中国人民大学2005年硕士生入学考试试题
招生专业：英语语言文学
考试科目：基础英语英文写作英汉互译
考试时间：1月23日上午
考题编号：336
基础英语
I. Sentence Completion (20 points)
Directions: Write in the blank the letter of the item which best completes each sentence.
1. The ties that bind us together in common activity are so _____ that they can disappear at any
moment.
a. tentative
b. tenuous
c. restrictive
d. consistent
e. tenacious
2. I did not anticipate reading such a ____ discussion of the international situation in the morning
newspaper, normally, such a treatment could be found only in scholarly magazines.
a. erudite
b. arrogant
c. ingenious
d. overt
e. analytical
3. We need more men of culture and enlightenment; we have too many ____ among us.
a. boors
b. students
c. philistines
d. pragmatists
e. philosophers
4. The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ____ were often more effective than military might.
a. treachery
b. artifice
c. strength
d. wisdom
e. beauty
5. His remarks were filled with ___ which sounded lofty but presented nothing new to the audience.
a. aphorisms
b. platitudes
c. bombast
d. adages
e. symbols
6. Achilles had his ____, Hitler had his elite Corps.
a. myrmidons
b. antagonists
c. arachnids
d. myriads
e. anchorites
7. In order to photograph _____ animals, elaborate flashlight equipment is necessary.
a. predatory
b. wild
c. nocturnal
d. live
e. rare
8. He was deluded by the ____ who claimed he could cure all diseases with his miracle machine.
a. salesman
b. inventor
c. charlatan
d. doctor
e. practitioner
9. The attorney protested that the testimony being offered was not ____ to the case and asked that
it be stricken from the record as irrelevant.
a. favorable
b. coherent
c. harmful
d. beneficial
e. germane
10. Automation threatens mankind with an increased number of ____ hours．
a. meager
b. useless
c. active
d. complex
e. idle
11. I was so bored with the verbose and redundant style of that writer that I welcomed the change
to the ____ style of this author．
a. prolix
b. consistent
c. terse
d. logistical
e. tacit
12. Such doltish behavior was not expected from so ____ an individual．
a. exasperating
b. astute
c. cowardly
d. enigmatic
e. democratic
13. Disturbed by the ____ nature of the plays being presented，the Puritans closed the theaters in
1642．
a. mediocre
b. fantastic
c. moribund
d. salacious
e. witty
14. John left his position with the company，because he felt that advancement was based on ____
rather than ability．
a. chance
b. seniority
c. nepotism
d. superciliousness
e. maturation
15. He became quite overbearing and domineering once he had become accustomed to the ____
shown to soldiers by the native; he enjoyed his new sense of power．
a. ability
b. domesticity
c. deference
d. culpability
e. insolence
16. Epicureans live for the ____ of their sense.
a. mortification
b. removal
c. gratification
d. gravity
e. lassitude
17. I grew more and more aware of lago’s ____ purpose as I watched him plant the seeds of
suspicion in Othello’s mind．
a. noble
b. meritorious
c. fell
d. insincere
e. hypocritical
18. Her reaction to his proposal was ____；She rejected it ____.
a. inevitable/vehemently
b. subtle/violently
c. clever/obtusely
d. sympathetic/angrily
e. garrulous/tersely
l9. ____is the mark of the ____.
a. Timorousness/hero
b. Thrift/impoverished
c. Avarice / philanthropist
d. Trepidation / coward
e. Vanity / obsequious
20. If you carry this ____ attitude to the conference, you will ____ any supporters you may have at
this moment.
a. belligerent / delight
b. truculent / alienate
c. conciliatory / defer
d. supercilious / attract
e. ubiquitous / alienate
II. Error Correction (20 points)
Directions: In the passage below, there are ten extra words, which are either grammatically incorrect or do not fit in with the meaning of the passage. Read the passage carefully and cross out those extra words.
Products have a limited life, not-only from the consumer's viewpoint, but also when as far as
the producer is concerned. For example, a particular certain model of car might last 5 years before production is stopped and it is replaced for by a completely new model. New inventions and technology have to made many products obsolete. Fashion can be another major as influence on the life of a product. Some products survive because they now sell after in different areas. Products, since they have a limited life, all have a life cycle. It is obvious that different products are last for different lengths of time but their life cycles have certain common in elements which can be described as the introduction, growth and maturity stages. The length of the product's life cycle can often be extended by a modifying the product in some way and this is often done by companies to keep their products on the market for a longer period, Provided that the product remains so competitive, this can be much less expensive than developing a new model.
III. Cloze Test (10 points)
Directions: Fill in each of the 20 blanks in the following passages with one suitable
word.
A few weeks later I met Masefield himself. He had promised to read some of his poetry to a little literary society which we had gathered together, and we all assembled in my room to _____(1) his arrival. It was a bitterly cold night, with driving snow, and he lived some eight miles out of Oxford, in a region where there were neither taxis nor buses, so that he would have been perfectly ____ (2) in phoning us to say that he could not come. However, he turned up only a few minutes ____ (3), having bicycled all the way, in ____(4) not to disappoint us.
One never forgets Masefield’s face. It is not the ____ (5) of a young man, for it is lined and grave. And yet it is not the face of an old man, for____ (6) is still in the bright eyes. Its dominant quality is humility. There were moments____ (7) he seemed almost to abase himself before his fellow-creatures. And this humility was echoed in everything he did or said, in the quiet, timid tone of his voice, in the ____ (8) in which he always shrank from asserting himself.
This quality of his can best be ____ (9) by his behavior that night. When the time came for him to read his poems, he would not stand up in any position of pre-eminence but sheltered himself behind the sofa, in the shade of an old lamp, and from ____ (10) he delivered passages from “The Everlasting Mercy,” “Dauber,” “The Tragedy of Nan,” and “Pompey the Great.”
