Does International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption Matter?The Effects on Financial Transparency
and
Earnings Management
Yen Tze—YU
National Chung Cheng University，Chiayi，Taiwan
Chang Ming—Lei
Yuan Ze University，Taoyuan，Taiwan
Yeh Hsiao—Chian
National Chung Cheng University，Chiayi，Taiwan
This paper aims to examine whether or not the adoption of fair value accounting(FVA)has an effect on the level of
information transparency and the degree of earnings management，to identify whether the legal institutions have
powers to explain those effects of the adoption of FVA，and to explore the relationship between the effects of the
adoption of FVA and several specific characteristics of the banking industry．By investigating the banking sectors
of four Asian countries／regions including China，Hong Kong，the Philippines，and Singapore which have adopted
Intemational Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS)，this paper finds that after the application of FVA，the estimated
cost of equity of the sampled banks sig nificantly decreases and the relationship between banks’loan loss provisions
(LLP)and earnings before provisions and tax(EBPT)becomes irrelevant．The evidence suppo~s the effects of
FVA adoption on the enhancement of accounting quali~．In addition，sound legal／extra-legal systems are closely
linked to the degree of accounting quality and still have a strong influence on FVA．Keywords．"earnings management，fair value accounting(FVA)，information transparency，legal institutions
Introduction
With the globalization of capital markets，multinational enterprises have rapidly grown in recent years．To
gain the confidence of internationalinvestors and access capital from overseas funds，it is necessary for these
enterprises’financial statements to confo·rm to intemational standards．However，the work involved
to meet
these standards is obviously costly，and the delays that result from preparing various versions of the statements
for international enterprises affect the firms’eficiency．As a result，the harmonization of local with international accounting standards has been duly noted and discussed for many years．Most legislators，regulators，and researchers agree that efforts to standardize financial statements will directly help the firms，
shareholders，analysts，accountants，auditors，and SO on(Tarca，2004；Barth，Landsman，&Lang，2008；Cai，
Rahman．&Courtenay，2008；Wang，2009)．
THE EFFECTS ON FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT 757
Not only for the above considerations but also in order to have relevant and reliable corporate reporting
information，the two accounting standards bodies，namely，the International Accounting Standards Board
(IASB)and the Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)，have committed themselves to developing a set
of high—quality financial reporting standards based on a“performance—style reporting system’’instead of the
traditional financial reporting system．As a consequence，following the full adoption of International Financial
Reporting Standards(IFRS)in the European Union(EU)since 2005，there are now more than 1 1 5 countries，
including Australia，New Zealand，Hong Kong，and South Africa requiring that their own businesses accept
IFRS as their accounting standards．Other countries，such as Canada，Korea，Brazil，and India，have drawn up
schedules and are expected to gradually adopt IFRS by 20 1 2．Currently，among the global top 1 0 capital
markets，only Japan and the United States(US)have not yet made a final decision to adopt IFRS．Both countries are，however，inclined to work on a plan to converge their own existing accounting standards with the
IFRS standards．It is predictable that IFRS will soon become the most important and common language in
global capital markets．
The fundamental scheme of IFRS is the introduction of fair value accounting(FVA)．FVA，also referred to
as“mark．to—market”．is a financial reporting approach in which companies are required or permited to measure
and report，on an ongoing basis，certain assets and liabilities at estimates of the prices they would receive if
they were to sell the assets or would pay if they were to be relieved of the liabilities．Most prior studies point
out that the mark．to。market approach may increase the transparency of information(Kass，20 1 0)．Transparency
of information refers to the extent to which a company makes its financing status known to the public．When a
company implements FVA，it is reasonable to expect that its transparency of information will be enhanced．
Owing to the superior transparency of the resulting financial statements，outside investors can understand the
capital of the entity beter and strengthen their ability to predict the finn’s earnings based on its existing
resource base．Hope(2003)supported this argument by providing evidence that the error in the analysts’
earnings forecasts will be reduced after adopting IFRS．Moreover，as a result of the increased transparency of
the financial statements，outsiders may be willing to lower their required benefits，thereby leading to a decline
in the entity’s cost of equity(Botosan&Plumlee，2002；Cheng，Collins，&Huang，2006)．There seems to be no doubt that adopting FVA will improve the transparency of the financial statements．
