F LASH370i?系列CPLD芯片介绍
这篇应用说明书涵盖以下内容：
（1）对复杂可编程逻辑器件（CPLD）的综合描述；
（2）对FLASH370i系列器件的总体介绍。
CPLD 简介
空间占用更少，性能提高，费用降低，CPLD这些因素使其将PLD的概念扩展到一个更高性能的水平上。在结构上，CPLD是由大量的可编程逻辑器件（PLD）及逻辑阵列块（LAB）组成的，这些结构通过可编程内部矩阵（PIM）连接在一起。因此CPLD性能的提高并非是通过增加输入项与乘积项的数量，增大体积来实现的。大量的逻辑阵列块（LAB）提供了与PLD可相比拟的速度，因为基本的传输路径是通过一个逻辑阵列块而且各个的乘积项矩阵与PLD矩阵相当。大量的LAB也提供了更高的集成度。一个CPLD 所包含的LABs根据其大小，通常介于2到16之间。LABs除了由PIM连接之外，也由输入与输出宏单元及专用输入宏单元相连。
图1，2分别为CPLD的总构成图与内部LB的结构图。
LAB的结构元件包括：（1）阵列；（2）分配器；（3）宏单元。CPLD中的乘积项矩阵与PLD中的乘积项矩阵一样，所不同之处在于，前者的输入也可以是来自于PIM。乘积项分配器是CPLD中的一个新概念，在CPLD中乘积项并非是通过输入与输出引脚固定与宏单元的，而是能根据需要联到不同的宏单元上。这样的结果是更加有效的乘积项分配与更高的集成度。
根据CPLD的不同，乘积项分配器的应用也不相同，这些将在FLASH370i系列器件特性一结中加以讲述。
宏单元接收单个的乘积项分配器提供的输入，即数量不确定的乘积项相或。在一些宏单元中，输入信号与另一个可能是Q端回馈的信号进入一个二输入的异或门。这样便将D触发器配置成T触发器，对于如计数器等某些设计，后者将使其获得性能上的提高。经过异或门之后，宏单元可被配置成寄存器型，组合逻辑型或锁存型。有两种类型的宏单元，输入/输出型与隐藏型。一些特殊的宏单元不仅输入到输入/输出型宏单元而且也反馈到乘积项矩阵。隐藏型宏单元仅为乘积项矩阵提供反馈信号。PIM的功能是将可用资源的需要部分，所有来自LAB的输出及某些输入输出引脚分派给适当的LAB。有两种PIM的应用方法：矩阵型的连接与乘积项型的连接。图3显示了基于矩阵型连接的两个LAB之间的数据传输。在矩阵型的连接中，LAB的每个输出可以通过一存储单元联结到任意个输入项中。每个PIM输入项被指定到一个特殊的LAB或功能中作为LAB
乘积项矩阵的输入信号。在本示例中，只显示了四个PIM输入项，两个进入LAB1，两个进入LAB2。每一个输入项都有一个感受器，可以探测逻辑电平，缓冲信号，提供驱动。由于每一个LAB输出可以联接到任意的PIM输入，内部连接是100%可连通的。而且绝不会限制器件适配逻辑的能力。一个宏单元的输出可以能够联接到一个或多个PIM输入项。与基于选择型的连接方式相比，将存储单元作为连接的最大不足之处是传输延迟。
图4描述了基于选择型连接的两个LABS之间的数据通信通道。在多路选择型连接中，选择器将多个PIM输入项中的一个送入LAB。PIM输入项不同于矩阵型连接之处在于，他们是从n（n指输入的选择器的数目）个选择器中的一个输入的，而非是一个或门存储阵列的输出。进入选择器的输入是所有的LAB输出及特殊的输入端与输入/输出引脚。图3示出了由两个4-1选择器产生的两路PIM输入项。在这个例子里，LAB1中的宏单元2与LAB2中的宏单元2都有两种进入选择器的可能，其他的输入仅有一种。选择器越宽（选择器输入的数目），所需进入每个LAB的输入将成功布通，每个信号布通到LAB的可能性也越大。选择器变宽的劣势在于通过PIM的传输延迟增加，也增大了结构尺寸。基于选择型连通结构的应用因选择器规模而不同。
FLASH370i型CPLDS的特点
