Unit 3. Science and T echnology
https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,puter VS. Brains
Inventor Ray Kurzweil ,in his 2005 futurist manifesto "The singularity is near‖, extrapolates current trends in computer technology to conclude that machines will be able to out-think people within a few decades. in his eagerness to salute our robotic overlords ,he neglects some key differences between brains and computers that make his prediction unlikely to come true.
Brains have long been compared to the most advanced existing technology—including ,at one point, telephone switchboards. Today people talk about brains as if they were a sort of biological computer, with pink mushy hardware ―and ―software ‖generated by life experiences.
However ,any comparison with computers misses a messy truth. Because the brain arose through natural selection, it contains layers of systems that arose for one function and then were adopted for another, even though they don’t work perfectly. An engineer with time to get it right would have started over, but it’s easier for evolution to adapt an old system to a new purpose than to come up with an entirely new structure. Our colleague David Linden has compared the evolutionary history of the
brain to the task of building a modern car by adding parts to a 1925 Model T that never stops running. As a result, brains differ from computers in many ways, from their highly efficient use of energy to their tremendous adaptability.
One striking feature of brain tissue is its compactness. In the brain’s wiring, space is at a premium, and is more tightly packed than even the brain tissue, which would fill a thimble, contains 50 million neurons; several hundred miles of axons, the wires over which neurons send signals; and close to a trillion synapses ,the connections between neurons.
The memory capacity in this small volume is potentially immense. Electrical impulses that arrive at a synapse give the recipient neuron a small chemical kick that can vary in size. Variation in synaptic strength is thought to be a means of memory formation. Sam’s lab has shown that synaptic strength flips between extreme high an low states, a flip that is reminiscent of a computer storing a ―one ‖or ‖zero‖----a single bit of information.
But unlike a computer, connections between neurons can form and break too, a process that continues throughout life and can store even more information because of the potential for creating new paths for
activity. Although we’re forced to guess because the neural basis of the memory isn’t understood at this level ,let’s say that one movable synapse could store one byte of memory. That thimble would then contain 1000 gigabytes of information. A thousand thimblefuls make up a whole brain ,gibing us a million gigabytes ----a petabyte ---- of information. To put this in perspective, the entire archived contents of the Internet fill just three petabytes.
To address this challenge, Kurzweil invokes Moore’s Law, the principle that for the last four decades, engineers have managed to double hthe capacity of chips (and hard drives) every year or two. If we imagine that the trend will continue ,it’s possible to guess when a single computer the size of a brain could contain a petabyte. That would be about 2025 to 2030,just 15 or 20 years from now.
This projection overlooks the dark, hot underbelly of Moore’s Law: power consumption per chip, which has also exploded since 1985. by 2025,the memory of an artificial brain would use nearly a gigawatt of power, the amount currently consumed by all of Washington,D.C. So brute –force escalation of current computer technology would give us an artificial brain that is far too costly to operate.
Compare this with your brain, which uses about 12 watts ,an amount
that supports not only memory but all your thought processed. this is less than the energy consumed by a typical refrigerator light, and half the typical needs of a laptop computer. Cutting power consumption by half while increasing computing power many times over is a pretty challenging design standard. As smart as we are ,in this sense we are all dim bulbs.
A persistent problem in artificial computing is the sensitivity of the system to component failure. Y et biological synapses are remarkably flaky devices even in normal, healthy conditions. They release neutotransmitter only a small fraction of the time when their parent neuron fires an electrical impulse. This unreliability may arise because machinery to function. This may be a trade-off that scruffs the most function into the smallest possible space.
In any case, a brain’s success is not measured by its ability to process information in precisely repeatable ways. Instead, it has evolved to guide behaviors that allow us to survive and reproduce, which often requires fast responses to complex situations. As a result, we constantly make approximations and find ‖good-enough‖ solutions. this leads to mistakes and biases. We think that when two events occur at the same time, one must have caused the other. We make inaccurate snap judgments such as
racial prejudice. We fail to plan rationally for the future ,as explored in the field of neuroeconomics.