However．one question that needs to be further asked concems whether or not using FVA will cause the
company’s earnings to fluctuate significantly and then induce the company to engage in improper earnings
management．Jeanjean and Stolowy(2008)showed that after the adoption of IFRS，earnings management
increased in France and did not decrease in Australia or in the United Kingdom(UK)．In addition，Barth，
Landsman，Lang，and Williams(2007)found that the earnings of companies that adopt International Accounting Standards(IAS)are smoother than those of companies that adopt the US Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles(GAAP)．Therefore，the conclusions regarding the effects of FVA are still inconsistent
and worth discussing in more details．
In terms of specific industry characteristics，the banking industry usually has a relatively higher level of
information transparency than other sectors．However，banks in practice have special incentives to smooth
earnings，relative to the industries in genera1．First，“A banking system faces a potential liquidity problem and
thus is exposed to the risk of widespread bank runs”(Shen&Chih，2005，P．2677)．To keep depositors from
losing confidence，banks have an incentive to prevent their earnings from being negative．Second，uncertainty
over the banks stems from their assets，loans，and trading assets in particular，and high leverage
compounds the
758 THE EFFECTS 0N FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT uncertainty over their assets．Banks’assets present bankers with ample opportunities for risk or asset substitution．To hide asset substitution behavior，bank insiders have the incentive to engage in earnings
management(Morgan，2002)．Third，banking systems are highly regulated．To avoid violating regulations，
bankers are inclined to employ earnings management as management skills(Shen&Chih．2oo5)．
In considering the possible reasons above，it is not hard to foresee that the adoption of FVA will have an
even dramatic impact on the banking industry．In addition to the market capitalization ratios of banks in the
capital market being typically large，the main operating profits of the banking industry are sourced from the
spread of interest rates between deposits and bank loans and receivables．Once the bank loans and receivables
are measured at market value，the provisions for bad debts and reserves will be required to be raised so that the
firm’s performance will be ultimately impaired．To achieve the purpose of smoothing earnings，bank managers
are more likely to engage in earnings manipulation，for example，by adjusting the loan loss provisions(LLP)
(Ahmed，Takeda，&Thomas，1 999)．
Empirical evidence provided by Beasley—Murray(2003)has proved that if the derivatives that the financial
institutions own must be recorded based on the mark—to-market approach，the financial reports will be too
complicated，which in tum wil damage the way businesses operate．Hung(2009)also showed that when financial institutions hold derivatives as hedge tools，there will exist artificial volatility that cannot reflect the
real situation after using FVA without suficient disclosure．It is obvious that under IFRS，the classification of
financial instruments is such that they are measured at fair value，and therefore，the profit of the banking
industry that holds a higher proportion of financial assets is more dificult to predict．However，so far，several
studies have investigated the impact of IFRS／fair value on industries in general(Hope，Jin，&Kang，2006；
Barth et a1．，2008；Jeanjean&Stolowy，2008)，but there is still an insuficiency of data that focus on financial
institutions，particularly on the banking industry．
More importantly，while the advantages of fair value measurements are that they increase the consistency
and comparability of the market price movements，if the market price does not reflect the true value
of
economic conditions，it might give rise to the agency problem．That is，under a mature financial environment in
which buyers and sellers can trade effectively．it is more accurate to reflect the true value of most financial
instruments by using FVA rather than cost-based accounting．However，FVA probably cannot be representative
when the markets are less effective．Given that most studies on the effects of FVA adoption have been
conducted in western countries(Daske，2006；Li，2010；Jeanjean&Stolowy，2008；Armstrong，Barth，
Jagolinzer，&Riedl，20 1 0)，this paper attempts to provide more valuable evidence for the banking sector in four
Asian countries which to date have announced their full adoption of FVA：Singapore and Hong Kong from an
English legal origin and the Philippines and China from a non—English legal origin．
In genera1．this paper aims to examine whether or not the adoption of FVA has an effect on the level of
information transparency and the degree of earnings management，to identify whether or not legal institutions
have the power to explain the effect of adopting FVA，and to explore the relationship between the effect of
adopting FVA and several specific characteristics of the banking industry．By investigating four Asian countries which have fully adopted IFRS，this paper mainly finds that after the adoption of FVA，the estimated
