关系副词Where在定语从句中的用法
关系副词where在定语从句中的用法是定语从句中常考的一个难点。笔者将在接下来的文章中和大家一起探讨关系副词where的用法,帮助大家正确理解和使用关系副词where。
先行词表示地点,不一定都用Where引导定语从句
一般来说,英语学习者的脑海中会形成这样一个概念:在定语从句中,如果先行词是表示地点的名词(如place等),就用关系副词where引导定语从句。这种理解有一定的道理,比如下面这个句子:
1. If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible, who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time, who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer.
如果还有人对美国是否是一个一切皆有可能的国家心存怀疑,还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们所处的时代是否依然鲜活,还有人质疑我们的民主制度的力量,那么今晚,这些问题都有了答案。
这句话节选自美国总统奥巴马的胜选演说。我们看到,这里的place后面的定语从句是由关系副词where来引导。但是,如果认为只要先行词是表示地点的名词,则一定要用where来引导定语从句,那就大错特错了。比如,在2006年上海高考英语中有这样一道选择题:
2. In an hour, we can travel to places _____ would have taken our ancestors days to reach.
A. where
B. when
C. which
D. what
我们看到,places在这里表示地点,但如果据此就认为空格处应填入where,那就错了。原因是什么呢?因为空格后接的是谓语would have taken,所以空格处待填入的关系词在从句中充当的应该是主语成分,而关系副词where不能作主语,因此,此处不能填入where。其实,该空格处应该填入which来充当主语,正确选项为C。
由此可见,“当先行词是表示地点的名词时,要用where来引导定语从句”的说法是片面的,它忽略了一个大前提——关系副词where在定语从句中必须作状语。也就是说,用关系副词where引导定语从句需要满足两个前提条件:一是先行词是表示地点的名词;二是关系词在定语从句中作状语。因此,“先行词是表示地点的名词”与“用where引导定语从句”不可以互推,它们之间的关系如下图所示:
先行词表示地点,如何判断是否使用Where引导定语从句
当先行词表示地点时,如何判断是否应该使用where来引导定语从句呢?这就得分析定语从句的句法结构了。如果定语从句不缺少主语或宾语,而是缺少地点状语,便用where来引导;如果定语从句不缺少状语,而是缺少主语或宾语,则要用关系代词(which或that)来引导,以补足定语从句中所缺失的主语或宾语。请比较下例中的两个句子:
3. a. This is the town which I wanted to visit most.
这就是我曾经最想参观的城镇。
b. This is the town where I was born.
这就是我出生的城镇。
在a和b两个句子里,尽管先行词都是表示地点的名词town,但引导定语从句的关系词却
不同。在a句中,由于定语从句中谓语部分的动词visit缺少宾语,因此填入的关系词要充当它的宾语,故用关系代词which。在b句中,定语从句“I was born”不缺少主语和宾语,而是缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where,这里where充当地点状语,修饰was born。
我们也可以用另一种方法来判断是否应该使用where引导定语从句:将包含定语从句的复合句还原成两个简单句,然后通过分析句子成分来进行判断。例如,我们把上面的a句与b 句还原成两个简单句,得到的是:
a. This is the town and I wanted to visit it most.
b. This is the town and I was born there.
在a句中,town被代词it替代后在visit后边充当宾语,所以改成定语从句时要用关系代词which来替换it,以充当定语从句的宾语;而在b句中,town变成了副词there,充当地点状语,修饰was born,所以改成定语从句时自然要用关系副词where来替换there,以充当地点状语。
我们再来看其他相关例句,以便更加深入地理解where的用法:
4. Literature is the place where the past meets the present to contemplate the future.
在文学作品里,过去与现实交汇,以思考未来。
这里,先行词place表示地点,而且定语从句中不缺少主语和宾语,需要的是一个地点状语修饰meets,因而,此处用where来引导定语从句。
5. In fact, there are now so many deer that some are being sent to places which would like to return this kind of deer to the wild.
事实上,现在鹿群数量过多,以至于有些鹿被送到能使其回到野外的一些地方。
这句话中,先行词places是表示地点的名词,但是由于定语从句中缺少主语,所以我们用关系代词which来引导,而不使用关系副词where来引导。
因此,在先行词是表示地点的名词的前提下,需要分析定语从句的句子成分才能断定是用什么关系词来引导。当定语从句缺乏状语时,用关系副词where来引导;如果从句缺少的是主语或宾语,则用which、that等关系代词引导。
根据上文讲述的判断原理,在解这一类与定语从句相关的题目时,我们可以首先看先行词是否是表示地点的名词,然后再根据定语从句中缺少的成分来选择合适的引导词。为了让大家更加熟练地掌握这一考点,笔者再列一道例题,供大家实战演练。请看下面这道题:
6. I’ve never been to Beijing, but it’s the place ____.
A. where I’d like to visit
B. in which I’d like to visit
C. I most want to visit
D. that I want to visit it most
本题考查定语从句的关系词选择。首先我们先看先行词。先行词是表示地点的名词place,初步确定引导词在关系副词where和关系代词(which或that)中选择。然后我们再看从句所缺少的成分。这道题的从句“I’d like to visit/I most want to visit”所缺少的成分应该是宾语,因而不能使用关系副词where引导,需要用关系代词which或that引导。所以,首先排除A。B 选项的in which是“介词+关系代词”的形式,其用法与关系副词一样,因而排除B。而D选项的that与it都是指代place,二者意义重复,因而也不正确。正确选项是C,这里相当于省略了关系词that或which。该句要表达的意思是:我从未到过北京,但北京却是我最想去的地方。
用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点
按照通常的理解,当where引导定语从句时,它的先行词就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请看以下几个例
句:
1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other.
