Our demand for fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas is growing. This growing need for energy causes us to burn more and more fossil fuels. Burning fossil fuels such as coal puts carbon into the air. Carbon dioxide, or CO2, and other gases reduce the amount of heat that goes out into space. When less heat goes out into space, it means that more heat stays in the earth’s atmosphere. When more heat stays in the earth’s atmosphere, the average temperature increases, making it warmer.
A significantly higher average temperature leads to climate change and changes to the weather. Climate change can have a negative impact on people’s lives. For example, climate change can make it difficult to grow food in some places. People are starting to conserve energy by making changes that cause them to use less fuel. For example, people are buying smaller cars. Smaller cars are more efficient because they use less gas and oil.
Further Listening 2
Scientists believe that the earth’s temperature is increa sing. They believe this increase in temperature is having a negative impact on our environment. You might think that protecting the planet is too big a job for you, but it isn’t. There are many small and practical ways you can conserve energy and help protect the environment. Here are some helpful tips.
Cut back on driving by taking public transportation or walking more often. You will save a lot of gas if you drive to work two or three days a week instead of five! Shop at local stores close to your home.
You will drive less, so you can spend less money on gas and more money on food. Turn off lights and electronics when you aren’t using them so you don’t waste electricity. Replace your old appliances like refrigerators and dishwashers with new, efficient models. Old appliances consume more energy than new ones. Keep track of the electricity and gas you use and how you use it. Write down the different activities you do that use gas or electricity and how often you do them in an energy journal.
Use your energy journal to help you set a lower target for your energy use each month. For example, if your energy bill is $100 one month, try lowering your bill to $80, or by 20 percent the next month. Try to reduce the amount of energy you use by
making gradual changes to your lifestyle. You will see that making small changes each month can have a big impact on the amount of energy you use—and help protect our beautiful planet!
In the 1800s, cowboys worked with cattle all across the western region of the United States. An important factor in the cowboys’ work was the railroad. Most cattle were in Texas, but the railroad was more than 1,000 miles (1,609 kilometers) away. Cowboys moved the cattle there in big cattle drives. Experts estimate that in a cattle drive, only 10 cowboys could take more than 3,000 cattle to a railroad town. Cowboys typically worked for about four months, and received all their pay at the end. Then they spent it very quickly in the town. The average cowboy was only 24 years old. Working alone with their cattle, cowboys developed some very interesting customs. For example, at night, some cowboys would sing to the cattle to keep them quiet. Some traditional American songs came from these singing cowboys. Cowboys have not disappeared
completely, but there are not nearly as many as there were in the past. One reason for this is very few young people want to work
so hard for so little money, so the cowboys’ way of life is endangered. Although the number of actual cowboys has decreased, there are many people who help preserve aspects of the cowboy culture. For example, cowboy hats and boots are very popular, especially in the western part of the United States, and many places
still have rodeos.
Further Listening 2
Emily: You said that Mexico had the first real cowboys. Are there still cowboys today? Professor Daley: Yes, there are. They’re workers who live with the cattle and take care of them. Some ranches are very large and cattle need to be moved from place to place, so yes, there are still cowboys.
Li: You also talked about two kinds of cowboys in Mexico. Could you explain that?
Professor Daley: Sure. The most famous cowboys in Mexico are the charros. They ride their horses in contests called charreadas. The other kind of cowboys are the vaqueros—the ones who work with cattle every day.
Li: I still don’t understand.
Professor Daley: Let me explain. Some Mexican cowboys do it as a hobby, and others do it as a job. For the charros, it’s mostly a sport, or a hobby. For the vaqueros, it’s their work.
Li: So, what you mean is that Manuel Rodriguez is a vaquero, and not a charro.
Professor Daley: Exactly!
Emily: Do you mean that charros aren’t really cowboys?
Professor Daley: No, charros are a part of the tradition, but many of them don’t do it as actual work. What I mean is, they are cowboys—but it isn’t a job.
Water is important in any country, but in Australia, it is the most important resource. Australia is one of the driest continents in the world, and water is very scarce in many regions. The normal amount of rain in some places is only one inch (25 millimeters) per year.
Several years ago, the rain stopped falling in Australia, and many parts of the country soon experienced a drought—a time of extremely dry weather. Children in some towns have never seen rain in their whole lives.
It was a crisis for the entire country, and many people were very worried. The government had to decide how to allocate water for different uses. Rules were made about domestic use of water for things such as gardens, swimming pools, and showers.