cost of equity of the sampled banks significantly decreases and the relationship between the banks’LLP and
earnings becomes irelevant．This evidence supports the view that the adoption of FVA enhances accounting
quality．In addition，sound legal／extra．1egal systems are closely linked to the degree of accounting quality and
still have a strong influence on FVA．
THE EFFECTS ON FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT 759
Literature Review
FVA on Earnings Management
Based on the above concept，managerial opportunism in FVA has grown in importance in light of recent
international accounting convergence．Recent studies have questioned the quality of financial statements
prepared under IFRS standards，particularly in the presence of weak enforcement mechanisms and adverse
reporting incentives(Ball，Robin，&Wu，2003；Daske&Gebhardt，2006)．
Barth et a1．(2008)investigated whether IAS／IFRS adoption leads to less earnings
management．They
assessed earnings management based on：(1)the variance of the change in net income；(2)the ratio of the
variance of the change in net income to the variance of the change in cash flows；(3)the correlation between
accruals and cash flows；and(4)the frequency of small positive net income．With their resulting sample of IAS
firms from Datastream and WorldScope comprising 2,2 1 2 firms around the world that adopted IAS between
1 995 and 2006，their results showed that the application of IAS／IFRS has no systematic effect on the relative
difference in accounting quality．
By focusing on the case of Germany，Christensen，Lee，and Walker(2008)tested the relationship between
IFRS adoption and earnings management explained by：(1)the variability of changes in earnings；
(2)the
variability of changes in earnings relative to the variability of changes in cash flows；and(3)the negative correlation between accruals and cash flows．They documented that a decrease in earnings management is
connected to the voluntary adoption of IFRS，but that there is no such evidence for the firms that are forced to
adopt IFRS．Jea~ean and Stolowy(2008)concentrated on three IFRS first·time adopter countries(422 firms in
Australia，32 1 firms in France，and 403 firms in the UK)．They used a thresholds approach(earnings distributions for discontinuities around thresholds before and after IFRS implementation)and also found that
the incidence of earnings management did not decline after the introduction of IFRS but in fact increased in
France．
Based on 305 US firms filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)from September 2000
to December 2005，Dechow，Myers，and Shakespeare(2009)observed the activities of receivables securitizations with retained interests，because the retained cash flows must be recorded at fair value even
though no active market value is likely to exist，thus allowing ample opportunities to manipulate earnings．
Their findings show that managers use the discretion obtained from FVA rules to report larger gains and chief
executive oficer(CEO)pay-sensitivity，for these gains are similar to that for regular earnings components．It
means that CEOs are inclined to use the flexibility available in FVA rules to smooth earnings，since they are
rewarded for the gains they report．
Barth and Taylor(2009)disagreed on the arguments of Dechow et a1．(2009)by identifying that the
fair value estimates in accounting for asset securitizations is indirect．To defend FVA，they further clarified that
fair value like all accounting amounts is easily manipulated．It would be too rough to conclude that the
evidence of earnings management is caused by a particular accounting method．Estimating fair value does
allow scope for management discretion，but this discretion may be welfare improving．Other measures may
possibly be even easier to manipulate，or perhaps managers are always likely to find a way of manipulating
accounting numbers．Should we lay the blame on managerial manipulation or the rationale of FVA?The
answer st川seems t0 be obvious．
760 THE EFFECTS ON FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT
’VA and Corporate Governance
Although the valuation problems of FVA are still being debated，FVA does induce agency problems due
to managerial opportunism．A considerable number of prior corporate govemance studies have proposed
several governance mechanisms to eliminate these agency costs．The generally accepted solutions involve
enhancing the effectiveness of monitoring through internal and external governance mechanisms，such as CEO
compensation(Anderson&Reeb，2003；Sharma&Ho，2002；Barth，Gulbrandsen，&Schonea，2005)，board
composition(Rosenstein&Wyatt，1 990；Weisbach，1 988)，and other large shareholders(Andr6，Kooli，&
L’Her，2004；Maury&Pajuste，2005)．Recent research has also addressed the importance of legal institutions
including legal origin，anti—director rights，legal enforcement，accounting disclosure(La Porta，Lopez—de—Silanes，Shleifer，&Vishny，1 998)，and several extralegal schemes(Zingales，2000；Dyck&Zingales，
2004)．
However，these types of agency problems in regard to FVA have some specific features．For instance，previous governance studies emphasize the role of independent directors on the board．However，an independent director without good training or a related financial background would not be able to fully
