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微机原理复习范围2017

微机原理复习范围2017
微机原理复习范围2017

1. 伪指令DUP的用法 BUFFER DB 5 DUP(2 DUP(2,0),5,8)P66

2 0 2 0 5 8

2 0 2 0 5 8

2 0 2 0 5 8

2 0 2 0 5 8

2 0 2 0 5 8

2.引脚RD、M/IO、WR、MN/MX、BHE、READY,INTR,NMI的作用。P156

BHE:高字节允许/状态分时复用引脚,三态输出信号

输出低有效表示传送高字节数据,状态信号

M/IO:访问存储器或者I/O,三态、输出、高低电平均有效

高电平(M),表示处理器访问存储器

低电平时(IO*),表示处理器访问I/O端口

WR:写控制,三态、输出、低电平有效

有效时,表示处理器正将数据写到存储单元或I/O端口

RD:读控制,三态、输出、低电平有效

有效时,表示处理器正从存储单元或I/O端口读取数据

READY:输入信号,高电平有效表示可以进行数据读写

利用该信号无效请求处理器等待数据

处理器在进行读写前检测READY引脚

INTR:可屏蔽中断请求,高电平有效的输入信号

有效时,表示中断请求设备向处理器申请可屏蔽中断

中断IF标志对该中断请求进行屏蔽

主要用于实现外设数据交换的中断服务

NMI:不可屏蔽中断请求,上升沿有效的输入信号

有效时,表示外界向CPU申请不可屏蔽中断

中断级别高于可屏蔽中断请求INTR

常用于处理系统发生故障等紧急情况下的中断服务

MN/MX:组态选择输入,低电平控制8086处理器为最小组态,高电平控制8086处理器为最大组态

3.PUSH ,POP 指令PUSH AX, POP BX等SP的变化。P74

SP-2 SP+2

4.位测试指令TEST,AND,CMP的区别,对标志位的影响。P89 P87 P83

CMP将目的操作数减去源操作数,差值不回送目的操作数

AND按位进行逻辑与,结果返回目的操作数

TEST按位进行逻辑与运算,不返回逻辑与结果

CMP按定义影响全部状态标志位

AND 设置CF=OF=0

影响SF,ZF和PF

TEST设置CF=OF=0

影响SF,ZF和PF

5.IN,OUT指令时,寄存器和数据线,地址总线的对应关系。

OUT DX,AL 数据从微处理器输出I/O接口

DX寄存器的内容送到地址总线上,AL寄存器的内容送到数据总线上

IN AL,DX 数据从I/O接口输入到微处理器

数据总线将提供给CPU的数据送到AL寄存器,地址总线存入DX中

6. 查询,中断, DMA传送数据效率对比。P224

7.8259A 内部中断请求寄存器,中断服务寄存器,中断屏蔽寄存器的作用。P237中断请求寄存器IRR

保存8条外界中断请求信号IR0~IR7的请求状态

Di位为1表示IRi引脚有中断请求

中断服务寄存器ISR

保存正在被8259A服务的中断状态

Di位为1表示IRi中断正在服务中

中断屏蔽寄存器IMR

保存对中断请求信号IR的屏蔽状态

Di位为1表示IRi中断被屏蔽(禁止)

8,计算机五大组成部分,运算器,控制器,存储器,输入设备,输出设备,运算器

和控制器是核心,合成CPU。

9.标志寄存器中控制标志和状态标志有哪些?P31

状态标志:

CF:进位标志

PF:奇偶标志

AF:调整标志反应加减运算时最低半子节有无进位或借位

ZF:零标志

SF:符号标志

OF:溢出标志

控制标志:

方向标志DF

仅用于串操作指令,控制地址的变化方向

设置DF=0,每次串操作后的存储器地址就自动增加,即从低地址向高地址处理数据串

设置DF=1,每次串操作后的存储器地址就自动减少,即从高地址向低地址处理数据串

10.占用总线进行数据传输,一般需要经过总线请求和仲裁,寻址,数据传送

和结束4个阶段。P152

11.8086总线周期状态组成,主频和T周期的关系。P159

写总线周期

T1状态

输出20位存储器地址A19~A0

M/IO*输出高电平,表示存储器操作

或者M/IO*输出低电平,表示I/O操作

ALE输出正脉冲,表示复用总线输出地址T2状态

输出控制信号WR*和数据D15~D0

T3状态

检测数据传送是否能够完成

T4状态

完成数据传送

具有一个Tw的存储器写总线周期时序

读总线周期

T1状态

输出20位存储器地址A19~A0

M/IO*输出高电平,表示存储器操作

或者M/IO*输出低电平,表示I/O操作

ALE输出正脉冲,表示复用总线输出地址

T2状态

输出控制信号RD*,存储器或I/O端口发送数据T3状态和Tw状态

检测数据传送是否能够完成

T4状态

获取数据,完成传送

主频和T周期的关系

主频=1/T周期

12. 16位实地址方式的地址转换P37

逻辑地址=段地址∶偏移地址

物理地址=段地址×16+偏移地址

假设(AX)= 1234H,(BP)= 0200H,(SI)= 0080H,(SS)= 3000H,XCHG AX,[BP+SI] 指令影响到哪个物理地址内存单元