Some water is also needed for industry because the country makes cars, ships, and machines. But Australians’main use of water is for agriculture. Farms produce rice, grapes, oranges, cattle, and many other foods, and these require a lot of water. Instead of rain, Australia uses water from rivers and underground reservoirs for farming.
Some parts of Australia have had more normal amounts of rain recently, but in many places there, the crisis continues. And with the earth’s climate getting hotter, other countries will face urgent decisions about water use like Australia has.
Further Listening 2
In rural Africa, clean water is a luxury. Many small villages in Africa don’t have access to clean water. Most people don’t have plumbing in their homes. Instead, they often must walk long distances to wells and haul heavy containers of water back. Traditionally, people must walk eight kilometers to get water, and carry very heavy containers that weigh about 40 pounds (18 kilograms).
A new invention called the PlayPump is changing life in many villages. It uses a children’s toy called a merry-go-round to provide clean water. As the merrygo-round spins, it pumps clean water up from deep underground and stores it in a huge tank. People are welcome to come and help themselves to the water.
Patricia Molope, 17, explains that before her South African village got a PlayPump, people would pay a taxi driver to take them to a far-off well. “Sometimes the taxi drivers were busy, and we would have to go without bathing in order to save our water. It was too far to walk there. But now we have our own clean water in our village, and life is better.”
The exhausting chore of carrying water traditionally falls to women and girls. Hauling water for miles—and hours—each day is such a big job, it sometimes prevents girls from being able to attend school.
Thanks to the PlayPump, getting water is quick and easy—and even boys join in. The pumps have become a center of social activity where kids and adults gather to visit while collecting water.
1. Every time you have a new thought or recall a memory, your brain creates a new connection or pathway.
2. Even without words, you can understand when someone is happy, sad, or angry. There is a small area in your brain called the amygdala that helps you “read”other people’s faces and understand their moods.
3. The belief that we only use a tiny amount (10 percent) of our brains is false. Each part of the brain has a function, so we use 100 percent of our brains.
4. Learning something new can change the structure of the brain in just seven days. If you want to change your brain quickly, you should try learning a new skill like juggling or playing a musical instrument.
5. The things you do, eat, smell, and touch every day all generate thoughts. The average person experiences approximately 70,000 thoughts a day.
6. Your brain is an amazing, complex organ. It contains more than 100 billion neurons that are always sending messages. But not all neurons are the same—different neurons send messages at different speeds.
7. Every time you think, laugh, or sneeze, it’s because chemical signals are moving from neuron to neuron. Your brain is a very powerful organ. In fact, when you are awake, your brain generates between 10 and 23 watts of electricity—or enough power to power a light bulb.
8. The hypothalamus is the part of your brain that controls your body temperature. It knows your correct body temperature (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit / 37 degrees Celsius). When you get too hot, it makes you sweat. When you get too cold, it makes you shiver.
Further Listening 2
There are many different kinds of love. There is the strong emotion we feel when we fall in love. There is the attachment between parents and children, and the quiet feeling of security that develops slowly in long-term relationships, when couples are together for many years.
Your brain knows the difference between romantic love and other attachments. When we’re in love, the amount of a brain chemical called dopamine increases. This increase in dopamine gives us the extra energy we feel when we’re in love.
At the same time, this increase in dopamine can make the brains of people who are “lovesick”similar to the brains of people with OCD—Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. People with OCD cannot stop thinking about something, and these thoughts can cause
compulsive behaviors—actions the person cannot control, such as washing their hands again and again. Similarly, people who are in love often cannot stop thinking about the person they are in love with. Both people with OCD and people in love may sometimes find it difficult to function normally in their daily lives because of their thoughts.
Fortunately, this “lovesickness”is a short-term condition. With time, strong romantic feelings decrease, and we can concentrate on “real life”again. As time passes, couples have higher levels of oxytocin—a brain chemical connected with calm feelings of happiness and trust.
So is love only a matter of brain chemistry? In fact, while chemicals do affect the way we feel, psychological factors are also important. We might be attracted to someone who likes the same things we like, for example, or someone who makes us feel safe
and secure.
The Maasai people of East Africa have a special relationship with one kind of animal. They depend on cattle for meat and milk, which make up most of the Maasai diet. In order to raise cattle in a dry climate, the Maasai people share land. Each family has its own animals, but they move the cattle over long distances and onto different families’land in order to find enough grass for the cattle to eat.