understand the sophisticated valuation of the fair value estimates．In addition，the enforcement of information
disclosure for FVA under uncertainty may in turn lead to the possible delivery of misleading messages(noise)
that may outweigh the information content．Compared with the large amount of governance literature
with the problems of earnings management，to date，the number of academic empirical investigations focusing on the effects of corporate governance on FVA is very small，even though it is a critical and timely
issue．
Aboody，Barth，and Kasznik(2006)collected 3，368 firm-year observations related to 887 US firms with
stock option—based compensation plans over the period from 1 996 to 200 1 to investigate whether the
managerial discretion reflected in the assumptions varies predictably with the incentives and opportunities for
firms to understate Financial Accounting Standards(FAS)1 23 expense ．They found that firms’option value
estimates significantly understate the option values．The understatement increases with higher stock option—based compensation expense，firms that have CEOs with perceived excessive pay，and firms with
weaker corporate govemance．
In a series of papers documented by Bhat(2008a；2008b)，the association between stock returns and fair
value gains and losses(FVGL)has been applied as a measure to investigate the impacts of disclosure and
corporate governance on the quality of the fair value estimates．Based on a sample of 1 80 US commercial
banks during the period of2003．2005，he found that disclosure has a direct positive effect on the FVGL—returns
association．but the effect of corporate governance is indirect and comes via the medium of disclosure．Penman(2007)identified the importance of both the competence and independence of three monitors (auditors，assessors，and corporate boards)in minimizing the biases of fair value estimates for level 3，but he
did not provide empirical evidence to prove that．Following the idea，Song，Thomas，and Yi(20 1 0)used
quarterly reports of US banking firms in 2008 to discuss the effects of managerial opportunism on FAS 1 57 fair
value hierarchy information．They found that the value relevance of fair values(especially level 3)is less FAS 1 23 expense relates to employee compensation in the form of stock options．It is based on estimates of the grant·date values
of options granted to employees，which depend on expectations about the future．Similar to FAS 157，while FAS 123 provides
guidance relating to factors．firms should consider in making these estimates，substantial scope for managerial discretion remains
(Aboody et a1．，2006)，
THE EFFECTS ON FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT 761
evident for firms with weaker corporate govemance．In particular，instead of basing their study on a
single
2Ovemance index as in the case of the prior literature，they examined whether the value relevance of level 3
inputs varies across six individual govemance mechanisms ．They found that different governance mechanisms
have different impacts on different valuation levels，but the overall results of individual measures continue to
support the effects of governance on fair value estimates．
Nevertheless，this line of research is generally focused on the US，and there has been relatively little work
studying the rest of the world．One published paper provided by Tsao，Chen，Chi，and Lo(2009)examined the
effect of the extent of using earnings management(derivatives／discretionary accruals)on firm value，and it was
found that ownership structure did have an impact on the choice of earnings management devices．Firms with
weaker corporate governance mechanisms are likely to use discretionary accruals rather than derivatives as
their earnings management method．Young and Wu(2009)inspected the effects of corporate governance on
both the determinants and earnings informativeness pertaining to asset impairments which are required by
Statement of Financial Accounting Standards(SFAS)No．3 5 in the spirit of FVA．Their findings confirmed
that sound governance mechanisms eficiently monitor managers’accounting choices for asset impairment and
thereby improve the informativeness of earnings．
FVA and Financial Institutions
It is obvious that financial institutions have their own specific industry characteristics so that they confront
different shocks and impacts of IFRS adoption．However，far too litle attention has been paid to this industry to
date．Healy and Wahlen(1999)focused on the motivation of earnings management and in particular observed
that since banking regulations require specific capital adequacy requirements，banks will overstate LLP and
understate loan write．offs as long as they meet minimum capital requirements．Therefore，loan loss reserves
and write．．ofs are usually used as proxies for earnings management in the banking industry．Wang(2009)presented a descriptive article that investigated the impact of adopting IFRS on the banking
industry in Taiwan．He proposed three major concerns for financiaI institutions in response to the IFRS：(1)the