FLASH370i型CPLDS提供了从2个到8个LABs的密度。图5显示了有8个LABs的CY7C374i/5i结构图。偶数型的器件将一半的宏单元隐藏，使得在引脚一定的情况下获得最大的集成度。表1示例了一些器件。
CPLD是属于粗粒结构的可编程逻辑器件。它具有丰富的逻辑资源(即逻辑门与寄存器的比例高)和高度灵活的路由资源。CPLD的路由是连接在一起的，而FPGA的路由是分割开的。FPGA可能更灵活，但包括很多跳线，因此速度较CPLD慢。
CPLD以群阵列（array of clusters）的形式排列，由水平和垂直路由通道连接起来。这些路由通道把信号送到器件的引脚上或者传进来，并且把CPLD内部的逻辑群连接起来。CPLD之所以称作粗粒，是因为，与路由数量相比，逻辑群要大得到。CPLD的逻辑群比FPGA的基本单元大得多，因此FPGA是细粒的.CPLD的功能块 CPLD最基本的单元是宏单元。一个宏单元包含一个寄存器(使用多达16个乘积项作为其输入)及其它有用特性。因为每个宏单元用了16个乘积项，因此设计人员可部署大量的组合逻辑而不用增加额外的路径。这就是为何CPLD被认为是“逻辑丰富”型的。宏单元以逻辑模块的形式排列(LB)，每个逻辑模块由16个宏单元组成。宏单元执行一个AND操作，然后一个OR操作以实现组合逻辑。每个逻辑群有8个逻辑模块，所有逻辑群都连接到同一个可编程互联矩阵。
每个群还包含两个单端口逻辑群存储器模块和一个多端口通道存储器模块。前者每模块有8，192b存储器，后者包含4，096b专用通信存储器且可配置为单端口、多端口或带专用控制逻辑的FIFO。 CPLD的好处之一是在给定的器件密度上可提供更多的I/O数，有时甚至高达70%。时序模型简单 CPLD优于其它可编程结构之处在于它具有简单且可预测的时序模型。这种简单的时序模型主要应归功于CPLD的粗粒度特性。 CPLD可在给定的时间内提供较宽的相等状态，而与路由无关。这一能力是设计成功的关键，不但可加速初始设计工作，而且可加快设计调试过程。粗粒CPLD结构的优点 CPLD是粗粒结构，这意味著进出器件的路径经过较少的开关，相应地延迟也小。因此，与等效的FPGA
相比，CPLD可工作在更高的频率，具有更好的性能。 CPLD的另一个好处是其软件编译快，因为其易于路由的结构使得布放设计任务更加容易执行。
图6，7显示了乘积项矩阵，乘积项分配器，宏单元，及FLASH370i系列器件的输入/输出宏单元。每个LAB有36个输入，这使得其足可以处理32位的运算。80个标准的乘积项被提供给乘积项分配器，乘积项分配器可以为16个宏单元中的每一个分配0到16个
乘积项。此外，6个特殊的乘积项也由乘积项矩阵生成。他们是一个异步复位，异步置位，和两组的乘积项输出使能。
输出宏单元（图8）提供一组4输出控制选项：（1）来自一个输出使能（2）来自另一个输出使能的控制，（3）一直使能控制，（4）一直不使能控制。每一个LAB包含4个输出使能乘积项，两个控制上面的8个宏单元，另两个控制下面的8个宏单元。状态宏单元（图8）含有寄存器，触发器，或是组合电路传输数据的选择项。对于输入输出宏单元，另有一个输出优先级选择器在信号到达输入/输出宏单元前来提高性能。对于隐藏型宏单元，另有一个选择器可以将状态寄存器配置成一个输入寄存器。如果隐藏型宏单元被配置成一个输入，就不会从矩阵中分配到乘积项输入。在图8中，结构位C7可以从输入/输出引脚选择反馈信号输入到寄存器，进而取代了来自乘积项矩阵的输入。
对于每一个LAB而言，都有一个异步复位，置位乘积项。无论是时钟信号，复位或置位信号都有优先级选择器。对于CY7C371i/372i 与CY7C373i/374i/375i系列器件，每一个宏单元分别可以在两个时钟与四个时钟中进行选择。在一个LAB中的所有宏单元都接受同一优先级的时钟信号，复位或置位信号。优先级可以在每一个LAB中单独配置。图8描述了输入/输出宏单元，输入/输出同隐藏型宏单元。