Like the Maasai, the Sami people of northern Europe value one animal more than any other. In this difficult climate, reindeer give the Sami people food, clothing, and other useful items. Nowadays, some Sami people raise reindeer on farms, but many Sami people still travel long distances with their animals. This gives them a detailed knowledge of the land and a great respect for nature.
No one knows exactly what is ahead for the Sami people because climate change makes the future of the Arctic uncertain.
Unlike the Maasai and Sami people, the Aborigines of Australia have a different kind of relationship with animals. Australia has many kinds of animals, and all of them are part of the Aborigines’traditional culture. In the past, they hunted some of the animals for food. Other animals appeared in stories or in very old paintings on rocks.
For the Aborigines, everything in nature is connected, and human beings have a special role within the natural world. One group of Aborigines believes it is their responsibility to make sure Australia’s kangaroos are doing well.
Further Listening 2
North American black bears are shy animals. They are fearful by nature, and will usually run away if they see or hear people. Because of this, it can be difficult for scientists to learn about these animals.
In order to study black bears, researchers in the state of New Jersey in the United States, catch bears in traps. Then they sedate the bears with drugs, so they go to sleep and cannot move for a short time. Researchers then measure and weigh the bear, remove a tooth to find out the bear’s age, and take blood to test for diseases. From these studies, researchers want to find out how many bears live in New Jersey, how long they live, and how many babies, or cubs, they produce. Several hundred miles to the west, another black bear study is taking place in Minnesota in the United States. There, Dr. Lynn Rogers and his team study bears that are completely awake. The bears know the researchers’voices and they are not afraid of the team. They still run away from other people, but with the help of a few grapes or nuts to keep the bears busy, Dr. Rogers can touch the animals to check their hearts, look at their teeth, and change the radio or GPS equipment that the bears wear around their necks. He and his team can also walk or sit with the bears for hours and make videos to learn about the bears’everyday lives.
In both places, the goal is the same—to make sure there is a healthy population of wild black bears. In contrast, the research methods and the kinds of information researchers are able to collect are quite different.
It’s not often that the vice president of Guatemala visits an archaeological site, but that’s what happened when William Saturno, an archaeologist, found a very old Mayan mural. The mural showed the beauty of Mayan painting. Saturno discovered the mural inside a room that was once next to a pyramid. The mural room and pyramid were later covered by a larger pyramid—part of the ancient Mayan city known as San Bartolo. At first, Saturno could only see a small part of the mural. He had to dig through earth and stone in order to reveal the rest. Then, instead of using a camera, Saturno used his scanner to take digital images of the mural. He took about 350 scans! The mural wasn’t the only important find at San Bartolo. The archaeologists also uncovered a royal tomb. There, the bones of a Mayan king were buried, with objects such as a bowl in the shape of a frog and an image of the Mayan rain god Chac.
Further Listening 2
In 1922, Howard Carter found the remains of a young man in a tomb filled with royal treasures from ancient Egypt. Newspapers around the world reported the discovery and described the gold jewelry, precious stones, and beautiful art found in the tomb. Everyone wanted to know who this important man was. We now know he’s Tutankhamen, the son of Akhenaten, and he ruled Egypt from 1332 B.C. to 1322 B.C. He became pharaoh as a child, and he died young. On the other hand, many questions are still unanswered. Was Tut ill? Was he murdered? What did he look like when he was alive? In 2005, scientists began to analyze Tut’s remains with computer tomography (CT) and modern forensic medicine—a science usually used to solve murder cases. Tut’s remains were scanned in a CT machine, which created 3-D images.
Using this technology, scientists were able to determine that Tut was probably not murdered and was about 19 when he died. Scientists also worked with an artist to create a lifelike model of Tut. According to the CT scans, he probably looked a lot like modern Egyptians.
Matt: Jessica? It’s me!
Jessica: Matt! It’s great to hear your voice! Are you back in Australia now?
Matt: Yes, and I really missed you, but I’m so happy you talked me into going on the expedition! I can’t believe I almost turned down such a great opportunity.
Jessica: Tell me all about it!
Matt: Well, we were high up in the Foja Mountains. No human beings have ever lived there! Jessica: How exciting! Did you get a lot of work done?
Matt: We did! We set up a tent as our laboratory. It was small, but fine.
Jessica: Did it rain a lot?
Matt: Every day. Well—one afternoon the sky cleared up for a while, but the clouds were back by that evening. It was OK, though. The frogs didn’t mind the rain.
Jessica: Oh, tell me about the frogs!