IV. Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Passage 1
A
During the night of 1st February 1953, a deadly combination of winds and tide raised the level of the North Sea. broke through the dykes which protected the Netherlands and inundated farmland and villages as far as 64 km from the coast, killing thousands. For people around the world who inhabit low-lying areas, variations in sea levels are of crucial importance and the scientific study of oceans has attracted increasing attention. Towards the end of the 1970s, some scientists began suggesting that global warming could cause the world’s oceans to rise by several met ers. The warming, they claimed, was an inevitable consequence of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which acted like a greenhouse to trap heat in the air. The greenhouse warming was predicted to lead to rises in sea levels in a variety of ways. Firstly, heating the ocean water would cause it to expand. Such expansion might be sufficient to raise the sea level by 300mm in the next 100 years. Then there was the observation that in Europe’s Alpine valleys glaciers had been shrinking for the past century. Meltwater from the mountain glaciers might have raised the oceans 50mm over the last 100 years and the rate is likely to increase in future. A third threat is that
global warming might cause a store of frozen water in Antarctica to melt which would lead to a calamitous rise in sea level of up to five meters.
B
The challenge of predicting how global warming will change sea levels led scientists of several disciplines to adopt a variety of approaches. In 1978 J H Mercer published a largely theoretical statement that a thick slab of ice covering much of West Antarctica is inherently unstable. He suggested that this instability meant that, given just 5 degrees Celsius of greenhouse warming in the south polar region, the floating ice shelves surrounding the West Antarctic ice sheet would begin to disappear. Without these buttresses the grounded ice sheet would quickly disintegrate and coastlines around the world would be disastrously flooded. In evidence Mercer pointed out that between 130,000 and 110,000 years ago there had been just such a global warming as we have had in the past 20,000 years since the last ice age. In the geological remains of that earlier period there are indications that the sea level was five meters above the current sea level-just the level that would be reached if the West Antarctic ice sheet melted. The possibility of such a disastrous rise led a group of American investigators to form SeaRISE (Sea-level Response to Ice Sheet Evolution) in 1990. SeaRISE reported the presence of five active “ice streams” drawing ice from the interior of West Antarctica into the Ross Sea. They stated that these channels in the West Antarctic ice sheet “may be manifestations of collapse already under way.”
C
But doubt was cast on those dire warnings by the use of complex computer models of climate. Models of atmospheric and ocean behavior predicted that greenhouse hearing would cause warmer, wetter air to reach Antarctica, where it would deposit its moisture as snow. Thus, the sea ice surrounding the continent might even expand causing sea levels to drop. Other observations have caused scientists working on Antarctica to doubt that sea levels will be pushed upward several meters by sudden melting. For example, glaciologists have discovered that one of the largest ice streams stopped moving about 130 years ago. Ellen Mosley-Thompson, questioning the SeaRISE theory, notes that ice streams “seem to start and stop, and nobody really knows w hy.” Her own measurements of the rate of snow accumulation near the South Pole show that snowfalls have increased substantially in recent decades as global temperature has increased.
D
Most researchers are now willing to accept that human activities have contributed to global warming, but no one can say with any assurance whether the Antarctic ice cap is growing or shrinking in response. A satellite being planned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration will use laser range finders to map changes in the elevation of the polar ice caps, perhaps to within 10 millimeters, and should end the speculation.
E
Whatever the fate of the polar ice 'caps may be, most researchers agree that the sea level is currently rising. That, however, is difficult to prove. Tide gauges in ports around the would have been measuring sea levels for decades but the data are flawed because the land to which the gauges are attached can itself be moving up and down. In Stockholm the data from the sea level gauge show the sea level to be falling at four millimeters a year, but that is because all Scandinavia is still rebounding after being crushed by massive glaciers during the last ice age. By contrast, the gauge at Honolulu, which is more stable, shows the sea level to be rising at a rate of one and a half millimeters a year. Unstable regions cannot be omitted from the data because that
would eliminate large areas of the world. Most of the eastern seaboard of North America is still settling after a great ice sheet which covered Eastern Canada 20,000 years ago tilted it up．And then there is buckling occurring at the edge of the great tectonic plates as they are pressed against each other．There is also land subsidence as oil and underground water is tapped．In Bangkok，for example，where the resident have been using groundwater, land subsidence makes it appear as if the sea has risen by almost a meter in the past 30 years.
F
Using complex calculations on the sea level gauge data, Peltier and Tushingham found that the global sea level has been rising at a rate of 2mm a year over the past few decades. Confirmation came from the TOPEX satellite which used radar altimeters to calculate changes in ocean levels. Steven Nerem, working on the TOPEX data, found an average annual sea level rise of 2mm which is completely compatible with the estimates that have come from 50 years of tide gauge records. The key question still facing researchers is whether this trend will hold steady or begin to accelerate in response to a warming climate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change gives the broad prediction for the next century of a rise between 200mm and l meter. Questions l一4
Readi ng Passage 1 has six sections A-F
Choose the correct heading for sections A, B, C and E from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i Contrary indications
ii Europe’s Alpine glaciers
iii Growing consensus on sea level
iv Ice cap observation
v Causes of rising sea levels
vi Panel on Climate Change
vii Sea level monitoring difficulties
viii Group response to alarming predictions
ix Stockholm and Scandinavia
x The world l30,000 years ago
1. Section A
2. Section B
3. Section C
4. Section D
Questions 5-6
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-L from the box below.
5. Without ice shelves, West Antarctic ice covers would contract
6. SeaRISE believed the collapse of Antarctic ice had begun
7. Doubts over Antarctica’s trends will soon be settled
8. At Bangkok the sea appears to have risen one meter in 30 years
A because the land mass is rising.
B because ice stream flows are variable and unpredictable.
C because Europe’s alpine valley glaciers were shrinking.
