10对外《英美文学史及作品选读》期末考试复习材料
一、名词解释
1. Enlightenment:With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other Europe an countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. They fought against inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the servi ce of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.（启蒙运动）
2. Ode:A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on so me lofty or serious subject. Odes are often written for a special occasion, to honor a pers on or a season or to commemorate an event.（赋；颂歌；颂诗）
3. Romanticism: A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism.（浪漫主义）
4. Epic:A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral traditi on and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）
5. Romance:Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with a heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.（冒险故事；传奇）
6. Sonnet:A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. A s onnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.（十四行诗）
7. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an ia mb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.（抑扬格五音步）
8. Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic p entameter couplet.（两行诗；对句）
9. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly differe nt things. A conceit may be a brief metaphor, but it usually provides the framework for an
entire poem. An especially unusual and intellectual kind of conceit is the metaphysical co nceit.（奇喻）
10. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. （头韵）
二、考试大纲
Part I The Anglo-Saxon Period (449—1066)
1.Literature characteristics
Literary divisions : pagan &Christian
2 .Representative achievement of Anglo-Saxon period—The Song of Beowulf
(了解Beowulf 的文学地位，主题，故事梗概等内容。)
（1）Literary position:①a national epic of the English people.②The first major poem in a European vernacular language;
（2）Major Themes ：①Goodness conquers evil. ②Men against nature ③To judge the greatness of a human being by the greatness of his deeds and his noble ancestry. ④Help your neighbor. ⑤Forces of always at work in society.
（3）故事内容：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，孰料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝奥武夫扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。
3.define the terms: epic, alliteration
Part II The Anglo-Norman Period
1. 了解中世纪文学特点：传奇文学（romance）特点及其题材
（1）Special features of romance：
A).To sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds in verse or prose.
B). Motifs of the quest, challenge, test, and meeting with the evil giant.
C). The hero is the knight, setting out on a journey to accomplish some goal --to
protect the church and the poor, to attack infidelity, to rescue a maiden, to meet a challenge, or to obey a knightly command.
D). Mysteries and fantasies (improbable, supernatural)
E). Romantic love
F). Standardized characterization
Heroes, heroines and wicked stewards can be easily moved from one romance to another.
G). Loose and episodic structure
H).The language and style are simple and straightforward.
I).The romance reflects a chivalric age.
（2）The three major subjects:
A. The Matter of France (about Charlemagne and his peers)
B. The Matter of Greece &Rome (stories about the ancient Romans, and the Greeks)
C. The Matter of Britain (about King Arthur and his round-table knights
2. 了解Sir Gawain and the Green Knight的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。
（1）《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》故事梗概：某年圣诞节，亚瑟王在自己的宫廷里举行宴会。一位绿衣骑士前来向圆桌骑士挑战：有谁敢当场砍下他的头，并让他一年后回敬一斧。高文接受挑战，砍下了绿衣骑士的头。那具依然活着的躯体捡起头颅，回到绿色的教堂。一年以后，高文践约去寻找绿衣骑士，来到一座城堡。城堡女主人趁丈夫外出狩猎耍尽花招引诱高文；高文不为所动。最后高文在向导的陪同下离开城堡前往绿色教堂。绿衣骑士原来就是城堡的男主人，他举斧向高文进攻三次，前两次落空，第三次在他的脖子上划出轻伤。绿衣骑士向他解释：落空的两斧是对他两次不受女主人诱惑并如实交换所得之物的回报，第三斧则是对高文隐瞒女主人送他腰带的惩罚。高文辞别绿衣骑士返回亚瑟王的宫廷，将自己的历险告诉众人，骑士们一致认为他为圆桌骑士争了光。那根女主人送他的腰带成了纯洁的道德的象征。
（2）写作特点：故事的结构极为完整而集中，形成一个有机整体。第三部分故事双管齐下，有条不紊，而不显重复。作者善于运用悬念，善于烘托气氛，尤其是四季的景色、宫廷的华丽、奇异的冒险,富于浪漫主义色彩。对话流畅自然,尤其高文与城堡主妇的对话，有攻有守，十分生动。从结构、叙事、心理描写、对话等方面看，已有点象近代小说。从诗歌形式讲，它和《珍珠篇》等诗有异曲同工之妙,全诗共分101段,每段20、30行不等，都是双声体,但每段结尾都有“轮”，指用两个音节作一行打住，下面是四短行押韵诗，非常工整。
（3）Major themes：
A. Nature vs. human society
B. The futility of human constructions
C. The viability of chivalric values
D. The fall of man and loss of innocence
E. Faith in God
F. Celtic Pagan Sources and Christian overlay
3. define the term: romance
Part III Geoffrey Chaucer
1. 了解Chaucer文学地位、文学贡献，掌握其写作特点及代表作。
（1）乔叟地位与贡献：①founder of English poetry. ② founder of English realism.
③ the first great poet writing in the English language. ④introduced ( from France) the rhymed stanza of various types esp. the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (heroic couplet) instead of the old alliterative verse.（五音步抑扬格的双行押韵体;英雄双韵体）⑤established English as the literary language of the country.
⑥made the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.