0200h+0080h=0280h

30280H

程序代码段指针CS和IP的作用,复位地址。

代码段寄存器CS指示当前代码段的段基地址:

指令指针寄存器EIP指示当前代码段中指令的偏移地址

复位地址 CS=FFFFH IP=0000H

13.接口的作用,端口寄存器的功能,I/O端口的两种编址方式,8086I/O端口地址空间。P217

作用:

数据缓冲

匹配快速的处理器与相对慢速的外设的数据交换

缓冲:实现接口双方数据传输的速度匹配

信号变换

把信号相互转换为适合对方的形式

计算机直接处理的信号

数字量(0和1组成的信号编码)

开关量(只有两种状态的信号)

脉冲量(低脉冲信号,高脉冲信号)

数据寄存器

保存处理器与外设之间交换的数据

数据输入寄存器:保存从输入设备获取的数据,处理器选择合适的方式进行读取数据输出寄存器:保存处理器发往输出设备的数据,适时到达输出设备

状态寄存器

保存接口电路和外设当前的工作状态信息

控制寄存器

保存处理器控制接口电路和外设操作的有关信息

I/O端口与存储器地址独立编址

I/O端口单独编排地址,独立于存储器地址

优点:

I/O端口的地址空间独立

控制和地址译码电路相对简单

专门的I/O指令使程序清晰易读

缺点:

I/O指令没有存储器指令丰富

将I/O端口与存储器地址统一编排

优点:

不需要专门的I/O指令

I/O数据存取灵活

缺点:

占去部分存储器空间

程序不易阅读

8088 CPU最多能够管理64K个端口 A0--A15 地址从0000H ---- FFFFH 14.中断向量表的物理地址,和中断向量号的关系,地址存放格式。P235

物理地址00000H,对应向量号从0开始

依次每4个字节安排一个中断向量

含有16位段地址和16位偏移地址的逻辑地址

低字部分是偏移地址、高字部分是段地址

256个中断占用1KB区域,形成中断向量表

向量为N的中断服务程序地址要从物理地址=N*4取得

15.加减法指令对标志位的影响。P81

减法:除DEC不影响CF标志外

其他按定义影响全部状态标志位

加法:除INC不影响进位标志CF外

其他指令按定义影响全部状态标志位

16.十进制数显示程序设计,参考例4-16。P122

array dword 1234567890,-1234,0,1,...

writebuf byte 12 dup(0) ; 显示缓冲区

; 代码段

mov ecx,lengthof array

mov ebx,0

again: mov eax,array[ebx*4] ; EAX=入口参数call write ; 调用子程序,显示一个数据

call dispcrlf ; 换行以便显示下一个数据

inc ebx

dec ecx

jnz again

; 显示有符号十进制数的子程序

write proc ; EAX=入口参数

push ebx ; 保护寄存器

push ecx

push edx

mov ebx,offset writebuf ; EBX指向显示缓冲区

test eax,eax ; 判断数据是零、正数或负数

jnz write1 ; 不是零,跳转

mov byte ptr [ebx],'0' ; 是零,设置“0”

inc ebx

jmp write5 ; 转向显示

write1: jns write2 ; 是正数,跳转

mov byte ptr [ebx],'-' ; 是负数,设置负号

inc ebx

neg eax ; 数据求补(绝对值)

write2: mov ecx,10

push ecx ; 10压入堆栈,作为退出标志

write3: cmp eax,0 ; 数据(商)为零,转向保存

jz write4

xor edx,edx ; 零位扩展被除数为EDX.EAX

div ecx ; 数据除以10:EDX.EAX÷10

add edx,30h ; 余数(0~9)转换为ASCII码

push edx ; 数据先低位后高位压入堆栈

jmp write3

write4: pop edx ; 数据先高位后低位弹出堆栈

cmp edx,ecx ; 是结束标志10,转向显示

jz write5

mov [ebx],dl ; 数据保存到缓冲区

inc ebx

jmp write4

write5: mov byte ptr [ebx],0 ; 显示内容加上结尾标志mov eax,offset writebuf

call dispmsg

pop edx ; 恢复寄存器

pop ecx

pop ebx

ret ; 子程序返回

write endp

17.存储器芯片容量及地址线计算。

存储单元数×每个存储单元的数据位数

=2M×N=芯片的存储容量

M=芯片地址线的个数

N=数据线的个数

举例:

存储结构2K×8

16K位存储容量

11个地址引脚

8个数据引脚

静态读写存储器SRAM

6264 SRAM芯片

芯片容量:64K位

存储结构:8K×8

13个地址线:A12~A0

8个数据线:D7~D0

DRAM芯片用一组地址引脚传送两批地址信号第一批地址称行地址

第二批地址称列地址

18.地址译码器设计,全译码和部分译码及其特点。P190

全译码方式

使用全部微处理器地址总线

片内寻址:低位地址与存储器芯片地址引脚相连

片选寻址:高位地址经译码与存储器芯片片选引脚相连全译码

地址唯一

空间连续

部分译码方式

只使用部分微处理器地址总线进行译码

没有使用的地址信号对存储器芯片的工作不产生影响部分译码

地址重复

译码简单

19.8255端口输入输出程序,条件传送程序。

20.8253的计数器方式2和3的应用,输出波形特点。P253

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