图9与图10描述了输入/时钟及输入宏单元。输入宏单元提供了组合逻辑，门限逻辑，单寄存器，或双寄存器输入的灵活性。CY7C371i/372i系列器件有两个输入/时钟引脚和四个输入引脚。CY7C373i/374i/375i系列器件有四个输入/时钟引脚和两个输入引脚。为了增加灵活性，每个时钟都可配置成正的或负的优先级。
为了全面了解FLASH370i乘积项分配器的操作过程，需要介绍乘积项分配器设计中的两个重要方面：乘积项分配与乘积项共享。分配是指将乘积项资源赋予宏单元。传统的PLD设计没有分配的灵活性。每一个宏单元都有其固定的，特定的乘积项输入。在许多的设计中，每一个宏单元要求的乘积项输入往往不同，这也就对为每个宏单元指定不同的乘积项提出了要求。乘积项共享指的是一个乘积项被多个宏单元所共用。不同宏单元的逻辑等式有时候包
含了一样的最小项。将生成的这一乘积项由多个宏单元所共用而不是为每个宏单元都分别生成这一最小项，可以极大的提高其性能。
图11是FLASH370i系列器件乘积项分配器的概念表示，乘积项分配器的功能如同一个分块的或阵列，他为每个宏单元提供0到16 个乘积项的相或。每一个乘积项都可以单独被分配与共享。这一结构在将某个宏单元的乘积项用做另一个宏单元的输入上有着一些优势。
图12是MACH乘积项分配器的概念上的表示。他不能在宏单元之间共享乘积项。四个乘积项的每一个都只能布道一个宏单元。每四个一组的乘积项分配是粒度更高的布局，但不是也很有效。
为了展现这一低效之处。考虑一个需要五个乘积项输入的宏单元。两个乘积项簇一共可以提供8个可能的乘积项输入。因为剩余的乘积项不能够再布通到其他的宏单元，这样就浪费了来自另一簇宏单元的3个乘积项资源。
MAX7000型乘积项分配器示意图表现了扩展乘积项的应用（图13）。扩展项有两路通道
通过矩阵，可以产生高效的应用。这些扩展项由LAB中的所有乘积项所共享。扩展项应用的不足之处在于两路通路通过矩阵时的延迟增加。这使得时间模型复杂化，也使得器件的性能与扩展乘积项的应用相联系。与MACH乘积项分配器相同，MAX7000型分配器也有五个乘积项簇。因而，当有多与一个簇连到某个宏单元时，同样会有乘积项浪费的问题。
FLASH370i乘积项分配器提供了最有效的乘积项分配与共享方案。信号通过乘积项分配器的传输与每一个宏单元的乘积项数目没有关系。PIM与乘积项分配器的灵活性使得无须改变器件引脚即可完成设计的修改。输入与输出的开关矩阵没有必要，那只会增加额外的延迟并降低器件的性能。FLASH370i系列器件的定时模式比其他的CPLD更加简单，这有以下两个原因。首先，所有进入LAB的输入信号都需通过PIM。这包括了所有的输入与输出，宏单元输出的反馈，及特定的输入。其次，通过乘积项分配器的延迟时间与分配给宏单元的乘积项数目无关。因此，没有扩展延迟，没有特定的输入/输出引脚延迟，也不会因使用了多达16个乘积项而性能降低，或是也不会因分配与扩展乘积项而有延迟。FLASH370i系列器件提供了可以像PLD一样的时间预测。FLASH370i系列器件的PIM被设计成达到100%的连通性，但也不会做的很宽以至影响到性能与尺寸。
The F LASH370i? Family Of CPLDs
This application note covers the following topics: (1) a general discussion of complex programmable logic devices (CP LDs),(2) an overview of the FLASH370i? family of CPLDs.