Still, engineers could learn a thing or two from brain strategies. For example, even the most advanced computers have difficulty telling a dog from a cat, something that can be done at glance by a toddler—or a cat. We use emoti8ons, the brain’s steersman, to assign value to our experiences and to future possibilities, often allowing us to evaluate potential outcomes efficiently and rapidly when information is uncertain. In general, we bring an extraordinary amount of background information to bear on seemingly simple tasks ,allowing us to make inferences that are difficult for machines.
If engineers can understand how to apply these shortcuts and tricks, computer performance could begin to emulate some of the more impressive feats of human brains. However, this route may lead to computers that share our imperfections. This may not be exactly what we want from robot overlords, but it could lead to better ―soft‖judgments from our computers.
This gets us to the deepest point: why bother building an artificial brain?
As neuroscientists, we’re excited about the potential of using computational models to test our understanding of how the brain works. On the other hand, although it eventually may be possible to design sophisticated computing devices that imitate what we do, the capability to make such a device is already here. All you need is fertile man and woman with the resources to nurture their child to adulthood. With luck ,by 2030 you’ll have a full-frown, college-educated, walking petabyte. A drawback is that it may be difficult to get this computing device to do what you ask.
《全新版大学英语阅读教程》 (通用本课后练习答案) 第二册 UNIT ONE The Pleasure of Learning Key to the Exercises I. 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B II. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T. 5. F. 6. T III. 1.对于太多的人来说,学习似乎是自己的意愿屈服于外界的指引,是一种奴役. 2.然而,只要幸运,有决心,指导得法,人的精神不仅经得起贫穷而且经得起富裕的考验. 3.对一个人来说,形成完整和协调的人格与保持自身的卫生,健康以及经济上的自立是同样必要的,那些从来没有认识到这一点的人已经吃尽苦头. IV. 1. First of all , the writer points out that there is a mistake about learning. Some young people dislike learning simply because they are educated in the wrong way. Learning is a natural pleasure that should be enjoyed. Then he develops this idea by examples to illustrate the different aspects: learning from books, by travel and trough practice. Learning can expand one’s knowledge over a period of time. 2. The chief danger of learning is laziness, sloth, routine, stupidity. It sneaks into people’s mind like wind through the shutters, causing people to slowly give up learning. We should realize that learning is a life-long endeavor, and only by continuous learning can one gain a meaningful and rewarding life. Key to the reading—skill Exercises 1. Students have improved SAT scores. 2. Teenagers planned patrols 3. TV programs are less thorough than newspapers. 4. Welcome to Our City is about the South and its people 5. Some films show little children fascinated at the world. 6. One can communicate with the writer as one reads a book. with Santa Claus Key to the Exercises I . 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. C 6. B II. . 1. 朱莉让我们如此为难,我的确感到生气.难道圣诞老人不存在的事实不是从同学那里得知的吗 2.我给她讲述了事情的经过,尽量使它听起来滑稽有趣,希望她不要注意到我和杰里在处理我开始认为的"圣诞老人问题"上是如此拙劣. 3.我可以看出,他正努力在想一种办法,用来解释我们的行为,使其听起来不太像事实那样具有欺骗性,那样错误和愚蠢. 4.事情就这样结束了.对圣诞老人不存在的事实悲伤了片刻只后,生活又恢复了正常. III. 1. Santa Claus is an imaginary old man with a long white beard and a red coat.