Matt: Can you believe there are 350 frog species in New Guinea? The best time to find them is at night. When I turned on my flashlight, I could see them easily and pick them up with my hands. Jessica: That sounds great! But wasn’t it scary in the forest at night?
Matt: Not really. It was fun and very interesting.
Jessica: It sounds like a good trip.
Matt: It was, and the lead scientist was really happy with my work.
Jessica: That’s great! Congratulations, Matt!
Further Listening 2
Paul Hebert is a biologist at the University of Guelph in Canada. But as a young man back in the 1970s, part of his job was to classify thousands of different species of moth. Finding tiny variations in the moths in order to describe each species scientifically was not easy, however. Then, in 2003, Hebert suggested something a bit controversial. Instead of using descriptions to identify different species, why not use their DNA?
Hebert argued that a bar code—similar to the bar codes on products in a store—could be created for every living thing on Earth. Hebert suggested using a part of a gene called CO1 to create bar codes. This gene is made up of four chemical substances known as G, T, C, and A. Nearly every form of life has the CO1 gene, but the sequence of the G, T, C and A substances differs for each species. Using bar codes, scientists can identify or classify a plant or animal by testing a sample of its DNA.
Not everyone agrees with Hebert’s ideas. Some people argue that research money should be used in other ways. Hebert says the bar code technique is a good way to identify species because it is making the public more aware of biodiversity. Some people have even sent him samples of plants and animals to identify from their own backyards!
For university graduates in Egypt, finding their first job is a serious problem—it usually takes five years. Students say that there aren’t enough jobs. But employers say that university graduates don’t have
the right skills to work in business or government offices. A group called INJAZ is working to change this situation. Every year, INJAZ has a competition that teaches Egyptian students how to run a business. Teams of students make plans, start their own small companies as entrepreneurs, and try to earn a profit. At the end of the competition, a group of Egypt’s top business leaders choose the best company. INJAZ was adapted from an American program called Junior Achievement. Last year, nine teams in Cairo competed
in the program. Some teams decided to sell a service. For example, Ahmed Youssry’s company collected and recycled paper and glass from large businesses. Other teams developed a product. Nour Rafaat’s company created a magazine for teenagers called Did you know?. And Abdulhameed Ahmed’s company created a special bag for carrying laptop computers. The back of the bag is hard, so you can also use it as a “lap desk”for your computer. Starting a business always means taking a risk. The students must borrow money to start their companies and pay it back from the company’s income. And only one team can win the prize. Last year, the judges chose Abdulhameed Ahmed’s computer bags—they even bought some of the bags. But every INJAZ team is a winner because they learn the skills they need to succeed in business.
Further Listening 2
Interviewer: Tell us a little about your business.
Andreas: My brother and I are going to have an online store. We’re going to sell soccer jerseys from national teams around the world—Brazil, Italy, Argentina ...
Interviewer: Have you already started?
Andreas: No, because we don’t have enough money yet. We need to borrow about 5,000 Euros. I made a budget so we know how much money we need for jerseys and a really good Web site. Interviewer: Where are you going to get 5,000 Euros?
Andreas: Our uncle is going to lend us the money. We’ll pay him back every month. Interviewer: How will people find out about your products?
Andreas: We’re going to advertise on the most popular sports news Web sites.
Interviewer: Do you think people will buy a jersey after they see only a small picture of it? Andreas: Oh, I think there is definitely a big market for sports clothes. And soccer is the world’s most popular sport. Our customers will be young men and women who love soccer. Interviewer: What do you hope to do with your business?
Andreas: Our goal for the first year is to sell 5,000 Euros of jerseys. I know that sounds like a lot, but we can achieve it if we really try. People buy a lot of things online. Jerseys aren’t heavy, so they’re easy to send in the mail. We have potential customers all around the world! Interviewer: Can you predict any problems you might have in your business?
Andreas: Actually, I don’t expect any problems!