（2）Artistic Features：
①Messenger of Humanism
Affirm man's right to pursue earthly happiness
Praise man's energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life
Expose and satirize the social vices, including religious abuses
②The first important realistic writer
Present a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society
Create a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life
Explore the theme of the individual's relation to the society
③“Father” of English poetry
Introduce the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry (e.g. heroic couplet)
Develop his art of poetry
Master of the English language
（3）代表作The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》、Book of the Duchess 《公爵夫人之书》、The House of Fame《声誉之宫》
2. 掌握The Canterbury Tales的故事梗概、写作特点、主题。熟悉、掌握并学会分析General Prologue的内容及结构特点。
（1）故事梗概：叙述朝圣者一行30人会聚在泰巴旅店，这些朝圣者有骑士、僧尼、商人、手工艺者、医生、律师、学者、农夫、家庭主妇等当时英国社会各个阶层的人士，他们准备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。店主爱热闹，自告奋勇为他们担任向导，并提议在往返圣地的途中每人来回讲两个故事，以解旅途中的寂寥，并由店主做裁判，选出讲故事最好的人，回到旅店后大家合起来请他吃饭。众人接受了店主的建议，于是次日一同踏上朝圣之途，并开始讲故事。
（2）features:
①All tales but two are written in verse (poetry);
②Connected in two ways: the host?s criticizing; intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue.
③in order to get a better understanding of each tale, readers have to read back the corresponding portion of the Prologue.
（3）The themes of The Canterbury Tales, and include topics such as courtly love, treachery, and avarice.
Religious malpractice is a major theme.
Also, focusing on the division of the three estates (nobility, clergy, and commoners) are a big part of the tales.
（4）In The General Prologue（开场白）, Chaucer sets up the general structure of the tales and introduces each of the characters who will tell the tales. The characters who tell each of the tales are as important as the characters in the tales that they tell; a significant portion of the action of The Canterbury Tales takes place within the prologue to each of the tales. The General Prologue in essence serves as a guide. Chaucer only lived to write 24 tales. Some of the stories that remain are only fragments which have either been lost or were never completed by the author.
3. 掌握英雄双韵体（heroic couplet）的特点。
In prosody, Chaucer mostly used the ten-syllable line in rhymed couplets (later developed into the most fashionable "heroic couplet” of the 18th century). It refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on.。
英雄双韵体是一种英国古典诗体，由十音节双韵诗体演化而来，每行五个音步，每个音步有两个音节，第一个是轻音，第二个是重音。句式均衡、整齐、准确、简洁、考究。
4. 了解大众民谣（popular ballads）特点，题材。
（1）Ballad: literature of English people (peasants), not written but oral.
a narrative poem that tells a story.
a story told in song, usu. In 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed. （2）Subjects: young lovers’struggle against feudal-minded families; conflict between
love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1377 between England and France.); matters of class struggle.
Part IV The Renaissance English Literature（ca.1485-1603）
1．了解文艺复兴及人文思想的内涵；了解文艺复兴英国文学的发展概况；掌握这一时期诗歌、戏剧及散文的特征及代表作家及作品。
（1）Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance.
Feature1: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.
There rose a current of the study of Greek and Latin authors, in doing which people caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. The love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.
Feature2: a keen interest in the activities of humanity.
People didn?t think they should live only for God. Thinkers, artists and poets arose to admire human beauty and human achievement, which ran in odd with theology. Hence arose the thought of Humanism. Humanism is the key note of the Renaissance.
（2）English literature：
①drama：John Lyly, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Robert Greene, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.
②Lyrical Poetry.：Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard, Philip Sidney and Edmund Spenser.
③prose writers：Thomas More, wrote his famous prose work "Utopia", which may be thought of as the first literary masterpiece of the English Renaissance. Francis Bacon wrote more than fifty excellent essays, which make him one of the best essayists in English literature.
（3）Elements of drama：
①Plot
The structure of a play?s action, the order of the incidents, their arrangement and form
②Character
The vital center of a play
How they look, what they say and in what manners they say; what they do and how their actions reveal who they are and what they represent
The human qualities are the most engaging feature.
③Dialogue
Drama is described as “persons moving about on stage using words.”
Major functions of Dialogue: to advance the plot, to establish setting, and to reveal character. an qualities are the most engaging feature.
④Staging
Things like positions of actors, nonverbal gestures and movements, scenic background, props and costumes, lighting and sound effects
⑤Theme
It is the central idea of the play.
（4）Some Key Dramatic Terms：
Script脚本Stage Directions舞台指示Spectacle奇观Monologue独白
Soliloquy独自一人独白Aside旁白Act Scene场景Set设置
（5）The three great representative achievements in literature
①Edmund Spencer?s The Shepherd?s Cale ndar and Faerie Queen
②Francis Bacon?s Essays
③William Shakespeare?s dramas
2．了解莎士比亚的生平，文学地位。
?One of the most remarkable playwrights and poets in the world.
?His greatness depends on his penetrating exposition of human nature,
lively paintings of human life and truthful reflections of human reality.
?He is famous for his character portrayal and plot construction.
?He is a master of English language.