Unit 4 Fresh Start In-Class Reading Fresh Start 新的开端 1当我父母开车离去，留下我可怜巴巴地站在停车场上时，我开始寻思我在校园里该做什么。我决定我最想做的就是平安无事地回到宿舍。我感到似乎校园里的每个人都在看着我。我打定主意：竖起耳朵，闭上嘴巴，但愿别人不知道我是新生。 2第二天早上我找到了上第一堂课的教室，大步走了进去。然而，进了教室，我又碰到了一个难题。坐哪儿呢？犹豫再三，我挑了第一排边上的一个座位。3“欢迎你们来听生物101 课，”教授开始上课。天哪，我还以为这里是文学课呢！我的脖子后面直冒冷汗，摸出课程表核对了一下教室——我走对了教室，却走错了教学楼。 4怎么办？上课途中就站起来走出去？教授会不会生气？大家肯定会盯着我看。算了吧。我还是稳坐在座位上，尽量使自己看起来和生物专业的学生一样认真。 5下了课我觉得有点饿，便赶忙去自助食堂。我往托盘里放了些三明治就朝座位走去，就在这时，我无意中踩到了一大滩番茄酱。手中的托盘倾斜了，我失去了平衡。就在我屁股着地的刹那间，我看见自己整个人生在眼前一闪而过，然后终止在大学上课的第一天。 6摔倒后的几秒钟里，我想要是没有人看见我刚才的窘相该有多好啊。但是，食堂里所有的学生都站了起来，鼓掌欢呼，我知道他们不仅看见了刚才的情景，而且下决心要我永远都不会忘掉这一幕。 7接下来的三天里，我独自品尝羞辱，用以果腹的也只是些从宿舍外的售货机上买来的垃圾食品。到了第四天，我感到自己极需补充一些真正意义上的食物。也许三天时间已经足以让校园里的人把我忘在脑后了。于是我去了食堂。 8我好不容易排队取了食物，踮脚走到一张桌子前坐下。突然我听到一阵熟悉的“哗啦”跌倒声。抬头看见一个可怜的家伙遭遇了和我一样的命运。当人们开始像对待我那样鼓掌欢呼的时候，我对他满怀同情。他站起身，咧嘴大笑，双手紧握高举在头顶上，做出胜利的姿势。我料想他会像我一样溜出食堂，可他却转身重新盛一盘食物。就在那一刻，我意识到我把自己看得太重了。
Unit 1 part one Angel at Work Ⅰ Reading for information 1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.A Ⅲ Summary 1.to transcribe his Sunday speeches /too much to handle 2.out of the blue/ share the inspiration 3.deliver the tape personally/the mystery of the arrangement 4.personal contact/spastic 5.asked for reward/full and dedicated Unit 2 part one My Miraculous Life Ⅰ Reading for information 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6 C Unit 3 part one A Thief Ⅰ Reading for information 1.D 2.B 3.D 4.C.A 5.B 6 C Ⅲ Summary 1.the ticket counter/a leather coat 2.a cocktail bar/catches sight of a blonde girl/a Travellers Aid counter 3. a magazine/becomes aware of/jostling/blushes
4. lifted/back pocket 5. a front window/hand her over 6. wrong/bolts 7. has stolen Unit 4 part one Escape Artists Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.D 5.B 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.publishing/overseen 2.procrastinator/affected https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,ziness/desire/consistently/delay 4.funishes/reinforcing/subscribe 5.mismatch/sophisticated 6.solution/deploying/management Unit 5 part one For Big Bruno, a Man We Can Look Up to Ⅰ Reading for information 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C Ⅲ Summary 1.hard work/pay off 2.Big Bruno/strong in stature/a gentle spirit 3.most patient/slow to get angry/a heart of gold
1. Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the word in brackets. 1. (attention) Correct answer inattention 2. (qualify) Correct answer qualified Correct answer Navigation 4. Correct answer participants 5. Correct answer unconscious 6. Correct answer competence 7. Correct answer inequalities 8. morning. (request) Correct answer
requested 9. Correct answer varied 10. Correct answer partners 2. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate preposition or adverb. 11. Correct answer in 12. Correct answer of 13. Correct answer to 14. accident. Correct answer at 15. Correct answer beyond 16.