Overview of CPLDs
CPLDs extend the concept of the PLD to a higher level of integration to improve system performance,use less board space, improve reliability, and reduce cost. Instead of making the PLD bigger with more input terms and product terms, a CPLDarchitecture is compo_ sed of multiple PLDs or logic blocks (LABs) connected together with a programmable interconnect matrix (PIM). Multiple Logic Array Blocks (LABs) provide comparable speed to a PLD because the basic propagation path is through one LAB and each LABs product term array is comparable to a PLD array. Multiple LABs provide the higher integration. The number of LABs in a CPLD is typically between 2 for the smaller CPLDs and 16 for the larger ones. In addition to LABs interconnected by the PIM, are the input/ output macrocells and the dedicated input macrocells. Figures 1 and 2 show the CPLD generic block diagram and the logic block diagram respectively.
The architectural components of the LAB are: (1) the product term array, (2) the product term allocator, and (3) the macrocell. The product term array is the same in the CPLD as in the PLD except that the inputs into the array can now also come from the PIM. The product term allocator is a new concept in the CPLD where product terms are not fixed to a macrocell with its associated input/output pin but can be routed to different macrocells depending on where they are needed. The result is a more efficient allocation of product terms and higher
integration. Implementation of the product term allocator varies across CPLD vendors which
is more fully discussed in the section describing the features of the FLASH370i family. The macrocell accepts the single output of the product term allocator which is the ORing of a variable number of product terms. In some macrocells this input feeds into a two input XOR gate with the other input potentially carrying the Q feedback.
This configures the D flip flop to a T flip flop which can provide an improvement in capacity for certain designs such as counters. After the XOR gate, the macrocell is configurable as registered, combinatorial, and in some cases latched. There are two kinds of macrocells which are input/output dedicated and buried. Dedicated macrocells output to the input/ output macrocell and also provide feedback into the product term array. Buried macrocells only provide feedback into the product term array. The function of the PIM is to distribute the needed fraction of the total available resources, all outputs from the LAB and possibly also dedicated inputs and inputs/outputs, to the appropriate LAB. There are two common methods of PIM implementation: array based interconnect and mux based interconnect. Figure 3 shows the data path of communication between two LABs using the array based interconnect. In the array based interconnect, each output of the LAB can potentially connect to any number of PIM input terms through a memory element.
Each PIM input term is assigned to a specific LAB and functions as an input term into the
LABs product term array. In this example only four PIM input terms are shown two going to LAB1 and two going to LAB2. There is a sense amp per input term to detect the logic level, buffer the signal, and drive it into the LAB. The true and complement of the PIM signal feed into the product term array (not shown in the figure). Since every LAB output can connect to any PIM input, the interconnect is considered 100 percent routable. It never limits the ability of the device to fit logic. A macrocell output can connect to one or multiple PIM input terms. The major drawback from using a memory element as an interconnect is the slower propagation delay than the muxed based interconnect. Figure 4 shows the data path of communication between two LABs using the muxed based interconnect. In the muxed based interconnect a mux chooses one of a number of potential PIM input terms into the LAB. The PIM input terms differ from the array based interconnect in that they are output from a 1 of n (where “n” is the number of inputs of the mux) mux instead of the output of a wired nor memory array. The inputs into the muxes are all the outputs of the LABs as well as dedicated inputs and input/output pins. Figure 3 shows two PIM input terms output from two 4-to-1 muxes. In this example, macrocell 2 from LAB1 and macrocell 2 from LAB2 both show 2 chances to route into the muxes with other inputs having only 1 chance. The wider the mux (the number of inputs into the mux) the more likely all desired inputs into each LAB will be successfully routed and the more chances each signal gets to route into a LAB. The disadvantage of larger muxes is a larger slower propagation delay through the PIM and increased die size. Implementations of mux-based interconnect vary in the size of the mux. Features of the FLASH370i CPLDs
The FLASH370i family of CPLDs offers densities from 2 to 8 LABs. Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the CY7C374i/5i with 8 LABs. The even numbers of the family (372i,374i) bury half of the macrocells for maximum integration with the same pinout as the
(371i,373i,375i) respectively. Table 1 shows the family members offered.
