高一英语非谓语动词精讲
动名词
1．主语 Swimming is dangerous for us.（泛指）
区别：To swim in this river is dangerous for us.（具体指）
It is no use / not any use /not any good /a waster of time /useless doing。
2．表语 Her job is teaching.
3．定语 a working table ；a hiding place
4．宾语只能接-ing形式的动词：advise，avoid，allow，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，escape，finish，forbid，imagine，keep，mind，miss，practise，permit，risk，suggest
区别：（1）forget /remember；go on；mean；regret；stop； try ；can’t help + doing /to do （2）need /want /require +doing / to be done
（3）注意与to搭配的词组：devote to /look forward to /stick to /be used to /get down to /pay attention to
（4）have a good /hard /wonderful time （in）doing/have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.
（5）There is no good /use /need doing
不区别：start， begin ，continue ，intend等后）+doing /to do
但以下三种情况只用跟to do (1)Ice began to melt.
(2)It is beginning to rain.
(3)I began to understand (realize/believe/know) him.
5.动名词的复合结构: 动名词可以有逻辑主语，通常是形容词物主代词（my，his，there）或名词所有格
（Mary’s，Li Ming’s）。
注意点：A）动名词的逻辑主语是无生命的事物，则用普通格。
The noise of desks being opened and closed could be heard out in the street.
(a)desks’ being closed and opened (b)desks ’ opening and closing(c)desks opening and closing
(d)desks being opened and closed.
B）如果是指示代词或不定代词，则用普通格
(1) He was awakened by_____ on the window.
(a) someone knocking (b) someone’s knocking
(c) some to knock (d) someone else to knock
(2)Do you think of that being true?
(3)Do you believe their team winning the match?
C）如果动名词复合结构作主语，则用所有格
(1) ---What’s wrong with the old man?
---_____from school for nothing has made him mad.
(a)His son is absent (b)His son being absent
(c)His son’s bein g absent (d)His son’s being absence
(2)His coming made me very happy.
(3) She didn’t mind his crying.
6. 动名词的被动，完成式
I’m sorry for having broken my promise.
I won’t go there without being invited.
不定式
一.主语
To be here is a great pleasure。
It i s a…….
For/of(wise/clever/bright/honest/dishonest/foolish/careful/careless It is possible for you to finish it in time?
It is wise of him to say so.
二．表语 .平衡性：To see is to believe
名词：plan ,hope, wish, duty ,aim, suggestion ,idea, intention 及what引导的从句后接不定式
My (hope)plan is to make better use of these materials.
What I would suggest is to start work at once.
省略to ： All I did was empty the bottle.
What I really wanted to do was drive all night.
三．宾语：1. 接to do 2.接疑问词to do (show, know，teach…)形式宾语：find it difficult ( a pleasure) to do……
四.宾补：
1．s ee ,hear, watch, notice, have…
2．have . make .let ……….s b.do
3.很多词后接to do作宾补
ask, want, allow……s b.to do
4. find, consider, think, believe, know ,imagine, feel, judge…… 后接to be
5.介词短语wait for/long for/wish for/depend on /wish for. sb. to do
转被动加to. The car was seen to stop.
（have不用被动） let后单音节不定式不带 to. They were let go.
五.定语
have….to do the way to do
There be……to do the first to do
I need a chair to sit on. / Here is a book for you to read.
I’ll go to Beijing . Do you have anything __________(take) there.？
I’ll go to Beijing. I have a lot of things ________(take) there.
六．状语
1．目的: to do /in order to do /so as to do
She bought a bike to go to school more quickly.
I stopped for him to speak to me.
句首：To do / In order to do
2.结果：She woke early to find it was raining. / She went back home to find there was a
thief in her house.
She went abroad never to return.
He went back only to find everything stolen. （意料不到的结果）
s o ….as to Would you please be so kind as to help me?
s uch…as to He is such a fool as to believe them.
enough to
too…to表肯定 He is (only) too glad/happy/anxious eager/ ready/willing /thankful to…
固定搭配：have no choice but to do 别无其它选择只得…
can’t choose but do
can’t help but do
can do nothing but do
不定式符号to的保留问题：
---Would you go there? --- I’d like to, but I’m too busy.
如在不定式结构中有be ,have ,have been,保留这些词。
---I didn’t tell him the news. ---Oh, you ought to have.
---Are you a doctor? ---No, but I used to be.
现在分词
现在分词由动词原形加词尾ing构成。现在分词有一般式和完成式，及物动词的现在分词有主动态和被
一、现在分词的句法作用
现在分词在句中可以作定语、表语、补语、状语等句子成分。
（一）作定语
作定语用的现在分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面；如果是现在分词短语，则放在被修饰词的后面，作后置定语。如：
a. China is a developing country. 中国是一个发展中国家。
b. The ________ child disturbed him. 哭闹的孩子使他心烦意乱。
c. The girl ________ there is my sister. 站在那边的那个女孩是我妹妹。
d. All the people _______ in the restaurant were tourists.
所有正在这个餐馆吃饭的人都是旅游者。
作定语时，它表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生，如果两个动作有先后发生，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。如：
The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.