请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
点评:这里where引导的定语从句修饰先行词one,也就是relationship (此处one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地点名词,但此处却用了where来引导,where在这里表示“在这样的感情关系下”。从定语从句的结构来看,定语从句不缺主语和宾语,引导词where在从句中充当的是状语。
2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low.
欺诈行为在这种情况下最有可能发生:利益重大,而且欺诈行为被发现的可能性小。
点评:句中的先行词是situations,表示“情形,情况”,引导词依然用的是where,表示“在这种情况之下”。这里的定语从句也是不缺主语或宾语的,where在从句中充当的是状语。
3. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
除非人类能够意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度——使地球能为所有人提供足够的食物,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
点评:这里的先行词是point,表示“某种程度,某种状况”,引导词where指代point,表示“在这种程度之下”。这里定语从句也是不缺主语和宾语的,where在从句中充当的仍然是状语。
从上面四个例句中,我们可以发现以下两点:第一,即使先行词不是表示地点的词,定语从句也能够使用关系副词where来引导;第二,上面三个例句中,where分别指代relationship、situation和point,分别表示“在……关系中”“在……情况下”“达到……程度”,这些词虽然不是表示地点的名词,但在从句中表达的是“某个点或状态”的含义。我们可以把这类名词解释成“含有抽象地点意义的名词”,此类词也能用关系副词where来进行引导。
先行词不表示地点时,如何判断是否使用Where引导定语从句
当先行词不是表示地点的名词时,该如何判断是否使用where引导定语从句呢?由上文给出的例句可知,含有抽象地点意义的名词能用关系副词where来引导,并且在每个例句的点评中笔者都反复强调“定语从句不缺主语和宾语,where在从句中充当的是状语”。由此,我们可以大胆地进行引申和归纳,提出“当先行词不表示地点时,使用where引导定语从句”的判断方法。首先,判断定语从句的结构:定语从句应该不缺少主语和宾语,而是缺少状语。其次,观察先行词:先行词是除了时间名词(在这种情况下会用when)和原因名词(在这种情况下会用why)以外的其他任何名词。第二个条件之所以成立,是因为定语从句中的状语成分一般就是由when、where和why等三个引导词来引导的。为了更深刻地理解这种判断方法,请看以下几个例句:
4. English is a “fixed-word-order”language where each phrase has a fixed position.
英语是一种“词序固定”的语言,这种语言的特点就是每个短语都有固定的位置。
点评:首先,我们来判断定语从句“each phrase has a fixed position”的结构:该从句并不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是fixed-word-order language, 它
既不表示时间,也不表示原因。由此可知,此处用where来指代先行词,表示“在‘词序固定’这样的语言中”。
5. At the Academy, Plato taught the students through the use of debates, where two or more people took different ideas of an argument.
在学院里,柏拉图采用的教学方法是组织辩论,在辩论中,两个或多个学生各持一方观点。
点评:首先,我们来判断定语从句“two or more people took different ideas of an argument”的句子结构:该从句不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是debates,它既不是时间名词,也不是原因名词。由此可知,此处应用where引导定语从句,表示“在辩论中”。
6. However, being enthusiastic isn’t for everyone and no one likes false enthusiasm, where a person pretends to be excited even about the most trivial points.
然而,热情并非适合每一个人,而且也没有人喜欢那种连区区小事都假装兴奋不已的虚假热情。
点评:首先,我们判断定语从句“a person pretends to be excited even about the most trivial points”的句子结构:该从句不缺少主语和宾语,但是缺少状语。其次,我们来看先行词:先行词是false enthusiasm,它既不是时间名词,也不是原因名词。因而,此处用where来引导定语从句,表示“在‘虚假的热情’这种状态下”。
通过对上面三个例句的点评,相信读者已经能够掌握在先行词不表示地点的情况下,如何判断是否使用where来引导定语从句了。此外,我们需要仔细体会例句中where指代先行词时所表达的含义,分别是“在……样的语言中”“在……中”“在……样的状态下”,这些含义与第一节所举的例子类似,都带有抽象的地点意义。
因而,我们在日后的学习和考试中应当谨记:用where引导的定语从句,先行词不一定是表示地点的名词,因为先行词也可能是含有抽象地点意义的名词。由此,我们需要对上一期中所讨论的“先行词是表示地点的名词”与“用where引导定语从句”的关系进行修正,修正后的图示如下:
stage作先行词引发的问题和探讨
不久前，下面这道题引发了我们对stage作先行词之后的定语从句引导词的问题以及其它类似定于从句的探讨，
先看一道题:
the conflict had developed into a stage ______ the two countries were gathering big troops on the border.
（2009学年第二学期浙东北（zdb）三校期中联考高二英语试卷（2010.05））
a. where
b. when
c. which
d. that
本题到底是选a还是选b？关键问题在于对先行词stage的理解，根据《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第七版）简作（oald）的解析：stage: a period of state that sb./sth. passes through while
developing or making progress. 既可以理解为事件“(进展或进展的)阶段，状态”; 又可以理解为“时期”。而上题中作“阶段”或“时期”都理解的通。
再看stage的用法;
*stage名词n. [c]
1.舞台
some girls are dancing on the stage. 一些女孩在舞台上跳舞。
2.注意中心,活动舞台,场所
3.(进展的)阶段;时期
a caterpillar must pass through the cocoon stage to become a butterfly.
表示这些意思时，当stage作先行词后有定语从句时，。
例句：1.表地点: the stage where the girls are going to dance is in the gym.
2.表时期: the stage when he is preparing for his study is really important.
不同的叙述：
①当先行词为case，condition，situation，position，point，stage等名词，表示情况、方面、处境时用关系副词where.
②当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage 等名词时，表示情况、方面、处境时，用关系副词where.但先行词是occasion时，用关系副词when.
