生兄弟》、《吹牛的军人》。 □泰伦提乌斯的作品：《婆母》、《两兄弟》。 □古罗马奥古斯都时期最重要的作家是三位诗人：维吉尔、贺拉斯、奥维德。 □维吉尔的主要作品是《牧歌》、《农事诗》和史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》。 □史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》的内容是写罗马帝国的起源。 □贺拉斯用诗歌形式写成的文艺理论著作是《诗艺》。 □奥维德的代表作是神话故事诗《变形记》。 □《爱的艺术》的作者是奥维德。 □共和国晚期和奥古斯都时期的罗马文学被称为“黄金时期”，帝国时期的罗马文学被称为“白银时期”。 □《希腊、罗马名人传》的作者是普卢塔克。 □《金驴记》的作者是阿普列尤斯。 □“荷马史诗”包括《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》两部分。 □《伊利昂纪》中希腊一方的主将是阿基琉斯，主帅是阿伽门农，特洛亚方面的军事代表人物是赫克托尔。 □《奥德修纪》的主人公是奥德修斯，他的妻子叫珀涅罗珀，他的儿子叫帖雷马科。 □“荷马史诗”在剪裁上的特色是没有写全部故事，而是只写了其中的几天。 □希腊戏剧起源于狄俄倪索斯的祭典。狄俄倪索斯是酒神，被希腊人尊称为自然之神。 □希腊悲剧在长期的发展过程中，形成了自己特有的艺术形式。戏剧的成分和合唱队的抒情成分，始终是悲剧的两个不可缺少的部分。 □埃斯库罗斯被称为“悲剧之父”。代表作：《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《波斯人》。 □索福克勒斯的代表作：《安提戈涅》、《俄狄浦斯王》。 □欧里庇得斯的代表作：《美狄亚》、《希波吕拖斯》、《安德罗玛克》、《特洛亚妇女》。 □古希腊悲剧三大诗人是：埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯。 □阿里斯托芬被恩格斯称为“喜剧之父”。代表作：《云》、《蛙》、《阿哈奈人》、《骑士》。 □教会统治和教会文学是中世纪文学的最主要内容。 □教会统治思想的主要武器是《圣经》。《圣经》分为《旧约》和《新约》两部分。 □《新约》所讲的内容是耶稣的一生的经历和他的言行。 □中世纪早期英雄史诗包括：日耳曼《希尔德布兰特之歌》、盎格鲁·

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2010-2011年英美文学史复习提纲(名词解释答案)

1.Humanism: A Renaissance intellectual and artistic movement triggered by a “rediscovery” of classical Greek and Roman language, culture and literature. Humanists emphasized human culture, reason, learning, art, and education as a means of improving humanity. They exalted the dignity of man, and emphasized present life as a worthwhile focus for art, poetry, and literature. 2.Naturalism: Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. The school of thought is a product of Darwin’s evolutionary theory. It asserts that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature. Humanity is thus a higher order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces, hereditary and environment. 3.Imagism: Imagism is an early twentieth-century artistic movement in the United States and Britain. Imagists believe poets should use common, everyday vocabulary, experiment with new rhythm, and use clear, precise, concentrated imagery. The Imagists advocate direct treatment of the thing and a rhythm like that of a musical phrases. 4.Romanticism: It is an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions of classicism. 5.Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature. It was started in New England in the 1830s. Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Oversoul, the individual and Nature. It is believed that nature is ennobling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. 6.The Lost Generation: A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the group of twentieth-century authors who grew disillusioned after World War I and lived in Europe as expatriates. Ernest Hemingway is one of the more famous members of the Lost Generation. 7.Modernism: Modernism refers to the deliberate departure from tradition and the use of innovative forms of expression that distinguish many styles in the arts and literature of the 20th century. As a reaction against realism, it takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as it theoretical base and cast away all the traditional elements in literature such as story, plot, character, chronological narration, etc. 8.Local Colorism: When setting dominates, or when the author wants to capture the language, appearance, mentality of people of a particular place at a specific moment in history, the story becomes an example of local color writing or regionalism.

(完整word版)外国文学史复习笔记

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1）潘多拉，希腊神话中火神赫淮斯托斯或宙斯用粘土做成的地上的第一个女人，作为对普罗米修斯造人和盗火的惩罚送给人类的第一个女人。众神亦加入使她拥有更诱人的魅力。 2）潘多拉打开魔盒，释放出人世间的所有邪恶——贪婪、虚无、诽谤、嫉妒、痛苦等等，但潘多拉却照众神之父的旨意趁希望没有来得及释放时，又盖上了盒盖，把它永远锁在盒内。 （二）大移民时代 代表作家作品（填空） 抒情诗：抒情诗有多种体裁，主要有双管歌、琴歌和讽刺诗，其中琴歌的成就最大。 《伊索寓言》反映的是奴隶制劳动人民的思想感情 （三）古典时期 二、古罗马文学（古罗马文学为什么是希腊和后世文学的桥梁） 1.古罗马成了古希腊文化的直接继承者。 2.丧失了古希腊文学的生动活泼的精神灵气，显示出了精神和情感世界的贫乏。 3.古罗马崇尚武力，对人的力量的崇拜表现为对政治与军事的追去，由此演化出对集权国家和个体自我牺牲精神的崇拜。古罗马文学比古希腊文学更富有理性意识和责任观念，风格更庄严和崇高。但是，古罗马文学人文观念的主体依然是古希腊式的世俗人本意识，仍属于古希腊式的文化范畴。 4.古希腊文学中的世俗人本意识在古罗马文学中得到了体现，并经由古罗马文学广泛地流传于后世的西方文学。 三、荷马史诗（名词解释） 1.概念：《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》是古代希腊的两大史诗，相传是由一个叫荷马的诗人所做，故称荷马史诗。又被称为“英雄史诗” 2.两部史诗： 1）《伊利昂纪》希腊人围攻特洛伊城的故事。 2）《奥德修纪》希腊英雄奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后返乡的故事。 3.人物形象：阿基琉斯：在战场上勇敢善战、奋不顾身而又暴烈鲁莽。 赫克托耳：英雄主义富有悲剧色彩。奥德修斯：

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