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语言翻译中的增词与减词

语言翻译中的增词与减词
语言翻译中的增词与减词

语言翻译中的增词与减词

有人误以为,所谓合乎翻译标准,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时,做到“不增不减”。北京翻译公司告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异,翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”,就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。

词量增减,是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。必须指出的是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。

1、增词

增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词,但在什么时候增加什么样的词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例:

1)A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.

译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。

译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。

译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。

译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。

上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子的关键。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。

2)Success is often just an idea away.

译文一:成功往往只是一个念头的距离。

译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。

译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。

译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。

如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。

1)All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词。)

2)It's more expensive than it was last time but not as good.价钱比上次高,但质量却比上次差。(增补原文省略部分,原句后半句完整形式应该是:...but it's not as good as it was last time.)

3)The application of plastics in automobile industry has brought about great increase of the consumption.塑料在汽车工业上的使用大增加了塑料消费量。(增补原文省略部分,以使意思更加清楚。)

4)Commission depends on the quantity of goods ordered.佣金多少取决于订货量大小。(增词以使译文语意完整,更符合汉语表达习惯。)

2、减词

由于两种语言表达习惯不同,翻译时如果一字不漏地照搬,往往会显得累赘、拖沓、冗杂、或不合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义。采取减词译法可以使译文言简意赅。涉外文书翻译常

有以下几种减词情况:

(1) 减去代词

这种情况尤见于外贸信件翻译,例如:

1)We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.我们保证立即处理此事。

2)You are kindly requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fish.请报鱼罐头最惠价。

(2) 减去陈腐或不必要套语

We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.兹奉告,该商品可即期装运。(译文比原文大为简明,除减去了"take this opportunity"这一陈腐表达外,还省略了三个代词,并用一个“可”字代替了原文中"in a position"这样的繁复表达方式。)

(3) 减去不言而喻或冗杂词语

1)Any expenses accruing from this credit inquiry will be gladly paid on receipt of your bill.对此信用咨询所需任何费用,在接到账单后即付。

2)On condition that you sign this receipt, I will pay the money.你在收据上签字,我就付款。(原文是通过连词来表示“条件”,而汉语则是通过从句和主句前后顺序来表达这一关系。)3)The price of the products should be set according to the price in the international market. It should be fixed by the two parties at a level that will bring profit to both.产品价格应该根据国际市场价格,由双方共同商定,须照顾到双方利益。(译文看似没译"at a level",但字里行间却含有其意。)

4)Part-time waitress applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.应聘兼职女服务员者,有工作经验优先录用。(如果不省略,译成“应聘兼职女服务员者,有工作经验,比没有工作经验,优先录用”,其中“比没有工作经验”就属多余了。)5)男女老少咸宜。Suitable for men, women and children.

6)互通有无the exchange of needed goods(试比较:the exchange of what one has for what one needs)

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翻译技巧 减词

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英语翻译常用词组汇总 be free from没有……的,不受……影响be identified as…被认为是… be known as被称做……,以……著称be known to为……所熟知 be popular with…受……欢迎 be prepared for对……做好准备 be regarded as被认为是…,被当做是… be satisfied with对……满意,满足于… be second to…次于… be sick of…对…感到厌倦 be used as…被用做… be used to…习惯于… get used to…习惯于… all of a sudden突然 all the time一直,始终 as a rule通常,照例 as far as...be concerned就...而言as to…至于…,关于… at best充其量,至多 before long 不久以后 beyond question毫无疑问 by all means尽一切办法,务必 every now and then时而,偶尔 in itself本质上,就其本身而言 sooner or later迟早,早晚 abide by… 遵守…,信守… agree with与…相一致同意…

be beneficial to… 有利于…,有益于… turn a blind eye to… 对…视而不见 by leaps and bounds飞速地,突飞猛进地 when it comes to一谈到…,就…而论 disagree with… 与…意见不一致不同意… give an opinion on… 对…发表意见 a dapt oneself to…=adjust oneself to…使自己适应于… attribute…to…把…归因于…,认为…是…的结果comment on…评论… concentrate on/upon…集中注意力于… on the contrary与之相反 convince somebody of something使某人确信某事deprive somebody of something剥夺某人某物 in detail详细地 be equipped with…装备有… in essence本质上 to…extent在…程度上 inform. somebody of something通知某人某事 lie in在于… major in主修… in the light of… 按照…,根据… on account of… 因为…,由于… in addition to… 除…之外 on (the/an) average平均,一般来说 on the basis of… 根据…,在…的基础上 at (the) best充其量,至多 on business因公,因事 in any case无论如何,总之