③当 situation, condition, stage, point，scenes 做先行词时，用 where 引导定语从句
④先行词通常是 time, day, season, age, occasion 等时间名词时其后的定语从句用when引导.事实上, 当先行词 occasion, point, stage等名词是表示时间节点的时候，其后的定语从句就用when引导，在从句中作时间状语. 例如：
1. i can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.（oald）
我记得他因健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语.
2.（2008·山东·26）occasions are quite rare ___________i have the time to spend a day with my kids.
a. who
b. which
c. why
d. when
答案选d。考查定语从句。此题关键是要根据句意判定是定语从句。句意为：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions 是先行词, 所选关系词在定语从句中要作时间状语, 故选d项
3. we had reached the point when there was no money. 我们那时已到了没有一分钱的时刻。point表示“某一阶段,关头”，所以其后用when 引导定语从句。
4. there comes a point in your life when you realize: who matters, who never did, who won't anymore
5. china is now at a stage of accelerated industrialization and urbanization when the contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection is particularly prominent.
中国目前正处于工业化和城市化加速发展的阶段,此时经济增长和环境保护之间的矛盾十分突出。source: hard times call for green economy/by hu shaowei (china daily 03/24/2010 page8)
但更多情况是：position，situation, stage, case等，作先行词时，其后的定语从句应用where 引导定语从句。如：
1.oxford dictionary online
more examples introducing a clause with 'when ' can be found but it is hard to find an example with 'where' after 'occasion'.
2.it is the same with longman dictionary
"under these conditions, where we see so much uncertainty with leadership succession, possible instability, we see no arms control, we see no confidence building measures, we see no disarmament, we see north korea refusing to return to the six-party talks, we see the sinking of the cheonan and potential clashes in the west sea around the northern limit line. so a lot of people are just saying this is just not the right time," pinkston said. voa news.
it is the same with ' situation'.
"it moves from a situation where only those items on the permitted list can come into gaza to a situation where things come into gaza as a matter of course unless they are on the prohibited list. it allows us to facilitate the united nations projects for reconstruction in things like schools and hospital and water sanitation and so on." bbc news新闻20100621
3.we were put in a position in which(=where) we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government.(人教版新课标高中英语必修1 line25.p34)
我们被置于这样一种境地，或者是被迫承认我们低人一等，或者是与政府作斗争。
这是一个主从复合句，in which引导定语从句，修饰先行词position。
4. can you think of a situation where you once felt embarrassed?
你能设想起你曾经有过感到很窘迫的场合吗?
5.he is the boss of the restaurant where （= in which）we often have lunch.
6. the last thirty years have seen the greatest number of laws stopping our rights and progress until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.
(人教版新课标高中英语必修1 line19-20 p34)
注意：近年来高考对关系副词where的考查趋于复杂化，从先行词为明显的“地点”发展为“模糊的地点化”。事实上，当先行词表示某事物发展的某个situation“情景”、stage“阶段”或某种程度时都可以用where引导定语从句。所以文章开头那道题答案为a.
更多的列子如：
1.（2009·福建·24）it’s helpful to put children in a situation ________they can see themselves differently.
a. that
b. when
c. which
d. where
2.（2009·浙江14）i have reached a point in my life _______i am supposed to make decisions of my own.
a. which
b. where
c. how
d. why
3. an iraqi reporter during a news conference ________threw his shoes at bush and called him a dog in arabic shocked the world.
a. who
b. where
c. whom
d. which
1.【解析】选d。考查定语从句。句意为：把孩子放在一个能使他们从另外一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示“情况, 方面, 处境”时, 关系副词用where。
2. 【解析】选b。考查定语从句。句意为：我已经到了应该自己作决定的那个人生阶段。先行词point和定语从句被介词短语in my life隔开。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表示“情况、方面、处境”时, 定语从句用关系副词where引导。how不能用来引导定语从句; which在定语从句中作主语或宾语; why引导定语从句时先行词应为reason; 因此可排除选项a、c和d。
3. 【解析】选d。考查定语从句。此题关键是要根据句意判定是定语从句。句意为：我有时间和孩子们一起度过一天的机会很少。occasions 是先行词, 所选关系词在定语从句中要作
时间状语, 故选d项。
类似的还有如：
4.those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity ____sight matters more than heari ng.
a. when
b. whose
c. which
d. where
这道题中的 activity 做地点状语。选d
4.【解析】选d：本题考查对定语从句的掌握和运用能力。句意为“那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。”据句子结构判断，空白处缺一引导定语从句的关联词，由于先行词activity在从句中担任地点状语故应该选择关系副词where，因此正确答案为d项。
所以大部分的语法解析中提到当situation stage case point这四个词在定语从句中作先行词表示抽象的地点时,其后的定语从句的引导词一般用where
例如：
1. the media can draw attention to situation where help is needed.
2. we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights.
3. today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of english fail to use the language properly.
4. we are just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
5. their youngest child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences.
练习：用适当的关系副词填空
1. today, we’ll discuss a number of cases________ beginners of english fail to use the language properly.
a．which b．as c．why d．where
2. those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity_______ sight matters more than hearing.
a．when b．whose c．which d．where
3. after graduation she reached a point in her career_______ she needed to decide what to do. a．that b．what c．which d．where
4. can you think out a situation _______ this word can be used?
a．where b．whose c．which d．when
5. her illness has developed to the point _______ nobody can cure her.
a．that b．where c．which d．what
6. we're just trying to reaching a point _________ both sides will sit down together and talk.
a. when
b. that
c. where
d. which
答案及解释：
1. 答案d。解析：考查定语从句。先行词是cases，意思是：情况，状态，关系词在从句中作状语，先行词指地点，用where。
2. 答案d。解析：考查的是定语从句。dancing is an activity后面是一个定语从句，修饰an activity，在定语从句中缺少状语，所以用where或in which。
3. 答案d。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation等时，通常用关系副词where引导。
4. 答案a。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation 等时，通常用关系副词where引导.你能设想出这个单词被使用的场合吗?