D because of a combination of wind and high tide.
E because of geological evidence of an earlier rise.
F because satellites will take laser measurements.
G because the temperature had risen five degrees in 1978.
H because there were five active streams of ice.
I because they are inherently unstable.
J because use of groundwater has caused the land to sink.
K because warmer, wetter air would increase snowfall．
L because we cannot predict the rate of change.
Passage 2
Directions：Give a brief answer to each of the questions listed at the end of the following passage.
The cradle rocks above an abyss, and common sense tells us that our existence is but a brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness. Although the two are identical twins, man, as a rule, views the prenatal abyss with more calm than the one he is heading for (at some forty-five hundred heartbeats an hour). I know, however, of a young chronophobiac who experienced something like panic when looking for the first time homemade movies that had been taken a few weeks before his birth. He saw a world that was practically unchanged —the same house, the same people—and then realized that he did not exist there at all and that nobody mourned his absence. He caught a glimpse of his mother waving from an upstairs window, and that unfamiliar gesture disturbed him, as if it were some mysterious farewell. But what particularly frightened him was the sight of a brand new baby carriage standing there on the porch, with the smug encroaching air of a coffin；even that was empty, as if, in the reverse course of events，his very bones had disintegrated.
Such fancies are not foreign to young lives. Or to put it otherwise, first and 1ast things often tend to have an adolescent note —unless, possibly they are directed by some venerable and rigid religion. Nature expects a full —grown man to accept the two black voids, fore and aft, as stolidly as he accepts the extraordinary visions in between. Imagination, the supreme delight of the immortal and the immature, should be limited. In order to enjoy life, we should not enjoy it too much.
I rebel against this state of affairs. I feel the urge to take my rebellion outside and picket nature. Over and over again, my mind has made colossal efforts to distinguish the faintest of personal glimmers in the impersonal darkness on both sides of my life. That this darkness is caused merely by the walls of time separating me and by bruised fists from the free world of timelessness is a belief I gladly share with the most gaudily painted savage. I have journeyed back in thought —with thought hopelessly tapering off as I went—to remote regions where I groped for some secret outlet only to discover that the prison of time is spherical and without exists. Short of suicide, I have tried everything. I have doffed my identity in order to pass for a conventional spook and steal into realms that existed before I was conceived. I have mentally endured the degrading company of Victorian lady novelists and retired colonels who remembered having, in former lives, been slave messengers on a Roman road or sages under the willows of Lhasa. I have ransacked my oldest dreams for keys and clues—and let me say at once that I reject completely the vulgar,
shabby, fundamentally medieval world of Freud, with its crankish quest for sexual symbols (something like searching for Baconian acrostics in Shakespeare's works) and its bitter little embryos spying, from their natural nooks, upon the love life of their parents.
Initially, I was unaware that time, so boundless at first blush, was a prison. In probing my childhood (which is the next best to probing one's eternity) I see the awakening of consciousness as a series of spaced flashes, with the intervals between them gradually diminishing until bright blocks of perception are formed, affording memory a slippery hold. I had learned numbers and speech more or less simultaneously at a very early date, but the inner knowledge that I was I and that my parents were my parents seems to have been established only later, when it was directly associated with my discovering their age in relation to mine. Judging by the strong sunlight that, when I think of that revelation, immediately invades my memory with lobed sun flecks through overlapping patterns of greenery, the occasion may have been my mother’s birthday, in late summer, in the country, and I had asked questions and had assessed the answers I received. All this is as it should be according to the theory of recapitulation; the beginning of reflexive consciousness in the brain of our remotest ancestor must surely have coincided with the dawning of the sense of time.
Thus, when the newly disclose, fresh and trim formula of my own age, four, was confronted with the parental formulas, thirty—three and twenty-seven, something happened to me. I was given a tremendously invigorating shock. As if subjected to a second baptism, on more divine lines than the Greek Catholic ducking undergone fifty months earlier by a howling, half-drowned half—Victor (my mother, through the half—closed door, behind which an old custom bade parents retreat, managed to correct the bungling archpresbyter, Father Konstantin Vetvenitski), I fell myself plunged abruptly into a radiant and mobile medium that was none other than the pure element of time. One shared it—just as excited bathers share shining seawater—with creatures that were not oneself but that were joined to one by time’s common flow, an environment quite different from the spatial world, which not only man but apes and butterflies can perceive. At that instant, I became acutely aware that the twenty-seven-year-old being, in hard white and gold, holding my right hand, was my father. Between them, as they evenly progressed, I strutted, and trotted, and strutted again, from sun fleck to sun fleck, along the middle of a path, which I easily identity today with an alley of ornamental oaklings in the park of our country estate, Vyra, in the former Province of St. Petersburg, Russia. Indeed, from my present ridge or remote, isolated, almost uninhabited time, I see my diminutive self as celebrating, on that August day 1903, the birth of sentient life. If my vague infant world, they had been so under the mask of a tender incognito; but now my father’s attire, the resplendent uniform of the Horse Guards, with that smooth golden swell of cuirass burning upon his chest and back, came out like the sun, and for several years afterward I remained keenly interested in the age of my parents and kept myself informed about it, like a nervous passenger asking the time in order to check a new watch.
My father, let it be noted, had server his term of military training long before I was born, so I suppose he had that day put on the trappings of his old regiment as a festive joke. To a joke, then, I owe my firs gleam of complete consciousness—which again has recapitulatory implications, since the first creatures on earth to become aware of time were also the first creatures to smile.
1. How does the author convey the tone of the panic that can be aroused by contemplating the “prenatal abyss”?
2. By specific reference to text, explain the author’s statement that “fist and last things often tend
to have an adolescent note.”
3. Identify all the phrases in this selection that grow out of the image of existence as a “brief crack of light between two eternities of darkness.”How literal is this image intended to be? What overtones of experience and myth are there in the image?