研究生英语系列教材上unit1-原文+翻译
TRAITS OF THE KEY PLAYERS 核心员工的特征 What exactly is a key play？ 核心员工究竟是什么样子的? A “Key Player” is a phrase that I've heard about from employers during just about every search I've conducted. 几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。 I asked a client —a hiring manager involved in recent search — to define it for me. 我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。 “Every company has a handful of staff in a given area of expertise that you can count on to get the job done. “每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。 On my team of seven process engineers and biologists, I've got two or three whom I just couldn't live without,” he said. 在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学
家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说， “Key players are essential to my organization. “他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。 And when we hire your company to recruit for us, we expect that you'll be going into other companies and finding just: 当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人： the staff that another manager will not want to see leave. 其他公司经理不想失去的员工。 We recruit only key players.” 我们只招募核心员工。” This in part of pep talk intended to send headhunters into competitor's companies to talk to the most experienced staff about making a change. 这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。
Not Your Average Teen Lots of teenage girls dream of becoming rich and famous. But it's not a fantasy for Michelle Wie. Just before her 16th birthday last fall, she became the highest-paid woman golfer in history simply by turning professional and lending her name to commercial endorsements that will pay her between $10 million and $12 million a year, most of which will go into a trust fund until she becomes an adult. Wie has been a celebrity since she was 13, when people began predicting she would become the Tiger Woods of women' sgolf. But, as correspondent Steve Kroft reports, that has never been enough for Wie. She wants to become the first woman ever to successfully compete with men in a professional sport. She has tried a couple of times on the PGA Tour without embarrassing herself. As you will see, she has changed a lot since we first talked to her way back in 2004, when she was 14. At the time, Wie told Kroft her ultimate goal was to play in the Masters. "I think it'd be pretty neat walking down the Masters fairways," she said. It was a neat dream for a 14-year-old kid. Nothing has happened in the last two years to change Wie's mind or shake her confidence. She is stronger now, more mature and glamorous. She has already demonstrated that she can play herself into the middle of the pack against the best men on the PGA Tour and has come within a shot of winning her first two starts on the LPGA Tour this year as a part-time professional. The day before 60 Minutes interviewed her at the Fields Open in Honolulu, she shot a final round of 66, coming from six strokes off the lead to just miss a playoff. "You won your first check yesterday," Kroft says. "Uh-huh," Wie says. "It was, it was really cool. I mean, I was like looking at how much I won. I was like 'Oh my God.' " Wie says she won around $72,000. Asked whether she gets to keep that money, Wie said she didn't know. "I'm trying to negotiate with my dad how much I can spend of that, and stuff like that. We're still working it out. But, you know, I'm definitely gonna go shopping today," she says, laughing. Half of her life is spent in the adult world, competing with men and women twice her age for paychecks they may need to make expenses and dealing with the media, sponsors and marketing executives. The rest of the time she is a junior at Punahou High School in Honolulu, where she is an A student and claims to lead the life of a typical 16-year-old.