valuation of loans and receivables；(2)the fair value measurement and disclosure；and(3)the accounting
treatment of intangibles arising from mergers and acquisitions．He argued that the adoption of IAS 39 by the
banks will decrease their profitability and increase their financing risk in the short term，but will increase their
financial soundness and enhance their risk tolerance over the longer term．
Leventis，Dimitropoulos，and Anandarajan(20 1 1)examined the impact of the application of IFRS on the
use of LLP in earnings management．Based on a sample of 9 1 EU—listed commercial banks covering a period of
1 0 years(before and after the adoption of lFRS)，they found that earnings management via LLP is significantly
reduced after the implementation of IFRS．Furthermore，compared with the less risky banks，earnings management behavior is more pronounced for risky banks，but is significantly reduced after the implementation
of IFRS．They concluded that the implementation of IFRS in the EU appears to have improved earnings quality
by mitigating the tendency of bank managers of listed commercial banks to engage in earnings management
using LLP．
The six mechanisms&l'e-(1)board independence；(2)audit commitee’s financial expertise；(3)the frequency of annual audit
commitee meetings；(4)the percentage of shares held by institutional investors；(5)the auditor’s ofice size；and(6)no material
control weakness problems under Sections 302 and 404 ofthe Sarbanes—Oxley Act．
762 THE EFFECTS ON FINANCIAL TRANSPARENCY AND EARNINGS MANAGEMENT
Research Methodology
Sample Selection
The dataset used in our study is limited to the banking industry in four Asian countries：Singapore，Hong
Kong，the Philippines，and China．TO inspect the differences between pre-and post—FVA application，in this
study，the authors select two years before and after the effective year of full adoption of IFRS as the observation window．Since different countries have their own individual effective years of adoption，the data
are collected separately from four sample periods for each individual country：(1)Singapore：2003—2007，
excluding the year of adoption(2005) ；(2)Hong Kong：2003—2007，excluding the year of adoption(2005)；(3)
The Philippines：2003—2007，excluding the year of adoption(2005)；and(4)China：2005—2009，excluding the
year of adoption(2007)．Data are extracted from Bankscope and the Thomson One Banker database．In
addition，the sample in this research should also meet the following criteria：
基于经营的财务报表分析文献综述 财务报表是反映公司经营状况的一面镜子。一直以来，财务报表的分析就是包括管理者、所有者还有众多专家学者等在内所关注的重点。然而传统财务报表存在无法明确区分经营资产和金融资产，净利润是来自日常经营业务还是金融投资业务等问题。立足于经营的财务报表分析对传统的财务报表进行了重构和新的解读，达到了更加真实反映企业经营状况的目的。 一、经营视角下财务报表产生背景 1.IASB和FASB对报表列报项目的改革 2008年10月16日，IASB与FASB联合发布了《财务报表列报初步意见》，对现行财务报表表内信息分类列报做出了大幅度的改动，提出了分类列报的新观点。 （1）财务报表列报要实现三个目标： 一致性目标：财务报表应就企业活动提供内在一致的财务信息，且报表项目逻辑关系应保持清晰； 分解性目标：财务报表应对信息进行分解，以方便报表使用者预测企业未来创造价值的能力； 流动性和财务弹性目标：财务报表列报方式应便于报表使用者评价企业的融资能力、利用现有资产产生未来现金流
的能力、偿付债务能力以及把握投资机会的能力。 （2）财务报表项目的实现两大分类 营业部分是指生产产品或提供劳务等为企业创造价值的活动。又进一步分为：经营类，与企业经营核心目的直接相?P的资产和负债。投资类，不与企业经营核心目的直接相关的营业资产和营业负债，企业持有这类资产和负债的主要目的在于通过利息、股利或市价上涨的形式获取回报。 融资部分包括金融性资产和金融性负债，主要是指管理层认定的能够为经营活动融资的资产和负债。 （3）列报方式和原则 财报理念发生变化，强调决策有用，其中也包含了受托责任观。在列报方面，采用了管理层法，根据管理层的意图来进行划分，报表之间能够实现明确的勾稽关系。主体在三张表中能够按照同样的标准，将会计要素的分类保持了内在的一致性。也实现了财务报表中心的转移，都以财务状况表为基础。 2.我国对财报的改进方面的建议 IASB与FASB所发布的意见稿，提出了很多具有建设性的观点。结合我国的情况，一些专家学者提出了以下观点：葛家澍（2009）认为新的报表内容的分类具有很大的新意，能增进财务报表信息对决策的有用性。尽管改进的部分是财务报表内容的分类列报，而产生的相关信息却远远超过
本科生毕业设计（论文）文献综述评价表
文献综述： 基于哈佛分析框架的财务报表分析的 文献综述 财务分析的重要性日益凸显，它不仅代表着企业的经营成果，还为企业以后的发展和管理提供决策依据。财务分析是通过一系列分析技术与方法，对企业的各种能力进行综合分析与评价，及时发现企业经营中出现的问题和不足，为企业的管理者管理和决策的信息。这是一个逻辑性很强的分析过程，需要从各种复杂的信息中把握分析逻辑，形成分析框架，才能获取有价值的信息。另一方面，财务分析对于投资者和股东的未来投资活动具有重要意义，它有助于利益相关者了解企业的经营现状和未来发展。本文对哈佛分析框架的国内外研究成果进行述评，为进一步的研究奠定基础。 1 国外关于财务分析方法的研究 伴随着西方资本市场的发展，其财务分析方法日益完善，财务分析体系快速发展。学者们开始建立财务分析框架，以更好地对企业的财务状况经行分析。少数学者提出从筹资活动、经营活动和投资活进行财务分析。而绝大部分学者则是在财务分析的基础上逐步引进战略分析、会计分析和前景分析三个维度。一部分学者是从三个维度来构建财务分析框架的。以Salmi（1997）为代表的学者提出从概论、会计分析和财务分析三个维度进行财务报表分析。而以Stickney（1999）为代表的学者则是从环境分析、会计分析和财务分析这三个维度展开。相比较而言，Stickney的尝试在原来两维度的基础上增加了环境分析，使得财务分析结果更为可靠。 还有一部分学者是从四个维度来构建财务分析框架的。最具有代表性的是哈佛大学佩普（K.G.Palepu）、希利（P.M.healy) 和伯纳德（V.L.Bemard)（2000）在《运用财务报表进行企业分析与评估》一书中提出了哈佛分析框架。其提出了一种集战略与财务报表分析为一体的、更具实际应用效果的财务分析框架，即哈佛分析框架。该框架由战略分析、会计分析、财务分析、前景分析共四个部分组成。哈佛分析框架的战略分析模块对企业所面临的外部环境进行了全面分析，不仅能发现企业发展中面临的机会和威胁，更能从战略高度为企业发展指出方向。哈佛分析框架做到了结合企业外部经济环境与企业个体特征、行业经济发展状况、生合周期和获利能力等因素对企业进行综合评判，对于投资者
摘要 正确组织和有效开展经济分析，对于企业正确制定经营方针，选择最佳方案，编制经营计划，合理评价企业经济活动，以及不断提高经济效益具有重要意义。经济分析具有判断性、情报性、预防性和建设性。企业是社会经济的细胞，股份制企业是社会经济细胞中较活跃的群体。 本文依据全面分析与重点分析相结合，经济分析与技术分析相结合，定性分析与定量分析相结合，利用核算数据与搞好调查研究相结合原则，对省哈飞汽车股份自2007 年至2009 年的财务状况从资本结构分析、偿债能力分析、营运能力分析、盈利能力分析、综合分析以及趋势分析等方面进行由外到地剖析和评价，对2009 年经营中存在的问题进行分析，最后提出建议。 关键词：财务报表分析；盈利能力；偿债能力