值得一说的是，现在分词的被动式一般不能作前置定语，只能作后置定语，使用时应注意。如：
a. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.
（二）作表语
现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征。如：
a. The story sounds very moving. 那故事听起来很感人。
b. The situation is encouraging.形势令人鼓舞。
有些做定语和表语的现在分词实际上已经被看作形容词，常见的有：exciting , interesting, disappointing , discouraging, encouraging, puzzling, missing, surprising, confusing, amusing, charming , shocking, inviting等。这些现在分词常可用very修饰。
(三) 作宾语补足语
1．在表示感觉或心理状态的动词如see, hear, watch, notice, feel, smell, find ,listen to look at, observe 等后面作宾语补足语。如：
a. I saw people coming and going. 我看见人们来来往往，
b. We heard her laughing just now. 我们刚才听见她放声大笑。
在表示使役的动词，如set , keep, start, get , have 等后面作宾语补足语。如：
a. They kept me waiting for a long time.他们让我等了好久。
2．在think of, speak of, see ,show, regard, accept, take, understand, describe, treat等动词后，由as引出现在分词做宾语补足语。如：
a. I always thought of him as being a good student.我始终认为他是个好学生。
b. Please do not understand me as having lost hope.请不要以为我失去了希望。
c. The teacher described his students as promising.老师把他的学生说成是很有希望的。
d. They knew her very well,. They had seen her ___up from childhood.
A. grow
B. grew
C. was growing
D. to grow
（四）作主语补语
当先在分词作宾语补足语的句子变为被动语态时，分词就变成了主语补足语。如：
a. One student was caught cheating in the exam.有一考生考试作弊时被抓住。
b. She was never heard singing that song again.人们在也没听到她唱这首歌。
c. The missing boys were last seen __near the river.
A. playing
B. to be playing
C. play
D. to play
（五）作状语
现在分词作状语表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式等意义。这时，现在分词相当与一个状语从句。如；
1．表示时间：
a. Crossing the road , he was run over by a car. 他在穿马路时，被一轿车从身边辗过。
b. Having done their homework, the students left the classroom.
学生们做完后便离开了教室。
c. ___such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean.(NMET2000)
A. Having suffered
B. Suffering
C. To suffer
D. Suffered
2．表示原因：
a. Not knowing English, he couldn’t understand the film.
由于不懂英语，他看不懂这部电影。
b. Having lived in Shanghai many years, he knows the place very well.
他多年住在上海，所以熟悉这个地方。
c. ___in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. (NMET95)
A.Losing
B. Having lost
C. Lost
D. To lose
3．表示条件：
a. Working hard, you will do well in your exams.
你如果努力学习，就会在考试中取得好成绩。
b. Turning to the left, you will see the post office.
向左转，你就会看见邮局。
4．表示结果：
a. His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在战中死了，他成了孤儿。
b. It snowed heavily last night, thus causing the traffic problems today.
昨夜下了大雪，以致引起了今天的交通问题。
c. European football is played in 80 countries ,____it the most popular sport in the
world.(NMET98)
A.making
B. makes
C. made
D. to make
5．表示让步：
a. Weighing almost one hundred Jin, the box was lifted by him with one hand.
那箱子将近100斤重，但还是被他一直手拎了起来。
6．表示方式或伴随状况；
a. The six blind men stood all day long by the road side ,begging for money.
这六个盲人终日站在马路边乞讨。
b. He went out, slamming the door.
他走出去，砰的一声把门带上。
c. They secretary worked late into the night ,_____a long speech for the president
A.to prepare
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. was preparing
d. She’s upstairs ___letters.
A.writes
B. is writing
C. write
D. writing
e. “Can’t you read?” Mary said _____to the notice.
A.angrily pointing
B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed
D. and angrily pointing
f. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with his talks,_____
that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A.having added
B. to add C . adding D. added
注意：
（1）表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。
（2）分词短语作状语是时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如果与主语不一致，那么分词短语就需要有自己的逻辑主语，且要用独立主格结构形式来表达。
Seeing from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. （）
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks much more beautiful. ( )
“see”的主语应该是人，而不是“the city”,因此要用“see”的过去分词形式，表示被动。
现在分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定式是在其前面加not; 现在分词完成式的否定式是“not+having+过去分词”。如
a. Not having been informed, we were completely in the dark.
因为没人告诉我们，我们完全被蒙在鼓里。
b. Not knowing how to dye the silk red, he went to her for help.
由于不知道怎样把丝稠染成红色，他去向她求教。
c. _____a reply, he decided to write again. (MET92)
A.Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received
答案C receive与主句的主语he之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词，担主句中的again又暗示考生，分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前，因此用现在分词的完成式。Not必须置于分词之前。此句可理解为：As/Since he hadn’t received a reply, he decided to write again.