新世纪大学英语视听说教程2的listening 原文 Unit One, Book 2 Listening 2 Just a few old keepsakes Boy: Hey, Grandma, what’s in this box Grandma: Oh, nothing really… Just a few old keepsakes. B: Keepsakes G: Young man, you know what a keepsake is! B: No, I don’t. I really don’t. G: Well, it’s something you keep. It’s something that gives you a lot of memories. B: Oh. What’s this G: Now don’t go just digging around in there! ... Hmmm, let’s see…. that’s my first diary. B: Can I…. G: No, you can’t read it! It’s personal! I wrote about my first boyfriend in there. He became your grandfather! B: Oh, ok…. Well then, what’s that It has your picture in it. G: That’s my passport. Y ou can see, I traveled to Europe by ship. B: What’s that big book G: My yearbook. It’s my high school book of memories. B: Class of 1961! Boy, that’s old! G: That’s about enough out of you, young man. I think it’s time we put this box away and… Listening 3 My first trip alone At the age of thirteen, I took my first trip alone. I went to visit my grandparents in Los Angeles. I felt very nervous about traveling so far, but my mother said, “Don’t worry. You’ll be fine.” I got on the airplane and talked for a long time to a very nice woman who sat next to me. My grandparents met me at the airport and took me to their home. I stayed there for two weeks, and I had so much fun with them! It was my first time in Los Angeles, and I saw lots of really interesting places. In the end, I didn’t want to go home! Listening 4Making memories A popular new hobby is scrapbooking---making beautiful books to hold
新世纪大学英语视听说教程2的listening 原文及答案 Unit One, Book 2 Listening 2 Just a few old keepsakes Boy: Hey, Grandma, what’s in this box? Grandma: Oh, nothing really… Just a few old keepsakes. B: Keepsakes? G: Young man, you know what a keepsake is! B: No, I don’t. I really don’t. G: Well, it’s something you keep. It’s something that gives you a lot of memories. B: Oh. What’s this? G: Now don’t go just digging around in there! ... Hmmm, let’s see…. that’s my first diary. B: Can I….? G: No, you can’t read it! It’s perso nal! I wrote about my first boyfriend in there. He became your grandfather! B: Oh, ok…. Well then, what’s that? It has your picture in it. G: That’s my passport. Y ou can see, I traveled to Europe by ship. B: What’s that big book? G: My yearbook. It’s my hi gh school book of memories. B: Class of 1961! Boy, that’s old! G: That’s about enough out of you, young man. I think it’s time we put this box away and… 男孩:嘿,奶奶,这个盒子里是什么? 奶奶:哦,没什么…几个旧的纪念品。 纪念品吗? 旅客:年轻人,你知道什么是纪念品! B:不,我不喜欢。我真的不喜欢。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)课文翻译 Unit 1 核心员工的特征 1核心员工究竟是什么样子的?几乎每次进行调查时，我都会从雇主们那里听到“核心员工”这个名词。我请一位客户——一位正参与研究的人事部经理，给我解释一下。“每家公司都有少数几个这样的员工，在某个专业领域，你可以指望他们把活儿干好。在我的小组中，有七名化工流程工程师和生物学家，其中有那么两三个人是我赖以生存的，”他说，“他们对我的公司而言不可或缺。当请你们公司替我们招募新人的时候，我们期待你们会去其他公司找这样的人：其他公司经理不想失去的员工。我们只招募核心员工。” 2这是一段充满了鼓动性的谈话，目的是把猎头们派往竞争对手的公司去游说经验丰富的员工们做一次职业变更。他们想从另一家公司招募核心员工。然而，每家公司也从新人中招人。他们要寻找的是完全一样的东西。“我们把他们和公司顶级员工表现出的特质进行对照。假如他们看起来有同样特征的话，我们就在他们身上赌一把。”只是这样有点儿冒险。 3“这是一种有根据的猜测，”我的人事经理客户说。作为未来的一名员工，你的工作是帮助人事部经理降低这种风险，你需要帮助他们认定你有潜力成为一名核心员工。 4特征1：无私的合作者 职业顾问和化学家约翰·费策尔最早提出了这个特征。关于这个特征，人们已经写了大量的文章。它之所以值得被反复谈及，是因为这一特征是学术界和企业间最明显的差别。“这里需要合作，”费策尔说，“企业的环境并不需要单打独斗，争强好胜，所以表现出合作和无私精神的员工就脱颖而出了。在企业环境中，没有这样的思维方式就不可能成功。” 5许多博士后和研究生在进行这种过渡的过程中表现得相当费力。因为生命中有那么长一段时间他们都在扮演一个独立研究者的角色，并且要表现得比其他年轻的优秀人才更出色。你可以藉此提高在公司的吸引力：为追求一个共同的目标和来自其他实验室和学科的科学家们合作——并且为你的个人履历上的内容提供事迹证明。这个方法，加上你在描述业绩时开明地使用代词“我们”，而不是“我”，能使公司对你的看法从“单干户”转变成“合作者”。更为有利的是，要在你实验室内部，以及在和你们实验室合作的人们之间，培养一个良好声誉：一个鼓励并发动合作的人——还要保证让那些会接听调查电话的人们谈及你的这个品质。 6特征2：紧迫感 唐-豪特是一位给aaas.sciencecareers@org 网站论坛频繁写稿的撰稿人。他之前是一名科学家。许多年前他转向了企业，并一直做到高级管理的职位。他在3M公司一个部门负责策略和商业开发工作，这个部门每年上缴的税收高达24亿多美元。他就是一个重视紧迫感的人。 7“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’。这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。这样，不仅对那些行动快速的人们，也对那些思维敏捷，并有勇气按自己的想法行事的人们都提出了要求。这需要全公司各部门的运作，而不仅仅是管理部门的工作。” 8特征3：风险容忍度 企业要求员工能承受风险。“一名求职者需要表现出仅凭不准确、不完整的信息就做出决策的能力。他或她必须能接纳不确定因素并冒着风险做出结论，”一位客户在职业描述中写道。 9豪特赞同这一说法。“商业成功通常有这样一个特质：那就是能接受不确定因素和风险——个人的，组织上的和财务上的。这就让许多科学家感到不适应，因为学术上的成功其实是依靠认真而严谨的研究。更进一步说，伟大的科学常常是由找寻答案的过程和答案本身两者同时来定义的。因此科学家们往往沉迷于过程。在企业里，你需要了解过程，但最终你会迷上答案，然后根据你认为该答案对你的企业所具有的意义来冒风险。像这样敢冒风险是一套技能组合，是所有雇主在他们最好的员工身上所寻找的东西。” 10风险容忍度的另外一个要点是求职者对失败的承受度。失败很重要，因为这表示你不怕冒险。所以各家公司总会寻找有可能犯错误并敢于承认错误的求职者。大家都知道如何谈论成功——或者当他们在寻找工作的时候应该知道。但很少有人乐意谈论失败，更少有人知道如何从失败的边缘吸取教训和获得经验。“对我的企业来说，求职者需要坦然地谈论他或她的失败，而且他或她需要有真正的失败经历，而不是特意为面试而杜撰的东西。如果做不到的话，那么这个人冒的风险还不够，”豪特说。 11特征4：善于处理人际关系 瑞克·李奇在迪科德遗传工程公司从事业务拓展。李奇最近才转行到企业，做业务方面的工作。我向他咨询这个重要特征，是因为在他的新业务角色中，人际沟通能力在成功和失败之间发挥着很大的作用。“科学家毕生都在积累知识，培养技术上的敏锐感，”他说，“但为企业工作需要完全不同的东西——人际交往的能力。想转行到企业界的科学家们必须优先考虑他们的社会关系资源而不是技术资源。对一个以前一直根据专业知识水平被评价的人来说，突然之间要根据他的人际交往能力来评价他，真是十分令人恐惧。” 12然而，如果认为只有像李奇那样的生意人才需要熟练的人际沟通技巧，那就错了。事实上，我所遇见的在企业工作的核心费工们之所以取得成功，很大程度上是因为他们能够与公司上下各种各样的人共事。 Unit 4 爱和情感连系 1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和