Your answer Correct answer from from 17. Your answer Correct answer to to 18. Your answer Correct answer on on 19. Your answer Correct answer in in Your answer Correct answer On On 3. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the best answer from the choices given. 21. The buses, ___________ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. A. most of which B. both of which C. few of them D. those of which 22. There's only one man ____________ the job. A. qualified for
新世纪大学英语阅读教程（2）参考答案 Unit One PartⅠ Reading for Information Exercises Ⅰ Reading for Information A.Reading to find main ideas 1.A, 2. C, B. Reading to find major details 3. D, 4. B, C. Reading to find relevant facts 5. C, 6. A Ⅱ.Translation Translate the following sentences into Chinese 1.有一百份卷子要批，而且全是男孩们用潦草的字迹写成的，这事他已经拖了好几个星期 了。这些日子，他一直觉得头上仿佛悬着把剑。 2.我私下里已经花了一大笔钱来学习音乐了。 3.他的脸上挂满了汗珠。 4.没有哪个宣布判决的法官会比此时的谢卡夫更痛苦、更无助。 5.说出事实和接受事实同样需要勇气。 Ⅲ. Summary https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,plete the following statements with words and expressions from the box. Use their proper forms. 1.sun, straight in the face, blinking, dazed 2.morning, night, tempering truth, shock 3.truth, trials, wife, colleague, headmaster 4.apple pie, culinary masterpiece, good, swallow 5.fine, mean, selfish 6.singing, stupefied 7.frogs, buffalo, window shutters 8.strength, give, receive PartⅡ Reading for Pleasure Exercises Ⅰ. Answer the following questions. (The answers are open.) 1.Hell is not so terrible as most people think because it can be transformed into Heaven through hard work, courage, faith and love. The real Hell is in one’s heart. 2.Heaven is a land of beauty and peace, and it is the result of our hard work. 3.All those hardworking people with courage and determination can rest in Heaven after they die, because although they cannot all reach Heaven in the first place, they can build Hell into Heaven. 4.Those who are afraid of Hell and do not have courage to fight difficulties and disasters will end up in Hell.
to Exercises Key to Exercises Lesson1 https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,prehension Check 1.C 2.B 5.A 6.C7.B8.B 3.(1)shield(2)playing(3)shield(4)personal(5)social (6)political(7)family(8)colleagues(9)stimulate 4.(1)blackboard(2)unconscious(3)time (4)ancestors(5)parents(6)reinvent B.Reading Strategies 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.B10.A Lesson2 https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,prehension Check 1.A 3.C 4.B 5.A7.C8.B 2.(1)defines(2)failures(3)successful(4)beliefs 6.(1)picture(2)performing(3)replace(4)self-image (5)line(6)potential(7)short-change(8)better B.Reading Strategies 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C10.A Lesson3 https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,prehension Check 1.C 2.A 3.B 5.A 6.B7.B8.A 4.(1)cultivate(2)granted(3)investigate(4)explore (5)major(6)exploration B.Reading Strategies 1.normalized 2.membership 3.threatening 4.publication 5.novelists 6.persuasion 7.personality 8.pressure 9.reluctance10.justify Lesson4 https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,prehension Check 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.A 1.(1)crush(2)Brazil(3)intelligent(4)knockout B.Reading Strategies 1.distinguishable 2.psychological 3.effective 4.insistent 5.various 6.skinny 7.delightful 8.gloriously 9.financial10.amazing