Figures 6 and 7 show the product term array, product term allocator, macrocells, and
input/output macrocells for the FLASH370i family. Each LAB features 36 inputs, which can adequately handle 32-bit operations plus control signals with one pass through the LAB. The product term array features the true and complement polarities of each PIM output signal for a total of 72 inputs. 80 standard product terms are provided to the product term allocator which allocates from 0 to 16 product terms to each of the 16 macrocells. Additionally, 6 special product terms are also generated in the product term array. They are an asynchronous preset,
asynchronous reset, and two groups of 2 bank output enable product terms.
The output macrocell (Figure 8) provides a selection of four output controlling options: (1) control from one output enable;
(2) control from a second output enable;
(3) permanently enabled;
(4) permanently disabled. Each LAB contains 4 output enable product terms, 2 for the upper 8 macrocells and 2 for the lower 8 macrocells. The state macrocell (Figure 8) contains options
to register, latch, or send data through combinatorially. For the input/output macrocell there is an additional output polarity mux to improve capacity before the signal goes to the
input/output macrocell. For buried macrocells there is an additional mux which can configure the state register as an input register. If the buried macrocell is configured as an input, zero product terms will be allocated from the array. In Figure 8 architecture bit C7 can choose the feedback from the input/output pin as the input into the register instead of from the product term array. There is one asynchronous preset and reset product term for each LAB. There are polarity muxes for the clocks, preset and reset. Each macrocell can choose among two clocking options for the CY7C371i/372i and four clocking options for the
CY7C373i/374i/375i. All macrocells in a LAB receive the same polarity of the clock, set and reset. Polarities are configurable per LAB. Figure 8 shows the input/output macrocell and input/output plus buried macrocell. Figures 9 and 10 show the input/clock and input macrocells. The input macrocell provides the flexibility to let the input enter combinatorially, latched, single registered, or double registered (for maximum metastability performance). For the CY7C371i/372i there are two input/clocks pins and four input pins. For the
CY7C373i/374i/375i there are four input/clock pins and two input pins. For added flexibility, each clock can be configurable for either positive or negative polarity. In order to fully understand the operation of the FLASH370i product term allocator, two important aspects of product term allocator design need to be introduced: product term steering and product term sharing. Steering refers to the assignment of a product term resource to a macrocell. In the traditional PLD there is no steering flexibility. Each macrocell has assigned product terms that can only be used by that macrocell. In many designs each macrocell requires a different number of product terms putting an emphasis on the ability to allocate product terms individually on an as needed basis. Product term sharing refers to a product term being used by multiple macrocells. The logic equations for different macrocells sometimes contain the same minterm. Instead of generating this same minterm multiple times, it is generated on only one product term and shared across macrocells, thereby improving capacity. Figure 11 is a conceptual representation of the FLASH370i product term allocator. The product term allocator functions like a segmented OR array by ORing from 0 to 16 product terms for each
macrocell. Product terms can be steered and shared on an individual basis. This architecture has several advantages over other implementa_ tions that steer product terms away from one macrocell to serve another.
CPLD can be quickly listed the CPLD structure is coarse-grained structure of the programmable logic device. It is rich in logic resources (ie logic gate with a high proportion of the Register) and the highly flexible routing resources. CPLD is linked to routing, and routing of the FPGA split open. FPGA may be more flexible, but including many of the jumper, the slow pace than CPLD. CPLD to-array (array of clusters) with the form, by the horizontal and vertical channel routing link. These routing channel signal to the pin on the device or Scientology, and to the logic of internal CPLD group linked up. CPLD has called coarse, because, in comparison with the routing number, the logical group to be large. CPLD logic FPGA group than the basic unit of much larger, FPGA is fine. CPLD CPLD function block is the most basic unit of Acer unit. A macro-element contains a register (using as many as 16 items as the product of its input), and other useful properties. Acer because each module of the 16 product items, So designers can deploy a large number of combinational logic without additional trails. This is why the CPLD is considered to be "logical rich." Type. Acer unit in the form of logic module with (LB), each logic module from the 16-unit. Implementation of a macro-element AND operation, then an OR operation to achieve the combinational logic. Each group is the logic logic module 8, all groups are logically connected to the Internet with a programmable matrix. Each group also includes two single-port memory logic module and a multi-port memory access module. The former is 8 per module, memory 192b, which included four, 096b memory and dedicated communication can be configured as single-port and multi-port or with dedicated FIFO control logic. CPLD is one of the benefits to the density of the device can provide more I / O number, and sometimes even as much as 70%. CPLD simple sequential model is superior to other programmable structure is that it is simple and predictable time-series model. This simple sequential model must be attributed to the CPLD coarse-grained characteristics. CPLD in a given period of time for wider equal status, and had nothing to do with the routing. This capability is key to the success of the design, not only to accelerate the initial design work, but also to accelerate the
design debugging process. Coarse-grained structure of the advantages of CPLD CPLD is coarse-grained structure, which means that the access device through the path less switch, corresponding to the delay also small. Thus, compared to equivalent FPGA, CPLD can work at a higher frequency, with better performance. CPLD Another advantage is that its software compiler fast, because of its easy routing architecture design tasks laid off more easy to implement.