4. At the end of the fourth paragraph the author writes, “ the beginning of reflexive consciousness in the brain of our remotest ancestor must surely have coincided with the dawning of the sense of time.” By what logical process does he arrive at this conclusion? Is the process defensible? Is the conclusion trustworthy?
英文写作
Writing (20 points)
You are required to write an article, a minimum of 500 words, with the following topic：
DO AS THE ROMANS DO WHILE IN ROME
英汉互译
I. Translate the following passage into Chinese: (20 points)
TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN
TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN is a new generation of modelling foundation, which refines facial contours while illuminating the complexion with a pearl-like radiance. Its ultra-fine and silky texture glides smoothly onto the skin to adorn it with a powdered veil.
A RADIANT COMPLEXION
A pearl extract, whose composition is close to the NMF (Natural Moisturizing Factor), helps reinforce the skin's natural hydration：the skin is perfectly hydrated and comfortable all day long. Light reflecting pigments create a “halo”, which optically smoothes out the skin’s surface，thus reducing small imperfections：the complexion is even，translucent and brightened.
A REDEFINITION OF FACIAL CONTOURS
Bi-reflecting pigments enliven features, and redefine facial contours while playing with light and shadow. The reflection highlight the round areas of the face (forehead cheekbones, chin). The amber reflection shapes the face by enhancing the shadowy areas (cheeks, sides of nose). Facial contours are re-sculpted, features are refined.
A FRESH STAY-TRUE COMPLEXION ALL DAY LONG
TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN provides exceptional softness to touch and ensures a flawless finish.
The presence of “long radiance”pigments coated with silica helps color last for hours. This coating acts as a shield against sebum and perspiration production, main causes of shade tarnishing. The long-lasting matt finish is ensured by a combination of “anti-shine”powders characterized by their softness and absorbing properties. Sunscreens (SPF 20) protect the skin from UVA and UVB and help preserve the complexion’s fairness.
The complexion remains flesh and radiant throughout the day.
AN ADJUSTABLE MAKE-UP FINISH
Apply TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN after your regular day care. The double sided applicator enables you to adjust the coverage according to your mood.
-Dry sponge for a natural and light make-up finish
-Damp sponge for a more sophisticated and flawless finish
-Puff side for touch-ups during the day. A rapid, unifying and matifying application, without creating a mask-like look.
Be careful to frequently wash the sponge with soap and water and to let it dry completely after use.
II.Translate the following passage into English: (20 points)
福建福信一珍生物工程有限公司是由福建省洪山企业集团公司与香港福信投资有限公司合资兴办的高科技企业，注册资本二千万元人民币。公司生产基地位于国家级科技园区洪山公园内。公司拥有雄厚的技术力量，大、中专以上的技术、管理人才占员工总数的百分之三十以上，并与国内多家科研机构建立了紧密型的合作关系。于若木等著名的营养学家、生物学家、医学专家受聘担任公司的高级顾问。
公司环境优美，设备先进，拥有中国第一条年产三十吨核酸花粉合剂的现代化生产线。第二、第三条生产线亦将陆续建成。
公司以“唯公有福,唯诚有信”的福信企业精神和“团结、拼搏、务实、创新、奉献”的洪山集团企业精神为动力，锐意进取，蒸蒸日上。
参考答案
中国人民大学2005年硕士生入学考试试题
招生专业：英语语言文学
考试科目：基础英语英文写作英汉互译
考试时间：1月23日上午
考题编号：336
基础英语
1. Sentence completion
1-5 b a c b b
6-10 a c c e e
11-15 c b d b c
16-20 c d a d b
2. Error correction
1) But also when as far as the producer is concerned
2) A particular certain model of car
3) It is replaced for by a completely new model
4) New inventions and technology have to made many products obsolete
5) Fashion can be another major as influence on the life of a product
6) Some products survive because they now sell after in different areas
7) It is obvious that different products are last for different lengths of time
8) Their life cycles have certain common in elements
9) The length of the product’s life cycle can often be extended by a modifying the production some way
10) Provided that the product remains so competitive
3. Cloze test
1) expect
2) self-evident
3) later
4) order
5) face
6) it
7) when
8) behavior
9) reflected/illustrated
10) where
4.Reading comprehension
1. The worlds before birth and after death are totally beyond our knowledge. So, we have an innate horror toward unknown world. But the author doesn’t use any appalling words to arouse the panic. He just in a narrative tone tells us a story of someone else. By doing so, our inner panic toward unknown world is aroused. Actually, we seldom perceive horror if not from other’s experience. So, from this aspect, the author has done a good job.
2.Herem first thing and last thing relatively refer to birth and death of human beings. What does the author mean that birth and death tend to have an adolescent note? Birth has an adolescent note is easy to understand. After all, our birth is the start point of adolescence. The hard part is how coul d death have an adolescent note. Let’s take a look at a sentence in the third paragraph. It goes like this: I discover that the prison of time is spherical and without exists. Time here is described as a spherical prison, and we may infer from the sentence that birth and death are no longer that distant from each other. Death is the beginning of life. Then we know how death—the last thing tends to have an adolescent note.
3. These phrases include: the two black voids; the extraordinary visions in between; the faintest of personal glimmers in the impersonal darkness on both sides of my life; the awakening of consciousness as a series of spaced flashes, with the intervals between them gradually diminishing until bright blocks of perception are formed;
From this image, we could conceive a picture in our mind: life is finely described as ‘the path of an arrow’. Before the fire of life lightens the darkness, it has diminished. However, from this image, we can appreciate the author’s overtone that we should trea sure the short life because of its shortness.