Abstract It is very important to organize and do economic analysis efficiently for an enterprise. The analysis plays key point in making business plan，evaluating the economic activities reasonably，and improving economic benefits. Economic analysis has the features of judging，information，predicting and constructing. The enterprises are the cell of social leconomy. The corporations，which are on the stock market，are the most active colony in them. In this report，by combination of whole analysis and emphasis analysis ，economic analysis and technical analysis，feature analysis and value analysis，and based on the rules of combination calculated data and research，the author tries to do an analysis and evaluation to Hafei Automobile Works Car company, the key enterprise of Heilongjiang Province. Based on the adjustment of financial statements，the analysis of capital structure，the analysis of assets operation efficiency，the analysis of profitability，the analysis of debt redemption and the synthetic analysis of the corporation from 2007 to 2009. The author also submits some suggestions to the problems in 2009 of the company. KeyWords：Financial Analysis; Profitability; Debt redemption
开题报告万科财务报表分析
山东科技大学 本科毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目持续领跑的地产航母—万科财务分析 学院名称 专业班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 填表时间：年月日
填表说明 1.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。 2.此报告应在指导教师指导下，由学生在毕业设计（论文）工作前期完成，经指导教师签署意见、相关系主任审查后生效。 3.学生应按照学校统一设计的电子文档标准格式，用A4纸打印。 4.参考文献不少于8篇，其中应有适当的外文资料（一般不少于2篇）。 5.开题报告作为毕业设计（论文）资料，与毕业设计（论文）一同存档。
设计（论文） 题目 持续领跑的地产航母—万科财务分析 设计（论文）类型（划“√”）工程 实际 科研 项目 实验 室建 设 理论 研究 其它 一、本课题的研究目的和意义 万科身处一个饱受争议的行业，却罕见而长久地收获了掌声。作为房地产行业的持续领跑者，这与王石和万科坚持走大道、顺大势，阳光、透明、不行贿、不囤地以及绿色发展是分不开的。上海世博会中万科是唯一参展且拥有独立参观的房地产企业，与此同时，万科第一个代表房地产企业拿下2010年中国企业管理杰出贡献奖。在2010年楼市“调控大年”，从年初不时有调控政策出台，万科却在噤若寒蝉的房地产企业笑的很灿烂，今年前10个月万科已实现销售金额869.3亿，超过了原本全年750亿的目标。是什么成就了万科这艘持续领跑的“地产航母”? 本文针对万科2007年至2010年的财务报表及其相关财务数据，结合房地产经营实际现状，从财
务分析的视角，研究万科近年来的财务状况和经营成果，探索万科的可持续发展之路，发现万科经营战略的闪光点和尚且存在的问题，为万科管理层乃至房地产企业提供一定的参考。 二、本课题的主要研究内容（提纲） 1.绪论 1.1研究背景 1.2研究目的和意义 2.我国房地产及万科企业股份有限公司概况 2.1 我国房地产业概况 2.11宏观环境 2.12房地产行业评述 2.13行业绩效评价 2.14万科表现 2.2 万科概况 2.21 公司概况 2.22 发展历程
财务报表分析文献综述
本科毕业设计（论文） 文献综述 院（系）：经济管理学院 专业：会计专业 班级：08 会计 学生姓名：鲜洁学号:200810406053
文献综述： 上市公司报表分析文献综述 前言 进入21世纪以来，资本市场得到迅速发展，上市公司越来越多，其股东、债权人、债务人等相关利益者为了更好地了解公司经营状况，就要认真分析公司对外披露的信息，因此财务报表分析也受到越来越多人的关注。另一方面，由于各方面的因素，上市公司披露的财务报表并不是完全真实有效的，特别是近年来，我国证券市场发生了一系列的财务报表造假事件，严重危害了我国资本和货币市场的发展，让广大投资者遭到严重损失，企业的信誉受到严重挑战，所以，如何鉴别上市公司的“数字陷阱”，也需要我们对报表进行认真分析。本文从财务报表的定义、内容、方法为基础，通过一些会计学、经济学等相关知识及相关学者的著作及理论予以解释和阐述。 1 财务报表的定义及报表分析的定义 1.1 国外研究成果 美国南加州大学的教授Water B. Neig S认为财务分析的本质在于搜索与决策有关的财务信息并加以分析与解释的一种判断过程。 美国纽约市立大学的Le. P. ldA. Bernstein认为财务分析是一种判断过程，旨在评估企业现在或者过去的财务状况和经营成果，其主要目的在于对未来的状况和经营业绩进行最佳预测。 1921年3月吉尔曼(Gilman)出版了名著《财务报表分析》，他指出财务报表也称对外会计报表，是会计主体对外提供的反映公司财务状况和经营的报表，包括资产负债表、损益表、现金流量表或财务状况变动表、附表和附注。财务报表是财务报告的主要部分，不包括董事报告、管理分析及财务情况说明书等列入财务报告或年度报告的资料。对外报表即指财务报表。对内报表的对称，是以会计准则为规范编制的，向所有者、债权人、政府及其他有关各方及社会公众等外部使用者披露的会计报表。他也提出了不能高估比率分析的作用，因为财务比率和资产负债表之间的关系似乎难以明确。 1898年2月美国纽约州银行协会委员会提出议案，议案要求所有的借款人
财务报表分析外文文献及翻译 LNTU---Acc 附录A 财务报表分析的杠杆左右以及如何体现盈利性和值比率 摘要 关键词:财政杠杆;运营债务杠杆;股本回报率;值比率 传统观点认为，杠杆效应是从金融活动中产生的:公司通过借贷来增加运营的资金。 杠杆作用的衡量标准是负债总额与股东权益。然而，一些负债——如银行贷款和发行的债券，是由于资金筹措，其他一些负债——如贸易应付账款，预收收入和退休金负债，是由于在运营过程中与供应商的贸易，与顾客和雇佣者在结算过程中产生的负债。融资负债通常交易运作良好的资本市场其中的发行者是随行就市的商人。与此相反，在运营中公司能够实现高增值。因为业务涉及的是与资本市场相比，不太完善的贸易的输入和输出的市场。 因此，考虑到股票估值，运营负债和融资负债的区别的产生有一些先验的原因。我们研究在资产负债表上，运营负债中的一美元是否与融资中的一美元等值这个问题。因为运营负债和融资负债是股票价值的组成部分，这个问题就相当于问是否股价与账面价值比率是否取决于账面净值的组成。价格与账面比率是由预期回报率的账面价值决定的。所以，如果部分的账面价值要求不同的溢价，他们必须显示出不同的账面价值的预期回报率。因此， 标准的财务报表分析的能够区分股东从运营中和借贷的融资业务中产生的利润。因此，资产回报有别于股本回报率，这种差异是由于杠杆作用。然而，在标准的分析中，经营负债不区别于融资负债。因此，为了制定用于实证分析的规范，
我们的研究结果是用于愿意分析预期公司的收益和账面收益率。这些预测和估值依赖于负债的组成。 这篇文章结构如下。第一部分概述并指出了了能够判别两种杠杆作用类型，连接杠杆作用和盈利的财务报表分析第二节将杠杆作用，股票价值和价格与账面比率联系在一起。 第三节中进行实证分析，第四节进行了概述与结论。 1 杠杆作用的财务报表分析 以下财务报表分析将融资债务和运营债务对股东权益的影响区别开。这个分析从实证的详细分析中得出了精确的杠杆效应等式 普通股产权资本收益率=综合所得?普通股本 (1) 杠杆影响到这个盈利等式的分子和分母。适当的财务报表分析解析了杠杆作用的影响。以下分析是通过确定经营和融资活动中的资产负债表和损益表的组成开始分析。计算每一项活动所获得的利润，然后引入两种类型的杠杆作用来解释运营和融资的盈利以及股东的总体盈利。 1.1 区分运营和融资过程中的盈利 普通股权=经营资产，金融负债,经营负债,金融负债 (2) 侧重于普通股(以便优先股被视为融资债务)，资产负债表方程可重申如下:经营性资产的区别(如贸易应收款，库存和物业，厂房及设备)和金融资产(存款及可出售证券吸收多余现金)在其他方面。然而，债务方面，融资负债也区别于经营负债。不应该把所 有负债都当作融资负债来处理，相反，只有从运营中得到的现金，就像银行贷款，短期商业票据和债券属于这种类型。其他负债，如应付账款，累计费用，预收收入，重组债务和养老金负债，产生于业务。这种区别并不像当前与长远负债那么简单;养老金负债，例如，通常是长期，短期的借款是一种当前的负债。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 财务报表分析 A.财务比率 我们需要使用财务比率来分析财务报表，比较财务报表的分析方法不能真正有效的得出想要的结果，除非采取的是研究在报表中项目与项目之间关系的形式。例如，只是知道史密斯公司在一个特定的日期中拥有10000美元的现金余额，对我们是没有多大价值的。但是，假如我们知道，这种余额在这种平衡中有4%的流动负债，而一年前的现金余额有25%的流动负债。由于银行家对公司通常要求现金余额保持在银行信用度的20%，不管使用或不使用，如果公司的财务状况出现问题，我们可以立即发现。 我们可以对比比较财务报表中的项目，作出如下结论： 1. 项目之间的资产负债表比较： a）在资产负债表中的一个日期之间的比较，例如项目，现金与流动负债相比； b）同一项目在资产负债表中一个日期与另一个日期之间的比较，例如，现在的现金与一年前比较； c）比较两个项目之间在资产负债表中一个日期和一个相似比率在资产负债表中的另一个日期的比率，例如，现在现金流动负债的比率与另一个项目一年前的相似比率和已经标记的现金状况趋势的比较。 2．项目报表中收入和支出的比较： a）一定时期中的报表项目的比较； b）同一项目在报表中现阶段与上个阶段的比较； c）报表中项目之间的比率与去年相似比率的比较； 3．资产负债表中的项目与报表中收入和支出项目的比较： a）在这些报表项目之间的一个给定的时间内，例如，今年净利润可能以百分比计算今年净值； b）两个报表中项目之间的比率在这几年时间的比较，例如，净利润的比率占今年净值的百分比与去年或者前年的相似比率的比较 如果我们采用上述比较或比率，然后依次比较它们，我们的比较分析结果将获得重要意义：
1 引言 财务报表分析，是以财务报表为主要依据，对经济活动与财务收支情况进行全面、系统的分析。它属于会计分析的重要组成部分。会计分析一般包括事前的预测分析、事中的控制分析、事后的总结分析。财务报表分析属于定期进行的事后总结分析。资产负债表、利润表等财务报表能为国家经济管理部门、投资者、债权人和本单位内部提供该单位财务状况和经营成果的概括性资料。但是，要进一步了解该单位经济活动中所取得的成绩和存在的问题，进行有效的经营决策，仅仅根据上述财务报表提供的资料是远远不够的，还需要对财务报表所提供的数据进一步加工，进行分析、比较，得到经营管理和经营决策所需要的经济信息。通过类似这种具体的分析比较，可以全面的深刻地认识一个单位的经济活动和财务收支情况，正确评价经营成果，明确问题和原因所在，促使该单位制定出有效的改进措施，提高管理水平，促进生产经营正常发展。各种财务报表能集中反映企业、事业、行政机关等单位的资金状况、财务收支和财务成果等重要的会计信息。但是，为了综合考察其经济效益，还需要将投入与产出、所耗与所得进行相互比较，以便判断经济效益的好坏。利用利润表和资产负债表等有关报表项目的金额进行分析和比较，便可以计算出净资产报酬率、销售利润率和成本费用利润率等评价企业盈利能力的财务指标，从而清楚地了解企业的盈利能力。所以，通过经济效益指标的计算和分析，便能较正确地评价企业的经营成果，并为进一步增产节约、增收节支、促进经济效益提高提供科学依据。 2 财务报表分析概述 2.1 财务报表分析的涵义 通过收集、整理企业对外公布的相关财务数据，并与其它一些辅助信息相配合，对企业的财务状况、经营成果以及现金流量的情况通过一些分析方法进行综合评价和比较，为财务会计报告使用者提供经营决策和管理控制依据的一项经济管理活动，即称作财务报表分析，同时也称为财务分析。