Figure 12 is a conceptual representation of the MACH? product term allocator. It shows no
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
现在英语的重要性相信大家都是有所了解的，特别是外贸工作者对英语的重要性更是深有体会的。同时在学业学习的过程中我们也是会经常遇到一些英汉互译的问题的额，那么我们应该怎样在线实现英汉互译的问题呢？下面就一起来看一下吧。 步骤一：要在线实现英汉互译的问题，我们就需要通过浏览器搜索在线翻译，进入下面这个页面来帮助我们进行实现。 步骤二：通过浏览器进入在线翻译页面后，有两个选项一个是短句翻译的选项，中文150字以内，英文150词以内都支持进行翻译，适合零散短句，日常用语，商贸交流，邮件往来，地址信息等短文本的翻译。
步骤三：还有一个选项是文档翻译的选项，一次只支持翻译一个文档，所支持翻译的文档格式有一下几种：PDF、WORD文档中的图片、扫描件、图纸。但是背景模糊的纯图片无法进行翻译。 步骤四：了解完上面的两个选项后，我们就可以根据需要选择一个选项进入了，下面小编就选择短句翻译的选项，来为大家进行讲解。
步骤五：转入短句翻译的选项后，会出现两个文本框，我们需要在左边的文本框中输入需要进行翻译的语句。 步骤六：语句输入好后，在文本框的上方可以对一些翻译的选项设置，这样可以帮助我们更快的实现翻译。
步骤七：翻译选项设置好后，就可以通过选择开始翻译按钮，对短语进行翻译了。 步骤八：耐心等待短语翻译结束后，翻译结果会在右边的文本框中呈现，我们可以通过文本框上方的复制按钮对翻译后的结果进行复制粘贴，也可以直接通过鼠标选中进行复制粘贴。
英汉互译的实现方法，上面已经为大家分享过了，实现过程简单快速，生活中再遇到关于翻译的问题，就可以用这个方法来进行实现了。
一、材质中英文对照表 1.摇粒绒：Polar Fleece 2.珊瑚绒：coral fleece / soft terry 3.羊羔绒：Berber fleece / polyester faux sherpa 4.短毛绒：short plush 5.长毛绒：long plush 6.毛绒：fur 7.天鹅绒：velvet 8.拖把绒：cord velour 9.PV绒：PV plush 10.毛巾布：terry 11.灯芯绒：corduroy 12.双色毛绒：two-tone faux fur 13.毛线针织：knitting 14.麂皮绒：microfiber/microsuede 15.格利特：glitter 16.亮片：sequin 17.佳积布：nylex 18.尼龙布：nylon 19.汗衫布：jersey 20.沙丁布：satin 21.网布：mesh 22.帆布：canvas 23.斜纹棉布: cotton twill 24.PU 25.镜面PU：patent PU 26.平纹PU：smooth PU 27.EV A 28.点塑底：fabric with dot / skid free dot/non skid dot 29.TPR 30.PVC注塑：PVC injected 二、鞋子装饰物（ornament） 1.松紧带：elastic gore 2.魔术贴：velcro 3.电绣：embroidery 4.蝴蝶结：bow 5.爱心：heart 6.鞋带：lace 7.鞋眼：eyelet 8.人造钻石：rhinestone 9.搭带：strap 10.拉环：loop 11.毛球：POM 12.织唛标：Woven label 13.烫印：heat seal 14.贴片：patch 15.拉链：zipper 三、颜色 1. 豹纹：leopard/ cheetah 2. 斑马纹：zebra 3. 虎纹：tiger 4. 米黄色：beige 5. 桃红色：fuschia 6. 淡紫色：lilac 7. 海军蓝：Navy 8. 咖啡色：Brown 9. 迷彩：camo 10. 湖水蓝：blue atoll/ turq / lake blue 11. 格子：plaid / gingham 12. 紫色：purple 13. 灰色：grey/gray 14. 条纹：strip 15. 银光粉：neon pink 16. 金属色：metallic 17. 栗色：chestnut AI Artwork 设计稿
春节是中国传统的新年，它从中国农历正月的第一天开始到第十五天结束，一共十五天。春节也预示着春天的来临。在新年的前一段时间，人们开始准备食物、买新衣服和打扫房间。很多家庭会在门上贴上春联。按照习俗，所有的准备是希望新的一年会带来幸福和好运。在中国，红色是好运的象征。 Spring Festival is the Chinese New Year. It starts on the 1st and ends on the 15th of lunar January. Spring Festival celebrates the coming of spring. Several days before the New Year, every family prepares rich food, buys new clothes, and cleans the house. Many families buy or write Spring Festival couplets and put them on the door. People believe that everything must be new and clean for the Spring Festival celebration so that the New Year will bring happiness and good luck. In China, red represents luck.
在除夕夜，人们通常要到十二点以后才睡觉，这叫“守岁”，“岁”也是“年”的意思，通常人们用岁表示年龄，即一年是一岁。守岁是送走旧的一年迎来新的一年，所以在晚上12点时，很多家庭都会放鞭炮以示新的一年的到来。新年的第一天，也就是初一，人们基本上都呆在家里。从年初二开始，人们起的很早，互相拜年并致以新年的祝福等。 On New Year’s eve, people set off fireworks from around midnight to see out the end of the previous year and welcome in the New Year, called “shǒusuì” .“suì”means year. On the first day of the New Year people usually stay at home. On the 2nd day people get up early and exchange New Year’s greetings with relatives, friends, neighbors, etc.