常用英语语法术语表

常用英语语法术语表句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 单词word 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专有名词proper noun 普通名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concret noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规则动词regular verb 不规则动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb

静态动词state verb 感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时间副词adverb of time 地点副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun 物主代词possesive pronoun 反身代词reflexive pronoun 相互代词reciprocal pronoun 指示代词demonstrative pronoun 疑问代词interrogative pronoun 关系代词relative pronoun 不定代词indefinite pronoun 物主代词possecive pronoun 名词性物主代词nominal possesive prnoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possesive pronoun 冠词article 定冠词definite article 不定冠词indefinite article 数词numeral 基数词cardinal numeral 序数词ordinal numeral 分数词fractional numeral 形式form 单数形式singular form 复数形式plural form 限定动词finite verb form 非限定动词non-finite verb form 原形base form 从句clause 从属句subordinate clause 并列句coordinate clause 名词从句nominal clause 定语从句attributive clause 状语从句adverbial clause

翻译技减词

翻译技减词 2007-8-29【大中小】【打印】【我要纠错】 减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况:一是从语法角度进行减省;二是从修饰角度进行减省。 一、从语法角度进行减省 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大,例如:英语有冠词,而汉语却没有;英语重形合、连接词较多,汉语重意合、连接词较少;英语中介词丰富,多达280多个,汉语中介词则较少,只有30来个;英语中经常使用代词,尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等,而汉语中代词则用得较少;因此,英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去,使译文练达晓畅。例如: (1)I know my friends from the feel of their faces. 我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。 (2)Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water. 冰是固体,如果加热,就融化成水。 (3)John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework. 约翰早晨起床很早,他穿上夹克,就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。 (4)But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow. 但此时整条路看起来都挺美,金灿灿的太阳刚落下山,橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。 (5)He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears and needles and thread and tailor's thimble. 他放在那儿有一个架子,摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶,还有大剪刀、针、线,以及裁缝用的顶针。 (6)Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers… 史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物,大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。 (7)The city has a dense manufacturing population. 这个城市有稠密的工业人口。 (8)The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory. 产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。 (9)The mother and the eldest daughter weeded the ridges, passing before the others…A younger son, of twelve years, brought sea sand in a donkey's creels from a far corner of the field. They mixed the sand with the black clay. The fourth child, still almost an infant, staggered about near his mother, plucking weeds slowly and offering them to his mother as gifts. 母亲和大女儿在除垄上的草,把旁人甩在后面……二儿子十二岁,从老远的地头把海滩上的沙子装进鱼篮,赶着毛驴驮了回来。他们把黑土掺上了沙子。老四还是个小不点儿,在母亲身边遥遥晃晃转悠着,慢吞吞地拔起杂草,当礼物送给母亲。 (10)Come if you like.高兴来就来。 (11)As it is late, let us go to bed.不早啦,睡吧! (12)I framed the words in my mind: "Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?"