《全新版大学英语阅读教程》(通用本)1-2册课后练习答案 UNIT ONE 1.Goodbye school Key to the Exercises I 1. B 2. D 3. D 4 D 5. C 6. A II 1. fling 2. supercilious 3. zoom 4. trudge 5. hoist Key to the Reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1: 1. B 2. D paragraph 2 1. D 2. A 2.The Saturday Evening Post Information Related to the Text Key to the Exercises I. 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. C 6. C II . 1. She wants him to make something of himself and have an early start to his career . 2. He was afraid of the dogs that snarled behind the doors of potential buyers . He was timid about ringing the doorbells of strangers , relieved when no one came to the door , and scared when someone did , and could not deliver an engaging sales pitch . 3. The battle to make him different from his father . 4. The well-written composition he wrote about his summer vacation . 5. Writers didn't have to have any gumption at all . 3. Love The Neighbor Key to the Exercises I . 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F II. 1.在我看来,美国的邻里关系正在变得不再融洽. 2.《圣经》里的戒律"热爱你的邻居"大概是一句拙劣的译文,它的本义必定是"尊敬你的邻居." 3.邻居开始共同做的唯一的一件事是相互接近,只有进一步发展关系,才有足够的理由成为最 好的朋友. 4.横跨在你们之间的车道,篱笆或栅栏并不真地就是一道冷漠的屏障,它们只不过是一条清晰 的分界线. 5.邻里较之社区更容易使人产生怀旧情绪,但社区也许是一个更好的构成单位. UNIT TWO 4.Making Friends in American Culture Key to the Exercises I. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. D 5. C 6. D II. 1. Because there is a language barrier , many Chinese are hesitant to speak with strangers and they don't know what to talk to American about or how to keep the conversation moving . 2. His class and major . 3. These questions help people participate in the conversation . 4. When the other person first gives his name himself . 5. Communication . Key to the reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1 : 1. C 2. A
Unit 1 Personal Relationship In-Class Reading The Gift of Life 以生命相赠 1 炸弹落在了这个小村庄里。在可怕的越南战争期间，谁也不知道这些炸弹要轰炸什么目标，而它们却落在了一所由传教士办的小孤儿院内。 2 传教士和一两个孩子已经丧生，还有几个孩子受了伤，其中有一个小女孩，8岁左右，双腿被炸伤了。 3 几小时后，医疗救援小组到了。医疗小组由一名年轻的美国海军医生和一名同样年轻的海军护士组成。他们很快发现有个小女孩伤势严重。显然，如果不立即采取行动，她就会因失血过多和休克而死亡。 4 他们明白必须给小女孩输血，但是他们的医药用品很有限，没有血浆，因此需要匹配的血型。快速的血型测定显示两名美国人的血型都不合适。而几个没有受伤的孤儿却有匹配的血型。 5 医生会讲一点越南语，护士会讲一点法语，但只有中学的法语水平。孩子们不会说英语，只会说一点法语。医生和护士用少得可怜的一点共同语言，结合大量的手势，努力向这些受惊吓的孩子们解释说，除非他们能输一些血给自己的小伙伴，否则她将必死无疑。然后他们问孩子们是否有人愿意献血来救小女孩。 6 对医生和护士的请求，孩子们瞪大眼睛，一声不吭。此时小病人生命垂危。然而，只有这些受惊吓的孩子中有人自愿献血，他们才能够得到血。过了好一会儿，一只小手慢慢地举了起来，然后垂了下去，一会儿又举了起来。 7 “噢，谢谢，”护士用法语说。“你叫什么名字？” 8 “兴，”小男孩回答道。 9 兴很快被抱到一张床上，手臂用酒精消毒后，针就扎了进去。在整个过程中，兴僵直地躺着，没有出声。 10 过了一会儿，他发出了一声长长的抽泣，但立即用那只可以活动的手捂住了自己的脸。 