?He exerts a great influences on the writers after him.
3.了解莎士比亚的主要作品及创作特点，重点掌握Hamlet, Sonnet 18的内容、艺术特点、主题，Prince Hamlet的性格特征。
（1）38 plays + 154 sonnets +2 long poems.
His Great Comedies: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”“The Merchant of Venice”
“As You Like It”“Twelfth Night”
（《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》、《皆大欢喜》、《第十二夜》）His Great Tragedies: “Othello”“King Lear”“ Mac Beth”“Hamlet”
（《奥赛罗》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》、《哈姆雷特》）
（2）Features of his drama：
a. realism
b. method of adaptation, widely borrowing.
★（3）Hamlet
? The first of his great tragedies, which is a revenge story.
? The hy pocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court has been presented.
? Contrast is an important structural principle used in the play.
? The revenge theme is interrelated with the themes of faithlessness, love and ambition.▲Themes：
Relationships between father and son, mother and son, and Hamlet and his friends Action and inaction
Corrupt power and power corrupting
The most significant existential questions; the existence of a god; “to be or not to be;” “if it be now....”
The meaning and possibilities of stagecraft
▲The character of Hamlet：
①a humanist, free from prejudices and superstitions. Love the world instead of the heaven.
②treat people with love. Disgusted with uncle?s drunkenness. Shocked by mother?s shallowness.
③intellectual genius outstanding. Close obser ver. Sum up in “ Denmark is a prison”.
★（4）Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
我怎么能够把你来比作夏天？
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
你不独比它可爱也比它温婉：
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
狂风把五月宠爱的嫩蕊作践，
And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
夏天出赁的期限又未免太短：
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
天上的眼睛有时照得太酷烈，
And often is his gold complexion dimmed,
它那炳耀的金颜又常遭掩蔽：
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
被机缘或无常的天道所摧折，
By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:
没有芳艳不终于雕残或销毁。
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
但是你的长夏永远不会雕落，
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
也不会损失你这皎洁的红芳，
Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,
或死神夸口你在他影里漂泊，
When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,
当你在不朽的诗里与时同长。
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。
?The most famous and well-loved one of all sonnets .
?The stability of love and its power to immortalize the poetry are its theme. ?Shakespeare expresses a point that as long as there are breaths in mankind,
▲Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare, in which he has a profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.
▲Theme of the Poem：Literature will keep transient beauty ever lasting.
▲修辞：Simile比喻、Metaphor隐喻、Personification拟人、Rhetorical Question反问4. 掌握无韵诗（blank verse）的特征；
Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
英语格律诗的一种。每行用五个长短格音步――十个音节组成，每首行数不拘，不压韵。音步类型都采取抑扬格五音步。不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗。多用在戏剧和叙事诗中。
5. 掌握《哈姆雷特》中反映出来的人文精神。
结合人文主义回答（对于颠倒混乱的社会现实表现出深深的忧虑，呼唤理性、秩序和新的道德理想、社会理想。表达了对美好人性的追求向往、对现实中被欲望和罪恶玷污的人性的深刻批判。）
6. 了解培根的主要作品，写作特点。熟悉Of Studies 的内容，学会分析其写作特点。（1）Major Works
Essays (1594) （随笔）
The Advancement of Learning (1605)（《学问的发展》）
Great Instauration and Novum Organum (1620)——伟大的复兴和新工具
New Atlantis (posthumous)
（2）写作特点：Bacon's essays are noted for heir clearness, brevity and force of expression. Bacon's chief concern is to express his thought with clearness and in as few words as possible. His sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and often of balanced structure. Many of them have become wise old sayings. Generally Speaking, Bacon's literary Writing Style of Bacon's style has three prominent qualities: directness, terseness, and forcefulness.
（3）Of Studies 的内容：①reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. ②histories make men wise, poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend .③Studies serve for delight.
7. 了解诗歌格律，掌握iambic pentameter.
Iambic rhythms come relatively naturally in English. Iambic pentameter is the most common meter in English poetry; it is used in many of the major English poetic forms, including blank verse, the heroic couplet, and some of the traditional rhymed stanza forms. William Shakespeare used iambic pentameter in his plays and sonnets
8. define the terms: Renaissance, sonnet.
Part V The 17th Century English Literature: The Period of Revolution and Restoration
1．了解清教思想对英国文学的影响；掌握革命时期及复辟时期英国文学的总体特征及代表作家与作品。
（1）影响：The Puritan Movement aimed to make man honest and to make man free. Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. So in the triumph of Puritanism under Cromwell, severe laws were passed, many simple pleasures were forbidden and an austere standard of living was forced upon an unwilling people. The London theaters were closed in 1642. The whole spirit of the movement: fighting for liberty and justice，overthrowing despotism and making men’s life and property safe from the tyranny of rulers.
（2）Poetry
Two diverse poetic traditions—the Cavalier (Jonson) and the metaphysical (Donne )
A great poet of the century, John Milton
John Dryden --- the foremost poet of Restoration
（3）Drama
Ben Jonson: classical models & worldly, peculiarly English wit
A host of successful playwrights, including John Webster (ca. 1580-1638), Francis Beaumont (ca. 1584-1616) and his collaborator John Fletcher (1579-1625), Philip Massinger (1583-1640), Thomas Middleton (1580-1627), John Ford (ca. 1586-1655), and James Shirley (1596-1666).