4. The author gets this conclusion from his own experience. Before he had the sense of time, his sense of consciousness was intermittent. So for the author himself, this logic allows him to make a bold assumpt ion. But personally, I don’t think this conclusion is workable. To reach a conclusion needs the support of enough cases. By what means can we figure our other people’s opinion. We can’t assure that other people share the same experience and hold the same o pinion. For myself, I have never gone through that kind of experience. So I don’ t think this conclusion is trustworthy.
英文写作
参考范文
There is no denying that we should do as the Romans do when in Rome. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. The old saying tells us vividly that wherever we are, we should do everything according to local customs.
The proverb has profound impact on our interactions with people from other cultures. As far as I am concerned, I have had the experience myself. Last year, my neighbor, Xiao Wang and I went to the U.S. to travel. One day we were lost and it seemed we would never find our way back to our hotel. Suddenly an elderly lady came near us. Excited and trying to be polite, Xiao Wang approached her and asked, "Excuse me, how old are you?" This polite opening remark in Chinese culture made the lady stare at him in surprise, because age is a taboo in Western cultures. Seeing
the embarrassment, I asked, "Beautiful weather, isn’t it?" Of course the lady said "Yes" and happily told us the way to our hotel.
A lesson that can be drawn from the above example is obvious. Whether we know the local customs will play a crucial role in our relationship with others. More importantly, doing everything as the locals do will help us make more friends and avoid troubles.
英汉互译
1. 英译汉
TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN
TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN is a new generation of modelling foundation, which refines facial contours while illuminating the complexion with a pearl-like radiance. Its ultra-fine and silky texture glides smoothly onto the skin to adorn it with a powdered veil.
A RADIANT COMPLEXION
A pearl extract, whose composition is close to the NMF (Natural Moisturizing Factor), helps reinforce the skin's natural hydration：the skin is perfectly hydrated and comfortable all day long. Light reflecting pigments create a “halo”, which optically smoothes out the skin’s surface，thus reducing small imperfections：the complexion is even，translucent and brightened.
A REDEFINITION OF FACIAL CONTOURS
Bi-reflecting pigments enliven features, and redefine facial contours while playing with light and shadow. The reflection highlight the round areas of the face (forehead cheekbones, chin). The amber reflection shapes the face by enhancing the shadowy areas (cheeks, sides of nose). Facial contours are re-sculpted, features are refined.
A FRESH STAY-TRUE COMPLEXION ALL DAY LONG
TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN provides exceptional softness to touch and ensures a flawless finish.
The presence of “long radiance”pigments coated with silica helps color last for hours. This coating acts as a shield against sebum and perspiration production, main causes of shade tarnishing. The long-lasting matt finish is ensured by a combination of “anti-shine”powders characterized by their softness and absorbing properties. Sunscreens (SPF 20) protect the skin from UV A and UVB and help preserve the complexion’s fairness.
The complexion remains flesh and radiant throughout the day.
AN ADJUSTABLE MAKE-UP FINISH
Apply TEINT DE PERLE VISAGE FIN after your regular day care. The double sided applicator enables you to adjust the coverage according to your mood.
-Dry sponge for a natural and light make-up finish
-Damp sponge for a more sophisticated and flawless finish
-Puff side for touch-ups during the day. A rapid, unifying and matifying application, without creating a mask-like look.
Be careful to frequently wash the sponge with soap and water and to let it dry completely after use.
参考译文
珍珠瘦脸面霜
本产品是新一代的美容护肤品，能在改善脸型的同时为皮肤增添珍珠般的光泽。只需在面部薄薄地扑上一层，它细腻的质感会使您的皮肤有如罩上了一层面纱般柔和。
保持面色润泽
提取自珍珠的精华，其特有的自然保湿因子，能帮助皮肤保持自然湿润：皮肤能保持一整天的饱满舒适。产品的反光成份造成的光晕效果使皮肤显得更加光滑，从而减少小瑕疵，面色更显均匀，透明，有光泽。
再造完美脸型
双重折射材料的使用，在增加光景效果的同时使面部特征鲜活。对光线的反射突出了面部饱满的部分（前额，颧骨，下巴）。通过强调面部的阴影部位（腮，鼻翼两侧），使脸部显得瘦削。从而重塑面部轮廓，改善面部特征。
实现肤色全天清新自然
本产品非凡的柔和品质，是您无瑕妆面的保证。
含有硅石的保亮成份能长时间地保持化妆后的效果。并能有效防止皮脂与汗液的过度分泌，加上防晒成分所特有的细腻与吸附特质，保持无暇妆容不再困难。
高达20的防晒指数能有效防护柔嫩皮肤免受紫外线的伤害。保持您一整天的容光焕发。
日常护理之后使用本产品。双面海绵粉饼使您根据心情随意调整妆容。
使用干的一面，自然清新
使用湿的一面，精致无瑕
白天轻松补妆，厚粉底不再烦心。
谨记，用肥皂和清水经常清洗粉扑，并自然晾干。
II.Translate the following passage into English: (20 points)
福建福信一珍生物工程有限公司是由福建省洪山企业集团公司与香港福信投资有限公司合资兴办的高科技企业，注册资本二千万元人民币。公司生产基地位于国家级科技园区洪山公园内。公司拥有雄厚的技术力量，大、中专以上的技术、管理人才占员工总数的百分之三十以上，并与国内多家科研机构建立了紧密型的合作关系。于若木等著名的营养学家、生物学家、医学专家受聘担任公司的高级顾问。
公司环境优美，设备先进，拥有中国第一条年产三十吨核酸花粉合剂的现代化生产线。第二、第三条生产线亦将陆续建成。
公司以“唯公有福,唯诚有信”的福信企业精神和“团结、拼搏、务实、创新、奉献”的洪山集团企业精神为动力，锐意进取，蒸蒸日上。
参考译文
Fujian Fu Xin Yi Zhen Biological Engineering Company Limited is a high-tech joint venture of Fujian Hong Shan enterprise Group Company and Hong Kong Fu Xin Investment Company Limited, with registered capital of 20 million RMB. The manufacturing base locates in the Hong Shan Park----a state-level sci-technical park. The company is strong in technical resources, and more than 30% of its stuff are technical and management talents with educational background above polytechnic school or college. Meanwhile, the company has established close cooperative relationships with many domestic research institutions. Many well-known nutritionists, biologists and medical experts are company’s senior consultants.