本科毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目双汇企业财务报表分析研究 姓名宋孟姣 专业 2010级财务管理本科1班 学号 201040016 指导教师董玥玥 郑州科技学院工商管理学院 二〇一四年三月
FINANCIAL STA TEMENT ANALYSIS OF EVERAGE AND HOW IT INFORMS ABOUT PORABLIITY AND PRICE-TO-BOOK RA TIOS 1 FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS OF EVERAGE The following inimical statement analysis separates the effects of enhancing liabilities and operating liabilities on the portability o f shareholders’ equity. The analysis yields explicit leveraging equations from which the speci?cations for the empirical analysis are developed. Shareholder portability, return on common equity, is measured as Return on common equity (ROCE) = comprehensive net income ÷common equity (1) Appropriate inimical statement analysis disentangles the effects of leverage. The analysis below, which elaborates on parts of Nazism and Penman (2001), begins by identifying components of the balance sheet and income statement that involve operating and enhancing activities. The portability due to each activity is then calculated and two types of leverage are introduced to explain both operating and enhancing portability and overall shareholder portability. 1.1 Distinguishing the Portability of Operations from the Portability of Financing Activities Common equity =operating assets＋financial assets－operating liabilities－Financial liabilities （2）The distinction here between operating assets (like trade receivables, inventory and property, plant and equipment) and inimical assets (the deposits and marketable securities that absorb excess cash) is made in other contexts. However, on the liability side, enhancing liabilities are also distinguished here from operating liabilities. Rather than treating all liabilities as enhancing debt, only liabilities that raise cash for operations—like bank loans, short-term commercial paper and bonds—are classier as such. Other liabilities—such as accounts payable, accrued expenses, deferred revenue, restructuring liabilities and pension liabilities—arise from operations. The distinction is not as simple as current versus long-term
海康威视2019年上半年财务指标报告 内部资料，妥善保管 第 1 页 共 5 页 海康威视2019年上半年财务指标报告 一、实现利润分析 实现利润增减变化表 项目名称 2019年上半年 2018年上半年 2017年上半年 数值 增长率(%) 数值 增长率(%) 数值 增长率(%) 营业收入 2,392,327.3 4 14.6 2,087,575.82 26.92 1,644,753.97 0 实现利润 515,768.19 8.05 477,338.89 24.16 384,459 0 营业利润 512,778.91 8.99 470,482.26 23.41 381,235.43 0 投资收益 2,122.44 -72.88 7,826.71 57.63 4,965.22 0 营业外利润 2,989.29 -56.4 6,856.62 112.7 3,223.58 2019年上半年实现利润为515,768.19万元，与2018年上半年的477,338.89万元相比有所增长，增长8.05%。实现利润主要来自于内部经营业务，企业盈利基础比较可靠。 成本构成变动情况表(占营业收入的比例) 项目名称 2019年上半年 2018年上半年 2017年上半年 数值 百分比(%) 数值 百分比(%) 数值 百分比(%) 营业收入 2,392,327.3 4 100.00 2,087,575.8 2 100.00 1,644,753.9 7 100.00 营业成本 1,284,050.6 3 53.67 1,158,629.88 55.50 942,069.5 57.28 营业税金及附加 16,754.79 0.70 17,789.06 0.85 17,423.26 1.06 销售费用 321,326.01 13.43 264,939.33 12.69 172,692.5 10.50 管理费用 73,111.02 3.06 250,353.11 11.99 176,170.99 10.71 财务费用 -12,994.34 -0.54 -15,852.13 -0.76 6,550.06 0.40 二、盈利能力分析 盈利能力指标表(%) 项目名称 2019年上半年 2018年上半年 2017年上半年 营业毛利率 45.63 43.65 41.66 营业利润率 21.43 22.54 23.18 成本费用利润率 30.51 27.94 28.69
一、中色股份有限公司概况 中国有色金属建设股份有限公司（英文缩写NFC，简称：中色股份）1983年经国务院批准成立，主要从事国际工程承包和有色金属矿产资源开发。目前，中色股份旗下控股多个公司，涉及矿业、冶炼、稀土、能源电力等领域；同时，通过入股民生人寿等稳健的实业投资，增强企业的抗风险能力，实现稳定发展。 二、资产负债比较分析 资产负债增减变动趋势表 （一）增减变动分析 从上表可以清楚看到，中色股份有限公司的资产规模是呈逐年上升趋势的。从负债率及股东权益的变化可以看出虽然所有者权益的绝对数额每年都在增长，但是其增长幅度明显 该公司07年的速动比率为0.89，08年为0.81，09年为0.86，相对来说，没有大的波动，只是略呈下降趋势。每1元的流动负债只有0.86元的资产作保障，是绝对不够的，这表明该企业的短期偿债能力较弱。 （3）现金比率 该公司07年的现金比率为0.35，08年为0.33，09年为0.38，从这些数据可以看出，该公司的现金即付能力较强，并且呈逐年上升趋势的，但是相对数还是较低，说明了一元的流动负债有0.38元的现金资产作为偿还保障，其短期偿债能力还是可以的。 （三）资本结构分析 （1）资产负债率 该企业的资产负债率07年为58.92%，08年为61.14%?09年为59.42%。从这些数据可
以看出，该企业的资产负债率呈现逐年上升趋势的，但是是稳中有降的，说明该企业开始调节自身的资本结构，以降低负债带来的企业风险，资产负债率越高，说明企业的长期偿债能力就越弱，债权人的保证程度就越弱。该企业的长期偿债能力虽然不强，但是该企业的风险系数却较低，对债权人的保证程度较高。 （2）产权比率 该企业的产权比率07年为138.46%，08年为157.37%，09年为146.39%。从这些数据可以看出，该企业的产权比率呈现逐年上升趋势的，但是稳中有降的，从该比率可以看出，该企业对负债的依赖度还是比较高的，相应企业的风险也较高。该企业的长期偿债能力还是较低的。不过，该企业已经意识到企业的风险不能过大，一旦过大将带来重大经营风险，所以，该企业试图从高风险、高回报的财务结构向较为保守的财务结构过渡，逐渐增大所有者权益比例。 。 逐年下降趋势的。尤其是08年下降幅度最大，充分看出金融危机对该公司的影响很大。之所以下降，是因为该公司近三年的主营业务收入都在下降，虽然主营业务成本也在同时下降，但是下降的幅度没有收入下降的幅度大，这说明企业的全部资产经营效率降低，偿债能力也就有所下降了。总体来看，该企业的主营收入是呈现负增长状态的。 （2）流动资产周转率 该企业的总资产周转率07年为1.64，08年为1.18，09年为1.02。从这些数据可以看出，该企业的流动资产周转率是呈现逐年下降趋势的。尤其也是08年下降幅度最大，说明08年的金融危机对该公司的影响很大。总的来说，企业流动资产周转率越快，周转次数越多，周转天数越少，表明企业以占用相同流动资产获得的销售收入越多，说明企业的流动资产使用效率越好。以上数据看出，该企业比较注重盘活资产，较好的控制资产运用率。
本科毕业论文设计 燕京啤酒（包头雪鹿）股份有限公司 财务报表分析 系部：经济管理系 专业：财务会计教育 学号：13209884 姓名：韩红 指导教师：高翠玲
论文提交日期：二О一五年五月 作者声明 本毕业论文（设计）是在导师的指导下由本人独立撰写完成的，没有剽窃、抄袭、造假等违反道德、学术规范和其他侵权行为。对本论文（设计）的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。因本毕业论文（设计）引起的法律结果完全由本人承担。 毕业论文（设计）成果归内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院经济管理系所有。 特此声明 作者专业：财务会计教育 作者学号：13209886 作者签名： 年月日
摘要 财务报表可以反映公司的财务状况、经营业绩和发展趋势，是使用者充分了解公司、做出决策的最全面、最真实的信息。只有通过财务报表分析，才能使信息使用者、决策者得到确切的企业财务状况和经营成果的信息。本文以燕京啤酒（包头雪鹿）股份有限公司为例，从一个财务报表外部使用者的角度，以该公司的财务报表为依据，主要通过比较分析法、比率分析法来分析燕京啤酒2012-2014年的主要财务数据，总结出燕京啤酒的财务状况和经营业绩，试指出该公司在经营、管理方面存在的一些问题，并提出相应的建议，使公司报表使用者充分了解该公司的营运能力、盈利能力、偿债能力等全面的财务信息，供管理者决策参考。 关键词：燕京啤酒财务报表财务比率