英语语法中常用词翻译

立身以立学为先,立学以读书为本 1. prepositions [,pr?p?'z???n] n. [语] 介词;系词(preposition的复数) 2. passive voice 被动态,被动式 3. Passive ['p?s?v] adj. 被动的,消极的;被动语态的; n. 被动语态 4. past perfect (动词的)过去完成时 5. Simple ['s?mp(?)l] adj. 简单的;单纯的;天真的; n. 笨蛋;愚蠢的行为;出身低微者; n. (Simple)人名;(法)桑普勒 6. conditional sentences 条件句(conditional sentence的复数) 7. type [ta?p] n. 类型,品种;模范;样式;n. (Type)人名;(英)泰普;vt. 打字;测定(血等)类型;vi. 打字 8. question tags 反意疑问句 9. tags [t?gz] n. 标签;(机动车)牌照;称呼(tag 的复数) v. 附加;加标签于;给…起绰号(tag 的单三形式) 10. possessives n. 所有格(possessive的复数)11. modals n. 情态动词(modal的复数形式)12. articles n. [语] 文章;物品;[法] 条款(article的复数);[语] 冠词 v. 使受协议条款的约束;指控(article的三单形式) 13. pronouns n. 代词;[语] 代名词 14. emphatic [?m'f?t?k; em-] adj. 着重的;加强语气的;显著的15. reflexive [r?'fleks?v] n. 反身代词;反身动词; adj. 反身的;[物] 反射的 16. present perfect progressive 现在完成进行时 17. present ['prez(?)nt] n. 现在;礼物;瞄准;adj. 现在的;出 席的;vt. 提出;介绍;呈现;赠送;vi. 举枪 瞄准 18. perfect ['p??f?kt] n. 完成式;n. (Perfect)人名;(英)珀费 克特;adj. 完美的;最好的;精通的;vt. 使完 美;使熟练 19. progressive [pr?'gres?v] n. 改革论者;进步分子;adj. 进步的; 先进的 20. past simple 一般过去时 21. simple ['s?mp(?)l] n. 笨蛋;愚蠢的行为;出身低微者 n. (Simple)人名;(法)桑普勒 adj. 简单的;单纯的;天真的 22. Present Perfect Simple 23. object ['?bd??kt; -d?ekt] n. 目标;物体;客体;宾语 vt. 提出…作为反对的理由 vi. 反对;拒绝 24. comparison [k?m'p?r?s(?)n] n. 比较;对照;比喻;比较关系 25. adverbs n. [语] 副词(adverb的复数) 26. adjectives n. [语] 形容词(adjective的复数) 27. simple past (动词的)一般过去式 28. past progressive 过去进行体;过去进行时 29. present progressive 现在进行时 时 | 现在进行体 | 现在进行式 30. present simple 一般现在时 31. imperative [?m'per?t?v] n. 需要;命令;祈使语气;规则;adj. 必要的,势在必行的;命令的;紧急的 32. personal ['p??s(?)n(?)l] n. 人事消息栏;人称代名词;adj. 个人 的;身体的;亲自的 33. possessive [p?'zes?v] adj. 占有的;所有的;所有格的;占 有欲强的 n. 所有格 34. forms n. 表格(form的复数形式);表单; 窗体;v. 形成(form的第三人称单数);培 养;制作 35. case [ke?s] n. 情况;实例;箱;vt. 包围;把…装 于容器中;n. (Case)人名;(英)凯斯;(西)卡 塞;(法)卡斯 36. countable ['ka?nt?b(?)l] n. 可数名词;可数的东西; adj. 可计算的;能算的 37. uncountable noun 不可数名词 38. plural form 复数形式 39. ordinal numbers 序数词,[数] 序数 40. ordinal ['??d?n(?)l] n. [数] 序数;adj. 顺序的,依次的 41. reflexive pronouns 反身代词 42. future tense 未来式;将来时态 43. future ['fju?t??] n. 未来;前途;期货;将来时 adj. 将来的,未来的 44. tense [tens] n. 时态;adj. 紧张的;拉紧的;vt. 变得 紧张;使拉紧;vi. 拉紧,变得紧张 45. plural ['pl??r(?)l] n. 复数;adj. 复数的 46. past simple tense 一般过去时 47. negative ['neg?t?v] adj. [数] 负的;消极的;否定的;阴 性的 n. 否定;负数;[摄] 底片 vt. 否定;拒绝 48. interrogative [,?nt?'r?g?t?v] adj. 疑问的;质问的; n. 疑问词 49. continuous [k?n't?nj??s] adj. 连续的,持续的;继续的;连绵 不断的 50. affirmative [?'f??m?t?v] n. 肯定语;赞成的一方 adj. 肯定的;积极的 51. possessive adjectives 物主形容词 52. plurals [语] 复数 53. quantify ['kw?nt?fa?] vt. 确定…的数量;用数量表示;测 量,计量;量化(把质的变为量的):;【军 事】估算 54. wh-questions 特殊疑问句 55. possessive pronouns 物主代词;所有格代名词 (possessive pronoun的复数) 56. synonyms ['sin?nimz] n. [语] 同义词,同义字;同一性 (synonym的复数) 57. antonyms n. [语] 反义词(antonym的复数形 式);反义字 58. conjunctions ['k?nd??nk??ns] n. 连词;[语] 连接词;[数] 合取 (conjunction的复数形式) 59. contractions n. 收缩;缩略形式(contraction的 复数)