The company is in beautiful surroundings. it boasts of china’s first modern streamline with a yearly output of 30 Ton nucleic pollen mixtures. The second and third streamline is about to accomplish.
Treasuring the spirit of honesty, unity, realism, innovation and sacrifice, the company is advancing with vigor and enthusiasm and will become more and more prosperous.
圣才考研网https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d18578944.html,开设了各门专业课的论坛及专栏，并提供各专业试题库、笔记、讲义及大量专业课复习资料，特别提供北大、人大等著名高校的最新考研真题及其参考答案。考研真题由专业老师、博士或研究生（在研究生入学考试中专业科目取得高分）来解答。参考答案独家拥有。
圣才图书网https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d18578944.html,是一家拥有40万种打折图书的网上书店，即将在全国各个大中城市开设分店，并提供图书送货上门服务，在那里您能够找到您需要的打折图书，我们还开设了电子图书下载专栏，请光临和支持！
Unit1： 1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。（illusion）Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。（devastate）That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。（fill with）The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4.那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了 自己的生命。（leave behind） In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。（off and on）The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。（meet up with） In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。（find one’s way to） It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8.在电影界要达到顶峰时非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。（make it） It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director Xie Jin did it. U2： 1.如今许多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not rich enough to afford them. 2.当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart） Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3.那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。 （inspiration, deny oneself something） For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself
《综合教程2》翻译部分参考译文： Unit 1 1. 那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。(illusion) Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存下来。(devastate) That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3. 他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。 The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4. 那场大地震中，我们听到太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。(leave behind) In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。 The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6. 1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。(meet up with) In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7. 这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。 It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8. 在电影界要达到顶峰是非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。 It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director, Xie Jin did it. Unit 2 1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却已经迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. 2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。 Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3. 那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。 For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life. 4. 我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。 I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is at the mercy of the weather. 5. 他早年到日本学医，回国后却改变了主意，一辈子从事文学创作。 When he was young, he went to Japan to learn medicine, but after he returned to China he changed his mind and pursued a career as a writer all his life. 6. 她最近和一个足以做她父亲的老头好上了，这使她父母感到非常丢脸。（take up with）She’s taken up with a man old enough to be her father, which is a disgrace to her parents. 7. 1978年以来，我国经济发展迅速，相比之下，一些发达国家反而滑坡了。（witness）
河南科技大学 2013年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目代码：357 考试科目名称：英语翻译基础 （如无特殊注明，所有答案必须写在答题纸上，否则以“0”分计算）I. 词汇短语或习语英汉互译（40分） 1．disintegration 2．ardent 3．far-sightedness 4．careful consideration 5．perfect harmony 6．feed on fancies 7．with great eagerness 8．lack of perseverance 9．make a little contribution 10．on the verge of destruction 11．黄头发 12．小心台阶13．百里挑一14．一饮而尽15．赤字 16．吃一堑，长一智17．覆水难收18．进退维谷19．顺其自然20．不可否认…… II.句子英汉互译。（30分） 1．Balance is the key to life. Focus is the key to success. Contentment is the key to happiness. 2．You can’t make progress until you get clear as to where you currently are.Remember, success is not a sprint, it is a marathon. 3．Don’t read more than what was intended into what he said. 4．Timeout is better than burnout. Learn to rest before you get exhausted. 5．Focus on the critical tasks that will give you the results you need. Postpone everything else. 6．你休想欺骗我。 7．夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的气力了;巩固这个胜利，则是需要很久的时间和要花费很大的气力的事情。 8．他很厚黑啊！ 9．人在屋檐下不得不低头。 10．你和他简直有一拼! III．请写出下列缩略词英文全称并译为汉语。（20分） 例如：PC:Personal Computer 个人电脑 1．ICU 2．BRT 3．CBD 4．W.W.W. 5．AIDS 6．D/P 7．IOC 8．SCI 9．SOS 10．I.P. IV.篇章英汉互译。（60分） A. 英译汉（30分）
Unit1: 1)我们像在暖房里种花那样养孩子是错误的。我们必须让他们接触各种社会问题，因为不久他们就将作为公民来应对这些问题。 It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse. We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens. 2)随着时间的推移，我们不可避免地会越来越多地卷入国际事务。而冲突必然会发生，因为国家之间总有不同的观点和利益。 As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved in international affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations. 3)我们为我们的成就而骄傲，我们有理由感到骄傲。但是我们永远不能变得狂妄，不然我们就会失去我们的朋友。 We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we must never become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends. 4)信息现在唾手可得。一个普通的电脑就能储存一个普通图书馆的信息。 Information is now easily available. An average computer can store the information of a small library 5)那家建筑公司没有资格操作这个项目。他们没有任何法律文件能证明他们具备必要的专门技术。 That construction company is not qualified to handle the project. They do not have any legal document to certify that they have the necessary expertise. We must find a company that specializes in building theatres. 