（4）Prose
Francis Bacon : Essays
The classic King James Version of the Bible (1611)
Dryden?s Essay on Dramatic Poesy
The fiction prose represented by John Bunyan?s Pilgrim?s Progress.
2．了解玄学派诗歌的总体特征。
Metaphysical Poets：a more colloquial language, a single-minded working of one theme.
3. 掌握three Johns: John Donne, John Milton, John Bunyan 的代表作品，写作特点。（1）John Donne ：Special features
①Conceits:奇思
Donne's famous analogy of parting lovers to a drawing compass affords a prime example. These conceits offer brilliant and multiple insights into the subject of the metaphor and help give rise to the much-praised ambiguity of Donne's lyrics
②Wit: 机智
Wit lashes through his prose and poetic works; wit kindles his edifices, conceits and subjects; wit also helps build up tensions and movements in his poems.
③Imagery:
Erudite, fanciful and homely, Donne?s images reveal the width of intellectual explorations and give his poems a texture so different from the florid and diffuse Elizabethan poetry.
④Dramatic and conversational style:
Most of Donne?s poems employ a central speaker who takes ef fort to argue, to persuade, to analyse or to confess. His voice resembles that of stage characters in the sense that the messages are conveyed in conversations.
（2）John Milton （Lycidas (1637) 《列西达斯》、Areopagitica (1644) 《论出版自由》Paradise Lost 、Samson Agonistes (1671) 《力士参孙》）
（3）John Bunyan （The Pilgrim’s Progress(Part Ⅰ, 1678)、The Pilgrim’s Progress (Part Ⅱ,1684)、The Holy War）
4. 掌握John Donne的Song, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, Sonnet: Death be not proud的主题、艺术特色。
（1）Theme of song: the lack of constancy, unfaithfulness and changeability of women.
Characteristic: ambiguous, not hinting at the subject matter of the poem
（2）A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning：the finding of love and the possession of love.
Characteristic: wit
（3）Sonnet Death be not proud：Man is superior to death；Death has not right to be proud；since human beings do not die but live eternally after …one short sleep.? ；
Death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal.
艺术特色: symbolism, imagery, wordplay
5．掌握John Milton的诗歌特征，重点掌握Paradise Lost （Book I）节选的内容，学会分析撒旦的性格特征；掌握其Sonnet的主题内容，艺术特色。
（1）Features of His Poetry：
Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century.
Milton is a great stylist. His poetry has a grand style.
Milton is a great master of blank verse.
?Writing skills
1.Grand style(宏大风格)：sublimity(崇高) of thought；majesty(雄伟) of expression
2.Blank verse(无韵诗\素体诗)：unrhymed(不押韵的)；iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) ★（2）Ⅰ、themes of Paradise Lost: ①The fall of man：First Satan falls, then man falls.
②Freedom and choice：Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than
obeying God.
Ⅱ、The poem, on the surface, was "to justify the ways of God to man", i. e. to preach submission to the Almighty. But under the surface, the main idea of the poem is the heroic revolt against God's authority.
▲（3）Satan (Lucifer) Character Analysis：
As a real hero, a rebel with the unconquerable will.
A proud rebel who will not submit even though he has been defeated.
His egoistic pride, his false conception of freedom, and his alienation from all good.
A liar who knowingly chose evil and against his nature
His despairing consciousness of his own evil and damnation
（4）①The sonnet presents religious doubt within the narrator regarding his relationship to God and to his work as service to God.
②The structure ：Petrarchan（彼特拉克体) a dialogue in the form of a question and an answer.
6．掌握John Bunyan作品的特征，《天路历程》的故事梗概，寓言特点，熟悉节选内容。（1）Story：A tale of adventure on a perilous path, encountering giants, wild beasts, hobgoblins, etc.
（2）Special features：
The most successful religious allegory in English language
Vivid characterization: Travelers who represent states of the soul, or moral attitudes Style: Modeled on the prose style of the English Bible; Simple diction; colloquial expressions; and straightforward sentence structures
7. define the term: conceit,
Part VI The 18th Century English Literature: The Age of Enlightenment in England 1．了解欧洲启蒙运动对英国文学的影响；了解18世纪英国文学的整体特征；
掌握不同流派的特点和代表作家及作品;
（1）It is an age of prose rather than poetry. There are three main divisions:
①the reign of classicism
②the revival of romantic poetry
③he beginnings of the modern novels
（2）I Neo-Classicism 古典主义：John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, etc.
II Realistic Novels 现实主义：Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Oliver Goldsmith，Tobias George Smollett
III Sentimentalism 感伤主义：Laurence Sterne?s A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768)
Goldsmith?s The Vicar of Wakefield (1766)
Thomas Gray?s “An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1750),
Goldsmith?s “The Deserted Village” (1770)
IV Gothic Novels 哥特式小说散文：The Castle of Otranto《奥特兰托城堡》(1760),
by Horace Walpole (beginning of the Gothic novel in England)
Mysteries of Udolpho《奥多芙的神秘》(1790s) by Anne Radcliffe (the perfect sentimental gothic )
Frankenstein 《弗兰肯斯坦》(1817) by Mary Shelley
ⅤPre-romanticism 前浪漫主义：: William Blake; Robert Burns
3. 了解新古典主义的创作特点及蒲伯的贡献；
（1）Neoclassicism: It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot（狄德罗）. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.