11 “兴，疼吗？”医生问。 12 兴默默地摇了摇头，但一会儿忍不住又抽泣起来，并又一次试图掩饰自己的哭声。医生又问是不是插在手臂上的针弄疼了他，兴还是摇了摇头。 13 但现在，偶尔的抽泣变成了持续无声的哭泣。他紧紧地闭着眼睛，用拳头堵住嘴，想竭力忍住哭泣。 14 医疗小组此时非常担忧，因为针不会使他们的小输血者一直感到疼痛。一定是哪里出了问题。恰好这时，一名越南护士前来帮忙。看到小男孩在哭，她用越南话很快地问他原因。听了小男孩的回答后，又立即作了回答。护士一边说，一边俯身轻轻拍着小男孩的头，她的声音亲切柔和。 15 一会儿，小男孩不再哭了，他睁开眼睛，用质疑的目光看着越南护士。护士点了点头，小男孩的脸上马上露出了宽慰的神色。 16 越南护士抬起头平静地对两名美国人说: “他以为自己快死了。他误解了你们。以为你们要他献出所有的血，小女孩才能活下来。” 17 “那他为什么还愿意这么做呢?”海军护士问。 18 越南护士把这个问题向小男孩重复了一遍。小男孩简单地回答道: “她是我的朋友。” 19 他为了朋友甘愿献出自己的生命，没有比这更伟大的爱了。
一．Use the proper form to fit into each sentence below. (10*1′) 1. Spanish student s _________ U.S. students in science. (perform) 2. Don’t feel ___________to do what he says---he’s got no authority. (constrain) https://www.doczj.com/doc/841071593.html,u has shown herself to be a __________ defender of the poor. (passion) 4. Can we reach a ____________on the issue? (consensus) 5. The government has repeatedly _____that it will not change its policy. ( assert) 6. Inspectors will have to do a thorough _________of the project before we can continue. (evaluate) 7.They are currently ________at the bottom of the league. (languish) 8.One other possible method of smoothing would be to use means rather than______. (median) 9.We start with an ___________of the student’s abilities. (assess) 10.A nd while voting is protected against discrimination elsewhere in the constitution the actual right to vote is __________protected nowhere. (explicit)
UNIT 8 COPING WITH AN EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM I.I. Key words & phrases ability accumulate acquire adequate affect astonish compete complex decline faculty function handful humble idle ignorant jam luxury miracle portable scare slice suggestion swear upset better off break down compete with in amazement make a living by run out of search for sum up Additional Vocabulary scholarship 奖学金 this year’s graduate 应届毕业生 golden collar worker 金领工人 net capital 净资本 academic credit system 学分制 like water off duck’s back 把…当耳边风 netter 网虫 bullet train 子弹头列车 quality of population 人口素质 heuristic education 启发式教育 teach through lively activities 寓教于乐 emeritus professor 名誉教授 degrade oneself 掉（身价） stamp the card 打卡 WAP phone 上网手机 excessive consumption 提前消费 top student 高材生 inter-disciplinary talent 复合型人才 human capital 人力资本 intensive training class 强化班 alleviate burdens on students 减负 online love affair 网恋 magnet train 磁悬列车
阅读教程答案 U1 Page 4 I. Reading for information 1. B 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C II. Translation 1. 但是只要说上几句话，他的口音就很容易被辨认出来。但是只要说上几句话，他的口音就很容易被辨认出来。 2. 他不会轻易发火，一有一颗金子般的心，你很少能从他嘴他不会轻易发火，一有一颗金子般的心，里听到攻击或批评别人的话。里听到攻击或批评别人的话。 3. 常言道，善行胜于善言。父亲的身教对我的影响远远超过常言道，善行胜于善言。了他的言传。了他的言传。 4. 面对生活的沧桑，大布鲁诺怎么能不提高嗓门，怎么能保面对生活的沧桑，大布鲁诺怎么能不提高嗓门，持心气平