6)这些智囊团不作决策。他们力图提出一些对决策者十分有用的新主意和深刻的分析。 These think tanks do not make decisions. They are out to generate new ideas and penetrating analyses that will be extremely useful for decision makers. 7)国内生产总值不是一切的。如果人民的生活质量没有真正改善的话，我们国家就并不能说已经现代化了。 The growth of GDP is not everything. Our country cannot be said to have been modernized unless the quality of our people’s lives is really improved. 8)虽然那时候我们在很多方面都很困难，但作为孩子我们仍然很幸福，因为有干净的空气、水；江河湖泊里有很多鱼、螃蟹、黄 鳝；田野里有花，有树，有鸟。 Poor as we were in many ways at that time, we were still quite happy as children, for there was clean air, clean water, a lot of fish, crabs and eels in the rivers, lakes, and ponds, and a lot of flowers, trees and birds in the fields. 9)只要给某一个人或某一群人以绝对权力，那这个人或这一群人就肯定会滥用权力，因为正如阿克顿勋爵所说，“权力使人腐败， 绝对权力绝对使人腐败。” Give absolute power to some individual or any particular group of people, and that person or group are sure to abuse that power because, just as Lord Acton says, “Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” 10)在我们国家，传统上都认为，“万般皆下品，惟有读书高”。 Traditionally in our country school education was always said to be more important and useful compared with all other pursuits. Unit2: 11)我跟你说，从各方面考虑，当教师不失为一个好主意。事实上，我认为这个主意好极了。
1、伦敦是个非常国际化的大城市. London is a very cosmopolitan city. 2、她的母亲是在一个喧嚣的都市环境中长大的。 Her mother grew up in a hectic urban environment. 3、纽约被认为是一个充满旅游特色的城市。New York is thought of as a touristy city. 4、我几年前住过的那个城市是一个充满活力的城市。 The city where I lived a few years ago was a dynamic one. 5、那班火车非常拥挤。The train was very crowded. 6、英国人经常喝茶。The English / British often drink tea. 7、地球围绕太阳转。The earth moves round the sun. 8、去年我常去那些大学的图书馆。 Last year,I often went to the library of that university. 9、他十分钟前离开了。He left ten minute ago. 10、昨晚你去哪里了？Where did you go last night? 11、昨晚是谁打的电话？ Who phoned / called last night? 12、昨晚发生了什么事情？ What happened last night ? 13、你的哥哥是做什么 的？ What does your brother do? 14、他正在与谁说话？ Who is he talking with? 15、他们是什么时候离 开的？ When did they leave? 16、现在的年轻人都喜 欢上网冲浪，获取各种 信息。 Nowadays,young people like to surf the net to get all kinds of information. 17、网络是一个大家可 以聊天交流的好地方。 The Internet is a good place where people can chat and exchange ideas. 18、这些天来，我一直 都在为我的论文寻找资 料。 These days I've been looking for materials for my paper. 19、每年人们都举行各 种活动庆祝元旦。 Every year,people organize various activities to celebrate New Year's Day. 20、他每件事情都有自 己独立做。 He does everything on his own. 21、我正在大街上漫步 时遇到了凯西。 As I was walking down the street ,I met Cathy. 22、我们正在吃饭时， 叔叔来了。 My uncle arrived while we were having dinner. 23、当他在看信时突然 听到有人敲门。 While he was reading the letter,he heard a knock at the door. 24、当我在花园里浇水 时，天开始下起雨来。 I was watering the garden when it began to rain. 25、我们正在聚会时， 灯熄灭了。 We were having a party when the lights went out. 26、当我还是个孩子时， 我就常收集邮票。 I used to collect stamps when I was a child. 27、过去人们通常是坐 公交汽车去上班。现在 很多人自己开车去。 People used to go by bus , but now many people drive to work. 28、过去我长期玩通过 写信和朋友联系，但现 在懒了，只是偶尔打打 电话而已。 I used to write to contact my friends, but now I am lazy and only make a call. 29、我的家乡曾经是个 美丽的地方，但现在空 气污染很严重。 My hometown used to a beautiful place, but now it is heavily air-polluted. 30、看见他时，我差点 没认出来。他以前很胖。 I hardly recognized him, when I saw him ,he used
英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编88 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、词语翻译(总题数：27，分数：50.00) 1.英译汉 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 2.civil law （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：民法) 解析： 3.mass transit （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：公共交通；大容量公共运输(工具)) 解析： 4.wage theory （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：工资理论) 解析： 5.mock epic （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：讽刺史诗) 解析： 6.counterespionage （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：反间谍活动) 解析： 7.high seas （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：公海；远海) 解析： 8.CYO （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：首席元老(Chief Yearly Officer)) 解析： 9.irrigation and drainage （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：灌溉与排水) 解析：
英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编74 (总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、词语翻译(总题数：27，分数：50.00) 1.英译汉 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： https://www.doczj.com/doc/7d18578944.html,ernment watchdog （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：政府监督) 解析： 3.carbon footprint （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：碳足迹，碳排放) 解析： 4.Twitter （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：推特) 解析： 5.funemployment （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：失业乐活) 解析： 6.Diesel oil （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：柴油) 解析： 7.汉译英 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 8.借词 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：loanword) 解析： 9.全球暖化 （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：global warming) 解析： 10.经济不景气 （分数：2.00）
Unit 1 1.他为这次面试中可能面对的问题准备好了答案 He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.他那悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎要哭出来。 His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩沿着河边手挽着手散步，有说有笑，非常愉快。 The two of them are walking hand in hand, along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.他听到这令人激动的消息后，眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。 When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，是因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。 People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for shanghai dialect and suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在研究能否在三年内买一幢新房子。 Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.对女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终同意让步了。 He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们把所有的贵重物品都锁好了，然后才出去度假。 We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样相互关心，互相帮助。Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will retain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as did in the past. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。 At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。 I’m sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.在音乐会上，每当一位歌手唱完一首美妙动听的歌曲时，观众便高声喝彩表示赞赏。 At the concert whenever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.她是个穿着时髦的人，总是穿时髦的衣服，但对饮食很少讲究。 As s stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks 4.护士告诉我医生奇迹般的治好了你的心脏病。 The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.主席颁奖时赞美获奖者为人类做出了巨大贡献。 When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.这个问题许多年使专家们迷惑不解。 This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.警察到达后，示威的人群逐渐散开了。