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Overview https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, is part of https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b4685196.html, Web pages on your own computer.
如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2 。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3 。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4 。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5 。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情??在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8 。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像 一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。每一个沐浴在 爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对 我而言意味着什么。distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更 近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让 我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。
中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表 中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表.txt我们用一只眼睛看见现实的灰墙，却用另一只眼睛勇敢飞翔，接近梦想。男人喜欢听话的女人，但男人若是喜欢一个女人，就会不知不觉听她的话。在互联网上混的都时兴起个英文名字，一是方便注册用户名，二是有个好英文名容易显得自己比较Cool。但是起英文名时，中文姓氏还是要保留的，并且姓氏一般都有专门的英文翻译，比如“刘德华”的英文名是Andy，刘姓对应的英文翻译是Lau，所以全称便是“Andy Lau”。当然了，我们一般人直接用汉语拼音作为姓氏的英文翻译也可以，但在比较正式的场合下，最好还是用相应的英文翻译。 姓氏的英文翻译跟汉语拼音是有一些细微差别的，这主要由中西方人发音的不同特点来决定的。比如，从声母上来看，D开头的姓，英文翻译对应的是T，G对应的是K，X对应的是HS，Z、J 一般对应的是C，韵母也会有一些细微差别。详细的，请参考如下中文姓氏的英文翻译对照表，正在起英文名的朋友可以看看。 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F: 范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei
关于春节的英文介绍 Spring Festival ○1The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. All people living away from home go back, becoming the busiest time for transportation systems of about half a month from the Spring Festival. Airports, railway stations and long-distance bus stations are crowded with home returnees. (春节是中国人民最重要的节日，所有家庭成员聚在一起，在西方圣诞节一样。所有远离家乡的人都要回家，成为了为期半个月左右的运输系统最繁忙的时间——春运。机场，火车站和长途巴士站都挤满了回家的人。) ○2The Spring Festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month, often one month later than the Gregorian calendar. It originated in the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC-c. 1100 BC) from the people's sacrifice to gods and ancestors at the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one. （春节落在正月的第一天，往往比公历晚一个月。它起源于商朝（西元1600 BC-C。公元前1100年）从人民祭祀神灵和祖先，在旧的一年结束和一个新的开始。） ○3Strictly speaking, the Spring Festival starts every year in the early days of the 12th lunar month and will last till the mid-1st lunar month of the next year. Of them, the most important days are Spring Festival Eve and the first three days. The Chinese government now stipulates people have seven days off for the Chinese Lunar New Year. （严格地说，春节是指从腊月初开始一直到第二年中旬的一个月。其中，最重要的日子是除夕和一年的前三天。现在中国政府规定，人民在中国农历新年有七天的休假。） ○4Many customs accompany the Spring Festival. Some are still followed today, but others have weakened. （春节的时候有不少传统习俗。