Unit 3 New orleans is sinking For 300 years, the sea has been closing in on New Orleans. As the coastal erosion continues, it is estimated the city will be off shore in 90 years. Even in good weather, New Orleans is sinking. As the city begins what is likely to be the biggest demolition project in U.S. history, the question is, can we or should we put New Orleans back together again? Life has been returning to high and dry land on Bourbon Street, but to find the monumental challenge facing the city you have to visit neighborhoods you have never heard of. On Lizardi Street, 60 Minutes took a walk with the men in charge of finishing what Katrina started. Correspondent Scott Pelley reports. Before Katrina, "There would be noise and activity and families and people, and children, and, you know, I haven't seen a child in a month here," says Greg Meffert, a city official who, with his colleague Mike Centineo, is trying to figure out how much of the city will have to be demolished.
Unit5 Ⅰ.Lead-in 1.People keep pets for a variety of reasons. Some feel lonely and need company. Other people keep pets for security. Still others buy pets just to be in fashion. Finally, some people keep animals at home just out of love or pity. Their hearts are full of love, which pours out naturally for animals as well as humans. 2.Most people prefer dogs to cats. Dogs are more loyal to their owners than cats are. Also, dogs are more intelligent than cats. They can carry out human instructions and perform fairly complicated functions. Moreover, with its strength and agility, the dog is capable of protecting the house and its master. However, I wouldn't go as far as to claim that cats are worthless. Thanks to their soft fur, meek tempers and cute faces, they are often ladies' favorites. 3.It's hard to arrive at a conclusion on this question. It is obvious that if a pet like a cat is kept in the apartment without much chance of going out, it looks sad and inactive. Without proper physical exercise and enough exposure to the sun, it tends to become weak. However, they also have their compensation. In a human household pets are normally well fed. I should like to point out that a pet's intelligence is also an important factor. A dog or a cat may be intelligent enough to feel lonely, but I doubt whether less intelligent animals like a tortoise or fish can feel the difference between the human home and the wild or whether they can develop a feeling of loneliness, sadness or homesickness. In any case, a human home can provide them with better living conditions. 4.In my opinion, it is all right for us to eat meat such as pork, beef and chicken. To explain this, let me quote from the movie "The Lion King". The father lion tells his son that it is all right for them to eat the antelope: "When we die, our bodies become the grass. And the antelope eat the grass. And so we are all connected in the great Circle of Life." In the case of dog meat, people's opinions seem to vary. I think with the progress of human civilization and improvement of the living standards, we should discard the habit of eating dogs, since they are so intelligent and so loyal to us. Ⅲ.Listening In Task1:Dogs aren't allowed here! Manager: I'm sorry, Miss, but dogs aren't allowed in this theater. Mary: But I have a ticket for him. Manager: I'm very sorry, but animals aren't permitted. Mary: You don't understand. This is a special case. My dog is so well-trained and so intelligent that he's almost human. Manager: I see that you have an exceptional animal, but... Mary: I promise you that if there is any problem we'll leave the theater immediately. I promise you that this dog isn't like any other dog you've ever seen. Manager: Well... all right. I'll let you go in, since the theater is almost empty tonight. But your dog will have to behave himself, or you will have to leave. Mary: Thank you very much. Task2:Put the cat out!