独立分词结构
独立分词结构的构成是：“主格词＋分词”。主格词可以是代词、名词和名词词组；分词可以是过去分词和现在分词的各种时态和语态。如：
1 She being my close friend，I should have helped her．她是我的好朋友，我应该帮助她。
在独立主格结构中，分词的逻辑主语必须是主格词，不能用其宾格词。She不能换为 her。分词的逻辑主语（即主格词）和主句的主语不能表示同一概念，例1中的she和I不是同一个人；下面例2中的spring 和the fields也不是同一概念。
独立分词结构的句法功能是在句中作状语，相当于分词短语，表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、方式和伴随状况。如：
2 Spring coming，the fields are full of life．春天来了，田野里充满生机。（时间）
3．Professor Wang being ill，the lecture was put off．王教授生病，报告被推迟了。（原因）4．More time given，we should have done it much better．
如给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。（条件）
5．The tourists visited many scenic spots in Beijing，the guide acting as interpreter．导游做翻译，游客们游览了北京的很多景点。（方式）
6．The boy stood there，his right hand raised．那个男生坐在那里，右手高举。（伴随）
在独立分词结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词，如例句2中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词；主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词，如例句4中，“时间”和“给”，是动宾关系（被动关系），用过去分词。
在独立分词结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词完成时态表示。如：7．Her money（having been）stolen，she couldn't buy a plane ticket for her home．她的钱被偷了，她不能买回家的飞机票了。（时间和原因）
8．The chairman having announced the agenda of the conference，the delegates left the assembly hall．主席宣布会议议程后，代表们离开了会议大厅。（时间）
9．The students having done all the exercises，the teacher went on to explain the text．学生做完所有的练习后，老师继续讲课文。（时间）
在独立分词结构中，being和having been常常可以省略。如例1、3、7分别变为1．She my close friend，I should have helped her． 3．Professor Wang ill，the lecture was put off． 7．Her money stolen，she couldn't buy a plane ticket for her home．省略being和having been后，更强调状态和原因。
注：“there being ＋主格词”是独立分词结构的一种特殊形式，意义上表示存在，句法上相当于一个状语，表示原因、条件。如例10、11：
10．There being no bus，we had to go back home on foot．因为没有公共汽车，我们步行回了家。
这里no bus是主格词，there being是分词短语。主格词通常由名词、名词词组和不定代词充当。这里人称代词不能充当主格词。 There being一般不省略。例如：
11．There being no one in the classroom， Mr．Li had to leave．教室没有一个人，老李只有离开。
过去分词
过去分词是一种非限定动词形式。过去分词通常是由动词+ed构成，但也可以有不规则的形式。不规则动词的过去分词一般只有一种形式，有少数不规则动词的过去分词有两种形式。
1．某些过去分词的形式和用法问题
少数从古英语遗留下来、现在只用作形容词的过去分词，有的在形式上与一般的过去分词不同，有的在用作名词的修饰语或补语时各采用不同形式。例如：
试比较下例句之中不同的过去分词形式的不同用法:
The fire was caused by a lighted match.
The fire is lit / lighted.
I met a drunken man. I found him dead drunk under the influence of hard liquor.
Food that has rotted is rotten.
It is a rotten egg.
The ship has sunk. It’s a sunken ship.
2.过去分词的意义
1）表示被动意义和完成意义
The bird caught yesterday is a parrat.
I heard the door opened.
过去分词结构一般表示动作已完成,就是说,过去分词所表示的动作先于居中谓语动词所表示的动作。例如：
Written in simple English，the book is easy to read.(=the book that has been written)
I want some boiled water.(=water that has been boiled)
He asked for a cup of iced boiled water.(=water that had been boiled and then iced) 某些带有持续意义的动词如know, love, speak等的过去分词往往指针是被动意义, 并无完成意义。例如：
We are making a study of spoken English.
Energy stored in fuel is chemical energy.
2) 表示主动意义
不及物动词的过去分词不能表示被动意义,只能表示主动的完成意义。可以这样用的不及物动词为数不多。
例如：
fallen leaves（=leaves that have fallen）
the risen sun（=the sun that has risen）
主要有 rise， fall， go， escape，develop，return，retire（退休），grow 等。
三. 过去分词作宾语补足语
作宾语补足语的过去分词大多来自于及物动词, 表示被动意义和完成意义,说明宾语所处的状态,用在SVOC句型中。在这种宾语带过去分词的结构中，宾语与过去分词的关系是意义上的主谓关系，因此，也是复杂宾语的一种形式。可以带有过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有：
1．see ，hear， watch， feel， think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词：
Everyone thought the battle lost.
We found her greatly changed.
2．make, get, have, help 等表示“致使”意义的动词：
He was trying hard to make himself understood.
Jane got her bad tooth pulled out at the dentist’s.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
3． like, want, wish, order等表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词：
He won’t like such questions(to be) discussed at the meeting.
不及物动词的过去分词能作宾语补语的很少。例如：
They found the guests gone.
4．过去分词作宾语补语的句子,有些可以变为被动结构。在被动结构中，改过去分词变为主语补语，说明主语所处的状态。例如：
The door was found locked.
The questions discussed have not been made known to us yet.
五. 过去分词结构作名词修饰语
过去分词结构作名词修饰语可分为前置和后置两类.
1．过去分词结构作前置修饰语
用作前置修饰语的过去分词,有的来自及物动词,有的来自不及物动词。
1）.用作前置修饰语的、来自于及物动词的过去分词多数表示被动意义和完成意义。
例如： The injured man was rushed to hospital.