5. 答案b。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation 等时，通常用关系副词where引导. 她的病发展到没人能治的地步。
6.答案c。解析：本题考查定语从句的引导词。在定语从句中，当先行词为point, case, situation 等时，通常用关系副词where引导.
定语从句中的“异度空间”
作者:王晓玲郭多海
纵观近年来全国各省市高考题，我们不难发现，定语从句一直是高考英语考查的重点、难点和热点。其中由where引导的定语从句这一知识点在每年各地的高考英语试卷中都占有一定比重。然而，很多同学只是根据先行词的词义做判断，若先行词是明确表示地点的名词，就下意识地选用关系副词where；若不是则会有些不知所措，分析失误，从而导致失分。下面笔者就从一些高考题入手，来解析定语从句中的“异度空间”。
例1 A bank is the place_________they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain. （2011浙江卷）
A. when
B. that
C. where
D. there
解析C 主句为主系表结构，先行词place是表示具体地点的名词，被定语从句修饰。定语从句主、谓、宾齐全，故排除that；there不能引导定语从句，也应排除；句末when it begins to rain充当从句时间状语，可排除关系副词when；从修饰关系看，定语从句缺少地点状语，因此用关系副词where或in which来引导。
例2 —Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut？
—You should try the barber’s_________
I go. It’s only 15. （2010天津卷）
A. as
B. which
C. where
D. that
解析C 句中I go是定语从句，修饰先行词the barber’s 。the barber’s = the barber’s house 是表具体地点的名词，且从句不缺少主语和宾语，可排除which和that；但不及物动词go后缺少地点状语，所以排除选项中的关系代词as。故应选择关系副词where在从句中作状语。
一般情况下，关系副词where引导定语从句时，其先行词多为表示具体地点的名词或代词，如street，house，office，family等，且关系词又在从句中充当地点状语。值得注意的是，有的先行词虽不是表地点的名词，但定语从句同样用关系副词where来引导。如：例3 It’s helpful to put children in a situation
_________they can see themselves differently. （2009福建卷）
A. that
B. when
C. which
D. where
解析D 本句中，定语从句they can see themselves differently修饰先行词situation。situation并不是表示具体地点的名词，译作“环境，境遇”，却是用于表示地点的抽象名词，且在从句中充当地点状语，意为“在……的情况下”，可以排除A、B、C，故应选关系副词
where。考生往往会因不能辨识出situation的准确含义而误选其他选项。
像例3这种情况很多，并成为了近年来高考的一个难点，本文就此进行了一些总结。
一、一些抽象地点的名词后的定语从句常用关系副词where引导
近些年高考试题考查where/in which引导的定语从句，大多数采用先行词为抽象名词或用表示地点名词的特殊形式，以此增加考题的难度。这样的名词常见的有：point，“达到……程度”；case，“在……情形之下”；activity，“在……活动范围中”；situation，“在……境地”；position，“在……情况下或在……境地”；relationship，“在……关系中”等等。另外，还要注意下面一些词汇：condition，“在……状况中”；environment，“在……环境中”；atmosphere，“在……氛围中”；surroundings，“在……环境中”等。
例4 We’re just trying to reach a point_________
both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山东卷）
A. where
B. that
C. when
D. which
解析A 先行词为point，可译作“目标，目的”，属表地点的抽象名词，从句中不缺少成分，可排除B、D两项。定语从句可还原为both sides will sit down together and talk at the point，point在从句中作地点状语，又可排除when，故应选关系副词where。
例5 —What do you think of teaching，Bob？
—I find it fun and challenging. It is a job_________you are doing something serious but interesting. （2009北京卷）
A. where
B. which
C. when
D. that
解析A 从句中先行词为job，表示抽象地点，又因为从句中缺少地点状语，故用关系副词where引导定语从句。很多考生往往单纯地认为先行词job在从句中作宾语，而误选B、D两项。
例6 Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity_________sight matters more than hearing. （2007天津卷）
A. when
B. whose
C. which
D. where
解析D 先行词为activity，属表示地点的抽象名词，而从句中的谓语动词matter为不及物动词，不需要宾语，由此可以排除B、C。将从句还原应为sight matters more than hearing in the activity可知从句缺少地点状语，故应选关系副词where。
上述例句中，定语从句的先行词不是明确表示地点的名词，而是表示抽象地点，从句也用关系副词where引导。考生只要记住上面所列的典型名词，具体情况具体分析，就不难作出正确的判断。
二、判断是否使用where来引导定语从句
在先行词不是明确地点的情况下，如何判断是否使用where来引导定语从句呢？由上文给出的例句可知，含有抽象地点意义的名词为先行词时，定语从句要用关系副词where或“介词+which”来引导，并且在每个例句中当定语从句不缺主语和宾语时，where在从句中充当的是状语。因此，当先行词表示抽象空间时，是否使用关系副词where引导定语从句可这样判断：
1. 首先，判断定语从句的结构：定语从句应该不缺少主语和宾语，而是缺少状语。验证的方法很简单，即将先行词代入从句加以还原，看先行词在从句中是否充当地点状语，如果是则选where。
2. 其次，观察先行词：先行词是除了时间名词（在这种情况下会用when）和原因名词
（在这种情况下会用why）以外的其他任何名词。这个判断之所以成立，是因为关系词在从句中作状语时，定语从句一般就是由关系副词when、where或why来引导。
例7 Because of the financial crisis，days are gone_________local 5-star hotels charged 6，000 yuan for one night. （2009江苏卷）
A. if
B. when
C. which
D. since
解析B 句中先行词为days，将先行词代入从句还原为“Local 5-star hotels charged 6，000 yuan for one night in the days”。很明显，先行词在定语从句中充当时间状语，就可以排除C，而if和since不能引导定语从句，要排除在外，故选B。
再如：
English is a“fixed-word-order”language where each phrase has a fixed position.