（2）Alexander Pope（蒲柏）His contribution:
①An outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school.
②He was a master in the art of poetry and he is so perfect in using heroic couplets （英雄双韵体）that no one has been able to approach him.
③He was at best in satire and epigram and was an example of conscious literary artist.
4. 了解英国现实主义小说的兴起、基本特征，小说知识
（1）①它偏重对现实的客观的、具体的、历史的描写，强调人物和环境之间的现实关系。
②典型是现实主义创作的核心。”。③具有强烈的批判性或揭露性，特别注重描绘社会的黑暗和丑恶现象，以及社会下层、“小人物”的悲惨遭遇。④在艺术形式和表现手法上，以生活本身的形式反映生活为其基本形式，但不局限于这一形式。⑤思想基础一般为资产阶级的人道主义。
（2）Elements of Fiction（小说要素）：Theme、Plot and structure、Character、Setting、Point of view、Language and style
5. 掌握哥特小说及感伤主义作品的特征；
（1）The Gothic novel: the novel which exploits the possibilities of mystery and terror in gloomy landscapes, decaying mansions with dark dungeons, secret passages, instruments of torture, ghostly visitations ghostly music behind which lurks no one knows what as the central story, the persecution of a beautiful maiden by an obsessed and haggard villain.
（2）Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. But they attacked the progressive aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it and sighed for the return of the patriarchal times which they idealized.
6．了解Defoe的文学地位、代表作品、写作特点。掌握Robinson Crusoe的故事梗概、艺术特色。
（1）①地位：Defoe is a great realist. The charm of his novels is their intense sense of reality, which is embodied in succession of thoughts, feelings and incidents that are easily recognized to be credibly true to life. The readers can see the essence of the aristocratic-bourgeois society. Defoe gave his story the quality of factual truth from his observation of nature and society, moreover, he is a novelist of strong imagination.
②Major Works：Roxana《罗克萨娜》Robinson Crusoe
Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》Colonel Jacque 《杰克上校》
A Journal of the Plague Year 《瘟疫年记事》Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》
③Special features：
Defoe is an anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.
His stories are all real concerns of his time.
Defoe adopted the autobiographical form and made full use of his long trained journalistic skill by describing things in great detail and by using specific time and space.
Defoe?s style is characterized by a plain, smoot h, easy, direct, and almost colloquial but never coarse language.
④Language
Diction: plain, smooth, easy, direct, and colloquial but never coarse
Syntax: long, rambling sentences without strong pauses to give his style an urgent, immediate, breathless quality, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.
（2）Robinson Crusoe的故事梗概：鲁滨逊——星期五
艺术特色：journalistic truth with many vivid details；simple and plain sentence structure and language；first person point of view；natural order in narrations.
7.了解Swift的代表作品，写作特点。掌握Gulliver' s Travels的故事梗概，寓言特征。掌握
A Modest Proposal的内容、主题及艺术特色。
（1）①代表作：A Tale of a Tub(一个木桶的故事）The Battle of the Books （书的战争）Gulliver’s travels A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）
②Special features：
A writer of satiric prose with a style of great simplicity, directness and vigor.
His writings : easy, clear, simple, and concrete diction, uncomplicated syntax, economy and conciseness of language.
（2）①故事梗概：Lilliput（小人国）→Brobdingnag（大人国）→Laputa（拉普塔岛）→Houyhnhnms(慧骃国)
②Themes：
a satire on the 18th-century English society
the wickedness of the then English society
the ugliness of human nature
Book IV has always presented problems to critics.
By one interpretation, Gulliver judges rightly in perceiving his fellow human beings as essentially Yahoos.
The Houyhnhnms exemplify an ideal to which human beings should aspire, although they can never reach it; to call attention to the monotony of their lives or the failure of their curiosity only reveals the reader?s participation in human depravity.
（3）①内容：A modest proposal for preventing the children of poor people in Ireland from being a burden to their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the public.
②It is the expression of Swift's indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class. Assuming the cool tone of an impartial outsider, the author suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles. The apparent eagerness and sincerity add force to the bitter irony and biting sarcasm.