All the broken windows have been repaired.
又例如: a closed shop, a defeated army, a finished article, an honoured guest,
a murdered man, a recorded talk, the spoken word
表示否定意义的前缀un-往往表示可以加在表示被动意义的过去分词之前构成前置
修饰语。例如: There are several uninvited guests.
又例如: an unbroken record, an unfinished story
某些通常不单独用作前置修饰语的过去分词,在加了前缀un-以后变成了否定形容词,可充当前置修饰语, unheard-of story, untold sufferings等。
某些不单独充当前置修饰语的过去分词，被副词修饰后，构成副词+过去分词形式的
复和形容词，便可以作前置修饰语，如：a badly-built house，his newly-born son，
highly-developed modern industries， newly-invented machine，a well-behaved boy等。
某些过去分词如born，hidden，married，troubled等，当它们单独充当前置修饰语时，其所表示的带有“永久”的含义，如a born musician=（a natural musician）， a married
man，troubled waters等。
有时,过去分词(包括某些通常不单独用作前置修饰语的过去分词)可与名词连用,构成“名词+ed分词”
形式的复合形容词。这一结构中的名词表示的动作的执行者或表示行为工具，名词与过去分词之间通常由连词字符号，如：sugar-coated pills， man-made satellites等。
2）前面讲过，来自不及物动词的过去分词一般不表示被动意义，而只表示主动的完成意义。这类过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能这样用的只限于少数表示位置转移或状态变化的动词的过去分词，如： an escaped slave， fallen leaves， the gone days，the retired workers，the risen sun， a returned student等。
也有一些表示位置转移或状态变化的动词的过去分词不能单独充当前置修饰语。例如不可以说： the started train， a come guest，。但若这些过去分词前面有副词修饰，那也可以作前置修饰语，如：the newly-arrived visitors，the properly-started machine。
2．过去分词结构一般作后置修饰语
作后置修饰语的过去分词结构一般多带有修饰语或其它成分。后置过去分词结构在句法功能上相当于关系分句，是非限定分句的一种形式。例如：
The novel about the undersea war is the best of its kind ever written.=(that has ever Been written.)
Your letter dated March 10 has been received.=(which was dated)
有些过去分词放在名词前面时,可以说已经转移为形容词了,其词汇意义与用作后置修饰语的过去分词不同。试比较：
The method used is very efficient. (作“用”解) This is a used book. (作“旧的”解)
The book given to him is an English grammar. (作“给”解)
We met at a given time. (作“特定的”解)
不及物动词的过去分词不可能有被动的意义,因此,不能象及物动词的过去分词那样放在名词后面。如不能说：
The train arrived at Platform No.3 is from Nanjing.
应该说: The train which has arrived…..。
但是，如果这种过去分词结构被某些副词修饰，这类过去分词可以作后置修饰语。例如：
The train just now arrived at Platform No.3 is from Nanjing.
六.–ed分词结构作状语
用作状语的过去分词通常来自及物动词。过去分词结构用作状语时，相-ing分词结构用作状语时一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语分句，表示时间、
条件、原因、伴随情况等。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语是主句的主语。
A. 表示原因：
Filled with excitement，this is more than a novel about war at sea.
(=As the novel is filled with excitement)
B. 表示时间或条件:
Heated, water changes into steam.( =When/If water is heated)
United, we stand; divided, we fall.(=When/If we are united;Ｗhen/If we are divided)
C. 表示伴随状况
He came back, extremely tired.
过去分词结构表示伴随状况时,往往没有适当的庄与分句可以替代。
过去分词结构用作状语时，前面往往带有when， if， while， though，as if，unless， until 等连词，这样就能使过去分词结构所表皮的分句意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作卫士一种省略句，状语分句中省略的部分总是“主语+be的人称变化形式”；省略的主语必须与主句的主语相同。例如：
If/When heated, water changes into steam.
Though surrounded, the villagers were not discouraged.
Even if invited, I won’ go.
七.–ed分词独立结构
如果在上述这种过去分词结构前加上一个不同于主句主语的名词，便成为“过去分词独立结构”。这宗结构可以视为过去分词前面省略了be-ing或having been。过去分词独立结构可在句中作状语，表示时间、条件、伴随状况等。例如：
Our house painted white，we like it better.(=Our house being/having been painted white…) The job done, we went home. (= The job having been done … )
All things considered, we have much to learn and unlearn. (= All things having been considered …) 也能在过去分词独立结构前面加上介词with，构成“with+名词词组+过去分词”，即带有复杂宾语的介词词组。这种结构通常表示伴随状况或补充说明，有时也有时间，条件，原因等意义。例如：
With the tree grown tall, we get more shade.
They sat in the room with the curtains drawn.