常用英语语法术语表 中英

常用英语语法术语表达 语法grammar 句法syntax 词法morphology 结构structure 层次rank 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类partofspeech 单词word 实词notionalword 虚词structuralword 单纯词simpleword 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part?of?speech 名词?noun? 专有名词?proper?noun? 普通名词?common?noun? 可数名词?countable?noun? 不可数名词?uncountable?noun? 抽象名词?abstract?noun? 具体名词?concrete?noun? 物质名词?material?noun? 集体名词?collective?noun? 个体名词?individual?noun? 介词?preposition? 连词?conjunction? 动词?verb? 主动词?main?verb? 及物动词?transitive?verb? 不及物动词?intransitive?verb? 系动词?link?verb? 助动词?auxiliary?verb? 情态动词?modal?verb? 规则动词?regular?verb? 不规则动词?irregular?verb? 短语动词?phrasal?verb? 限定动词?finite?verb? 非限定动词?infinite?verb? 使役动词?causative?verb

感官动词?verb?of?senses? 动态动词dynamic verb? 静态动词?state?verb? 感叹词?exclamation? 形容词?adjective 副词?adverb? 方式副词?adverb?of?manner? 程度副词?adverb?of?degree? 时间副词?adverb?of?time? 地点副词?adverb?of?place? 修饰性副词adverb of?adjunct? 连接性副词?adverb of conjunct? 疑问副词?interrogative?adverb? 关系副词?relative?adverb 代词?pronoun? 人称代词?personal?pronoun? 物主代词?possessive?pronoun? 反身代词?reflexive?pronoun? 相互代词?reciprocal?pronoun? 指示代词?demonstrative?pronoun? 疑问代词?interrogative?pronoun? 关系代词?relative?pronoun? 不定代词?indefinite?pronoun? 名词性物主代词?nominal?possessive?pronoun? 形容词性物主代词?adjectival?possessive?pronoun? 冠词?article? 定冠词?definite?article 不定冠词?indefinite?article 数词?numeral? 基数词?cardinal?numeral? 序数词?ordinal?numeral? 分数词?fractional?numeral? 形式?form? 单数形式?singular?form? 复数形式?plural?form? 限定动词?finite?verb?form? 非限定动词?non-finite?verb?form? 原形?base?form?

简析英汉翻译中的增减词翻译方法

龙源期刊网 https://www.doczj.com/doc/8218211883.html, 简析英汉翻译中的增减词翻译方法 作者:马祎凡 来源:《当代旅游(下旬)》2017年第10期 摘要:由于英漢两种语言在表达方式、表达习惯上存在很多差异,在翻译过程中我们需要对原文进行适当的增减以求达到“信、达、雅”的标准。在忠实于原文的基础上使译文更加通顺流畅,符合目的语的表达习惯。 关键词:英汉翻译;增词法;减词法 在翻译学习过程中,经常会看到一些译者会在翻译时增加或删减一些词。这样的改动不但不是错的,还有利于译文达到“信、达、雅”的标准。这是因为英汉两种语言并不是一一对应的这样的,所以我们在翻译过程中需要灵活处理。本篇文章通过总结翻译学习经验,总结出翻译过程中的“增减词”用法。以帮助我们的译文更加流畅而富有文采[1]。 一、增减评论性的词 例: He wished that he had asked her to dance, and that he knew her name. 试译:他希望他当时请她跳了舞,那他就能知道她的名字。 改译:他多么希望自己当时请她跳了舞,现在还知道了她的芳名,那该有多好啊! 分析:这个句子选自于《德伯家的苔丝》,其中讲到了三个兄弟中的二哥第一次看见苔丝时,并没有上前和她跳舞,后来走到山上的时候回头看见苔丝在跳舞,心生爱慕,才说了这样一句话。“那该有多好啊”一句是增加出来的,其目的是为了表达出当时那种很后悔的心情。但是这样的增词一般都出现在文学作品中,对于我们翻译学习者来说,这都是些大师的作品,只能处于鉴赏的阶段,我们一般很少使用[2]。 二、增减对象词 例如:1998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年,中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展。 试译:1998 was the International Ocean Year settled by the UN, Chinese Government will take this opportunity to introduce the development of China's marine affairs. 改译:1998 was designated as the International Ocean Year by the United Nations, and the Chinese Government would like to take this opportunity to make an introduction of the development of China's marine affairs to this world.

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