Unit 6-Conversation 1 Janet: What are you reading, Kate Kate:Alice in Wonderland, by Lewis Carroll. Do you know it Janet: I've heard of it, yes, but I've never read it. It's a 19th century children's story, isn't it K a te: That's right. It's very famous. It's set in Oxford. It starts with this young girl sitting on a river bank. The interesting thing is, the author, Lewis Carroll, he was an Oxford professor and he used to have tea with the girl's family on this river bank. Ja net: Oh, that's fascinating! I'll put it into my diary. Kate: Is that what you're writing I know you've been keeping a diary all the year. Janet: It's been a great year. I've had such a good time — so lucky to have Mark and Kate as friends. Feel I've been doing well with work. Much happier about asking questions in tutorials. Janet: My screen's gone dark. Mark: You're using the battery, remember. It's run out, obviously. Janet: It can't be the battery. It's still charged. Oh no it's still black. Oh dear, I hope it's nothing serious. I haven't backed anything up recently. Kate: That's not like you, Janet. Janet:I know, but I lost my memory stick. I really should have backed things up. How stupid of me not to do that! Supposing I've lost everything! Mark: Let me take a look. The power is still on. And also the operating system still seems to be working ... I think it has to be the graphics card ... But maybe that's not the problem ... Janet: If only I'd backed things up! Kate: Relax, Janet! We'll take it to the computer shop this afternoon. I'm sure it'll be OK. Janet: I hope so. Unit 6-Conversation 2 Janet: Tell me about Alice in Wonderland. Kate: I tell you what, I'll read it to you. Kate: Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank and having nothing to do: Once or twice, she had peeped into the book her sister was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, "and what is the use of a book," thought Alice, "without pictures or conversation" So she was considering in her own mind (as well as she could, for the hot day made her feel very sleepy and stupid) ... Janet: Kate, Mark, where are you going You've got my laptop! Kate: It's all right, Janet, we're taking it to the computer shop. We'll be back soon. Mark: It's not like Janet to forget to back up her work. Kate: She should have been more careful. Janet: It was stupid of me, I know! Stupid, stupid! Janet: Oh! It was a dream! What a relief! Kate: You were talking in your sleep. Janet: What was I saying Kate: "Stupid, stupid." M ark: I've sorted out your computer. Janet: Have you Oh, thank goodness! What was the problem Mark:It was the graphics card, as I predicted ... Janet: Is that what it was! I'm so relieved! Thanks, Mark. Kate: He's great, isn't he Janet: Yes. So are you, Kate. Kate: You're such a good friend. Unit 6-Outside view Computers are a very important part of our lives. They tell us about delays to transport. They drive trains, analyze evidence and control buildings. Did you know that 60 per cent of homes in Britain have got a PC (a personal computer) For many young people, playing computer games is their favorite way of spending spare time. Computers are a very important part of most areas of life in Britain-libraries, the police and in school. But they are becoming more important in our homes as well. They’ll even control the way we live-in “smart homes” or computer-controlled houses. The smart home is now a real possibility. It will become very common. A central computer will adjust the temperature, act as a burglar alarm and switch on lights, ready for you to come back home. And of course you will be able to give new instructions to the computer from your mobile phone. So if your plans change, your home will react to match. Many homes have got lots of televisions and several computers. The smart home will provide TV and Internet sockets in every room, so you’ll be able to do what you want whenever you want. If the temperature outside changes, the smart home will adjust the temperature levels inside. The computer will also close the blinds when it gets dark or to stop so much sun from entering a room. And if you want to eat when you get home, the computer will turn the oven on for you! Are computers taking over our lives In a survey, 44 per cent of young people between 11 and 16 said their PC was a trusted friend. Twenty per cent said they were happier at their computer than spending time with family or friends. Another survey found that people in Britain spend so much time on the phone, texting and reading emails that they no longer have time for conversation. What do you think about that Unit 6-Listening in
Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。