指导：
非谓语动词具有灵活多变的特点，大家在判断使用何种非谓语动词形式时，可遵循以下规律：
1. 对比时间：对照谓语动词的时间，确定非谓语动词的时态形式
非谓语动词的各种时态形式都是依据句子的谓语动词的时态形式而变化的。一般情况下，如果非谓语动词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，我们就用不定式的一般式；如果表示动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行，我们就用现在分词的一般式或不定式的进行式；如果表示动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，我们就用现在分词、不定式或动名词的完成式（特殊情况下，也可用动名词的一般式）。
2．辨明逻辑：从非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系判断非谓语动词的语态
如果非谓语动词的逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的发出者，即两者之间存在主谓关系，就用非谓语动词的主动式；如果逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者，即两者之间存在动宾关系，就用非谓语动词的被动式。
3. 两方面结合，判断时态、语态混合形式
有些非谓语动词的形式把时态和语态的变化融合在一起，这时，我们可以把上述两方面结合起来判断。在非谓语动词的逻辑主语是非谓语动词动作的承受者的情况下，a)如果非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，就用现在分词的被动式；b)如果动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，就用不定式的被动式；c)如果动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，就用现在分词、动名词或不定式的完成被动式。
最新英语非谓语动词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．Students surf the internet _______ more information about the university they are dreamt of. A．found B．finding C．having found D．to find 【答案】D 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：学生们上网是为了找到他们理想大学的更多的信息。此处表示目的用不定式，指上网的目的。故选D。 2．Look over there! There is a long, winding path ________ up to the house. A．lead B．leading C．led D．to lead 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：看那边!有一条长长的蜿蜒小路通向那所房子。分析句式可知，这是个there be 句型，因此，此处用非谓语动词，path与lead是主动关系，因此用现在分词，故选B。 3．______ to nuclear radiation, even for a short time, may influence genes in human bodies. A．Having exposed B．Being exposed C．To expose D．Exposed 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查动名词。句意：暴露于核辐射中甚至很短时间都会影响人体的基因。分析句子成分发现even for a short time是插入语，may influence是谓语，前面的部分应该是主语，be exposed to“暴露于”，要用动名词Being exposed to。故B选项正确。 4．The lecture, _______at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A．starting B．being started C．to start D．to be started 【答案】A 【解析】 选A start与逻辑主语the lecture之间为主动关系，故排除B、D两项。不定式作定语时，常表示动作尚未发生，故排除C项，此处用现在分词作后置定语，表示主动。 第四步：根据与谓语动词的先后关系确定时态 非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前用过去分词或v.-ing形式/不定式的
按：本套资料省去了名词、代词、形容词等部分，保留了最最核心的句型和动词。希望能有所帮助。 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一．主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如： a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。 - b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c) It is in the morning that the murder took place.谋杀案是在早上发生的。（强调句型） d) It is John that broke the window.是John打碎的窗户。（强调句型） 2. 用it作形式主语的结构 (1) It is ＋名词＋从句 It is a fact that …; It is an honor that…; It is common knowledge that… (2) It is ＋形容词＋从句 It is natural that…It is strange that… . (3) It is ＋不及物动词＋从句 It seems that…It happened that…It appears that… (4) It ＋过去分词＋从句 It is reported that…It has been proved that…It is said that… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况： （1）if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2）It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week. ( 错误表达：That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （3）It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. 错误表达：That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （4）It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： 正确表达：It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. 错误表达：Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. （5）含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： ； 正确表达：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening 错误表达：Is that will rain in the evening likely 4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
第五章非谓语动词 【非谓语动词作状语】 一.不定式,分词作状语的基本原则 不定式,分词作状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语时必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词作状语. 二.不定式作状语 1.不定式作目的状语 不定式作目的状语的情况比较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order或so as,构成"in order to do"或"so as to do"结构."in order to do"结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可放在句中;"so as to do"结构只能放在句中. Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her. Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forge t it. 2.不定式作结果状语 不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中:so...as to;such...as to;...enough to;only to(常表示以外的或事与愿违的结果);too...to等. I'm not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down. Jane hurried back only to find that her mother had left. I'm too tired to stay up longer. 备注:在only too..to结构中,too...to...并非是"太....而不能..."之意.此时,与too..to..搭配的形容词常见的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等. I'm only too glad to have passed the exam. 3.不定式作原因状语 形容词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因.用于这类结构中的形容词常见的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,disappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等. You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday. 4.在"主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do"结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义.该结构中常用的形容词有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等. This question is easy to answer. This book is difficult to understand. 三.分词作状语 1.分词作状语时其形式的选择 2.分词作状语的句法功能 分词作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果，条件,让步，行为方式,伴随状况等.为了强调,还可与 while,when,once,if,unless等连词连用. When offered help,one often says"Thank you"or "It's kind of you".(时间) Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other