和？难道力气大的人不该脾气也大吗？ 持心气平和？难道力气大的人不该脾气也大吗？ 5. 体育明星和歌星、影星的确能够鼓舞人心，但是“英雄” 体育明星和歌星、影星的确能够鼓舞人心，但是“英雄” 鼓舞人心这个头衔还是应该留给像我父亲 那样，为了自己所爱的人这个头衔还是应该留给像我父亲那样，孜孜不倦的工作的人。孜孜不倦的工作的人。 III. Summary 1. hard work; pays off 2. Big Bruno; strong in stature; a gentle spirit 3. most patient; slow to get angry; a heart of gold; a lot of friends 4. a role model; a true friend; a treasure 5. hero; does good; loves everyone; doesn’t expect anything; in return; work tirelessly; the good race Page 8 Question: A Page 10 III: 4
《全新版大学英语阅读教程》（通用本）1册课后练习答案 UNIT ONE 1.Goodbye school Key to the Exercises I 1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.C 6.A II 1.fling 2.supercilious 3.zoom 4.trudge 5.hoist Key to the Reading-skill Exercises Paragraph 1: 1.B 2.D Paragraph 2 1.D 2.A 2.The Saturday Evening Post Key to the Exercises I. 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C II. 1. She wants him to make something of himself and have an early start to his career. 2. He was afraid of the dogs that snarled behind the doors of potential buyers. He was timid about ringing the doorbells of strangers, relieved when no one came to the door, and scared when someone did, and could not deliver an engaging sales pitch. 3. The battle to make him different from his father. 4. The well-written composition he wrote about his summer vacation. 5. Writers didn’t h ave to have any gumption at all. 3. Love Thy Neighbor Key to the Exercises I. 1. T 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F II. 1.在我看来，美国的邻里关系正在变得不再融洽。 2．《圣经》里的戒律“热爱你的邻居”大概是一句拙劣的译文，它的本义必定是“尊敬你的邻居。” 3．邻居开始共同做的唯一的一件事是相互接近，只有进一步发展关系，才有足够的理由成为最好的朋友。 4．横跨在你们之间的车道，篱笆或栅栏并不真地就是一道冷漠的屏障，它们只不过是一条清晰的分界线。 5．邻里较之社区更容易使人产生怀旧情绪，但社区也许是一个更好的构成单位。
新编大学英语综合教程3课文翻译
Unit 1 Personality In-Class Reading 羞怯的痛苦 1 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影
响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无
Keys Unit One 1. In the Frozen Waters of Qomolangma, I Learned the Value of Humility Comprehension Exercise Decide on the best choice to answer or complete each of the following. 1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B Put the following into Chinese 1．我在想，如果出现意外，那么我那冻僵的身体需要多长时间才能沉到公里深的海底呢我紧接着意识到，对于一个仅着一条泳裤、试图游完这象征性的1公里人来说，下水前还能有什么比这更糟的念头吗我的内心深处在颤抖，感到非常恐惧。 2. 我在珠穆朗玛峰上学到了两个基本的经验教训，第一，过去有用的东西并不意味着今天一定有用。第二，不同的挑战需要不同的心态去应对。现在，无论我做什么事情，都要先问问自己我需要何种心态来成功地完成任务。 3. 我们已经以某种方式生存了如此之久，我们已经以某种方式消费了如此之久，我们已经以某种方式在地球上居住了如此之久，但这并不意味着，我们过去所做的决定今天依然正确。 4. 我在世界屋脊上的游泳改变了我，在一定程度上，我希望它证明一切皆有可能。只要我们谨慎合作，我们就有可能进行谦逊的对话，并超越对话，付诸行动。 2. Taking Lessons from What Went Wrong Comprehension Exercises Decide on the best choice to answer or complete each of the following. 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. C 2. Put the following into Chinese 他们说，灾难会带来惨痛的教训，因为在技术上取得成功的原因往往是随机的、不可见的，而造成某个失败的原因通常是可以被找到、被证明和被修复的，从而达到改进的目的。 技术分析人员认为，一种建设性的冲动---以及它对深海钻探可能产生的结果，是通过分析失败的原因获得革新，革新使油井变得更安全，尽管降低对石油依赖也能带来很多好处。 几组调查人员认真研究了这座桥梁坍塌的原因，吊桥设计人员从中汲取了一些教训，其中最主要的是：要保证桥面公路的重量和围梁的强度，使之足以避免因强风引起的危险摇晃。但是工程师们似乎一致认为，调查中的发现最终将改进深海石油钻探技术---至少到下一次意想不到的悲剧发生之前，或到下一次促使技术变得更加安全的教训之前。 Dad Comprehension Exercises 1. Decide on the best choice to answer or complete each of the following. 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. A 2. Put the following into Chinese 1. 他当时33岁，我4岁，他有力的大手一把握住我细小的双臂，轻而易举地把我扛上肩头，使我能居高临下地看到我想看到的一切。 2. 但是，对于一个生活在二战后的小男孩来说，父亲就像一个具有神秘力量和威力的神，超乎凡人之上，无所不能，无所不知， 3. 每天晚上他下班回来以后，我们都会练习握手。戴着克利夫兰印第安球队的旧帽子的我，蹒跚地跑向身材高大的父亲，一遍又一遍地认真同他握手，直到能够握得很紧。 4. 第二年，我的狗被车轧死，我感到悲痛难忍。这时，父亲来到我身边，用他有力的双臂