2010年首都师范大学英语翻译基础真题答案 一、1. nuclear nonproliferation treaty《不扩散核武器条约》 2. comfort woman慰安妇 3. cultural industry文化产业 4. open economy开放型经济 5. non-profit organization非营利组织 6. Interior Ministry俄罗斯内务部 7. down payment首付 8. IMF：International Monetary Fund (联合国)国际货币基金组织 9. NATO北大西洋公约组织（North Atlantic Treaty Organization） 10. a stock exchange证券交易所 11.The State Council中华人民共和国国务院即中央人民政府， 12. Mount Everest埃佛勒斯峰（喜马拉雅山主峰之一，中国称珠穆朗玛峰） 13. anti-dumping反倾销 14. breaking news大事件，爆炸新闻；即时新闻。 15. national census全国人口普查 二、1.出口配额export quota 2.贸易逆差trade deficit，Unfavorable Balance of Trade 3.财政赤字financial deficits; budgetary deficit 4.中国人民政治协商会议the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
5.外资企业foreign-funded enterprise; foreign-invested enterprise 6.人才市场careers fair; talent market 7.珠江三角洲Pearl River Delta 8.网络犯罪network crime; cyber crime 10.生物恐怖主义: bioterrorism 11.美国参议员: senator. 12.联合国教科文组织United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural Organization 14.美国国会Congress，United States 15.女权主义Feminism 三、1. A very large number of people cease when quite young to add anything to a limited stock of judgments. After a certain age, say 25, they consider that their education is finished. 很多人年纪轻轻，就不再去丰富自己有限的知识储备了。到了一定年龄之后，比如25岁，他们就认为自己的教育已经完成了。 2. It is perhaps natural that having passed through that painful and boring process, called expressly education, they should suppose it over, and that they are equipped for life to label every event as it occurs and drop it into its given pigeonhole. But one who has a label ready for everything does not bother to observe any more, even such ordinary happening as he has observed for himself, with attention, before he went to school. He merely acts and reacts. 经历过痛苦而乏味，所谓的明确教育，他们可能会很自然地认为教育已经完成了，自己已经有能力去归类生活中的每一件事，将其分门别类。但是，如果一个人可以把所有的事情都归为一类，那么他就没必要去
英语翻译基础历年真题试卷汇编6 (总分：12.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、英汉互译(总题数：6，分数：12.00) 1.英译汉（分数： 2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析： 2.The 1992 Rio conference was a high watermark for environmental law. Despite all the many accomplishments since then, we must now acknowledge that Rio has not fulfilled the promises with which the world invested it. After 50 years of diligent and sophisticated work by environmental lawyers on legislation, regulation, principles, treaties, and judicial decisions, how is it that the " actual landscape" of the world"s resources is still "slipping two steps backward for each forward stride"? Part of the explanation for that disappointing result can be found in the statements issued by a distinguished international collection of prosecutors, judges, and legal scholars at the Rio + 20-re-lated World Congress on Justice, Governance, and Law for Environmental Sustainability. They focused almost exclusively on matters of substantive doctrine and legal procedure. Recommitment to enhancing "law" in this narrow sense—a body of formal rules and principles and the judicial and prosecutorial mechanisms for their application and enforcement—certainly has great value, and that work should go forward vigorously. But the ongoing ecological deterioration is traceable in large part to pervasive social and political attitudes favoring a growth-based model of economic "development" that steadily intensifies human appropriation of planetary resources. To address the root of the problem, it will be argued here, environmental law needs a more expansive society-based conception of "law", one that activates law as a social institution engaged broadly with the habits and customs, the expectations and aspirations, of people and organizations in their daily lives. Environmental lawyers, then, need a fresh and bold reimagination of their mission, to hone and use their persuasive and analytical skills in creative ways to alter the social dynamic underlying environmental change and to foment a deep commitment to effective stewardship of resources. （分数：2.00） __________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案： 1992年的里约会议标志着环境法达到了最高水平。尽管此后环境保护硕果累累，但我们现在必须承认，对于世界人民给予资金支持的诺言，里约会议并未实现。50多年来，环境法的律师制定或修改法律、规章、准则、条约并做出司法判决，他们勤奋地做着这些高深复杂的工作，但是世界资源的“现状”仍然“每前进一步都倒退两步”是怎么回事? 这一结果令人失望，其中部分原因可以在全世界杰出的检察官、法官和法律学者发布的言论合集中找到，他们在里约+20的相关世界会议上就司法、管理和环境可持续发展的法律发表了看法。他们几乎完全侧重于实际法令及法律程序等事宜。他们再次决心加强狭义的“法制”——一整套正规的规定和准则以及实施、强化这些法律的司法和执法机制——这当然意义重大，这项工作也应如火如荼进行。但在很大程度上，持续的生态恶化应归结于普遍存在的社会和政治态度，这一态度支持以增长为基础的经济发展模式，而这又使人类不断加强对地球资源的利用。为了从根源上解决这一问题，我们将在这里讨论环境法需要“法律”概念在社会上得到更广泛的普及，这样才能促使法律作为一种社会制度广泛地融人到习惯和习俗、期望和愿望以及人和组织的日常生活中去。然后，环保律师需要对自己的使命有着全新的明确认识，锻炼自己的说服技巧和分析技巧，并创造性地利用其来改变环境变化的基础，即社会动力，以此激发人们深深致力于资源的有效管理。) 解析： 3.Never before had the world such a tremendous scientific-technical potential, such a capacity to generate wealth and well-being. Authentic technological wonders that have made any place in the world to be always close with regard to distances and communications have not been capable of bringing well-being for everybody, but only for a meager 15% living in the countries of the