42. (2018·广东省)After long years of war, many people in Syria are homeless. I think it important a peaceful world. A. build B. not build C. to build D. not to build 42. C考查非谓语动词。句意：经过数年长时间的战争，许多的叙利亚人失去家园。我认为建立一个和平的世界非常重要。本题中，it为形式宾语，不定式to build…作真正的宾语。故选C。 37.（2018·海南中考）The policeman warned the man______ after drinking. A. not to drive B. to drive C. driving 37. A【解析】考查固定搭配。warn sb. （not）to do sth.“警告某人（不要）做某事”。根据常识酒后不能驾驶，所以此处应该是warn sb. not to do sth. 结构。故选A。 33.（2018?贵州黔南)Parents should always tell their kids ________ with strangers. A. not to talk B. not talking C. to not talk D. not talk 33. A【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：父母应该经常告诉孩子们不要和陌生人谈话。t ell sb. not to do告诉某人不做某事，故选A. 25.（2018?贵州黔南)Please stop________ and go out for a walk. Remember ________ warm clothes. A. to study; wearing B. studying; to wear C. to study; to wear D. studying; wearing 25. B【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：别学习了，去外面散一下步吧，记得穿上暖和的衣服。stop doing sth.停止正在做的事情；stop to do sth.停止去做另一件事情；remember doing sth记得已经做过的事情；remember to do sth.记得去做某事。根据句意可知选B. 37.（2018?广西贵港中考)—Sam, don’t forget the book to the library tomorrow. —OK, I won’t. A. return B. returning C. returned D.to return 37. D【解析】考查非谓语动词辨析。句意：——山姆，不要忘记明天把书还给图书馆——好的，我不会忘记的。由答语中“I won’t”意为我不会忘记的，可知书未还，所以用固定搭配forget to do sth.忘记去做某事。故选D。 5. (2018·黑龙江齐齐哈尔) We set up this group ______ disabled people like Ben Smith. A. help B. to help C. helping 5. B 考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：我们建立这个组织是为了帮助像Ben Smith一样的残疾人。此处用动词不定式表目的。故选B。 33. (2018? 湖北咸宁)— Would you like to go swimming with me, Tom？ — Sorry, but our teachers always tell us ________ in the river. A. don’t swim B. not swimming C. not to swim D. to not swim 33. C考查非谓语动词。句意：——汤姆，你愿意我一起去游泳吗？——对不起，但是我们老师经常告诉我们不要到河里游泳。这里考查：tell sb. not to do sth.结构，意为“告诉某人不要做某事”。故选C。 32. (2018·湖南湘西) —Can you come to my birthday party tonight? —Yes, I’d love to. But I have to finish _____my English homework first. A. doing B. to do C. does
非谓语动词讲解 1. 动词不定式 （1）动词不定式的构成： 不定式的基本形式为：to+动词原形，有时可以不用to，这里的to是不定式符号，本身无词义，动词不定式的否定形式是not+(to+)动词原形。 （2）动词不定式的句法功能： 1)不定式作主语 动词不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末，其结构为：It + be + adj. +(for/of sb.)+动词不定式。如： To learn English well is useful．→It is useful to learn English well．
学好英语很有用。 It’s important for us to protect the environment． 保护环境对我们来说很重要。 注意：在kind，good，nice，clever等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for而用of。如： It’s very kind of you to help me．你帮助我真是太好啦。 It’s very clever of you to do like that．你那样做真是太聪明啦! 2)不定式作宾语 ①一些谓语动词后只能用不定式作宾语，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望的，如：would like，like，want，wish，hope，decide，plan，expect等。 如：Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗? ②在find，think后跟不定式作宾语时，常用it代替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。 如：I find it easy to read English every day．我发现每天读英语很容易。 ③常见的一些不带to的动词不定式 why not do...，why don’t you do...，had better(not) do...，would rather do，could/would/will you please(not) do... 如：I would rather stay in the room．我宁愿待在房间里。 3)不定式作宾语补足语 不定式作宾语补足语时与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。如：tell，ask，want，allow，get，would like，encourage 后常跟动词不定式作宾语补足语。 如：Lucy asked him to turn down the radio．露西让他关小收音机。 My mother encourages me to learn Japanese．我妈妈鼓励我学日语。 注意： 还有一些使役动词和感官动词也用不定式作宾补，这时不定式要省略to。这些动词有：一感(feel)、二听(hear，listen to)、三让(let，make，have)、四看(look at，see，watch，notice)，但变被动语态时，必须加上to。 如：My friends were made to work the whole night by the boss． 老板让我的朋友们工作了一整夜。 4)不定式作定语
高考非谓语动词专项练习题及答案详解 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．The woman, when _______ how her husband was injured, began to cry. A．asked B．to ask C．asking D．ask 【答案】A 【解析】 2．In 2012, Sun Yang became the first Chinese man _____ an Olympic gold medal in swimming. A．winning B．to win C．having won D．being won 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查不定式作定语。句意：在2012年，孙杨成为第一个获得奥运会游泳比赛金牌的中国男运动员。当名词前面有序数词修饰或被修饰的词就是序数词的时候，通常要用不定式作定语。如the first to come and the last to leave，本句中Chinese man前面有序数词the first修饰，所以后面要用不定式作定语。故B项正确。 3．I stopped the car ____ a short break as I was feeling tired. A．take B．taking C．to take D．taken 【答案】C 【解析】 句意：我停下车来休息一会儿，因为我感觉累了。此处动词不定式表目的，故选C。 【考点定位】考查非谓语动词 4．They might just have a place ________ on the writing course—why don’t you give it a try? A．leave B．left C．leaving D．to leave 【答案】B 【解析】 此处left过去分词作定语修饰a place，被留下的留给写作课程的地方（机会）。句意：他们可能还有个学习写作课的机会，你为什么不试一试呢？ 【考点定位】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。 5．After receiving the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress, Anne Benedict went on all the people who had helped in her career. A．to thank B．thanking C．having thanked D．to have thanked
什么是语法？ +表语 +宾语 +间接宾语+直接宾语 +宾语+宾语补足语 to/-ing s not
一般现在时vs.一般过去时
一般将来时 将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的 动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经 常或者重复发生的动作，常与表示 将来的时间副词连用，例如：soon, next week, this afternoon, tomorrow We will graduate next year. 我们明年毕业。
进行时(1) (V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing) 现在分词(V+ing)?