目录 前言 (1) 一、企业偿债能力分析 (1) （一）短期偿债能力分析 (1) （二）长期偿债能力分析 (3) 二、企业营运能力分析 (4) （一）应收账款周转率 (4) （二）存货周转率 (5) （三）总资产周转率 (5) 三、企业获利能力分析 (6) （一）销售净利率 (6) （二）净资产利润率 (7) （三）每股收益 (7) 四、结论 (8) 参考文献 (8) 附录 (9)
中文4400字 Babic Z, Plazibat N. Enterprise Value Based On The Analysis Of Financial Statements [J]. International journal of production economics, 2008, 56: 29-35 Enterprise Value Based On The Analysis Of Financial Statements Z Babic, N Plazibat ABSTRACT Analysis of data on the financial statements, the use of discounted cash flow method, the relative value of other methods to analyze financial statements and financial data to find useful data on the enterprise value analysis, with its inherent value is the closest a value to facilitate management by better management decisions and investment decisions of enterprises. Now, under the conditions of market economy, the enterprise itself can be traded in the market of goods, by the profits to maximize the conversion to maximize the value of. Therefore, the enterprise value based on financial statement analysis is particularly important. Financial statements as a reflection of the financial positio n and operating conditions of enterprises, statutory information of listed companies, the real financial statements data can reveal the enterprise's past operating results, the pros and cons of the identification of business, to forecast the future of the enterprise. The article first describes the limitations of the traditional statements and how to improve, then the enterprise value is based on the improved report. KEYWORD: Financial statements, corporate value, Enterprise value evaluation 1 Introduction 1 The meaning of enterprise value The enterprise value is accompanied by the emergence of property rights trading market in the 1960s, a concept first proposed by the U.S. regulators. Under market economy conditions, the goods of the enterprise itself is a transaction in the equity market as the commodity stakeholders, including investors, creditors, managers must understand the value of the business. Enterprise value as a commodity currency performance. 1.2 Analysis of the significance of enterprise value Enterprises maximize the value of thinking helps to improve the company. Each listed
【海康威视】公司近期财务（简版） 投资经理：【杨乐兵】 【2016】年【10】月
一、公司简介：海康威视是一家专业从事安防视频监控产品研发、生产和销售的高科技企业，产品包括硬盘录像机（DVR）、视音频编解码卡等数据存储及处理设备，以及监控摄像机、监控球机、视频服务器（DVS）等视音频信息采集处理设备。公司是国内视频监控行业的龙头企业，销售规模连续数年居于国内全行。 二、行业发展研究(简版)： 1安防市场规模 根据IMS Research对全球主要国家和地区的安防视频监控设备的销售收入预测，全球市场销售额将在2015年至2020年间保持11.86%的年均复合增长率。ABI预测，2020年整个视频监控市场价值将超过410亿美元。 2行业发展的两大趋势 ①智能安防产品管理模式的发展趋势 随着安防技术的发展，安防市场的成熟，以及政策、法规的完善，安防产品管理模式也将随着发展而变化，安防产品管理正处于逐渐市场化的过程之中，处于由政府管理向行业自律模式的转型期，安防产品市场将发展成为：对涉及公共安全的安防产品，由国家公布统一的强制性安全认证产品目录(对于民用安防产品可以采用自愿认证),确定统一适用的标准、技术规则和实施程序，制定统一的标志，规定统一的收费标准。由经国家权威部门批准的有资格的认证机构具体完成对安防产品的认证。政府主管部门的职能正在由管理型转变为服务型，大部分的管理职能将转移给行业协会和中介机构。 ②安防工程管理模式的发展趋势 安防行业将全面实行资质信用制度,由行业协会来组织认定安防企业的资质信用，由专门的监理公司负责安防工程全过程的监理，由行业协会组织专家对安防工程的设计方案进行认证，由权威部门指定的检测机构进行检验，由主管部门、行业协会、公安部门、建设单位、设计施工单位和一定数量的专家组织成临时机构对工程进行验收，公安部门负责日常的监督。三、近三季度的财务分析（16年的财务数目前披露截止到9月30日） 1利润分析 利润及利润分配表
万科企业股份有限公司财务报表分析 姓名：章晨 班级：08级电子商务 学号：200810450122 指导老师：孙万欣黄丽萍 毛剑峰万洁 聂铭洁 日期：2010.6.28
目录 一、公司简介 (3) 二、资产负债表和利润表的纵向分析和横向分析 (4) 三、比率分析 (5) （一）偿债能力分析 (5) （二）营运能力分析 (6) （三）获利能力分析 (7) 四、分析结论 (8)
万科企业股份有限公司财务报表分析 一、公司简介 （一）公司基本情况 万科企业股份有限公司成立于1984年5月，是目前中国最大的专业住宅开发企业。2008年公司完成新开工面积523.3万平方米，竣工面积529.4万平方米，实现销售金额478.7亿元，结算收入404.9亿元，净利润40.3亿元。 万科认为，坚守价值底线、拒绝利益诱惑，坚持以专业能力从市场获取公平回报，是万科获得成功的基石。公司致力于通过规范、透明的企业文化和稳健、专注的发展模式，成为最受客户、最受投资者、最受员工、最受合作伙伴欢迎，最受社会尊重的企业。凭借公司治理和道德准则上的表现，公司连续六次获得“中国最受尊敬企业”称号，2008年入选《华尔街日报》（亚洲版）“中国十大最受尊敬企业”。 （二）公司经营范围 万科1988年进入房地产行业，1993年将大众住宅开发确定为公司核心业务。至2008年末，业务覆盖到以珠三角、长三角、环渤海三大城市经济圈为重点的31个城市。当年共销售住宅42500套，在全国商品住宅市场的占有率从2.07%提升到2.34%，其中市场占有率在深圳、上海、天津、佛山、厦门、沈阳、武汉、镇江、鞍山9个城市排名首位。 （三）公司行业分析 自创建以来，万科一贯主张“健康丰盛人生”，重视工作与生活的平衡；为员工提供可持续发展的空间和机会，鼓励员工和公司共同成长；倡导简单人际关系，致力于营造能充分发挥员工才干的工作氛围。2001年起，万科每年委托第三方顾问公司对全体职员进行员工满意度调查。 公司努力实践企业公民行为。万科从2007年开始每年发布社会责任报告。由公司出资建设的广州“万汇楼”项目被广东省建设厅列为“广东省企业投资面向低收入群体租赁住房试点项目”，并于08年年中正式实现入住。08年12月31日，由公司全额捐建的四川绵竹遵道镇学校主教学楼及卫生院综合楼交付仪式在四川遵道正式举行，成为震后首批企业捐建的永久性公共建筑。 未来，房地产市场将迎来一个崭新的发展期，住宅企业在绿色建筑的研发、制造方面的能力，在绿色社区的营造、维护方面的能力，都将成为产品竞争力中越来越重要的一部分；并可能在其他产品、服务日益同质化的情况下，成为未来市场竞争的核心要素。
毕业论文（设计）开题报告 论文题目关于财务报表分析研究的文献综述 学生姓名学号js0843544 专业财务管理 指导教师职称副教授学历本科 开题报告内容： 本篇论文综述了财务报表分析的基本方法,从财务报表分析盈利能力分析方法的研究、财务报表分析偿债能力分析方法的研究、财务报表分析杜邦分析方法的研究三个层面来阐述财务报表分析理论的发展与研究，在总结各个文献理论研究成果的基础上，借鉴他们采用的分析方法，将理论应用于实际，并采用以传统比率分析和现金流量比率相结合的方法对上市公司个案进行分析和评价。在分析时，分析公司基本情况,关注上市公司的历史,关注会计处理方法对利润的影响、分析子公司和关联方对利润的影响、分析会计主要项目的详细资料,并且了解宏观经济的发展状况和被分析对象所处行业的发展水平。 一、本文选题的意义 公司财务报表是关于公司经营活动的原始资料的重要来源。尤其是作为上市公司，必须遵守财务公开的原则，定期公开自己的财务状况，提供有关财务资料，便于投资者查询。上市公司公布的一整套财务资料中，主要是一些财务报表。财务报表分析，就是利用会计报表直接提供的信息，采用专门的方法，对财务报表进行资料归集、加工、分析、比较、评价等，对企业财务状况和经营成果做出综合评价，并提出改善财务状况的措施办法。通过财务报表分析，可以为报表使用者提供新的会计分析信息。这些会计分析信息，对于企业的主管部门，投资者、经营者及有关方面具有重要作用。可以说，财务报表分析是会计工作的升华。 财务分析从盈利能力、营运能力和偿债能力角度对企业的筹资活动、投资活动、和经营状况进行了深入、细致的分析，以判明企业的财务状况和经营业绩，这对于企业投资者、债权人、经营者、及其他与企业有关的利益相关者了解企业的财务状况和经营成效是十分有益的但是前面的财务分析通常是从某一特定角度，就企业的某一方面的经营活动所做的分析，这种分析不足以全面评价企业的总体财务状况和财务成效，很难对企业总体财务状况和经营业绩的关联性做出综合结论。为弥补财务分析的这一不足，有必要在财务能力单项分析的基础上，将有关指标按其内在联系结合起来进行综合分析。随着社会和经济的不断发展，财务报表体系得到不断地发展和完善，目前基本上形成了以资产负债表、利润表、和现金流量表为基础的财务报表体系。 二、国内外研究现状及成果 1、国外研究现状