8. 熟悉Gray《墓园挽歌》（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard）的内容、主题及写作特点。
（1）最初是为了哀悼他在伊顿公学读书时的好友里查德·韦斯特，至少诗末所附的“墓志铭”
是为他而作。但纵观全诗，其内容已经明显超越了对某个具体人物的哀思，而是通过对乡村一处墓地的描写，表达对下层默默无闻的人民的深切同情。对他们纯朴善良品质的赞扬，为他们没有机会施展天赋和才华而惋惜，同时也表现了对权贵、人间虚荣的蔑视和嘲讽，对大人物傲慢奢侈生活的谴责。这首诗充分体现了格雷的民主思想。
（2）Themes ：1) Death: the Great Equalizer均衡，平等2）Missed Opportunities 3）Virtue 美德
9. 了解Blake的代表作品，熟悉London; The Tiger；The Chimney Sweeper的内容、主题、艺术特色及象征意义。
（1）Major Works：Songs of Innocence (天真之歌)，Songs of Experience (经验之歌) Marriage of Heaven and Hell (天堂与地狱的结合)，a few prophetic books（一些预言书）,
（2）①The dominating theme in the poem is Nature. London is not introduced in its negative aspect, but it is inserted in natural scenery. The author describes the beauty of the city as the towers, the cathedrals, the theatres and the temples. Wordsworth personifies the city along with the earth and the sun. This reiterates his conviction that the city, at this particular point of day, does not clash with nature but becomes a part of it.
②The poem is full of the duality （二元性）of the tiger’s horrid power –horrible, yet in a way that inspires mortal awe.
③This poem shows that the children have a very positive outlook on life. They make the best of their lives and do not fear death.
10.了解Burns的代表作品、写作特点，熟悉A Red,Red Rose，并学会分析其艺术特色。（1）①Major Works
Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect (1786)
Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs (1792)
②Characteristics：
Poetic qualities
Love, humor, pathos to touch the human heart
Embody new spirit of Romanticism
The singing quality
Simple and musical language
（2）“A Red, Red Rose”：simile & metaphor：rich traditional associations of the rose.→love
11．Define the term: enlightenment; allegory
Part VII The Romantic Period: Romanticism in England
1．了解英国浪漫主义文学的整体特征和影响；掌握英国浪漫主义文学的代表作
（1）Schools of romanticists ? Pre-romanticists ：William Blake、Robert Burns
（2）Escapist romanticists：William Wordsworth、Samuel Taylor Coleridge、Robert Southey （3）Active romanticists：George Gordon Byron 、Percy Bysshe Shelley、John Keats 、Charles Lamb、Walter Scott
2．了解华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情民谣》(Lyrical Ballads)及其地位；
（1）Coauthored(合著) by Wordsworth and Coleridge
（2）地位：
①Marked the beginning of the Romantic Movement. Preface became the landmark of this new literary trend and states all the basic principles of this new poetic species.
②It is regarded as the manifesto(宣言) of the English Romanticism Movement.
3. 了解Wordsworth的代表作品、诗学主张，创作特点。熟悉诗歌: She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud; Sonnet: Composed upon Westminster Bridge; The Solitary Reaper,掌握诗歌分析方法。
（1）The Prelude《序曲》
（2）In the preface of "Lyrical Ballads", he set forth his principles of peotry.
①"All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" appealed directly to individual sensations as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry.
②The true function of poetry lies in its power to give an unexpected splendor to familiar and commonplace things. (humble, rustic life as subject-matter)
③As to language, he endeavored to bring his language near to the real language of man. deliberate simplicity, refusal to decorate, the truth of expression, produced a kind of pure and profound poetry with no other then poet has ever equaled.
（3）Literary Style：
①Influenced from the spirit of the French Revolution.
②Theme: Broke tradition, seeking his subjects in the small happenings of country life and the talk of countrymen, children, and doings and feelings of humble people, and emotion from his inner heart.
③Language: He stuck to emphasizing the purest by simplest words.
4．了解Byron的代表作品，掌握拜伦式的英雄，了解Don Juan的故事梗概，主题、艺术特点。
（1）Literary Works ：1) Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》
2) The English Bards and Scott Reviewers《英国诗人和苏格兰评论家》
3）Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》
4）Hebrew Melodies《西伯来歌曲》
（2）Byronic hero, an idealized but flawed character that pervades much of Byron’s work.
1) being a rebel;
2) having a distaste for social institutions;
3) being an exile;
4) expressing a lack of respect for rank and privilege;
5) having great talent;
6) hiding an unsavory(令人不快的) past;
7) being highly passionate;
8) ultimately, being self-destructive
（3）Don Juan 《唐璜》主人公唐璜是西班牙贵族青年，16岁时与一贵族少妇发生爱情纠葛，母亲为了避免丑事远扬，迫使他出海远航。唐璜在海上遇到风暴，船沉后游抵希腊一小岛，得到海盗女儿海蒂的相救。他们产生了牧歌式的真诚爱情。但是海盗归来，他们的爱情被摧毁。此后，唐璜被当作奴隶送到土耳其市场出卖。被卖入土耳其苏丹的后宫为奴供一位王后享用。但是，唐璜一心思念天真纯洁的海甸。逃出后参加了俄国围攻伊斯迈城的战争，立下战功后被派往彼得堡向女皇叶卡捷琳娜报捷，得到女皇的青睐，成为宠臣。唐璜被派遣到英国谈判。他一直认为伦敦是个自由之都，直到他被人打劫了。唐璜被英国上流社会接纳。他这儿的人“把爱情一半当荣耀，一半当买卖”。他的行为又恰恰同他的认识相违背，他在这儿同不少的贵族妇女勾勾搭搭。……
Themes：
It presents a panoramic view of different types of society: the lives and manners of many countries
It shows Byron’s fiery passions for the liberation of the Greek people
It gives poet’s bitter satire on the sham and hypocrisy in love, religion and the social relations of his time.