进行时(2)
完成时(1) Part1 完成时的句型构成 1-1 陈述句型：S+has/have+过去分词(p.p.) I have already finished my homework.(我已经完成了我的作业) 1-2 否定句型：S+has/have+not+过去分词(p.p.) Sandy has been a nurse in this hospital for 15 years.(珊蒂已经在这家医院担任护士长达15年了。) 1-3 疑问句型：Has/Have+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Have you ever seen Peter in past 3 months?(过去3个月内，你看见过彼吗？) 2-1 陈述句型：S+had+过去分词(p.p.) This proposal had been deliverde by Eva before Aaron finished it. (这个计划在艾伦完成以前，伊娃就已经提交出去了) 2-2 否定句型：S+had+not+过去分词(p.p.) I had not finished my work when he visited me last week.(上周他来拜访我以前，我还没有完成工作。) 2-3 疑问句型：Had+s+过去分词(p.p.)? Had you ever been to a blind date before you married?(你结婚以前曾经参加相亲吗？) 3-1 陈述句型：S+shall/will+have+过去分词(p.p.) They wll have finished the meeting by now. (他们现在应该已经开完会了) 3-2 否定句型：S+shall/will+have+not+过去分词(p.p.) We will have not made 10 apple pies by the end of today.(我们在今天结束之前不能做完10个苹果派。) 3-3 疑问句型： Shall/Will+ s+have+过去分词(p.p.)? Will they have already left by the time we get there?(我们到的时候，他们会不会已经离开了？ )
非谓语动词专练100题 1. The great hall was crowded with many people, _____ many children _____on their parents’ laps. A. including; seated B. including; seating C. included; sat D. included; sitting 2. It’s said that the Olympic Games _____ in Beiji ng in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A. holding B. to be held C. held D. to be holding 3. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain 4. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, _____ him a millionaire overnight. A. making B. makes C. to make D. made 5. In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _____. A. to escape burning B. to escape being burned C. escaping burned D. escaping from burning 6. Taking this medicine, if _____, will of course do good to his health. A. continued B. to continue C. continues D. continuing 7. The little boy still needs the _____ 20 dollars to do with some things _____. A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining; remaining to be settled C. remained; remained to settle D. remained; remaining to settle 8. _____ his age, the little boy read quite well. A. Considering B. Considered C. Consider D. Having considered 9. _____ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon. A. Judged B. Judging C. Having judged D. To judge 10. —Tom enjoys _____ basketball on Sunday afternoons, doesn’t he? — Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys _____. A. to play; dancing B. playing; to dance C. to play; to dance D. playing; is to dance 11. His letter, _____ to the wrong number, reached me late. A. having been addressed B. to have addressed C. to have been addressed D. being addressed 12. The Space Shuttle Columbia broke into pieces over Texas as it returned to the earth on February 1, 2003, _____ all seven astronauts aboard. A. having killed B. killing C. being killed D. killed 13. There are lots of places of interest _____ in our city. A. needs repairing B. needing repaired C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired 14. — What caused the party to be put off? — _____ the invitations. A. Tom delayed sending B. Tom’s delaying sending C. Tom delaying to send D. Tom delayed to send 15. I was afraid _____ to my customers because I was afraid _____ them. A. of talking back; to lose B. of talking back; of losing C. to talk back; to lose D. to talk back; of losing 16. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but _____ the flowing of the smog
非谓语动词用法详解 动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词 (一)不定式 不定式由“to十动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”．不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化．不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语．不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for十名词或代词宾格”构成． 1．不定式的用法： l)作主语．不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语．例如： To see is to believe． It is right to give up smoking． 2)作宾语．不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语．例如： He wanted to go． I find it interesting to study work with him. 3)作宾语补足语．例如： He asked me to do the work with him. 注意：在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice, observe，see，watch，have, let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to．但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to．例如 I often hear him sing the song． He is often heard to sing the song． 注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to．如： She could do nothing but cry. What do you like to do besides swim? I have no choice but to go． 动词help之后，带to或不带to都可以。 Will you please help me (to) take this suitcase? 请你帮我提一下这个衣箱好吗？She often helps her mother (to) clean their house. 她经常帮助她妈妈打扫房子。 4)作定语．例如： I have some books for you to read． 注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词．例如： He is looking for a room to live in． There is nothing to worry about．