句意是：英语是一种“词序固定”的语言，这种语言的特点就是每个短语都有固定的位置。
首先，我们来判断定语从句“each phrase has a fixed position”的结构：该从句并不缺少主语和宾语，而是缺少状语。其次，我们来看先行词a “fixed-word-order”language，它既不表示时间，也不表示原因，但表示抽象的空间。由此可知，此处用where来指代先行词，表示“在‘词序固定’这样的语言中”。
可见，用关系副词where引导定语从句时，先行词可以是表示具体地点的名词，也可能是含有抽象地点意义的名词，考生只要按上述方法准确分析定语从句，就不难选出正确答案。
先行词是situation，但引导词不是where而是when的
给你一个先行词是situation，但引导词不是where而是when的，来自新目标9年级第11单元93面的一个题目：
Look at the requests in the left-hand column, then a) describe a situation when the request would be suitable as it is, and b) make the request more polite
Where引导定语从句，先行词不一定都表示地点 1. We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly. A.which B.as C.why D.where 2.He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car. A.which B.as C.why D.where 两道题都选where ，但是case, situation 都不是地点，如何理解？ 在“先行词不是表示地点的名词”的前提下，如何判断是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题是一个高频考点。就是说，关系副词where所指代的先行词不只是表示地点的名词。 用Where引导定语从句，先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解，当where引导定语从句时，它的先行词就是表示地点的名词，但事实并不是我
们想象的那么简单。很多情况下，where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请看以下几个例句： 1. Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other. 请记住，最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。 点评：这里where引导的定语从句修饰先行词one，也就是relationship (此处one指代的是relationship)。Relationship不是地点名词，但此处却用了where来引导，where在这里表示“在这样的感情关系下”。从定语从句的结构来看，定语从句不缺主语和宾语，引导词where在从句中充当的是状语。 2. Cheating is most likely in situations where the vital interests are high and the chances of getting caught are low. 欺诈行为在这种情况下最有可能发生：利益重大， 而且欺诈行为被发现的可能性小。
定语从句中只用that不用as的情况 【观察】 1. Is there anything（that） I can do for you in town? 2. All the books that have selected are useful ones. 3. The first thing（that） we should do is to work out the plan. 4. This is one of the most exciting table tennis games that I have ever seen. 5. The last place that we visited in the countryside was a farm. 6. They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school. 7. Who that has seen the film doesn’t like it? 8. I’ll never forget the Sunday（that） my baby was born. 9. This is the way that my father did this work. 【归纳】限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的几种情况： 1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing （something 除外）, all, none, few, little, some 等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。如：Have you set down everything that Mr Li said? There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing. All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如： The first American movie that I watched was the Titanic. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如： This is the best museum that I have visited all my life. 4. 当先行词被the very, the only, the first / last等修饰时。如： She is the only person that understands me. After the big fire, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用关系代词who。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如： Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd? Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in? 6. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如： Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 7. 当先行词是reason, way（方法）等词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。如： She admired the way （that） they solved the questions. 【歌诀】从句前有“不定式”， 先行词前有only, when， some, any, the very在， 或有“高”、“序”去替代， 只用that来安排。 【小试】用适当的关系词完成下列句子。 1. The only book I want to read is missing.
英语中的常见六大疑问词的用法 who whose where when what how 这六个词的常见用法（指的是一般情况下的用法，除特殊外） 1.回答中有“物”，就用来提问; 2.回答中有“地方，地点”，就用where来提问 3.回答中有“方式，方法”，就用how来提问 4.回答中有“人”，就用who来提问 5.回答中有“人的所有格”，就用whose来提问 6.回答中有“时间”，就用when来提问 以上这六种里最简单的为第四个。就刚才所说六点现在举例说明如下： # 1. (What) are you going to take 2. (Where) are you from Sandwiches,milk and cakes. I am from New York. 3. (How) did you get there 4. (Who)is going to help me I got there by train . Mike. 5. (Whose) bag is this 6. (When) are you going to watch TV Mike's bag is this. At eight o'clock. 英语疑问词用法总结 句子是英语学习的核心。从句子使用的目的来分，它可分为四类1、陈述句（肯定句和否定句）2、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和选择疑问句）3、祈使句（肯定句和否定句）4、感叹句。四大句子类型的相互转换，对于学生来讲是个难点，为此，可通过说顺口留的形式来帮助学生解决这一难题。如：将陈述句变成一般疑问句，可以变成这样的顺口留：疑问疑问调个头，把be(系动词“is are am”)放在最前头。又如：将陈述句