5．了解Shelley的代表作品，创作特点，熟悉并掌握Ode to the West Wind的内容、艺术特点、主题，掌握“wind”的象征意义。
（1）The Necessity of Atheism, 《无神论的必然性》Queen Mab, 《仙后麦布》The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》Prometheus Unbound,《解放了的普罗米修斯》The Masque of Anarchy, 《专制者的假面游行》“Ode to the West Wind”,“西风颂”
A Defence of Poetry, 《诗辩》
（2）Features of Shelley’s Poetry：
◆Rich in myth, symbols and classical allusions, short poems on nature and love.
◆Strong dramatic power as shown in the rapidity of his lines;
◆Style abounds in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech.
▲（3）Ode to the West Wind
①This poem was conceived and chiefly written in a wood that skirts the Arno, near Florence, on a day when that tempestuous wind, whose temperature is at once mild and animating, was collecting the vapors which pour down the autumnal rains. They begin, as I foresaw, at sunset, with a violent tempest of hail and rain, attended by that magnificent thunder and lightning peculiar to the Cisalpine regions.
▲②Theme
1). It expresses Shelley’s optimistic belief that the old world must go, a new
world must come with the spring, faden with fresh sweet promises for suffering humanity. It anticipates the political triumph.
2). The poet asks the wind to work in him, restoring him to spiritual health
and creative vigor.
▲③the symbolic meaning of “ the West Wind”：
1) regeneration which follows the destruction and death of winter
2) the wind of spirit and inspiration
3) the destructive and revolutionary energies that had been seen in Europe
4) an abstract expression or manifestation of the spirit within nature
6. 熟悉Keats?Ode on a Grecian Urn内容。
《希腊古瓮颂》：based on any specific Greek vase.
This ode is frequently treated as Keats‘central poem, with its reiteration(反复) of all the major themes, its richness of imagery, its superb craftsmanship.
7．了解Jane Austen的代表作品，掌握其创作特色，掌握Sense and Sensibility的故事梗概、主要人物性格特征、主题及其社会现实指导意义。
（1）First novel：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma《艾玛》Northanger Abbey《诺桑爵士》Persuasion《劝导》
（2）Writing Style：
①A realistic novelist
②She drew vivid &realistic pictures of every day life of country society in her novel.
③Main concerns: human beings in their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors
④Language: simple, easy, naturally lucid and very economical
⑤Ways of dealing with her characters: with intensity& detachment, without sentimentalism
⑥Themes: daily life of middle-class in the countryside.
（3）Pride and Prejudice：
①everyday life of simple country society
②The story centers around the heroine Elizabeth and the hero Darcy and her sister Jane and his friend Bingley. In terms of plot, the whole story seems to be composed of ironies. With a negative start on both sides at the beginning of the story, we watch with anxiety the gradual development of love between Darcy and Elizabeth.
③Themes：
A、The marriage is merely for fortune, money and social rank. The tendency to marry for beauty, attraction and passion regardless of economic conditions or personal merits.
Ideal marriage ：a love match with considerations of the lover?s personal merits and economic conditions.
B、Money ( important in marriage market both for women and men )
C、Class(Much of the pride and prejudice in the novel exists because of class divisions.)
④人物分析：
Elinor Dashwood：Sensible(通情达理的, 明智的, 懂事的)Composed(镇静的，沉着的)Affectionate(充满深情的,温柔亲切的)Principled(做事有原则的)
Marianne Dashwood：Spontaneous(天真率直的, 心血来潮的)Having excessive sensibility(过度感性)Wishful(一厢情愿的)
Edward Ferris：Gentle 、Courteous、Faithful、Sensible、Amiable (和蔼可亲的) Colonel Brandon：A Generous retired officer、Honorable、Gracious、Faithful、Having painful experience
8. Define the terms: Romanticism, Ode
三、参考试卷试题
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth;
And, by the incantation of this verse,
Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! O, Wind,
If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?
关注作家,作品
理解本节诗歌的意思, 本节压韵, 修辞手法
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand children already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one-fourth part to be males; which is more than we allow to sheep, black cattle or swine; and my reason is, that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages, therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may, at a year old, be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom; always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends; and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter.
What though the field be lost?
All is not lost; the unconquerable will,
And study of revenge, immortal hate,
And courage never to submit or yield:
And what is else not to be overcome?
That glory never shall his wrath or might
Extort from me. To bow and sue for grace
With suppliant knee, and deify his power
Who, from the terror of this arm, so late
Doubted his empire--that were low indeed;
That were an ignominy and shame beneath
This downfall; since, by fate, the strength of Gods
And this empyreal sybstance, cannot fail;
Since, through experience of this great event,
In arms not worse, in foresight much advanced,
We may with more successful hope resolve
To wage by force or guile eternal war,
Irreconcilable to our grand foe,
Who now triumphs, and in th? exce ss of joy
Sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven.
关注作家,作品
理解本节诗歌的意思,关注Satan
“What is his name?”