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受 get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上 9. join in 参加（某个活动）； take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来 11. suffer from 遭受 12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心 14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽 15. be good at/do well in 擅长于… 16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是… 17. no longer / not …any longer 不再… 18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.） much too 太…(后接adj.) 19. not…until 直到…才 20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为… make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。
最新非谓语动词专项练习题及答案详解 一、单项选择非谓语动词 1．224. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _____ behind his back. A．being mopped B．having tied C．to be tied D．tied 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：那个谋杀犯被带了进来，手被捆在背后。with的宾语his hands与动词tie构成被动的关系，故使用过去分词。故选D。 2．Children who are over-protected by their parents may become _____. A．hurt B．spoiled C．damaged D．harmed 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查动词辨析：句意：过分受父母保护的孩子可能会被惯坏。spoil作为动词有“宠坏，溺爱”的意思，这里用动词的过去分词作形容词。hurt指对身体或感情上的伤害；damaged指被毁坏或破坏（好像多指物）；harmed指被损害，被伤害，被危害。选B。 考点：考查动词辨析 3．When he was a boy, he used to go there and watch _____. A．to repair bicycles B．bicycles to be repaired C．bicycles being repaired D．repairing bicycles 【答案】C 【解析】 4．They might just have a place ________ on the writing course—why don’t you give it a tr y? A．leave B．left C．leaving D．to leave 【答案】B 【解析】 此处left过去分词作定语修饰a place，被留下的留给写作课程的地方（机会）。句意：他们可能还有个学习写作课的机会，你为什么不试一试呢？ 【考点定位】本题考查非谓语动词的用法。 5．______in painting, John didn’t notice evening approaching. A．To absorb B．To be absorbed C．Absorbed D．Absorbing 【答案】C
(2018·江苏淮安）15. He explained again and again in order to make what he did ________. A. understand B. understood C. to understand D. understanding 15.B考查非谓语动词。句意：他反复解释，为的是让人理解他的所作所为。动词make后跟过去分词作宾语补足语，意为“使……被……”，宾语部分what he did和过去分词存在被动关系。故选B。 35. (2018. 贵州铜仁) —Listen! Who is singing in the next room? ——It must be Sally. I often hear her ________ there. A. singing B. sings C. to sing D. sing 35.D 考查非谓语动词。句意：——听，水正在隔壁唱歌？——一定是萨利。我经常听见她在哪里唱歌。hear sb. do sth. 听见某人做某事，强调经常做或是做某事的过程；hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事，强调动作正在发生，故选D。 39.（2018·广西柳州）Look. Sam is doing some _____ in the library. A. to read B.reading C.read 39.B【解析】考查动词词组。句意：看，,Sam 正在图书馆读书。考查短语do some reading。故选B。 27. （2018·新疆阜康米泉）—Do you still remember _______ this group of friends in 2013? —Yes. But I forget where I _______them. A. seeing；meet B. to see；met C. seeing；met D. seeing；meeting 27. C考查非谓语动词和宾语从句。句意：—你还记得在2013年见过这群朋友吗？—记得。但是我忘了在哪里遇见他们。remember doing sth记得做过某事；remember to do sth记得去做某事。根据时间状语in 2013可知这是记得过去做过的事，故第一空用动名词seeing。第二空根据主句谓语forgot是过去式，因此宾语从句也用一般过去时，故用met。故选C。 30. （2018·新疆阜康米泉）He often takes time_________ summer holiday with his grandparents. A. to spend B. spend C. spent D. spending 30. A考查非谓语动词。句意：他经常花时间和他的祖父母一起度过暑假。take time to do sth.“花费时间做某事”。to do表示目的，故选A。 7. (2018·辽宁盘锦)Evans had a sore throat. His fiend advised him ______ some hot water. A. drinking B. to drink C. drink D. drank 7. B考查非谓语动词。句意：Evans咽喉痛。他的朋友建议他喝些热水。advise sb. to do sth.意为“建议某人做某事”。故选B。 26.(2018?云南曲靖)When I saw my father _____ for me on a cold winter night. I couldn’t keep back my tears. A. wait B. waited C. to wait D. waiting 26.B 考查非谓语动词的用法。句意：当我看到我的父亲在一个寒冷的冬夜里等着我的时候。我无法抑制住我的眼泪。see sb. doing sth. 意为“看到某人正在做某事”；现在分词作宾语补足语。故选B。 33. （2018·云南）Our parents won’t allow us in the river alone. A. swim B. to swim C. swimming D. swam 33. B【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们的父母不允许我们在河里单独游泳。根据标志词allow，可以判断本题考查allow sb to do sth，意为“允许某人干某事”。故选B。（2018?甘肃兰州）33. Every morning, Tim often sees groups of middle-aged women in the square. A. dance B. to dance C. dincese D. danced
高中英语语法知识点总结 一、定语从句与强调句陷阱题详解 1、The factory was built in a secret place, around _________ high mountains、 A、 which was B、 it was C、 which were D、 them were 【陷阱】 容易误选A或B，将 A、B中的 which 和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。 【分析】 最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains 是一个由“介词+which”引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains，around which 是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。请做以下类例题目（答案均为C）：(1) Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _________ some fruit shops、 A、 which is B、 it is
C、 which are D、 them are(2) The murder happened in an old building, beside _________ the city police station、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are(3) Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _________ a nice restaurants where we can have Chinese food、 A、 which are B、 it is C、 which is D、 them are 2、 A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around _________ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?” A、 that B、 which C、 where D、 what