一．特殊疑问词的用法 1.what 表示‘什么’的意思 例：My favourite fruit is peach.（对划线部分提问） What’s your favourite fruit(你最喜欢的水果是什么) 表示‘何时’ She goes to work at 7:oo.（对划线部分提问）（她7点去上班） When does your mother go to work（你妈妈几点去上班） 3.How如何，怎样 I go to school by bike.（对划线部分提问）（我骑自行车上学） How do you go to school（你怎样去上学） 4.where哪里 He lives in Baoding.（对划线部分提问）（他住在保定） Where does he live（他住在哪里） 5.Why为什么 Why are you late（你为什么迟到了） Because my bike is broken. （因为我自行车坏了） 注意：要根据句意去选择正确的疑问词。 二．注意乐器前加the,球类前不加the 例：play the piano Play the guitar Play basketball Play football 三．注意过去式的表达 一般情况下，在动词后面加ed do的过去式did，（don’t-didn’t） 句型： I watched Tv yesterday evening.(变成否定) I didn't watch TV yesterday evening. 注意：变为否定以后，didn't已经体现出来了过去事态，所以之后的动词watch不用再用过去式watched，而用原形 同样现在时态也是一样 例：He goes to school by bike.(变成否定) He doesn’t go to school by bike. 看Unit4练习题第二题第四小题，第四题第2小题，第五题第2，3，5小题，第七题第3小题 四．tomorrow明天 Yesterday昨天today今天now现在 例句： I’m going to the park now.（现在） I watched a movie yesterday.（过去） I will go to Beijing tomorrow.(将来)
定语从句整理 定语从句分为限定性和非限定性 1.定语从句修饰先行词 2.关系代词：that, who, whom, whose, which, as 关系副词：where, when, why 3.关系词在句中的作用1. 引导定语从句 2. 代替先行词3.在定语从句中担当一个成分 4.关系代词在从句中做主语或者宾语； 5.关系副词做状语，相当于：介词+which。 when是时间状语，where是地点状语，一些特殊先行词后面也用where，比如 point, situation, part, condition,case 表示到了某种地步，某种程度也用where. * where和when都可以换成介词+which，但是不是所有介词+which都可以换成where或者when。 *不是所有介词都可以放在which或者whom前面，一些动词短语比如：look for, look after，take care of turn in, pay attention to, depend on, listen to就不能拆开使用，且介词后面不能用who或者that 关于关系词的省略 1)who, whom, that, which, 做宾语时可省。 2)that做表语可省 be动词后 3)that做宾补可省 4)*关系副词when在time, year, day后面可省，也可换成that,但不 普遍 5)*关系副词where在place, 和anywhere, somewhere这种--where 的后面时候可以省略，也可换成that但不普遍 6)*关系副词why放在the reason后面，即可换成 for which, that 又可省略，此较普遍。但放在a reason后面可省，但貌似不可以换成that 7)the way后面可以用in which, that 也可省略 关于that 可以用that的情况； that 在定语从句中的功能非常多 1.可以代词关系代词 who, whom, which, 既可以做主语又可以做宾语，做宾语时可以省略；限从中可以说遇到关系代词就可以换成that， whose除外，因为whose的名词所有格（。。。的）whose= of which 2.关系副词why修饰the reason可换成that,也可省。 Notice:见到the reason不一定非要选why, 做宾语时候选which/that, 也可省。 3.that在某些特殊情况下代替 where， when但不普遍。 4.the way后面可以用in which, that 也可省略 必须用that的情况 (做宾语依旧可省） 1.先行词是不定代词 everything, anything, nothing, 等不定代词 *不含something 2.先行词被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等限定词修饰 3.先行词被序数词修饰 the first, the second..... 4.先行词被最高级修饰 the best, the most 5.先行词被the very, the most修饰时
训练13定语从句先行词特殊的用法 定语从句是高中英语教学的重点、难点，又是高考考查的热点。仔细研究近年各地高考试题，不难发现命题者往往借助于定语从句先行词的特殊用法，巧妙考查考生在特定语境中对定语从句关系词的选择。现举数例分析如下： 1.(2006山东)We’re just trying to reach a point_______both sides wi ll sit down together and talk. A. where B. that C. when D. which 【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词是point，此处表示抽象地点且在定语从句中作地点状语，因此应填where。如果考生只知道point表示“点、分数”，不熟悉其可以表示抽象地点，极易造成误选。 2.(2005上海)If a shop has chairs_______women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop. A. that B. which C. when D. where 【解析】本题的先行词并不是我们常见的表示地点的名词（如place, room, house, street, area），而是chairs。命题者正是通过这一点迷惑考生，使考生误选that或which。本题的句意是：“商店如果有椅子，女士们可以让男士们坐在椅子上”，即women can park their men in/on the chairs,所选关系词在定语从句中应该作地点状语，故选D。 3.(2004湖南)I work in a business______almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. A. how B. which C. where D. that 【解析】先行词是表地点的a business（商业机构，公司），从句中的谓语动词is waiting for后有宾语 a great chance，所以需要填where或in which，故选C。 4.(2003上海)I can think of many cases_______students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but c ouldn’t write a good essay. A. why B. which C. as D. where 【解析】本题中的先行词是表示抽象地点的cases（实例，情况），定语从句中不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where或in which，故选D。 5.(2003北京春季)We are living in an age_______many things are done on computer. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 【解析】本题的先行词是an age，表示“时代、年代”，从句是被动语态，句子结构是完整的，故选D。 6.(2005广东)Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes________people were eaten by the tiger. A. in which B. by which C. which D. that 【解析】本题的先行词是scenes，表示“场景”的意思。句意为“在那些场景中，人被老虎吃掉”，即in the scenes people were eaten by the tiger，故选A。 7.（2004全国II）There were dirty marks on her trousers_____she had wiped her hands. A. where B. which C. when D. that 【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词是trousers，从句缺少状语，不缺主语和宾语，所以用关系副词引导定语从句。句意为“在她擦手的裤子上有污迹”。 8.(2001上海)He has got himself into a dangerous situation________he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 【解析】答案为A。本题的先行词为situation，意为“境况”，从句中不缺主语或宾语，用关系副词where引导定语从句。句意为“他陷入飞机很可能失去控制的危险境地”。 由此可见，考生做这类单选试题时应该注意的是：表面上备选项都有that或which，但实际上都要填