Unit 1 I. Reading for information 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.C II. Translation 1.但是只要说上几句话，他的口音就很容易被辨认出来。 2.他不会轻易发火，有一颗金子般的心，你很少能从他的嘴里听到攻击和批评别人的话。 3.常言道：善行胜于善言。父亲的身教对我的影响远远超过了他的言传。 4.面对生活的沧桑，大布鲁诺怎么能不提高嗓门，怎么能保持心气平和？难道力气 这么大的人不该脾气也大吗？ 5.体育明星和歌星 |、影星的确能够鼓舞人心，但是“英雄”这个头衔还是应该留给 像我父亲那样，为了自己所爱的人孜孜不卷地工作的人。 III. Summary 1.hard work, pays off 2.Big Bruno, strong in stature, a gentle spirit 3.most patient, slow to get angry, a heart of gold, a lot of friends 4. a role model, a true friend, a treasure 5.hero, does good, loves everyone, doesn ’texpect anything, in return, work tirelessly, the good race Reading Strategies(1) Skimming and Scanning I Skimming question 1 A II Skimming question 2 A teacher should? 1.be pleasantly live and attractive 2.have a genuine capacity for sympathy 3.be both intellectually and morally honest 4.be mentally alert 5.be capable of infinite patience 6.have the kind of mind which always wants to go on learning. III Scanning question 1 4. Classic Matches IV. Scanning question 2 1% had engaged in role-play 2% had experienced field trips 6% felt competent at writing essays 13% felt A-level courses had prepared them very well for work at university 16% had used video/audio 30% had made significant use of primary sources 3/4 felt A-level courses had prepared them fairly well for work at university 86% reported that their teachers had been more influential in their development as historians
Unit 6 A World of Mystery In-Class Reading The Bermuda Triangle 百慕大三角 1 1945年12月5日，佛罗里达州的劳德代尔堡，天气晴朗，由五架美国海军飞机组成的第19飞行分队从这里起飞。机上共有14名机组人员。飞机状况良好；机上装有当时最好的设备， 包括罗盘和无线电设备，还携带有救生筏。飞机可以在水上漂浮90秒钟。飞机起飞一个半小时后，劳德代尔堡的指挥塔台听到了从其中一架飞机传来的无线电信息。 2 “我不知道我们现在所处的位置。” 3 之后飞机再也无法和指挥塔台通话，但是飞机之间可以通话，而且指挥塔台也能听到他们 的通话。 4 “磁罗盘简直疯了。” 5 “我们完全迷失了方向。” 6 从这之后没有收到其他任何信息。再也没有其他任何人收到过这些飞机的消息或看到过它 们。300架飞机和许多船只搜索了该地区，但没有找到第19飞行分队的任何踪迹。而且其中 一架被派去搜寻的飞机也彻底失踪了。 7 这些飞机是在西大西洋上一个非常神秘的地方失踪的，在这里已经发生了许多奇怪的事 件。这种神秘现象在1945年之前很久就已经出现了，而且自那一年以来，又有许多其他船只和飞机在这一地区失踪。这一地区被称为百慕大三角，是大西洋上一个巨大的三角形海域， 其北端是百慕大岛。 8 飞机和船只在世界的其他地方也会失踪，但是百慕大三角发生的失踪事件要比其他地区 多。多年来科学家们和其他人士对这一神秘现象感到困惑不解。人们做了许多努力，试图解释为什么有这么多的人、飞机和船只在这里失踪。 9 作家约翰·斯宾塞认为，这些船只和飞机被来自另一行星上的飞碟或不明飞行物从海上和 空中劫走了。他的看法是，既然宇宙里有数百万其他行星，那么在宇宙中的某些地方肯定存 在其他有智慧的生物。这些生物喜欢收集人类及其设备，以便仔细观察研究。 10 另一种理论认为，该地区的地理状况是造成船只和飞机失踪的罪魁祸首。百慕大位于地 震带。水下地震导致巨浪突然涌现。这些波浪如此巨大，足以将船只撕成碎片。在空中，由 于突然出现的强风，飞机也会遭遇到类似的厄运。 11 和第19飞行分队一样，许多船只和飞机也曾报告说, 他们的磁罗盘在百慕大三角海域失灵。通常磁罗盘指向磁北极。但是在地球上有两个地方罗盘刚好指向真北，百慕大三角就是其中之一。因此，这一地区的磁性有些怪异。 12 许多人认为这些解释难以置信。而最新的一种理论具有科学根据，因而比较可信。百慕 大海底甲烷的发现促使科学家麦克维尔博士思考如何解释这些神秘现象。（他认为）有时大量甲烷气体会从海底逸出，升入空中。这可能在海面产生巨浪从而使船只沉没。甲烷和空气混合还可能引起船上发动机停转或者起火。同样，甲烷与空气的混合物升入空中会引起飞机 发动机停转或爆炸。而爆炸会把船只或飞机炸成极小的碎片。 13 这一最新理论仍有待证实，但它似乎给第19飞行分队以及所有其他的飞机、船只和人员 为什么会在百幕大三角失踪提供了一种更好的解释。