有的人至今还在保持，不过有的人已经慢慢淡化了这种习俗。） ○5On the 8th day of the 12th lunar month, many families make laba porridge, a delicious kind of porridge made with glutinous rice, millet, seeds of Job's tears, jujube berries, lotus seeds, beans, longan and gingko. （腊月的第8天，许多家庭做腊八粥，糯米，小米，薏苡种子，红枣浆果，莲子，豆类，龙眼，银杏制成美味的粥样。） ○6The 23rd day of the 12th lunar month is called Preliminary Eve（小年）. At this time, people offer sacrifice to the kitchen god. Now however, most families make delicious food to enjoy themselves. （腊月23日，被称为小年。在这个时候，人们祭祀灶神。但是现在，大多数家庭做出美味的食物来过节。） ○7After the Preliminary Eve, people begin preparing for the coming New Year. This is called "Seeing the New Year in". （过了小年之后，人们开始为新年做准备。这被称为“看得见的新年”。） ○8Store owners are busy then as everybody goes out to purchase necessities for the New Year. Materials not only include edible oil, rice, flour, chicken, duck, fish and meat, but also fruit, candies and kinds of nuts. What's more, various decorations, new clothes and shoes for the children as well as gifts for the elderly, friends and relatives, are all on the list of purchasing. （商店老板都那么忙，因为每个人都出去购买生活必需品新年。材料不仅包括食用油，大米，面粉，鸡，鸭，鱼，肉，而且水果，糖果和各种坚果。更重要的是，各种装饰，新衣服和鞋的儿童以及老人的礼物，朋友和亲戚，所有的采购清单。） ○9Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils. （在新的一年到来之际，人们彻
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no
英汉互译在线翻译句 子
美句集锦 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见。 if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered. 2。宁愿笑着流泪，也不哭着说后悔。心碎了，还需再补吗？ i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry, when my heart is broken, is it needed to fix? 3。没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。 no one indebted for others, while many people dont know how to cherish others. 4。命里有时钟需有命里无时莫强求 you will have it if it belongs to you, whereas you dont kvetch for it if it doesnt appear in your life. 5。当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害 when a cigarette falls in love with a match, it is destined to be hurt. 6。爱情…在指缝间承诺指缝…。在爱情下交缠。 love ,promised between the fingers finger rift, twisted in the love 7。没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。 no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won?t make you cry. 8。记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的。改变能改变的，接受不能改变的。 remember what should be remembered, and forget what should be forgotten. alter what is changeable, and accept what is unchangeable. love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes. 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。 if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden. 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。 within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again. 有了你，我迷失了自我。失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。 look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me. 看看我的眼睛，你会发现你对我而言意味着什么。 distance makes the hearts grow fonder. 距离使两颗心靠得更近。 i need him like i need the air to breathe. 我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。 if equal affection cannot be, let the more loving be me. 如果没有相等的爱，那就让我爱多一些吧。 love is a vine that grows into our hearts. 爱是长在我们心里的藤蔓。 if i know what love is, it is because of you.