疑问词意义用法例句 what什么用来问是什么，叫什么，做什 么等 1. What’s your name? 你叫什么名 字？2.What’s your father?你爸爸 是干什么的？3.what is in your box? 你的盒子里是什么？ What time什么时间用来问时间What time is it? 几点了？What time is it now? 现在几点了？ What colour什么颜色用来问颜色1.waht colour is your bag? 你的书包是什么颜色？2.what colour is your book?你的书本是什么颜色？ What about怎么样用来征求意见或询问感受等， 大多用于承接上面的同样问题 1.what bout this pair of shoes? 这双鞋子怎么样？2.what about you? 你呢？3.what about your dad? 你爸爸呢？ What day星期几用来问星期几1.what day is it today? 今天星期几？2. what day was yesterday? 昨 天星期几？ What date什么日期问具体的日期1．What’s the date today? 今天是几号？2. what date is tomorrow? 明天是几号？ What …for为何目的用来问目的，在一定情况下只 可以与why互换 What did you buy that for? 你为 什么要买那个？ when什么时候用来问时间1.when do you get up?你什么时候起床？2. when did you go there? 你什么时候去的那里？ where哪里用来问地点1. where is my ruler? 我的尺子在哪里？2.where are you from? 你是哪里人？3. where are you going to ? 你打算去哪里？ which哪一个用来问具体的哪一个1. which season do you like best?你最喜欢哪个季节？2.which class are you in?你在哪一个班？3.which one is my pen？哪一个是我的钢笔？ who谁用来问人物是谁1.who is that boy?那个男孩是谁？ 2. who are you going to with? 你打算和谁一起去？ 3. Who is that pretty lady?那个漂亮的女士是谁？ whose谁的用来问东西是谁的 1. whose bag is this? 这是谁的包？ 2.whose bike is yellow? 谁的自行车是黄色的？
一 先行词指物的特殊情况： 一．必须用that的情况： 1. 先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰时， eg. This is the first job that I have taken up. This is the most interesting novel that I have ever read. 2. 先行词是不定代词,something somebody nothing anything 等或是all little much 时， eg. There is something that I want to tell you. 3. 先行词被all/ any/ every/ each/ few /little/ no/ some/ much/ only/ none/ both/ either/ neither 等修饰时， eg. I have read all the books that you lent me. 4. 先行词被the only, the last, the very…修饰时, eg. This is the only method we can use. 5. 先行词又有人又有物时， eg. They talked about things and persons that they know in the school. 6. 主句以who 或which开头时， eg. Who is the old man that speak to you just now ? 二、修饰物时只用which不用that的情况 1，引导非限制性定语从句时。例如： Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。2，当关系词前有介词时。例如： This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。 3，在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。例如： Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us.我来给你看我从新开的图书馆里借来的那本小说。 4、当关系代词后面有插入语时。例如： Here is the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.这就是我跟你说过的会有助于你学好英语的那本英语语法书。5、先行词为that时。例如： The clock is that which can tell us the time.钟是报时的装置。 三、修饰人时只用who不用that的情况 1、先行词为one, ones, anyone, those指代人时。如： The person I want to learn from is one who studies hard and works well.我最羡慕的是学习勤奋，工作出色的人。
先行词 先行词是定语从句的引导词前面的名词.在定语从句中充当一定的成分. 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 我们可以这样认为, 之所以称它为先行词, 是因为修饰它的定语从句总是放在它之后, 先行词总是出现在定语从句之前, 而不同于普通形容词修饰名词时, 形容词位于名词之前。 This is the book which I am looking for.中的book是先行词,which是引导词. He is Mr. Robertson who comes from England. 中的Mr. Robertson.是先行词,who是引导词. 简单的说，就是和修饰宾语的词或从句，词就是先行词 一、先行词与关系词 A．什么是先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。我们可以这样认为, 之所以称它为先行词, 是因为修饰它的定语从句总是放在它之后, 先行词总是出现在定语从句之前, 而不同于普通形容词修饰名词时, 形容词位于名词之前。 Don’t forget the book that I told you to bring. （the book为先行词）别忘了把我让你带的书带过来。 B．先行词与关系词的关系 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词。关系词根据其在定语从句中的功能可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。 含有定语从句的句子一般分为两层：即主句层（第一层）, 定语从句层（第二层）。 C．先行词与关系词的种类 1. 常见的关系代词 2.常见的关系副词 二、限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句 根据定语从句与先行词间关系的紧密程度, 我们将定语从句分为限定性 定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 A.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句, 用来修饰和限定先行词, 与先行词间的关系非常密切, 它所修饰的先行词代表一个（些）或一类特写的人或物, 从句用来说明先行词的性质、身份、特征等状况, 如果去掉, 则意思含混不清。
特殊疑问词的用法
特殊疑问词的用法
意思 用法 例句
who 谁 问 人 的 He
is
LiLie
身份，姓 Who is he ?
名等 He is my brother.
Who is he ?
whom 谁 问 人 的 I can ask him the
身份，姓 question.
名 等 ( 问 宾 Whom can you ask
语）
the question?
what 什么 问 人 的 He is a worker.
职 业 或 What is he?
事 物 是 He has a book.
什么 What does he have ?
which 哪一 问 一 定 The big box is mine.
个 范 围 内 Which box is yours? 特 指 的 The girl at the door is Ann. Which girl is Ann?
人或物
2
whose 谁的 问 所 属 This is her book. 关系 Whose book is this ?
This book is hers.
Whose is this book?
what 什么 问 颜 色 My skirt is red. What color 颜色 （表语）color is your skirt?
What 几点 问 点 时 We play games at five
time
间
in the afternoon ?
What time do you
play games?
when 什么 问时间 We play games in the
时候
afternoon ?
When do you play
games?
where 什么 问 地 点 We play games at 地方 （状语）home on Sunday ?
Where do you play
games on Sunday?