“Bingley.”
“Is he married or single?”
“Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. hat a fine thing for ou r girls!”
“How so? How can it affect them?”
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome? You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
关注作家,作品
理解本节引文意思
A 卷诗歌赏析
Paradise Lost John Milton
What though the field be lost?
虽战场失利又何足道哉？
All is not lost;th'unconquerable will,
我们并未彻底失败；那不屈的气概，
And study of revenge,immortal hate,
报复的急切，仇恨的难以消解，
And courage never to submit or yeild;
宁死不降，勇往不歇，
And what is else not to be overcome?
不可被征服还有别的什么可以匹敌？
That glory never shall his wrath or might
这份荣耀他休想凭狂怒或武力
Extort from me.To bow and sue for grace
来剥夺消灭。我对他的帝国不屑一顾，
With suppliant knee,and deify his power
要低头乞讨宽恕
卑躬屈膝，拜其强权为神甫，
Who,from the terror of this arm, so late
出于对这武力的恐惧，为时已晚，
Doubted his empire——that were low indeed;
那我才真的是太低贱；
That were an ignominy and shame beneath
那会比这次坠落更卑鄙更丢脸；
This downfall; since, by fate, the strength of gods
既然，命中注定，天神的威力
And this empyreal substance,cannot fail;
和这空灵之物，不可与敌，
Since,through experience of this great event,
既然通过这场大事件洗礼，
In arms not worse,in foresight much advanced,
若武器不更遭，更具远见卓识，
We may with more successful hope resolve
我们也许有更多成功的希冀，
To wage by force or guile eternal war,
决心要打一场持久的战争，靠武力，靠机智，
Irreconcible to our grand Foe,
向我们的头号敌人永不妥协，
Who now triumphs, and in th' excess of joy
他目前凯旋而归，一派狂喜，
So reigning holds th' tyranny of Heaven.
因此独掌天庭，正在施其暴虐。
关注Satan：
Strength, the courage, and the capacity of leadership
Satan?s defiance of God 与上帝的反抗
Egoistic pride, his false conception概念of freedom and his alienation疏远from all good.对自由错误的理解
Unconquerable will压制不了的意志
Despairing consciousness of his own evil and damnation 绝望地意识到自己的邪恶
三．片段赏析
Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen
"What is his name?''
"Bingley.''
"Is he married or single?''
"Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!''
"How so? how can it affect them?''
"My dear Mr. Bennet,'' replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome（烦人的，无聊的）! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.''
Mrs. Bennet is Elizabeth?s mother, a miraculously tiresome character. She is philistine and shallow.市侩浅薄Noisy and foolish, she is a woman consumed by the desire to see her daughters married and seems to care for nothing else in the world. At the beginning of the novel, author has told us her characters. In the end, Mrs. Bennet proves such an unattractive figure, lacking redeeming characteristics of any kind.
四．论述题
Shakespeare?s Hamlet: the character an d the theme
1．Hamlet，the most famous masterpiece of Shakespeare, one of the four tragedies among his lifetime works. The play is written in old English. In conclusion, Prince Hamlet develops strong emotions of despair, sadness, anger and inner peace. Hamlet, the prince
of Denmark, suffered a lot in a short time. His father died without expectation. His mother married his uncle soon after his father?s death. Hamlet is a smart boy. He directs a play with his talent on writing to prove that his uncle was the murder. Hamlet becomes double after the disaster of his family. Hamlet also becomes cruel and rude. Hamlet thinks too much and his hesitate. Besides, our prince is very brave. In a word, his suffering changes his characteristic from a gentle prince to a smart, double, cruel and rude man.
Theme of Hamlet is the rich and varied underlying idea of the action. It is sometimes the central idea or the main idea of a work. In Hamlet there are four major themes. First, the impossibility of certainty is one of its major themes. What separates Hamlet from other revenge play is that the action we expect to see, particularly from Hamlet himself, is continually postponed while Hamlet tries to obtain more certain knowledge about what he is doing. Another major theme is the complexity of action which is the mystery of death. In aftermath of his father?s murder, Hamlet is obsessed with the idea of death. At last is the theme of revenge and justice. Hamlet is considered as the summit of Shakespeare?s and justice. Melancholy causes Hamlet a lot of grief, mostly because of the ghost.
B卷
二．诗歌赏析
Ode to the West Wind Percy Bysshe Shelley
Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:
拿我当琴吧, 就像那一片树林,
What if my leaves are falling like its own!
哪怕我周身的叶儿也同样飘落!
The tumult of thy mighty harmonies
你以非凡和谐中的狂放的激情
Will take from both a deep, autumnal tone,
让我和树林都奏出雄浑的秋乐,
Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,
悲凉而又甜美。狂暴的精灵哟,
My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!
但愿你我迅猛的灵魂能够契合!
Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
把我僵死的思想撒向整个宇宙,
Like wither'd leaves to quicken a new birth!
像枯叶被驱赶去催促新的生命!
And, by the incantation of this verse,
而且, 依凭我这首诗中的符咒,
Scatter, as from an unextinguish'd hearth
就像从未熄的炉中拨放出火花!
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
把我的话语传给天下所有的人,