3
2018.1.23 特殊疑问词 特殊疑问词的用法：what用来询问东西，when用来询问时间，where用来询问地点，who 用来询问人，whose 用来询问某人的东西。这些疑问词在特殊疑问句中都放在句首，后接 1. A: _______ is the boy in blue? B: He’s Mike. 2. A: _______ wallet is it? B: It’s mine. 3. A: _______ is the diary? B: It’s under the chair. 4. A: _______ is the Christmas Day? B: It’s on the 25th of December. 5. A: _______ are the earphones? B: They are 25 yuan. 6. A: _______ is the hairdryer? B: It’s blue. 7. A: _______ is it today? B: t’s Sunday. 8. A: _______ was it yesterday? B: It was the 13th of October. 9. A: _______ this red one? B: It’s beautiful. 10. A: _______ is it from here? B: It’s about two kilometre away. 11. A: Can I have some paper and some crayons? B: _______? A: I want to make a kite. 12. A: _______ one is fatter, the blue one or the red one? B: The blue one. 13. A: _______ is your cousin? B: He’s 15 years old. 14. A: _______ do you have dinner? B: At 6 o’clock
定语从句中的特殊用法 定语从句是起定语作用的,修饰,说明名词,代词或句子内容的从句,被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。引导定语从句，并在句中担任成分的词叫做关系代词或关系副词。定语从句是高考常考内容之一，使用时要尤其注意以下十种特殊用法。 一、只用that不用which的情况 1、当先行词是all, little, few, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时。如：Everything that happened then was like a nightmare.当时发生的一切就像是一场噩梦。 I will tell him all that you told me at the ball.我要把你在舞会上跟我说的话全都告诉他。 2、当先行词被only, any, few, little, no, all, just, very（恰好的,表示强调）等词修饰时。例如：The only thing that we could do was to wait.我们能做的只是等待。 That’s the very thing that we can do.那正是我们能做的事。 3、当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：The first place that we visited was the Great Wall.我们参观的第一个地方是长城。 This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我看过的最好的小说。 4、被修饰词为数词时。例如： Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water. Now you can see the two that are still alive. 昨天我捉到了两条鱼，把它们放在一盆水里。你可以看到那两条鱼还活着呢。 5、主句是There be结构，修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词修饰物。例句：There’s still a room that is free.还有一个空房间。 6、先行词中同时包括人和物时。例如： We talked about the people and the villages that we remembered.我们谈论了我们记得的人和村子。 He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.他问起他去过的这几家工厂和工人的情况。 7、当主句中有who, which时，而定语从句中也要用到who或which时，为了避免who…who,which…which等重叠，定语从句要用that引导。例如： Who is the man that is standing by the door? 站在门边的那个男人是谁？ Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? 你养的那两头奶牛中哪一个产奶多？ 8、人或物在定语从句中表语时，用that引导定语从句，而that通常也可以省略。例如： He is no longer the man that he was.他不再是过去的他。 二、修饰物时只用which不用that的情况 1、引导非限制性定语从句时。例如： Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.竹子是空心的，这使得他很轻。 2、当关系词前有介词时。例如： This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.这就是毛主席曾经住过的地方。 3、在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that, 另一个宜用which。
常见特殊疑问词的用法 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
猿辅导期中复习资料—特殊疑问词 How的疑问句辨析 1、how many
对there be句型中主语的数量提问时,如果主语是可数名词,不管主语是单数还是复数一般都用复数形式提问。即用How many+可数名词复数+are there+地点/时间状语的句型结构 如: There is a pen on the desk. (用how many改为特殊疑问句) How many pens are there on the desk 2、how much （1）用来询问事物的数量，后接不可数名词 例如：How much water is there in the cup杯里有多少水 （2）用来询问事物的重量 例如：－How much does the pig weigh这头猪多重 （3）how much 意为“多少钱”时，用来询问某物的价钱、价格。 例如：－How much is the book这本书多少钱 3、how long （1）表示多长时间，主要用来对一段时间提问 如：A：How long did he live here 他在这儿住了多久 B：About two years. 大约两年。 （2）表示某东西有多长，对长度提问。 如：A：How long is the ruler 这根尺子有多长 B：About 20 cm. 大约20厘米。 4、how soon 指再过多久，主要对表示将来的一段时间(如in an hour, in two weeks）提问 如：A：How soon will he be back 他要多久才回来 B：In an hour. 1 小时以后。
特殊定语从句用法 定语从句是修饰某一名词或代词的从句，起形容词的作用。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句在课本中已作详细讲解，不再赘述，这里主要谈其特殊用法 一、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。例如 ⒈The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 ⒉Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 ⒊This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 ⒋We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. 我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。 ⒌The manager whose company I work in pays much attention to improving our working conditions. The manager in whose company I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions 我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 【注意】①含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。例如： ⅰThis is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误) ⅱThe babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正)那个 保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误） ②若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。例如 ⅰThe man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正)你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是 我的邻居。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) ⅱThe plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。 The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误) ③“介词+关系代词”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： ⅰHe loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。 ⅱIn the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。
定语从句之先行词 综合练习 一、句子翻译（本大题共4小题，共8.0分） 1.分析再翻译：看下面的句子，分别找出各句的先行词和关系代词，并指出引导词在句子中作什么成分，然后将句子译成汉语 (1)This is the stranger who helped us yesterday. 先行词：________；关系代词：________；关系代词在从句中作 ________。 译文： ______________________________________________________________________ (2)The boy whom the teacher often praises is their monitor. 先行词：________；关系代词：________；关系代词在从句中作 ________。 译文： ______________________________________________________________________ (3)Fruit trees which once grew only in China can be found in many parts of the world. 先行词：________；关系代词：________；关系代词在从句中作 ________。 译文： ______________________________________________________________________ (4)The gold medal which she won has been given to her old school. 先行词：________；关系代词：________；关系代词在从句中作 ________。 译文： ______________________________________________________________________ (5)The woman that I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal. 先行词：________；关系代词：________；关系代词在从句中作 ________。 译文： ______________________________________________________________________ 1